CN107032882A - A kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled Download PDFInfo
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- CN107032882A CN107032882A CN201710265932.2A CN201710265932A CN107032882A CN 107032882 A CN107032882 A CN 107032882A CN 201710265932 A CN201710265932 A CN 201710265932A CN 107032882 A CN107032882 A CN 107032882A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B17/00—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco seedling, and in particular to a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled.The present invention makes full use of the water imbibition of expanded vermiculite, cation exchange and properties of chemical composition, it is set to play fertilizer conservation, water conservation, water storage, the characteristic of the multiple actions such as ventilative and mineral fertilizer, fixed tobacco root can be played a part of again, again with the fermented bean curd rich in amino acid, climb rock loach and expanded vermiculite mixed fermentation, increase the hydrophilic amino and carboxyl on vermiculite surface in the presence of microorganism, further improve its water-retaining property, then guano is used, liver moss, fish-bone is mixed, degraded in moss growth compound, produce abundant organic fertilizer, nutrient is pinned through micro- charing, play the effect of slow release fertilizer efficiency, therefore the useful life of matrix is also extended, it can be recycled for multiple times.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco seedling, and in particular to a kind of system that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled
Preparation Method.
Background technology
In recent years, tobacco seedling popularizing area increases sharply, and matrix is the most key material in nursery, is to determine tobacco seedlings
The key factor of root growth environment, it more importantly acts as terminal in addition to supporting and fixing plant, makes to come from nutrition
The nutrient and moisture of liquid are able to transfer.The matrix of different material or different ratio has an impact to nursery, the quality of matrix quality
Directly affect the success of floating seedlings technology.
Tobacco is often turf, rice hulls and corn rice straw with seedling medium.Turf is also referred to as peat, is dead plants residuum
Converted in palustrine, accumulate the humatite resource formed.Turf has Stability Analysis of Structures, and specific surface area is big, fiber content
Abundant, aeration is good, the advantage such as water penetration is excellent, and being closed in turf has a kind of humic acid substance for belonging to half quinone structure, this material
Quinone can be oxidized to, powder can be reduced to again, turf also has stronger drought resisting, disease-resistant, low-temperature resistance, the effect of salt resistance stain, both may be used
Make plant growth regulator, can deposit agent as nutrient in fertilizer again.Rice hulls be paddy rice husk, charring rice husk be
The graininess coarse powder of a kind of black flash through controlling burning condition and obtaining in charred rice husk stove, charring rice husk includes substantial amounts of
Nutriment, charring rice husk has heat absorptivity good, and hole is more, the low characteristic of density.Corn rice straw is main by cellulose, hemicellulose
Element and lignin are constituted, and the specific surface area for carbonizing corn rice straw is big, by increasing capacitance it is possible to increase the specific surface area and porosity status of matrix, are increased
Big hygroscopicity, increases maximum water-holding capacity, a water-holding capacity and the available water of matrix.
But, present tobacco seedling medium is all disposable, together enters crop field with tobacco seedlings during transplanting.With educating
The fast development and large scale application of seedling technology, the demand of matrix will increasingly increase.However, tobacco seedling is conventional
Matrix --- turf, is a kind of non-renewable natural resources, and long-term use will necessarily cause heavy damage and the nature of ecology
Resource exhaustion, and then limit nursery.Therefore, research and development one kind can be recycled for multiple times, and ecological environment will not be damaged
Seedling medium have important practical significance.
