CN107003608A - 可光图案化组合物及使用其制造晶体管器件的方法 - Google Patents
可光图案化组合物及使用其制造晶体管器件的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107003608A CN107003608A CN201580065194.6A CN201580065194A CN107003608A CN 107003608 A CN107003608 A CN 107003608A CN 201580065194 A CN201580065194 A CN 201580065194A CN 107003608 A CN107003608 A CN 107003608A
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Abstract
本教导涉及用于形成负型可光图案化介电材料的组合物,其中所述组合物,在其他组分中,尤其包括一种有机填料和一种或多种光活性化合物,且其中所述有机填料的存在使得能够(在固化步骤后,以及在显影步骤期间或显影步骤后)有效移除如果允许残留于所述光图案化介电材料中将对其介电性能产生有害效果的这样的光活性化合物。
Description
背景技术
已开发出基于多种有机和无机(例如,金属氧化物)半导体的薄膜晶体管(TFT)。为了确保良好的器件性能,用于与半导体元件邻近的层(例如,栅介电层、钝化层和蚀刻停止层)的可相容材料是同样关键的。当这些层的功能需要具有不同性能的材料时,通常期望这些材料可直接光图案化而不使用光阻剂,以简化整个制造工艺,特别是减少光刻步骤的数目。
大多数最先进的可光图案化材料基于可光固化聚合物和/或可光聚合的化合物(其包含有光敏部分,例如碳-碳双键、环氧化物、酚醛清漆(Novolak)/重氮醌或光生酸基团)。通常,这些体系需要一种或多种光引发剂、光敏剂和/或光产酸剂(photoacidgenerator)以有效进行光化学反应。如果将这些可光图案化材料用作光阻剂,则光引发剂、光敏剂或光产酸剂的存在通常不是问题,在该情况下,它们在图案化步骤后被剥去,并不包含为最终器件的一部分。然而,这些体系将不是作为晶体管器件中栅电介质(或与半导体层临近的其他层)的良好候选材料,因为所述光引发剂、光敏剂或光产酸剂倾向于促进界面的电荷捕获,其可导致恶化的晶体管特性,例如阈电压的偏移、滞回现象和增加的电流泄漏。
因此,本领域对可用于提供基本上不含有任何光引发剂、光敏剂或光产酸剂的光图案化电介质,但同时可有效溶液加工和固化的可光图案化组合物存在需求。
发明内容
鉴于前述,本教导涉及用于形成负型可光图案化介电材料的组合物,其中所述组合物,在其他组分中,尤其包括一种有机填料和一种或多种光活性化合物,且其中所述有机填料的存在使得能够(在固化步骤后,以及在显影步骤期间或显影步骤后)有效移除如果允许残留于所述光图案化介电材料中将对其介电性能产生有害效果的这样的光活性化合物。
一般地,本发明的组合物包含一种或多种基质-形成化合物、一种或多种光活性化合物、一种有机填料以及一种有机溶剂或溶剂混合物,其中所述有机填料对所述基质-形成化合物的重量比介于约3:1和约1:4之间,并且其中所述光活性化合物适于引发、促进和/或敏化在其中所述基质-形成化合物形成不溶于所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物的交联基质的光化学反应,并且其中所述有机填料在这样的光化学反应中是惰性的,并且在这样的光化学反应前和反应后在所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中均是可溶的或可混溶的。在多种实施方案中,所述基质-形成化合物可以约5-30wt%存在于所述组合物中,所述光活性化合物可以约8-40wt%存在于所述组合物中,所述有机填料可以约5-30wt%存在于所述组合物中,并且所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物可以约50-85wt%存在于所述组合物中。通过在介于约200nm和约500nm间的波长辐照,特别是于G(435.8nm)、H(404.7nm)或I(365.4nm)线辐照下曝光,所述光活性化合物可以光活化。
在一些实施方案中,所述有机填料在所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中具有约25mg/mL的最小溶解度。所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物可包含酯溶剂、醇溶剂、酮溶剂或其组合。所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物可包含乳酸乙酯(EL)、乙基3-乙氧基丙酸酯(EEP)、丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)和甲基正戊酮(MAK)中的一种或多种。所述有机填料可以是具有介于约200g/mol和约2500g/mol之间的分子量、和/或介于约200℃和约700℃之间的沸点的化合物。在某些实施方案中,所述有机填料可以是双-甲氧基化的或双-乙氧基化的聚(亚烷基二醇)(poly(alkylene glycol))或它们的氟化衍生物。例如,所述有机填料可以是具有200g/mol、250g/mol、300g/mol、400g/mol或500g/mol的数均分子量(Mn)的聚乙二醇二甲醚。在一些实施方案中,所述有机填料可以是在一端具有环状环,并且在另一端具有亲脂链的化合物,其中所述亲脂链具有至少8个碳原子。例如,所述有机填料可选自(±)-α-生育酚、DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯、视黄醇乙酸酯和视黄醇棕榈酸酯。
在一些实施方案中,所述基质-形成化合物包含以可光交联的基团官能化的低聚物或聚合物,所述可光交联的基团是包含双键、三键、杂环加成-可聚合基团,或者能够原位形成双键或三键或杂环加成-可聚合自由基的前体的官能团。例如,所述可光交联的基团可包括乙烯基部分、烯丙基部分、乙炔基部分、二烯基部分、丙烯酸酯部分、肉桂酸酯部分、香豆素基部分、苯并环丁烷部分、环氧基或环氧乙烷部分、氧杂环丁烷部分或硫杂环丙烷部分。所述可光交联的基团可以作为侧基被连接至选自以下的介电聚合物:聚(乙烯基苯酚)、聚(乙烯基乙酸酯)、聚(乙烯醇)、聚(丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚苯乙烯、聚(乙烯胺)、聚马来酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、硅氧烷聚合物、苯酚甲醛(酚醛清漆)树脂、苯并噁唑聚合物、聚(噁二唑)、马来酸酐聚合物及它们的共聚物。在这些实施方案中,所述光活性化合物可包含光产酸剂、光敏剂或两者兼具。
在一些实施方案中,所述基质-形成化合物包含一种或多种可光聚合的单体或低聚物。例如,所述一种或多种可光聚合的单体或低聚物可以选自(i)单官能和/或多官能的丙烯酸酯单体和低聚物;(ii)单官能和/或多官能的环氧基或环硫基单体和低聚物;(iii)单体的苯乙烯和低聚的丙烯酸酯;(iv)硫醇-烯单体和低聚物;(v)丙烯酸酯-和/或环氧基官能化的多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷;(vi)单官能和/或多官能的马来酰亚胺单体和低聚物;以及(vii)它们的混合物。在这些实施方案中,所述光活性化合物可包含光引发剂和任选的光敏剂。所述组合物还可包含共-引发剂。
本教导还提供用于形成晶体管器件中光图案化介电元件的方法。所述方法通常包括将可光图案化的组合物沉积至衬底以提供薄膜,所述可光图案化的组合物包括一种或多种基质-形成化合物、一种或多种光活性化合物、一种有机填料以及一种有机溶剂或溶剂混合物;将所述薄膜于成像辐照下曝光,从而致使所述薄膜的曝光区域中的一种或多种基质-形成化合物形成不溶于所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物的聚合的或者交联的基质;使用显影剂移除所述薄膜未曝光的区域,以提供光图案化介电元件;使用所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物冲洗所述光图案化介电元件,以使所述光图案化介电元件中的光活性化合物少于所述可光图案化的组合物中的光活性化合物的质量百分比(wt%)的约5%。所述方法还可在辐照前包括软烘烤步骤。所述软烘烤步骤可以在低温(例如介于约100-150℃之间)下进行一段短时间(例如,介于约30秒和5分钟之间)。所述方法还可在辐照后包括硬烘烤步骤。所述硬烘烤步骤可在高温(例如,在约250-350℃)下进行约10分钟至1小时。
本教导还涉及具有图案化元件的晶体管,其中所述图案化元件具有少于0.5wt%的光活性化合物,并且所述图案化元件由包含至少10wt%的光活性化合物的负型光阻剂制备。
