CN106964646B - Method for efficiently restoring soil polluted by complex by using artificial ecosystem - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for efficiently repairing composite contaminated soil by utilizing an artificial ecosystem, which is characterized in that scientific configuration is carried out according to different longitudes and latitudes, different humiture and different coastal pollution types, arbor, shrub, vine, herbaceous plant and benthonic animal ecosystems are artificially constructed, and a special sediment microbial community is naturally formed, so that heavy metals and organic pollutants in the contaminated soil are quickly and effectively absorbed and converted by microorganisms and are absorbed and extracted by plants, and the effect of efficiently purifying the soil is achieved by artificially harvesting overground vegetation. The invention can be derived into an ecological system suitable for any soil pollution remediation under the condition of scientific species configuration, and has good ecological benefit and economic value. The ecological benefit and the restoration efficiency are maximized, the restoration cost is greatly reduced, and certain economic benefit can be generated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of soil remediation, in particular to a method for efficiently remediating composite contaminated soil by using an artificial ecosystem.
Background
At present, heavy metal and organic matter pollution becomes an important obstacle affecting economic development and human health, and has been paid great attention in international scope. The soil pollution problem in China is particularly prominent, mainly comes from modern industry, mining industry, smelting industry, municipal domestic waste, pesticide abuse and the like, and has serious influence on the economic development, human health and life quality in China. For example, in the food production in China, the exceeding rate of heavy metal in the food caused by soil pollution reaches 10%, and the direct loss of the heavy metal in the food reaches 200 billion yuan.
Remediation methods for soil pollution include chemical methods, physical methods and biological methods. The former two have quick effect but high cost, are easy to cause secondary pollution and do not have the principle of environmental sustainability. The biological extraction method has been one of the focuses of researchers in recent years due to its good environmental friendliness and ecological sustainability.
The prior art for ecologically remedying the soil pollution, such as the invention patent with the application number of 201310538655.X and the name of 'the method for ecologically remedying the cadmium-polluted soil by utilizing turfgrass', adopts turfgrass dog roots to extract heavy metals in the cadmium-polluted soil; the invention has the application number of 201410778967.2, is named as a method for ecologically restoring soil in a rare earth mining area by using herbaceous plants, improves the soil by using animal wastes, and then seeds a plurality of herbaceous plants for restoring vegetation; the invention has application number of 201410018435.9 and is named as a method for ecologically restoring heavy metal contaminated soil, and adopts fast-growing bamboo willow to extract several heavy metals in the heavy metal contaminated soil; the invention patent with the application number of 201610337938.1 and the name of 'a construction method of a comprehensive heavy metal polluted soil ecological restoration system' constructs a complex forest area by excavating ditches and artificial lakes and planting woody plants, shrub plants, herbaceous plants, emergent aquatic plants and floating plants from outside to inside.
Although the technologies can generate certain environmental benefits and achieve certain soil remediation effects, 1) the ecological benefits are not maximized; 2) a high-speed and high-efficiency repair mode is not formed; 3) economic benefits are ignored when the ecological benefits are explained; 4) most of the technologies have the risk of ecological system collapse due to monotonous species or communities, and the reproducibility is not high; 5) some techniques are cost prohibitive; 6) some techniques extract single heavy metal types, or do not mention the remediation of organic pollutants; 7) some techniques use chelating agents, which are prone to secondary pollution.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for efficiently restoring the soil polluted by the compound by utilizing the artificial ecosystem, which overcomes the defects in the prior art, can be derived into an ecosystem suitable for restoring any soil pollution under the condition of scientific species allocation, and has good ecological benefit and economic value.
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for efficiently restoring soil polluted by compound soil by using an artificial ecosystem is characterized in that scientific configuration is carried out according to different longitudes, latitudes, temperatures and humidities and different coastal pollution types, an arbor, shrub, vine, herbaceous plant and benthonic animal ecosystem is constructed artificially, a specific sediment microbial community is formed naturally, heavy metals and organic pollutants in the polluted soil are quickly and effectively absorbed and converted by microorganisms and are absorbed and extracted by plants, and the effect of efficiently purifying the soil is achieved by artificially harvesting ground vegetation.