The content of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention：All it is disposable for tobacco seedling medium common at present, needs
The amount of asking causes greatly raw material turf for a long time using the heavy damage and the exhaustion of natural resources for causing ecology, and in seedling medium
Nutritional ingredient is low, and consuming too fast defect, there is provided a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention uses technical scheme as described below：
（1）Collect after vermiculite crushes 20~30min with stone crusher first and be put into Muffle furnace, be heated to 700~900 DEG C,
Take out and be transferred in ball mill after 1~2h of insulation calcining and continue to grind 30~40min, filter out expanded vermiculite particle：
（2）By expanded vermiculite particle obtained above and fermented bean curd and climb after rock loach mixes and be polished into slurries with refiner, then will
Obtained slurries are fitted into ceramic cylinder, and water is added into cylinder along casing wall, seal ceramic cylinder after the completion of adding water, fermentation；
（3）After after above-mentioned fermentation ends, the tunning in ceramic cylinder is taken out and filtered, ferment filtrate is collected respectively and fermentation is filtered
Slag, ferment filtrate is standby, by obtained fermentation filter residue and drying, obtains modified base material, standby；
（4）It is put into tissue pulverizer and crushes after spire bog moss and back bracket tongue are mixed, obtains mixing liver moss material, then by weight
Number meter, weighs 30~40 parts of guanos, 30~40 parts of above-mentioned ferment filtrates, 40~50 parts of mixing liver moss material and 15~20 portions of fishes
Compound is obtained after bone is well mixed；
（5）Above-mentioned compound is uniformly laid on into bottom to be covered with the bamboo of oilpaper sieve, laying thickness is 3~5cm, after the completion of laying
Bamboo sieve is put into culturing room and cultivated 14~16 days, retort is put into after being well mixed again after the moss-covered of material surface to be mixed
In, 200~250 DEG C are heated to, under nitrogen protection 30~40min of micro- charing；
（6）After above-mentioned micro- charing terminates, by micro- carbonizing production and step（3）Standby modified base material is 1 in mass ratio:5 mix
Poured into after closing uniformly and 12~14h is soaked in the carbon amide solution that mass fraction is 10% and is taken out, packed, produce after natural air drying
Type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled.
Step（1）Described in the particle diameter for filtering out expanded vermiculite particle be 3~5mm.
Step（2）Described in expanded vermiculite particle and fermented bean curd and climb rock loach mass ratio be 1:1:1, into ceramic cylinder
Amount of water is the 1/2 of grind slurries quality, and fermentation temperature is 35~45 DEG C, and fermentation time is 30~40 days.
Step（4）Described in spire bog moss and back bracket tongue mass ratio be 3:1.
Step（4）Described in count by weight again, weigh 30~40 parts of guanos, 30~40 parts of above-mentioned fermentations filters
When liquid, 40~50 parts of mixing liver moss material and well mixed 15~20 parts of fish-bones, 5~10 parts of methane liquids can also be added.
Step（5）Described in culturing room's condition be：Temperature is 25~35 DEG C, and relative air humidity is 60~70%.
The present invention is compared with other method, and advantageous effects are：
（1）The present invention prepares expanded vermiculite by high temperature, makes full use of the water imbibition, cation exchange and chemistry of expanded vermiculite
Ingredient properties, the characteristic for making it play the multiple actions such as fertilizer conservation, water conservation, water storage, ventilative and mineral fertilizer, can play fixed cigarette again
The effect of grass roots system, then with being rich in the fermented bean curd of amino acid, climbing rock loach and expanded vermiculite mixed fermentation, increase in the presence of microorganism
Plus the hydrophilic amino and carboxyl on vermiculite surface, its water-retaining property is further improved, for replacing traditional raw material turf, it is to avoid because
A large amount of serious ecological destructions caused using turf and depletion of natural resources.
（2）Guano of the invention, liver moss, fish-bone mixed culture are degraded mixed there is provided abundant nutrient in moss growth
Material is closed, abundant organic fertilizer is produced, then nutrient is pinned by micro- charing process, the effect of slow release fertilizer efficiency is played, therefore
The useful life of matrix is extended, can be recycled for multiple times.
Embodiment
Collect after vermiculite crushes 20~30min with stone crusher first and be put into Muffle furnace, be heated to 700~900 DEG C,
The expansion for continuing to grind in ball mill and filtering out that particle diameter is 3~5mm after 30~40min is taken out and is transferred to after 1~2h of insulation calcining
Vermiculite granule, by obtained expanded vermiculite particle and fermented bean curd and climb rock loach by etc. mass ratio mix after slurry is polished into refiner
Liquid, then obtained slurries are fitted into ceramic cylinder, the water of grind slurries quality 1/2 is added into cylinder along casing wall, will after the completion of adding water
Ceramic cylinder is sealed, and is placed in the greenhouse that temperature is 35~45 DEG C, heat-preservation fermentation 30~40 days；After after fermentation ends, by ceramics
Tunning in cylinder takes out filtering, respectively obtains ferment filtrate and fermentation filter residue, obtained fermentation filter residue is put into baking oven,
1~2h is dried at 105~110 DEG C, modified base material is obtained；It is 3 in mass ratio:1 will put after spire bog moss and the mixing of back bracket tongue
Enter in tissue pulverizer and crush, obtain mixing liver moss material, then count by weight, weigh 30~40 parts of guanos, 30~40 parts
Ferment filtrate, 40~50 parts of mixing liver moss material and 15~20 parts of fish-bones obtain compound after being well mixed；Compound is uniformly spread
Put and be covered with bottom in the bamboo of oilpaper sieve, laying thickness is 3~5cm, bamboo sieve is put into temperature for 25~35 DEG C after the completion of laying,
It is well mixed again after cultivating 14~16, material surface to be mixed moss-covered in the culturing room that relative air humidity is 60~70%
After be put into retort, be heated to 200~250 DEG C, under nitrogen protection 30~40min of micro- charing；Treat that micro- charing terminates
Afterwards, it is 1 in mass ratio by micro- carbonizing production and modified base material:5 it is well mixed after pour into the carbon amide solution that mass fraction is 10%
Taken out after 12~14h of middle immersion, packed after natural air drying, produce and type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled.