从以下附图、说明书、实施例和权利要求将更全面地理解本教导前文所述的和其他的特征和优势。
附图说明
应理解,以下描述的附图仅用于说明目的。所述附图不一定是按比例的,其重点通常在于说明本教导的原理。所述附图并非意在以任何方式限制本教导的范围。
图1比较了从(a)包括在丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯中配制的一种环氧基-官能化的光聚合物、一种光产酸剂、一种光敏剂和一种有机填料(PEG,Mn~250)的根据本教导的组合物制备的薄膜,和从(b)不含有机填料的对比制剂制备的薄膜在200mJ下光固化之前和之后即刻,以及在PGMEA后固化中清洗30s或60s之后的吸收光谱。
图2比较了从(a)包括在丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯中配制的环氧基-官能化的光聚合物、光产酸剂、光敏剂和有机填料(PEG,Mn~250)的根据本教导的组合物制备的薄膜,和从(b)不含有机填料的对比制剂制备的薄膜在600mJ下光固化之前和之后即刻,以及在PGMEA后固化中清洗30s或60s之后的吸收光谱。
图3比较了从(a)根据本教导的组合物(特别是,加入有机填料改进的可商购的光阻剂制剂)制备的薄膜和从(b)未改进的可商购的光阻剂制剂制备的薄膜得到的吸收光谱。
图4比较了具有其中已(通过后固化冲洗步骤,虚线)移除光活性化合物的根据本教导的光图案化介电元件的代表性晶体管器件的传输特性与具有其中仍残留光活性化合物(没有后固化冲洗步骤,实线)的光图案化介电元件的对比器件的传输特性。
具体实施方式
贯穿本申请,当组合物被描述为具有、包含或包括特定组分,或当过程被描述为具有、包含或包括特定过程步骤时,可设想到本教导的组合物还主要由、或由所列举的组分组成,并且本教导的过程也主要由、或由所列举的过程步骤组成。
在本申请中,当称一个要素或组分被包含于和/或选自一系列列举的要素或组分时,应理解所述要素或组分可以是所述列举的要素或组分中的任一个,或可选自由两个或更多个所述列举的要素或组分组成的组。此外,应理解,本文中无论是明确的还是隐含的,本文所述的组合物、装置或方法的要素和/或特征可以在不偏离本教导的精神和范围下以各种方式组合。
应理解,步骤的顺序或进行某些操作的顺序是无关紧要的,只要本教导仍可操作即可。此外,两个或者更多个步骤或操作可以同时进行。
除非另有具体陈述,术语“含有(include)”、“包含(includes)”、“包括(including)”、“具有(have)”“有(has)”或者“具有(having)”的使用一般应被理解为是开放式的而非限制性的。
除非另有具体陈述,本文所用的单数包括复数(反之亦然)。此外,除非另有具体陈述,当在数值前使用术语“约”时,本教导还包括所述特定数值本身。除非另有指明或推论,如本文所使用的,术语“约”指偏离标称值±10%。
本教导涉及用于形成负型可光图案化介电材料的组合物,其中所述组合物,在其他组分中,尤其包括一种有机填料和一种或多种光活性化合物,且其中所述有机填料的存在使得能够(在固化步骤后,以及在显影步骤期间或显影步骤后)有效移除如果允许残留于所述光图案化介电材料中将对其介电性能产生有害效果的这样的光活性化合物。例如,可使用本发明的组合物制备晶体管器件中的光图案化元件。与母体组合物相比,这样的光图案化元件可具有高的交联程度(从而具有高的机械强度以及热和/或化学耐性),但显著降低的光活性化合物水平。因此,与具有残留相当量的光活性化合物的类似光图案化介电材料的晶体管器件相比,根据本教导的晶体管器件可具有更好的器件性能和改进的稳定性。
更特别地,本发明的组合物通常包含有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中的一种或多种基质-形成化合物、一种或多种光活性化合物以及一种有机填料。取决于所述基质-形成化合物的光化学,光活性化合物可适于引发、促进和/或敏化光化学反应,其中所述光化学反应导致基质-形成化合物形成不溶于母溶剂或溶剂混合物的聚合的或交联的基质。所述有机填料在光化学反应中是惰性的(即,非反应物),且所述有机填料在所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中的溶解性(或混溶性)在光化学反应之前和之后基本上是一样的。所述有机填料对所述基质-形成化合物的重量比可以介于约3:1至约1:4之间。优选地,所述有机填料对所述基质-形成化合物的重量比介于约1:1至约1:4之间。更优选地,所述有机填料对所述基质-形成化合物的重量比介于约1:2至约1:4之间。
在一些实施方案中,所述基质-形成化合物可选自多种可光聚合的单体和低聚物,其在光引发剂(和任选的共引发剂和/或光敏剂)的存在下,可通过辐照聚合为不溶的聚合基质。在一些实施方案中,所述基质-形成化合物可选自多种以一个或多个可光交联的基团官能化的低聚物或聚合物,其在光敏剂和/或光产酸剂的存在下,可通过辐照光交联为不溶的基质。如前文所述,在最终光图案化材料中不期望存在光引发剂、光产酸剂和/或光敏剂(以及它们的光产物)的应用中,本发明组合物中的有机填料可通过使它们在光固化基质中保持流动而使得它们可以在显影步骤期间被移除来促进它们的提取后固化。因此,可将最终的光图案化材料制成基本上不含(例如,按重量计<1%)光引发剂、光产酸剂、光敏剂及它们的光产物。本教导还涉及用于制造具有由本文所述的组合物制备的元件的晶体管器件,以及具有基本上不含光引发剂、光产酸剂、光敏剂及它们的光产物的光图案化元件的晶体管器件的方法。
有机填料
通常,有机填料是在本发明组合物中使用的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中具有相当高溶解度或与其混溶的惰性化合物。例如,在基质-形成化合物以100mg/mL存在于组合物中的实施方案中,有机填料可具有25mg/mL的最小溶解度。有机填料和根据本教导的组合物的任何给定实施方案中存在的任何基质-形成化合物、光活性化合物和/或有机溶剂在用于聚合或交联所述基质-形成化合物的反应条件下均不反应。通常,有机填料是化学稳定的化合物,不吸收紫外-可见光谱范围内的光,并且不具有易于和所述基质-形成化合物中存在的可聚合基团和/或可光交联的基团反应的官能团(例如,氨基基团、硫醇基团、(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团等)。
有机填料可具有介于约200g/mol和约2500g/mol之间的分子量。在某些实施方案中,有机填料的分子量可不低于组合物中最高分子量光活性化合物的分子量超过50%。例如,如果所述组合物仅包含光敏剂作为光活性化合物,且所述光敏剂具有400g/mol的分子量,则有机填料可以是具有200g/mol或更高分子量的化合物。优选地,有机填料的分子量为至少300g/mol,更优选地,至少500g/mol,以及甚至更优选地,至少750g/mol;但不大于2500g/mol,优选地,不大于2000g/mol,更优选地,不大于1500g/mol,以及甚至更优选地,不大于1000g/mol。
此外,有机填料通常具有高于150℃的沸点。这是因为在将组合物沉积于衬底上之后但在辐照之前,常进行软烘烤步骤以减小膜中的溶剂浓度,其有助于防止起泡、最小化暗侵蚀并改进膜对衬底的粘附性。软烘烤步骤常在大约100℃进行。优选地,有机填料的沸点介于约200℃和约700℃之间。
在优选的实施方案中,有机填料与常规光阻剂溶剂是混溶的,或在所述常规光阻溶剂中具有至少25mg/mL的溶解度,所述常规光阻剂溶剂包括酯溶剂,例如乳酸乙酯(EL)、乙基3-乙氧基丙酸酯(EEP)、丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA);和酮溶剂,例如2-庚酮(或甲基正戊基酮,MAK)。如本文使用的,“混溶”指有机填料和有机溶剂或溶剂混合物不显示相分离。在更优选的实施方案中,有机填料与包含酯溶剂的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物混溶,或在其中具有至少25mg/mL的溶解度。在最优选的实施方案中,有机填料和包含丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物混溶,或在其中具有至少25mg/mL的溶解度。
有机填料通常可以以约5-30wt%存在于组合物中,并具有介于约3:1和约1:4之间的与基质-形成化合物的重量比。在有机填料在室温下是液体的实施方案中,所述有机填料可通过以下至少一种与所述有机溶剂相区分:1)基质-形成化合物在有机填料中具有小于50mg/mL的溶解度,和/或光活性化合物在有机填料中具有小于5mg/mL的溶解度;2)有机溶剂(其通常具有介于约140℃-180℃之间的沸点)具有显著低于有机填料的沸点(其通常介于约200℃和约700℃之间),以及3)有机溶剂以比有机填料高得多的质量分数wt%存在于初始组合物中(对于有机溶剂而言约50-85wt%,而对于有机填料而言5-30wt%)。此外,有机填料适于存在于薄膜中,直至显影步骤,而有机溶剂在曝光步骤前已大部分(例如,通过软烘烤步骤)被移除,其仅有少量适于在光固化期间残留在薄膜中
在一些实施方案中,特别是基质-形成化合物包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯-基单体、低聚物和或聚合物的实施方案中,有机填料可选自甲氧基化或乙氧基化的聚(环氧烷)及它们的氟化衍生物。特定的实例包括聚乙二醇二甲醚和六环氧丙烷(hexapropylene oxide)的低聚物。在优选的实施方案中,基质-形成化合物是具有数均分子量(Mn)为200g/mol、250g/mol、300g/mol、400g/mol或500g/mol的聚乙二醇二甲醚。
在一些实施方案中,有机填料可以是在一端具有环状环,且在另一端具有长亲脂链的化合物。例如,所述亲脂链可具有至少8个碳原子。实例包括(±)-α-生育酚、DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯、视黄醇乙酸酯和视黄醇棕榈酸酯。
基质-形成化合物
本发明的组合物可包含一种或多种基质-形成化合物。在多种实施方案中,基质-形成化合物可以以约5-30wt%存在于组合物中。在一些实施方案中,基质-形成化合物可以是用可光交联的基团官能化的低聚物或聚合物。例如,所述可光交联的基团可以是包含双键、三键、杂环加成-可聚合基团,或者能够原位形成双键或三键或杂环加成-可聚合自由基的前体的官能团。在某些实施方案中,可光交联的基团可包括乙烯基部分、烯丙基部分、乙炔基部分、二烯基部分、丙烯酸酯部分、肉桂酸酯部分、香豆素基部分、苯并环丁烷部分、环氧基或环氧乙烷部分(例如,环氧基环己基乙基基团、缩水甘油基基团、缩水甘油醚基团、丙基缩水甘油醚基团)、氧杂环丁烷部分或硫杂环丙烷部分。
为了说明,基质-形成化合物可以是具有选自由以下组成的组的可光交联基团的聚合物:
其中R1是H或C1-20烷基基团。
可将这些可光交联的基团作为侧基连接至多种聚合物骨架。合适的聚合物骨架包括多种介电聚合物,其实例包括但不限于:聚(乙烯基苯酚)、聚(乙烯基乙酸酯)、聚(乙烯醇)、聚(丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚苯乙烯、聚(乙烯胺)、聚马来酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、硅氧烷聚合物、苯酚甲醛(酚醛清漆)树脂、苯并噁唑聚合物、聚(噁二唑)、马来酸酐聚合物及它们的共聚物。
因此,在一些实施方案中,基质-形成化合物可以是具有用含烯不饱和键部分(例如,乙烯基部分、烯丙基部分、二烯基部分、丙烯酸酯部分、肉桂酸酯部分、香豆素基部分,苯并环丁烷部分)官能化的侧基基团的乙烯基(共)聚合物(例如,聚(乙烯基苯酚)、聚(乙烯基乙酸酯)、聚(乙烯醇)、聚(丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚苯乙烯、聚(乙烯胺))。美国专利第2,670,287、2,716,102、4,569,901、7,981,989、8,338,555、8,802,783、8,878,169和8,937,301号中描述了这些聚合物的一些实例。在某些实施方案中,基质-形成化合物可以是具有选自以下的重复单元的均聚物或共聚物:乙烯基肉桂酸酯、缩水甘油基甲基丙烯酸酯、烯丙基缩水甘油醚、乙基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基肉桂乙酸酯(vinylcinnamylide acetate)、硫代缩水甘油基甲基丙烯酸酯、烯丙硫基缩水甘油醚(allythioglycidylether)和N-苄基丙烯酰胺。
例如,基质-形成化合物可以是具有选自由以下组成的组的(共-)重复单元的聚合物:
其中R1和R2可以选自由H、F和CN组成的组,且m和n是实数,其中m>0并且n>0;
在一些实施方案中,基质-形成化合物可以是具有用含有烯不饱和键部分(例如乙烯基部分、烯丙基部分、二烯基部分、丙烯酸酯部分、肉桂酸酯部分、香豆素基部分、苯并环丁烷部分)、环氧基或环氧乙烷部分(例如环氧基环己基乙基基团、缩水甘油基基团、缩水甘油醚基团、丙基缩水甘油醚基团)、氧杂环丁烷部分或硫杂环丙烷部分官能化的侧基基团的聚酰亚胺、聚马来酰亚胺、聚砜、硅氧烷聚合物、苯酚甲醛(酚醛清漆)树脂、苯并噁唑聚合物、聚(噁二唑)、马来酸酐聚合物或其共聚物。美国专利第4,180,404和9,035,287号和美国专利公开第2015/0021597号中描述了这些聚合物的一些实例。
例如,基质-形成化合物可以是具有选自由以下组成的组的(共-)重复单元的聚合物:
在基质-形成化合物是用固有光反应基团(举例而言,例如可被光激发以经历环加成的肉桂酸酯基团)官能化的介电聚合物的实施方案中,本发明的组合物可包含光敏剂作为仅有的光活性化合物。然而,取决于光化学,也可加入光引发剂(例如光产酸剂、自由基引发剂)。在基质-形成化合物是以可光聚合基团官能化的介电聚合物的实施方案中,本发明的组合物可至少包括光引发剂(例如,光产酸剂)和任选的光敏剂。参见例如Nakamura,Kenichiro;Photopolymers:Photoresist Materials,Processes,and Applications;CRCPress;第一版(2014)。
在其他实施方案中,基质-形成化合物可包含一种或多种可光聚合的单体和/或低聚物。合适的可光聚合的单体和低聚物包括但不限于:(i)单官能和/或多官能的丙烯酸酯单体和低聚物;(ii)单官能和/或多官能的环氧基或环硫基单体和低聚物;(iii)单体的苯乙烯和低聚的丙烯酸酯;(iv)硫醇-烯单体和低聚物;(v)丙烯酸酯和/或环氧基官能化的多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷;(vi)单官能和/或多官能的马来酰亚胺单体和低聚物;以及(vii)它们的混合物。
单官能和/或多官能的丙烯酸酯单体和低聚物的实例包括异戊基丙烯酸酯、硬脂基丙烯酸酯、月桂基丙烯酸酯、辛基丙烯酸酯、癸基丙烯酸酯、异戊基苯乙烯基丙烯酸酯(isoamylstyl acrylate)、异硬脂基丙烯酸酯、2-乙基己基-二甘醇丙烯酸酯、2-羟基丁基丙烯酸酯、2-丙烯酰氧基乙基六氢邻苯二甲酸、丁氧乙基丙烯酸酯、乙氧基二甘醇丙烯酸酯、甲氧基二甘醇丙烯酸酯、甲氧基聚乙二醇丙烯酸酯、甲氧基丙二醇丙烯酸酯、苯氧乙基丙烯酸酯、四氢糠基丙烯酸酯、异冰片基丙烯酸酯、2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯、2-羟丙基丙烯酸酯、2-羟基-3-苯氧丙基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基醚丙烯酸酯、2-丙烯酰氧基乙基琥珀酸、2-丙烯酰氧基乙基邻苯二甲酸、2-丙烯酰氧基乙基-羟乙基-邻苯二甲酸、内酯改性的柔性丙烯酸酯和叔丁基环己基丙烯酸酯、三甘醇二丙烯酸酯、四甘醇二丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,9-壬二醇二丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、二羟甲基-三环癸烷二丙烯酸酯、双酚A EO(环氧乙烷)加合物二丙烯酸酯、双酚A PO(环氧丙烷)加合物二丙烯酸酯、羟基新戊酸基新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化二羟甲基三环癸烷二丙烯酸酯和聚四亚甲基二醇二丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、EO改性的三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三(丙二醇)三丙烯酸酯、己内酯改性的三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇乙氧基四丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯、二三羟甲基丙烷四丙烯酸酯(ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate)、甘油丙氧基三丙烯酸酯和己内酰胺改性的二季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯。
其他合适的单官能丙烯酸酯包括己内酯丙烯酸酯、环状三羟甲基丙烷甲缩醛丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化壬基苯酚丙烯酸酯、异癸基丙烯酸酯、异辛基丙烯酸酯、辛基癸基丙烯酸酯、烷氧化苯酚丙烯酸酯、十三烷基丙烯酸酯和烷氧化环己酮二甲醇二丙烯酸酯。