Example 1
Collect after vermiculite crushes 20min with stone crusher first and be put into Muffle furnace, be heated to after 700 DEG C, insulation calcining 1h
The expanded vermiculite particle for continuing to grind in ball mill and filtering out that particle diameter is 3mm after 30min is taken out and is transferred to, by obtained expansion leech
Stone particle and fermented bean curd and climb rock loach by etc. be polished into slurries with refiner after mass ratio mixing, then obtained slurries loaded made pottery
In Porcelain Jar, the water of grind slurries quality 1/2 is added into cylinder along casing wall, ceramic cylinder is sealed after the completion of adding water, being placed on temperature is
In 35 DEG C of greenhouse, heat-preservation fermentation 30 days；After after fermentation ends, the tunning in ceramic cylinder is taken out and filtered, is respectively obtained
Ferment filtrate and fermentation filter residue, are put into baking oven by obtained fermentation filter residue, 1h are dried at 105 DEG C, modified base material is obtained；By matter
Amount is than being 3:1 will spire bog moss and back bracket tongue mix after be put into tissue pulverizer and crush, obtain mixing liver moss material, then by weight
Number meter is measured, weighs after 30 parts of guanos, 30 parts of ferment filtrates, 40 parts of mixing liver moss material and 15 parts of fish-bones are well mixed and is mixed
Close material；Compound is uniformly laid on to bottom to be covered with the bamboo of oilpaper sieve, laying thickness is 3cm, put bamboo sieve after the completion of laying
It is 25 DEG C to enter temperature, and relative air humidity is mixed again to be cultivated 14 days in 60% culturing room after the moss-covered of material surface to be mixed
It is put into after closing uniformly in retort, is heated to 200 DEG C, under nitrogen protection micro- charing 30min；After micro- charing terminates,
It is 1 in mass ratio by micro- carbonizing production and modified base material:5 it is well mixed after pour into the carbon amide solution that mass fraction is 10%
Soak and taken out after 12h, packed after natural air drying, produce and type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled.
Example 2
Collect after vermiculite crushes 30min with stone crusher first and be put into Muffle furnace, be heated to after 900 DEG C, insulation calcining 2h
The expanded vermiculite particle for continuing to grind in ball mill and filtering out that particle diameter is 5mm after 40min is taken out and is transferred to, by obtained expansion leech
Stone particle and fermented bean curd and climb rock loach by etc. be polished into slurries with refiner after mass ratio mixing, then obtained slurries loaded made pottery
In Porcelain Jar, the water of grind slurries quality 1/2 is added into cylinder along casing wall, ceramic cylinder is sealed after the completion of adding water, being placed on temperature is
In 45 DEG C of greenhouse, heat-preservation fermentation 40 days；After after fermentation ends, the tunning in ceramic cylinder is taken out and filtered, is respectively obtained
Ferment filtrate and fermentation filter residue, are put into baking oven by obtained fermentation filter residue, 2h are dried at 110 DEG C, modified base material is obtained；By matter
Amount is than being 3:1 will spire bog moss and back bracket tongue mix after be put into tissue pulverizer and crush, obtain mixing liver moss material, then by weight
Number meter is measured, 40 parts of guanos, 40 parts of ferment filtrates, 50 parts of mixing liver moss material, 20 parts of fish-bones and 10 parts of methane liquids, biogas are weighed
The addition of liquid can provide abundant microorganism, promote liver moss degraded compound under the synergy of microorganism, produce abundant
Organic fertilizer, it is well mixed after obtain compound；Compound is uniformly laid on to bottom to be covered with the bamboo of oilpaper sieve, thickness is laid
For 5cm, it is 35 DEG C that bamboo sieve is put into temperature after the completion of laying, and relative air humidity is waited to mix to cultivate 16 days in 70% culturing room
Close and be put into after being well mixed again after material surface moss-covered in retort, be heated to 250 DEG C, under nitrogen protection micro- charcoal
Change 40min；It is 1 in mass ratio by micro- carbonizing production and modified base material after micro- charing terminates:5 it is well mixed after pour into quality
Fraction is packed after natural air drying to be taken out in 10% carbon amide solution after immersion 14h, produces and type tobacco seedling can be recycled
Matrix.