其他合适的双官能丙烯酸酯包括烷氧化环己酮二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、烷氧化己二醇二丙烯酸酯、二噁烷二醇二丙烯酸酯(dioxane glycol diacrylate)、二噁烷二醇二丙烯酸酯、环己酮二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、二甘醇二丙烯酸酯和新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯。
其他合适的三官能丙烯酸酯包括丙氧化甘油三丙烯酸酯和丙氧化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯。
其他更高官能的丙烯酸酯包括二-三羟甲基丙烷四丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、甲氧基化二醇丙烯酸酯和丙烯酸酯。
此外,可使用与上述丙烯酸酯对应的甲基丙烯酸酯,例如甲氧基三甘醇甲基丙烯酸酯、羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、苯氧乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、环己基甲基丙烯酸酯和四甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯。
单官能和/或多官能环氧基或环硫基单体和低聚物包括,但不限于:
单体苯乙烯和低聚丙烯酸酯体系的实例包括,但不限于:N,N-二甲基氨基甲基甲基丙烯酸酯(DMAEMA)、2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯(HEA)、2-乙基己基丙烯酸酯(EHA)和苯乙烯;叔丁基丙烯酸酯、叔丁基甲基丙烯酸酯、二叔丁基衣康酸酯、叔丁基羟甲基丙烯酸酯、环己基甲基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、环己基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、苯乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、苄基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、异冰片基(甲基)丙烯酸酯和四氢糠醛(甲基)丙烯酸酯,以及羟基苯乙烯和α-甲基羟基苯乙烯。
硫醇-烯反应涉及通过自由基或离子机理进行的S-H键跨双键或三键的加成。因此,硫醇-烯单体通常包括聚硫醇和具有烯不饱和键的第二化合物的混合物。聚硫醇的实例包括二-、三-和四-硫醇,例如己二硫醇、癸二硫醇、1,4-丁二醇双硫代丙酸酯、1,4-丁二醇双巯基乙酸酯、乙二醇双巯基乙酸酯、4-巯基甲基-3,6-二硫杂-1,8-辛二硫醇;三羟甲基丙烷三(3-巯基丙酸酯);季戊四醇四(3-巯基乙酸酯);三羟甲基丙烷三(3-巯基乙酸酯);季戊四醇四(3-巯基丙酸酯);乙氧基化季戊四醇四(3-巯基丙酸酯)、乙二醇3-巯基丙酸酯、聚丙二醇(3-巯基丙酸酯)、乙氧基化三甲基丙烷三(3-巯基丙酸酯)、乙氧基化乙二醇二巯基乙酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三巯基乙酸酯、乙二醇二(3-巯基丙酸酯)、1,4-双(3-巯基丁酰氧基)丁烷(1,4-bis(3-mercaptobutylyloxy)butane)、季戊四醇四(3-巯基丁酸酯)、三[2-(3-巯基丙酰氧基)乙基]异氰脲酸酯、1,3,5-三(3-巯基丁氧基乙基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-三酮和(巯基丙基)甲基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物。
多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷是具有(RSiO1.5)n基本组成的笼-结构倍半硅氧烷,其中所述R基团连接至所述笼顶点的硅原子上。用于本发明可光固化组合物的合适的多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷可具有如下所示的T8、T10或T12结构(n分别=8、10或12):
其中各R,独立地,可以是环氧基基团、丙烯酸酯基团或甲基丙烯酸酯基团。
单官能和/或多官能马来酰亚胺单体和低聚物的实例包括N-官能化的马来酰亚胺和双马来酰亚胺。示例性的N-官能化的马来酰亚胺和双马来酰亚胺可由下式表示:
分别为
其中R可以是芳基、杂芳基或脂族基团。单官能和/或多官能马来酰亚胺单体和低聚物可以(任选地和其他单体例如乙烯基单体)光聚合至聚酰亚胺,例如美国专利第4,310,641、4,578,328和8,415,812号以及国际公布第WO2014/081894号中描述的那些。
对于基质-形成化合物包含一个或多个可光聚合单体和/或低聚物的上述实施方案,本发明的组合物通常包括至少一种光引发剂作为光活性化合物。取决于实际的光化学和反应条件,可能需要共-引发剂。例如,如果光聚合反应在空气(而不是氮气气氛)中进行,可能需要作为除氧剂的共-引发剂。此外,可使用光敏剂激发(多个)光引发剂。
光引发剂、光产酸剂和光敏剂
当化合物经辐照生成反应性物质时,发生光化学反应。在最简单的方案中,如果化合物(本案中为基质-形成化合物)不吸收入射辐照波长,或经辐照不形成反应性中间体,则可加入第二化合物(本案中为“光活性化合物”),该第二化合物强烈吸收入射波长,并经历光化学转化成为一个或多个反应性物质或将能量(或电子)传递给所述基质-形成化合物。而后所述基质-形成化合物与反应性物质相互作用,或所述基质-形成化合物发生化学反应,并变为交联的或聚合的以提供预期产物(本案中为不溶基质)。在更复杂的体系中,可能需要不同光活性化合物的组合,且反应混合物还可能包括不同基质-形成化合物的组合。取决于特定实施方案中的(多种)基质-形成化合物,本发明的组合物可包含一种或多种光引发剂、光产酸剂和/或光敏剂。由于术语光引发剂、光产酸剂和光敏剂是功能称号(label),且特定的化合物在不同反应条件下对于不同反应混合物可执行不同功能,因此对于相同的化合物可能的是在一个反应中作为光引发剂,而在一个不同的反应中作为光敏剂。
在基质-形成化合物是可光聚合的单体或低聚物的实施方案中,需要包含至少一种光引发剂的光引发剂体系以引发光聚合反应。经辐照,所述光引发剂分解为激活单体和/或低聚物上特定官能团聚合的反应性物质。在某些实施方案中,将一种或多种光敏剂(例如,比光引发剂吸收长得多的波长范围的生色团)连同光引发剂一起使用。光敏剂可通过能量转移激发光引发剂,帮助缩短固化时间和/或降低所需辐射剂量。
本领域已知不同的光引发剂体系,基于所产生的活性物质其可粗略地被分为三组。具体地,光引发剂是可将吸收的电磁能(即,经可见光、紫外光、远紫外光、电子束和X-射线曝光)转换至引发性的反应性物质形式(具体地,自由基、阳离子或阴离子活性位点)的化学能的化合物。通常,光引发剂通过具有介于约200纳米和约500纳米之间波长的入射光活化。在某些实施方案中,光引发剂通过具有介于约250纳米和约450纳米之间波长的光活化。
自由基光引发剂通常在乙烯基单体和低聚物的光聚合中使用,虽然它们也可被用于具有烯不饱和基团的低聚物或聚合物的光交联。一些自由基光引发剂是单-组分体系,其中通过裂解产生两个自由基,其他的自由基光引发剂通过双-组分体系作用,其中自由基通过从供体化合物(共-引发剂,其也作为可以抑制自由基聚合的氧阻聚的除氧剂)提取氢原子生成。而后所得的自由基与其他单体、低聚物或聚合物分子反应以形成额外的自由基,同时建立或交联所得的聚合物。总的结果为链反应,据此连续的自由基物质与单体或低聚物反应以形成聚合物,且该反应在当两个自由基物质反应时终止。相同的反应顺序发生在聚合物的交联中,当聚合物的反应性部分遇到一些其他链终止基团时反应终止。安息香醚、乙酰苯、苯甲酰肟和酰基膦氧化物是裂解-型(类型I)光引发剂的一些实例。二苯甲酮、呫吨酮(xanthones)和醌是提取-型(类型II)光引发剂的一些实例。共-引发剂的实例包括叔脂族胺,例如二乙醇胺和三乙胺;芳族胺,例如二烷基苯胺;以及胺丙烯酸酯,例如乙基-4-二甲基氨基苯甲酸酯。还可使用硫醇和硅烷作为共-引发剂。