Example 3
Collect after vermiculite crushes 25min with stone crusher first and be put into Muffle furnace, be heated to 800 DEG C, insulation calcining 1.5h
The expanded vermiculite particle for continuing to grind in ball mill and filtering out that particle diameter is 4mm after 35min is taken out and is transferred to afterwards, by obtained expansion
Vermiculite granule and fermented bean curd and climb rock loach by etc. be polished into slurries with refiner after mass ratio mixing, then obtained slurries are loaded
In ceramic cylinder, the water of grind slurries quality 1/2 is added into cylinder along casing wall, ceramic cylinder is sealed after the completion of adding water, temperature is placed on
For in 40 DEG C of greenhouses, heat-preservation fermentation 35 days；After after fermentation ends, the tunning in ceramic cylinder is taken out and filtered, respectively
To ferment filtrate and fermentation filter residue, obtained fermentation filter residue is put into baking oven, 1.5h is dried at 108 DEG C, modified base material is obtained；
It is 3 in mass ratio:1 will spire bog moss and back bracket tongue mix after be put into tissue pulverizer and crush, obtain mixing liver moss material, then
Count by weight, weigh after 35 parts of guanos, 35 parts of ferment filtrates, 45 parts of mixing liver moss material and 18 parts of fish-bones are well mixed and obtain
To compound；Compound is uniformly laid on to bottom to be covered with the bamboo of oilpaper sieve, laying thickness is 4cm, by bamboo after the completion of laying
It is 30 DEG C that sieve, which is put into temperature, and relative air humidity is cultivates 15 days in 65% culturing room, after the moss-covered of material surface to be mixed again
It is secondary it is well mixed after be put into retort, be heated to 225 DEG C, under nitrogen protection micro- charing 35min；Treat that micro- charing terminates
Afterwards, it is 1 in mass ratio by micro- carbonizing production and modified base material:5 it is well mixed after pour into the carbon amide solution that mass fraction is 10%
Taken out after middle immersion 13h, packed after natural air drying, produce and type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled.
Spray clear water on the tobacco seedling medium prepared respectively into present example 1~3, make water content of substrate for 35~
45%, after being sufficiently mixed, the tobacco seedling medium after spray water is poured on seedlings nursing plate, and is scraped off with straight batten on floating plate face
Matrix, then shake nursery floating plate complete the sabot of seedling medium for 2~3 times, then broadcast with tobacco special seeder
Kind, control is per bunch planting 2~3, then covers the seedling medium of 0.4~0.6cm sabots, finally by nursery floating plate be put into the depth of water 2~
Nursery is carried out in the nursery pond of 5mm nursery rocs, after sowing 15 days, the seedling medium that grown tobacco to 3 is detected, as a result such as table 1
It is shown.