自由基光引发剂的具体的实例包括安息香醚,例如安息香甲醚、安息香异丙醚、安息香异丁醚、安息香乙醚等;苯偶酰缩酮,例如苯偶酰二甲基缩酮等;α-二烷氧基-乙酰苯/α-羟基-烷基酰苯/α-氨基-烷基酰苯,例如2,2-二甲氧基-2-乙酰苯[Irgacure 651(IR651),可从BASF商购]、2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯丙烷-1-酮、1-(4-异丙基苯基)-2-羟基-2-甲基丙烷-1-酮、4-(2-羟乙氧基)苯基-(2-羟基-2-丙基)酮、2,2-二甲氧基乙酰苯、2,2-二乙氧基乙酰苯、2-苄基-2-二甲氨基-1-(4-吗啉基苯基)丁烷-1-酮、2,2′-二甲氧基-1,2-二苯乙烷-1-酮、4-叠氮基-乙酰苯、4-叠氮基-苯亚甲基乙酰苯等;苯甲酰肟,例如2-(o-苯甲酰肟)-1-[4-(苯硫基)苯基]-1,2-辛二酮、1-(o-乙酰肟)-1-[9-乙基-6-(2-甲基苯甲酰基)-9H-咔唑-3-基]乙酮等;酰基膦氧化物,例如三苯基膦氧化物(TPO,可从BASF商购)、二(2,4,6-三甲基-苯甲酰基)苯基磷氧化物[Irgacure819,(IR819),可从BASF商购];烷基苯基酮,例如1-羟基环己基苯基酮[Irgacure 184,(IR184),可从BASF商购]、2-甲基-(4-甲基噻吩基)-2-吗啉基-1-丙烷-1-酮[Irgacure907(IR907),可从BASF商购]等;二苯甲酮基光引发剂,例如二苯甲酮、4,4′-二(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮、4,4′-二(二乙氨基)-二苯甲酮、3,3′-二甲基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、4,4’-二氯二苯甲酮等;噻吨酮,例如1-氯-4-丙氧基-9H-噻吨-9-酮、2,4’-二乙基噻吨-9-酮、2-氯噻吨-9-酮、异丙基-9H-噻吨-9-酮、10-甲基吩噻嗪、噻吨-9-酮等;和醌,例如2-叔-丁基蒽醌、1-氯蒽醌、2-乙基蒽醌、2-戊基蒽醌等。其他的自由基引发剂包括香豆素和香豆素酮衍生物、吡喃鎓盐和硫代吡喃鎓盐及一些1,2-二酮。可作为共-引发剂和类型II光引发剂一起使用的脂族胺的实例包括叔胺,例如N-甲基二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、2-(二甲氨基)丙烯酸乙酯等。
可使用阳离子光引发剂引发具有给电子取代基(例如甲氧乙烯、4-甲氧基苯乙烯、苯乙烯)的烯烃和杂环单体(环醚、环酯、环酰胺和环胺)的阳离子聚合。在阳离子聚合中,阳离子光引发剂将电荷转移给单体,而后该单体变得具有反应性。该反应性单体继续与其他单体相似地反应以通过链增长形成聚合物。可使用产生光酸的阳离子光引发剂(即,光产酸剂)催化聚合物上酸敏有机官能团的脱保护。例如,离子和非离光产酸剂皆可以和含有环氧化物、氧杂环丁烷和乙烯基醚的聚合物使用,以引发光酸催化的开环反应,而后其可导致交联。阳离子光引发剂的实例包括鎓盐和三氯甲基均三嗪。
在一些实施方案中,阳离子光引发剂可以是路易斯酸的鎓盐或布朗斯特酸的鎓盐。鎓盐包括碘鎓盐、硫鎓盐、磷鎓盐铵盐和重氮盐。具体的实例可包括二芳基碘鎓盐,例如二苯基碘鎓四氟硼酸盐、二苯基碘鎓四氟磷酸盐、二苯基碘鎓四氟砷酸盐、二苯基碘鎓三氟甲磺酸盐、二苯基碘鎓三氟乙酸盐、二苯基碘鎓对甲苯磺酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基苯基碘鎓四氟硼酸盐,4-甲氧基苯基苯基碘鎓六氟磷酸盐,4-甲氧基苯基苯基碘鎓六氟砷酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基苯基碘鎓三氟甲磺酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基苯基碘鎓三氟乙酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基苯基碘鎓对甲苯磺酸盐、双(4-叔-丁基苯基)碘鎓四氟硼酸盐、双(4-叔-丁基苯基)碘鎓六氟砷酸盐、双(4-叔-丁基苯基)碘鎓三氟甲磺酸盐、双(4-叔-丁基苯基)碘鎓三氟乙酸盐,双(4-叔-丁基苯基)碘鎓对甲苯磺酸盐等;和三芳基锍盐,例如三苯基锍四氟硼酸盐、三苯基锍六氟磷酸盐、三苯基锍六氟砷酸盐、三苯基锍甲磺酸盐、三苯基锍三氟乙酸盐、三苯基锍对甲苯磺酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基二苯基锍四氟硼酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基二苯基锍六氟磷酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基二苯基锍六氟砷酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基二苯基锍甲磺酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基二苯基锍三氟乙酸盐、4-甲氧基苯基二苯基锍对甲苯磺酸盐、4-苯硫基苯基二苯基四氟硼酸盐、4-苯硫基苯基二苯基六氟磷酸盐、4-苯硫基苯基二苯基六氟砷酸盐、4-苯硫基苯基二苯基三氟甲磺酸盐、4-苯硫基苯基二苯基三氟乙酸盐、4-苯硫基苯基二苯基对甲苯磺酸盐等。可使用为鎓盐的阳离子光引发剂作为光产酸剂。
三氯甲基均三嗪的实例包括三(2,4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-苯基-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(3-氯苯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(2-氯苯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(3-甲氧基苯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(2-甲氧基苯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(4-甲硫基苯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(3-甲硫基苯基)双(4,6-三氯甲基均三嗪、2-(2-甲硫基苯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(4-甲氧基萘基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(3-甲氧基萘基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(2-甲氧基萘基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基-β-苯乙烯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(4-甲硫基-β-苯乙烯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪、2-(3-甲硫基-β-苯乙烯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪和2-(2-甲硫基-β-苯乙烯基)-双(4,6-三氯甲基)均三嗪。
虽然可使用许多阳离子光引发剂产生光酸,也可使用某些非离子化合物作为光产酸剂。离子和非离子光产酸剂都常用于诱发聚合物中的光交联。非离子光产酸剂的实例包括三氟甲磺酸产生剂、壬氟甲磺酸(nonaflic acid)产生剂和(非氟化)磺酸产生剂,例如重氮磺酰基化合物、磺酰氧基酰亚胺、硝基苄基磺酸酯和亚氨磺酸酯。具体的实例包括肟酯,例如2-[2-(4-甲苯磺酰氧亚氨基)]-2,3-二氢噻吩-3-亚基]-2-(2-甲苯基)乙腈(商品名“IRGACURE PAG 121”,可从BASF商购)、[2-(丙磺酰氧亚氨基)-2,3-二氢噻吩-3-亚基]-2-(2-甲苯基)乙腈(商品名“IRGACURE PAG 103”,可从BASF商购)、[2-(正-辛磺酰氧亚氨基)-2,3-二氢噻吩-3-亚基]-2-(2-甲苯基)乙腈(商品名“IRGACURE PAG 108”,可从BASF商购)、α-(正-辛磺酰氧亚氨基)-4-甲氧苄基氰(商品名“CGI 725”,可从BASF商购制造)、萘酰亚胺三氟甲磺酸酯、2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,4-庚氟-1-(壬氟丁磺酰氧亚胺)-丁基]-芴(商品名“CGI1906”,可从BASF商购制造);和CGI-1907:2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-辛氟-1-(壬氟丁磺酰氧亚胺)-苯基]-芴(商品名“CGI1907”,可从BASF商购制造)。
可使用阴离子光引发剂和光产碱剂引发醛、酮和某些烯不饱和单体(例如,乙烯、1,3-二烯、苯乙烯、甲基(丙烯酸酯)、氰基丙烯酸酯、(甲基)丙烯腈、甲基(丙烯酰胺))的阴离子聚合或交联。还可使用阴离子光引发剂引发单体或低聚物的阴离子开环聚合或选自环氧化物、硅氧烷、环酯、环酰胺和N-羧基-α-氨基酸酐的低聚物或聚合物的交联。阴离子光引发剂的实例包括多种经辐照可产生阴离子带电亲核试剂(例如,CN-、I-、Br-、N3 -、NO2 -、Cl-、F-、SCN-、OH-和OR-)的化合物。具体的实例包括肟酯、氨基甲酸酯、9-芴基氨基甲酸酯、二茂铁环蕃(ferrocenophane)、四有机基硼酸铵盐(ammonium tetraorganyl borate salt)、脒基N-苄基化结构、芳族甲酰胺、钴-胺复合物、胺-酰亚胺、氨基酮、磷腈碱(phosphzenebase)和染料隐色腈(dye leuconitrile)。
在一些实施方案中,光活性化合物包括光敏剂。在一些实施方案中,光活性化合物包括光引发剂和光敏剂。光敏剂在辐照波长下吸收能量或电子并将其传递给基质-形成化合物或光引发剂。例如,可将光敏剂加入至通常在193nm处吸收的可光交联的聚合物中,以使所述聚合物对400nm的光敏感。光敏剂的一些实例包括α-酰氧基酯、酰基膦氧化物、安息香、二苯甲酮、噻吨酮、蒽、苝、并四苯、乙酰苯、吩噻嗪酮(phenothiazone)、1,2-苯并蒽(benzathracene)、吩噻嗪、菲、蔻、苯并芘、荧蒽、红荧烯、芘、阴丹士林、蒽醌、吖啶酮、香豆素和香豆素酮及它们的衍生物。可使用光敏剂的组合。具体的实例包括4,4-双(二乙胺)二苯甲酮、苯并[a]蒽-7,12-二酮、异丙基-9H-噻吨-9-酮、2-氯噻吨-9-酮和1-氯-4-丙氧基-9H-噻吨-9-酮。
在各种实施方案中,光引发剂、光产酸剂和光敏剂对于在介于约200nm和约500nm间的波长下曝光可以是光活性的。在优选的实施方案中,光引发剂、光产酸剂和光敏剂对于在G(435.8nm)、H(404.7nm)或I(365.4nm)谱线下曝光可以是光活性的。
所有的光活性化合物可以约8-40wt%存在于本发明的组合物中。单独地,各光活性化合物对基质-形成化合物的重量比可高至约30%。本领域中已知的用于制备可光交联电介质的典型制剂通常具有总共少于10wt%的光引发剂、光产酸剂和光敏剂,因为已知它们的存在(以及它们的光产物的存在)对所得电介质的介电性能产生多种不利效果。与本领域中已知的可光交联的电介质相比,本发明的组合物可包含大得多的量的光活性化合物(例如,高达40wt%),前提是这些光活性化合物(和它们的光产物)由于所述组合物中有机填料的存在,可在显影步骤期间被有效移除。
溶剂
在辐照前,根据本教导的基质-形成化合物通常可溶解于常见的有机溶剂,但在经历聚合或交联后可变为显著不溶于相同的溶剂中。可通过将光固化的膜浸没于用于浇铸膜的母溶剂中来测量膜厚度的损失从而监测溶解度的改变。如本文使用的,当材料处于溶剂中至少一小时后经历小于5%的厚度损失,则该材料被认为在所述溶剂中是不溶的。
更特别地,本文公开的(辐照和光反应之前的)基质-形成化合物和光活性化合物可在多种常见有机溶剂中具有令人满意的溶解度,从而使组合物适于溶液-相加工。可用于配制本发明聚合物的有机溶剂的实例包括,但不限于:芳香烃溶剂,例如苯、环己基苯、甲苯、二甲苯和均三甲苯;脂族烃,例如己烷、环戊烷、环己烷、正壬烷、正癸烷、正十一烷、正十二烷;醇溶剂,例如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、1-丁醇、2-乙氧基甲醇、3-甲氧基丙醇、环戊醇、环己醇和庚醇;酮溶剂,例如丙酮、乙酰丙酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮、2-丁酮、2-戊酮、3-戊酮、2-庚酮、3-庚酮、环戊酮和环己酮;酯溶剂,例如乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸异丁酯、乙酸戊酯、环己基乙酸酯、乙酸庚酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丙酸丁酯、丙酸异丁酯、丙二醇单甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)、乳酸甲酯、乳酸乙酯和γ-丁内酯;醚溶剂,例如二异丙基醚、二丁基醚、乙基丙基醚、乙醚、双(2-甲氧基乙基)醚、二噁烷、苯甲醚、苯乙醚和藜芦醚;和酰胺溶剂,例如N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基乙酰胺。优选的溶剂是酯溶剂,特别是丙二醇单甲醚乙酸酯。这些溶剂的任何一个可单独或组合使用。
添加剂
除有机填料、基质-形成化合物、光活性化合物和有机溶剂外,本发明的组合物还任选地可以包含一种或多种添加剂。如上所述,共-引发剂可以是这些添加剂中的一种。在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合物可包括小分子交联剂。在一些实施方案中,可包含淬灭剂以中和过量的光产酸剂。在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合物中可包括抗氧化剂(除氧剂)以增强其储存稳定性。合适的抗氧化剂包括酚、亚磷酸酯和硫醚。特别地,酚-型抗氧化剂的实例包括2-叔丁基对甲酚、2,6-二-叔丁基对甲酚、2,6-二-叔丁基-4-乙基苯酚、2,2′-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)、2,2′-亚甲基双-(4-乙基-6-叔丁基苯酚)、三甘醇双[3-(3-(叔丁基-5-甲基-4-羟苯基)丙酸酯]、1,6-己二醇-双[3-(3,5-二-叔丁基-5-甲基-4-羟苯基)丙酸酯]、季戊四醇四[3-(3,5-二-叔丁基-5-甲基-4-羟苯基)丙酸酯]、十八烷基-3-(3,5-二-叔丁基-5-甲基-4-羟苯基)丙酸酯或者1,3,5-三甲基-2,4,6-三(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)苯;亚磷酸酯-型抗氧化剂的实例包括三苯基亚磷酸酯或者三(2,4-二-叔丁基苯基)亚磷酸酯;且硫醚-型抗氧化剂的实例包括双(4-羟基-3-甲苯基)硫化物、双(4-羟苯基)硫化物、4,4′-硫代双-(6-叔丁基-间甲酚、4,4′-硫代双(6-叔丁基-邻甲酚或者2,2′-硫代双-(4-叔辛基苯酚)。
其他的添加剂可包括一种或多种表面活性剂、塑化剂、粘合促进剂、流变改性剂、均化剂(leveling agent)、润湿剂、除泡剂、稳定剂(例如,自由基稳定剂)等。
可将本文所述的组合物溶液-加工为具有处于约250nm至约50μm范围的厚度的膜,其中所述膜继而可通过光化(例如,紫外)辐照交联为力学牢固和环境-稳定的材料,该材料适于用作多种电子、光学和光电器件中的永久层。例如,本发明的材料可提供具有范围从约100nm至约50μm、从约250nm至约25μm、从约250nm至约1μm以及从约400nm至约800nm厚度的可光图案化膜。本发明的材料可在微米范围的分辨率下光图案化,并可具有约0.2至约10的对比度(γn)。
可将根据本教导的可光图案化材料(以其自身,或者和至少一种其他介电材料一起)用作薄膜晶体管中的介电层、用作钝化材料(例如,用于封装晶体管中的源电极和漏电极)、或作为蚀刻-停止材料(例如,用于在顶部金属层界定源电极和漏电极的图案化(蚀刻)步骤中保护下面的金属氧化物半导体层)。
当用作介电材料时,本发明的材料可显示广泛的预期性能和特性,包括但不限于:低漏电流密度、高击穿电压、低滞回、大电容值、均匀的膜厚度、溶液-可加工性、低温和/或大气压力下的可加工性、热稳定性、空气和湿度稳定性、苛性试剂耐受性和/或与多种栅极材料和/或半导体的相容性。当用作钝化或者界面材料时,本发明的材料可显示预期性能和特性,包括但不限于:高分解温度、高透光性、低收缩、低吸湿性、低氧侵蚀、均匀的膜厚度、溶液-可加工性、低温和/或大气压力下的可加工性和对相邻材料良好的粘附性。当用作蚀刻-停止材料时,本发明的材料可显示预期的性能和特性,包括但不限于:对常见液体蚀刻剂的化学耐性、可光图案化性(不需要光阻剂,从而减少制造步骤)、高分解温度、高透光度、低收缩、低吸湿性、低氧侵蚀、均匀的膜厚度、溶液可加工性、低温和/或大气压力下的可加工性和对各种相邻材料(金属氧化物、金属或者金属合金和有机材料)良好的粘附性。
如本文使用的,“溶液-可加工”或者“溶液-加工”指组合物通过各种溶液-相工艺加工的能力。溶液-可加工组合物可通过本领域已知的多种溶液-相沉积方法被沉积于衬底,例如导电性材料(例如,晶体管中的源电极、漏电极或者栅电极)或者半导体材料(例如,晶体管中的带电荷层)上。在多种实施方案中,溶液-相加工可选自旋涂、狭缝式涂布、印刷(例如,喷墨印刷、丝网印刷、移印、胶版印刷、凹版印刷、柔性版印刷、平版印刷和块印刷等)、喷射涂布、电喷射涂布、滴落涂布、浸渍涂布和刮刀涂布。旋涂涉及将过量的涂布溶液施用至衬底,然后高速旋转所述衬底以通过离心力铺展所述流体。通过该技术制备得到的膜的厚度可取决于旋涂速率、溶液浓度以及所使用的溶剂。可使用,例如,轮转凹版印刷机、柔性版印刷机、移印机、丝网印刷机或喷墨印刷机进行印刷。通过这些印刷方法加工得到的膜的厚度可取决于溶液的浓度、溶剂的选择和印刷重复的次数。环境条件(例如温度、印刷和湿度也可影响所得膜的厚度)。基于所使用的特定的印刷技术,印刷质量可受到不同参数的影响,所述参数包括但不限于:制剂/组合物的流变性能,例如张力能和黏度。