Table 1
| Emergence rate/% | Height of seedling/cm | Seedling stem weight（G/ plants） | Aerial part dry weight（G/ plants） | Under ground portion dry weight（G/ plants） | Root/shoot ratio | |
| Example 1 | 93.2 | 9.86 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.22 |
| Example 2 | 95.8 | 9.92 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.24 |
| Example 3 | 94.2 | 9.63 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.23 |
| Turf seedling medium control group | 92.1 | 9.20 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.21 |
Claims (6)
1. a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled, it is characterised in that specifically preparation process is：
（1）Collect after vermiculite crushes 20~30min with stone crusher first and be put into Muffle furnace, be heated to 700~900 DEG C,
Take out and be transferred in ball mill after 1~2h of insulation calcining and continue to grind 30~40min, filter out expanded vermiculite particle：
（2）By expanded vermiculite particle obtained above and fermented bean curd and climb after rock loach mixes and be polished into slurries with refiner, then will
Obtained slurries are fitted into ceramic cylinder, and water is added into cylinder along casing wall, seal ceramic cylinder after the completion of adding water, fermentation；
（3）After after above-mentioned fermentation ends, the tunning in ceramic cylinder is taken out and filtered, ferment filtrate is collected respectively and fermentation is filtered
Slag, ferment filtrate is standby, by obtained fermentation filter residue and drying, obtains modified base material, standby；
（4）It is put into tissue pulverizer and crushes after spire bog moss and back bracket tongue are mixed, obtains mixing liver moss material, then by weight
Number meter, weighs 30~40 parts of guanos, 30~40 parts of above-mentioned ferment filtrates, 40~50 parts of mixing liver moss material and 15~20 portions of fishes
Compound is obtained after bone is well mixed；
（5）Above-mentioned compound is uniformly laid on into bottom to be covered with the bamboo of oilpaper sieve, laying thickness is 3~5cm, after the completion of laying
Bamboo sieve is put into culturing room and cultivated 14~16 days, retort is put into after being well mixed again after the moss-covered of material surface to be mixed
In, 200~250 DEG C are heated to, under nitrogen protection 30~40min of micro- charing；
（6）After above-mentioned micro- charing terminates, by micro- carbonizing production and step（3）Standby modified base material is 1 in mass ratio:5 mix
Poured into after closing uniformly and 12~14h is soaked in the carbon amide solution that mass fraction is 10% and is taken out, packed, produce after natural air drying
Type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled.
2. a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step
Suddenly（1）Described in the particle diameter for filtering out expanded vermiculite particle be 3~5mm.
3. a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step
Suddenly（2）Described in expanded vermiculite particle and fermented bean curd and climb rock loach mass ratio be 1:1:1, into ceramic cylinder, amount of water is slurry
The 1/2 of liquid quality, fermentation temperature is 35~45 DEG C, and fermentation time is 30~40 days.
4. a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step
Suddenly（4）Described in spire bog moss and back bracket tongue mass ratio be 3:1.
5. a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step
Suddenly（4）Described in count by weight again, weigh 30~40 parts of guanos, 30~40 parts of above-mentioned ferment filtrates, 40~50 parts
When mixing liver moss material and well mixed 15~20 parts of fish-bones, 5~10 parts of methane liquids can also be added.
6. a kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step
Suddenly（5）Described in culturing room's condition be：Temperature is 25~35 DEG C, and relative air humidity is 60~70%.
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| CN201710265932.2A CN107032882A (en) | 2017-04-21 | 2017-04-21 | A kind of preparation method that type tobacco seedling medium can be recycled |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107629803A (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2018-01-26 | 常州蓝旗亚纺织品有限公司 | A kind of preparation method for the NMF that loosens the soil |
| CN107722248A (en) * | 2017-10-17 | 2018-02-23 | 陈合华 | A kind of preparation method of fire resistant resin Anchor Agent |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101461322A (en) * | 2009-01-22 | 2009-06-24 | 叶红朝 | Substrate for floating seedling cultivation of fire-cured tobacco and preparation method thereof |
| CN102040408A (en) * | 2010-06-25 | 2011-05-04 | 厦门三和利生物技术有限公司 | Foliar fertilizer |
| CN106497151A (en) * | 2016-11-02 | 2017-03-15 | 常州市鼎升环保科技有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of polymolecularity carbon black |
-
2017
- 2017-04-21 CN CN201710265932.2A patent/CN107032882A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101461322A (en) * | 2009-01-22 | 2009-06-24 | 叶红朝 | Substrate for floating seedling cultivation of fire-cured tobacco and preparation method thereof |
| CN102040408A (en) * | 2010-06-25 | 2011-05-04 | 厦门三和利生物技术有限公司 | Foliar fertilizer |
| CN106497151A (en) * | 2016-11-02 | 2017-03-15 | 常州市鼎升环保科技有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of polymolecularity carbon black |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107629803A (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2018-01-26 | 常州蓝旗亚纺织品有限公司 | A kind of preparation method for the NMF that loosens the soil |
| CN107722248A (en) * | 2017-10-17 | 2018-02-23 | 陈合华 | A kind of preparation method of fire resistant resin Anchor Agent |
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Application publication date: 20170811 |