根据本教导的膜可直接光图案化(而不使用光阻剂)。因此,可通过以下步骤形成图案化层:沉积根据本教导的组合物以提供未交联的膜;将该未交联的膜置于成像图案的光化辐射中,使得曝光区域中可光图案化的组合物中的组分变为交联的;以及移除未曝光的区域(其仍是未交联和可溶的)。更具体地,所述过程可包括沉积本文所述的组合物以形成预期厚度的膜,将该膜于通过光掩模(具有预期成像图案的那种)的辐射(例如,光谱的G(435.8nm)、H(404.7nm)或I(365.4nm)线)下曝光以提供不溶(例如,交联的)区域和可溶(例如,未交联的)区域,并剥去所述可溶区域。根据本教导的膜是负型的,并可通过有机或水性显影剂显影。在形成交联基质后,显影步骤期间或显影步骤后,可使用有机溶剂(特别是酯溶剂,例如PGMEA)冲洗交联的膜以提取有机填料和光活性化合物。有机填料和光活性化合物的移除可通过膜厚度损失来证实。光活性化合物的移除可进一步通过吸收光谱来证实。清洗步骤后,(与可光图案化组合物中光活性化合物的重量分数(5-30wt%)相比)光活性化合物可以少于0.1wt%存在于膜中。
因此,本教导还涉及具有图案化元件的晶体管,其中所述图案化元件具有少于0.1wt%的光活性化合物,并且由包含至少5wt%的光活性化合物的负型光阻剂制备。所述晶体管可以是场效应晶体管(FET),尤其是有机场效应晶体管或金属氧化物场效应晶体管,其包括薄膜有机(小分子或聚合)半导体或金属氧化物半导体。典型的薄膜晶体管(TFT)包括多层,并可以多种方式构造。例如,TFT通常包括衬底、栅极电介质、半导体、连接至半导体的源电极和漏电极和邻近于栅极电介质的栅电极。当在栅电极上施加电位时,电荷载子在半导体和电介质界面处积聚。从而在源电极和漏电极间形成导电沟道,如果将电位施加至漏电极,电流将流动。
本文所述的晶体管可以列阵排列,其可被用作有源矩阵液晶显示器(AMLCD)中的开关器件或外围驱动器,以及用作用于有源矩阵有机发光二极管(AMOLED)的像素驱动器。
提供以下实施例以进一步说明和帮助理解本教导,而非意在以任何形式限制本发明。
实施例1
从根据本教导的制剂制备光交联的膜,所述制剂包括丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)中配制的环氧基-官能化的光聚合物(聚(缩水甘油基甲基丙烯酸酯),PGMA,Mn~20,000,来自Aldrich)、非离子光产酸剂(N-羟基萘酰亚胺三氟甲磺酸盐,NIT)、光敏剂(双香豆素化合物,CDIAC)和有机填料(聚乙二醇二甲醚,PEG,Mn~250)。不含有机填料来制备对比制剂。
更特别地,制备以下制剂:
组分 | 制剂1 | 对比制剂A |
PGMA | 120mg/mL | 120mg/mL |
NIT | 6mg/mL | 6mg/mL |
CDIAC | 9.6mg/mL | 9.6mg/mL |
PEG | 60mg/mL | 无 |
将具有介于约400nm和约600nm间厚度的膜旋涂至玻璃衬底上,然后使用通过G&H线过滤器的高压汞灯在200mJ或600mJ下光固化。将光固化的膜在PGMEA中先浸渍30s,然后浸渍另一个30s(共计60s)。
图1示出了从(a)制剂1和(b)对比制剂A制备的膜样品在200mJ光固化之前和之后即刻,以及在PGMEA后-固化中冲洗30s或60s后的吸收光谱。图2示出了从(a)制剂1和(b)对比制剂A制备的膜样品在600mJ光固化之前和之后即刻,以及在PGMEA后-固化中冲洗30s或60s后的吸收光谱。
如图1和2中所示出的,可在固化之前和之后即刻,于约340nm和约440nm处观察到相应于光产酸剂和光敏剂的吸收峰。在图1(a)和2(a)中,在PGMEA中冲洗后,这两个峰消失,证明在制剂中加入有机填料能有效地从光固化膜中移除光产酸剂和光敏剂。相比之下,图1(b)和2(b)显示当制剂中不包含有机填料时,尽管PGMEA中的冲洗量相同,但光固化膜中仍存在光产酸剂和光敏剂。
通过以下实验证实本教导的通用性,其中将有机填料加至可商购的光阻剂中。具体地,将100wt.%(150mg/mL)的PEG加入至商购SU-8 2000.5光阻剂制剂(Microchem,Newton,MA)中。将具有介于约400nm和约600nm间厚度的膜旋涂至玻璃衬底上,然后使用紫外泛曝光系统光固化10s,在90℃烘烤5min,然后用PGMEA冲洗30s,然后冲洗另一个30s(共计60s)。
图3示出了它们的吸收光谱。从图3(a)可见,对于从PEG-改性的制剂制备的光交联膜,可以通过用PGMEA冲洗膜移除残余的光活性化合物。具体地,在冲洗后,来自于三芳基锍盐的吸收(250-350nm)显著降低。相比而言,如图3(b)中所示,对于由未改性制剂制备的光交联膜,冲洗步骤后,未在250-350nm处观察到吸收的改变。
实施例2
制造具有由根据本教导的制剂(制剂2)制备的光-图案化电介质的晶体管器件。
更具体地,制剂2使用在丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)中配制的环氧基环己基乙基多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(ECPOSS,Hybrid Plastic EP0408,笼含量≥50%)、非离子光产酸剂(N-羟基萘酰亚胺三氟甲磺酸盐,NIT)、光敏剂(双香豆素化合物,CDIAC)和有机填料((±)-α-生育酚,VE)制备。
组分 | 量 |
ECPOSS | 200mg/mL |
CDIAC | 10mg/mL |
NIT | 10mg/mL |
VE | 100mg/mL |
顶-栅极底-接触点(contact)有机薄膜晶体管在以聚合平整层预处理的玻璃衬底(来自Corning Inc.,Corning,NY的EagleTM 2000)上制造。将Ag电极通过障板沉积至50nm的厚度,然后用表面改性剂层处理。活性半导体层通过将苝二酰亚胺小分子OSC旋涂于Ag接触头上,随后在110℃进行5min的烘烤步骤形成。栅电介质通过以800rpm将制剂2旋涂90s制备。在90℃进行30s的预烘烤以蒸发溶剂,从而提供约400-600nm厚的膜。通过GH线曝光(200mJ/cm2),随后在120℃进行10分钟的后-烘烤步骤实现光交联。对于一些器件用PGMEA进行30s的后-固化冲洗步骤。最后,通过Ag的热沉积形成栅电极。
图4比较了所测试器件的传输特性。具体地,实线示出了不包含冲洗步骤来完成的代表性器件的传输特性。如所示出的,在这些器件中观察到逆时针滞回现象。通过对比,在进行后-固化冲洗步骤的器件中,由于在有机填料VE(虚线)的辅助下有效移除了光活性化合物CDIAC和NIT,未观察到滞回现象,且与不包含冲洗步骤(且其中仍残留有光活性化合物)来完成的器件相比,这些器件在运行中显示好得多的稳定性。
本说明书中引用的所有出版物(包括但不限于专利和专利申请)通过引用并入本文,如同具体且独立地指明将每篇单独的出版物通过引用并入本文,犹如全文陈述一样。
本教导涵盖不偏离其主旨或必要特性的其他特定形式的实施方案。因此前述实施方案在各方面均被认为是说明性的,而非限制本文所述的教导。本发明的范围因此通过所附权利要求,而非前述说明书来表明,并且在权利要求等同含义和范围内的所有变化都意在包含于本文中。
Claims (30)
1.一种用于形成晶体管器件中光图案化介电元件的方法,所述方法包括:
将可光图案化的组合物沉积至衬底以提供薄膜,所述可光图案化的组合物包含一种或多种基质-形成化合物、一种或多种光活性化合物、一种有机填料以及一种有机溶剂或溶剂混合物;
将所述薄膜于成像辐照下曝光,从而致使所述薄膜曝光区域中的一种或多种基质-形成化合物形成不溶于所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物的聚合的或者交联的基质;
使用显影剂移除所述薄膜未曝光的区域以提供光图案化的介电元件;以及
使用所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物冲洗所述光图案化的介电元件以移除所述光活性化合物,其中在所述冲洗步骤后,残留于所述光图案化介电元件中的光活性化合物的总重量少于所述可光图案化组合物中光活性化合物总重量的约5%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光活性化合物适于引发、促进和/或敏化其中所述基质-形成化合物形成聚合的或交联的基质的光化学反应,且其中所述有机填料在这样的光化学反应中是惰性的,并且在这样的光化学反应之前和之后在所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中均是可溶的或者可混溶的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机填料在所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中具有约25mg/mL的最小溶解度,且所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物包括酯溶剂、醇溶剂、酮溶剂或其组合。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物包含乳酸乙酯(EL)、乙基3-乙氧基丙酸酯(EEP)、丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)和甲基正戊酮(MAK)中的一个或多个。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机填料具有介于约200g/mol和约2500g/mol之间的分子量。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机填料具有介于约200℃和约700℃之间的沸点。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机填料选自由双-甲氧基化聚(亚烷基二醇)、双-乙氧基化聚(亚烷基二醇)及它们的氟化衍生物组成的组。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机填料是具有数均分子量(Mn)为200g/mol、250g/mol、300g/mol、400g/mol或500g/mol的聚乙二醇二甲醚。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机填料是在一端具有环状环,并在另一端具有亲脂链的化合物,其中所述亲脂链具有至少8个碳原子。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述可光图案化的组合物中,所述基质-形成化合物以约5-30wt%存在,所述光活性化合物以约8-40wt%存在,所述有机填料以约5-30wt%存在,且所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物以约50-85wt%存在,并且其中所述有机填料对所述基质-形成化合物的重量比介于约3:1和约1:4之间。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基质-形成化合物包含以可光交联的基团官能化的低聚物或者聚合物,所述可光交联的基团是包含双键、三键、杂环加成-可聚合基团或者能够原位形成双键或三键或杂环加成-可聚合自由基的前体的官能团。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述可光交联的基团包含乙烯基部分、烯丙基部分、乙炔基部分、二烯基部分、丙烯酸酯部分、肉桂酸酯部分、香豆素基部分、苯并环丁烷部分、环氧基或环氧乙烷部分、氧杂环丁烷部分或硫杂环丙烷部分。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的方法,其中所述基质-形成化合物包含选自由以下组成的组的介电聚合物:聚(乙烯基苯酚)、聚(乙烯基乙酸酯)、聚(乙烯醇)、聚(丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚苯乙烯、聚(乙烯胺)、聚马来酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、硅氧烷聚合物、苯酚甲醛(酚醛清漆)树脂、苯并噁唑聚合物、聚(噁二唑)、马来酸酐聚合物及它们的共聚物,并且其中将所述可光交联的基团连接为侧基。
14.根据权利要求11-13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述光活性化合物包括光产酸剂、光敏剂或者二者兼具。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述基质-形成化合物包含一种或多种可光聚合的单体或者低聚物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述一种或者多种可光聚合的单体或者低聚物选自由以下组成的组:(i)单官能和/或多官能的丙烯酸酯单体和低聚物;(ii)单官能和/或多官能的环氧基或环硫基单体和低聚物;(iii)单体苯乙烯和低聚丙烯酸酯;(iv)硫醇-烯单体和低聚物;(v)丙烯酸酯-和/或环氧基-官能化的多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷;(vi)单官能和/或多官能的马来酰亚胺单体和低聚物;及(vii)它们的混合物。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的方法,其中所述光活性化合物包含光引发剂和任选地光敏剂。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述组合物还包含共-引发剂。
19.根据权利要求1-18中任一项所述的方法,其中所述光活性化合物经介于约200nm和约500nm之间的波长辐照是光活性的。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述光活性化合物经G(435.8nm)、H(404.7nm)或I(365.4nm)线辐照下曝光是光活性的。
21.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括在所述曝光步骤前,在介于约100℃和约150℃的温度之间软-烘烤所述薄膜,其中在这样的软-烘烤步骤后,与所述可光图案化的组合物相比,所述薄膜保留有按重量计多于90%的所述有机填料但按重量计少于20%的所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物。
22.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光图案化的介电元件中残留的所述光活性化合物的总重量少于所述可光图案化的组合物中光活性化合物的总重量的约2%。
23.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述光图案化的介电元件中残留的所述光活性化合物的总重量少于所述可光图案化的组合物中光活性化合物的总重量的约1%。
24.一种薄膜晶体管器件,包含图案化的介电元件,其中所述图案化的介电元件包含少于0.5wt%的光活性化合物,且其中所述图案化的介电元件由包含至少10wt%的光活性化合物的可光图案化组合物制备。
25.一种用于形成负型可光图案化介电材料的组合物,所述组合物包含:
一种或多种基质-形成化合物;
一种或多种光活性化合物;
一种有机填料;以及
一种有机溶剂或溶剂混合物;
其中所述有机填料对所述基质-形成化合物的重量比介于约3:1和约1:4之间,且
其中所述光活性化合物适于引发、促进和/或敏化光化学反应,所述光化学反应中所述基质-形成化合物形成不溶于所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物的交联基质;且其中所述有机填料在这样的光化学反应中是惰性的,并且在这样的光化学反应之前和之后在所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中是可溶的或者可混溶的。
26.根据权利要求25所述的组合物,其中所述有机填料具有(i)介于约200g/mol和约2500g/mol之间的分子量和(ii)介于约200℃和约700℃之间的沸点。
27.根据权利要求25所述的组合物,其中所述有机填料选自由双-甲氧基化聚(亚烷基二醇)、双-乙氧基化聚(亚烷基二醇)及它们的氟化衍生物组成的组。
28.根据权利要求25所述的组合物,其中所述有机填料是具有数均分子量(Mn)为200g/mol、250g/mol、300g/mol、400g/mol或500g/mol的聚乙二醇二甲醚。
29.根据权利要求25所述的组合物,其中所述有机填料是在一端具有环状环,并在另一端具有亲脂链的化合物,其中所述亲脂链具有至少8个碳原子。
30.根据权利要求25所述的组合物,其中所述基质-形成化合物以所述组合物总重量的约5-30wt%存在,所述光活性化合物以所述组合物总重量的约8-40wt%存在,所述有机填料以所述组合物总重量的约5-30wt%存在,且所述有机溶剂或溶剂混合物以所述组合物总重量的约50-85wt%存在。
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US20170227846A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 |
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US10551745B2 (en) | 2020-02-04 |
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