Preferably, in the above technical solution, the method includes the steps of:
1) and (3) selecting arbor plants, wherein seedlings of the arbor plants are obtained by transplanting or cutting rooting of the whole plants, the height is 1.5-1.8 m, the depth of a seedling transplanting soil layer is 10-20 cm, and the planting density is that the plant spacing is 30-40 cm and the row spacing is 80-100 cm. N, P, K fertilizers are applied before planting or topdressing is applied during planting;
2) selecting benthonic animals, uniformly spreading moist garden soil mixed with 5-10% of cow dung or 5% of pig dung and chicken dung under the forest after the arbors are fixedly planted for 2-3 cm in thickness to form a mediated environment easy for the benthonic animals to live, and introducing the benthonic animals into the mediated environment, wherein the density is 0.3-0.5 kg/m2；
3) Selecting shrubs and vines, randomly scattering seeds in vegetable garden soil under the forest of arbor plants, and harvesting periodically at a later stage according to the growth speed;
4) selecting herbaceous plants, sowing or expanding propagation, then taking stem segments to be scattered under a tree forest, spraying water to preserve moisture until roots are pricked into soil, and harvesting periodically at a later stage according to the growth speed.
Preferably, in the technical scheme, the arbor is selected from arbors which have strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, large biomass, high tolerance and accumulation characteristics of composite pollution of various heavy metals and/or organic matters and certain economic value.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the arbor is one or more of a combination of a crutch jujube tree, a camphor tree, a masson pine, a hemlock, an acacia, a guava, a ficus auriculata, a linden, a phoenix tree, a arauca, a bamboo willow, an amorpha fruticosa, an alder, a pistacia chinensis, a populus euphratica, a mulberry tree, a paulownia fortunei, a willow, a eucalyptus, a ficus microcarpa, a cedar and a poplar.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the shrub plant is selected from shrubs which have strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, large biomass, developed root system and high tolerance and accumulation capacity for heavy metal and/or organic matter combined pollution.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the shrub is one or more of prunus persica, ligustrum quihoui, berberis prunifolia, buxus microphylla, berba nemadensis, ficus microcarpa and murraya paniculata.
Preferably, in the technical scheme, the liana is selected from the lianas which has strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, large biomass, developed root system and higher tolerance and accumulation capacity for heavy metal and/or organic matter combined pollution.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the vine plant is one or more of euonymus fortunei, gecko, vinca rosea, momordica cochinchinensis, sabia japonica, elaeagnus mollis, iris, trachelospermi and schisandra angustifolia.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the herbaceous plant is selected from herbaceous plants having strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, fast growth rate, relatively large biomass, strong competitive power and good restoration effect on multiple heavy metal and/or organic pollutant combined pollution.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the herbaceous plant is one or more of alligator alternanthera, black nightshade, ciliate desert-grass, chinese lobelia herb, sedum alfredii hance, eclipta alba and elsholtzia haichowensis.
Preferably, in the above technical solution, the benthonic animals are selected from the common benthonic animals which are easy to obtain and culture, strong in mobility, small in range of motion and easy to survive, and can enhance the remediation effect of soil and plant systems on soil pollutants.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the benthonic animals are one or more of mainland, earthworms and saprophagous grubs which eat plant residues such as litters and rotten wood.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) space utilization maximization: different plants in construction have different ecological niches and root depths, the greening of the vertical space of the overground part reaches the maximization, and the area of the root-soil interface of the underground part is maximized.
(2) Time utilization maximization: woody plants such as bamboo willow have high density and fast growing property. The growth periods and the growth speeds of shrubs, vines, herbaceous plants such as the leaf-cutting iron broom, the schisandra angustifolia, the elsholtzia haizhou and the alternanthera philoxeroides are different, the biomass on the ground is large, and the plants can be harvested for many times in different time periods every year. The benthonic animal-plant-microorganism coupling action greatly improves the extraction and degradation rates of pollutants.
(3) Wide application range and high reproducibility: the construction provides a complex and stable ecosystem model, takes bamboo willow, an acerola broom, schisandra angustifolia, elsholtzia haichowensis and alligator alternanthera as examples, all of which are high-stress-resistance accumulated plants and are easy to be planted and survive in most polluted environments of temperate zone and subtropical zone. Meanwhile, the construction can be popularized and developed into other species combinations suitable for the polluted soil in other environments.
(4) Absolute environmental friendliness: benthonic animals (such as earthworms) replace the defect that the chelating agent is utilized to increase the plant absorption rate in the prior art, completely avoid secondary pollution and have absolute environmental friendliness.
(5) Economic benefit: the woody plants such as bamboo willow and the like have high close planting property, fast growing property and high economic value and can provide certain economic benefit.
(6) The stability of the ecological system: the complexity of the species in this construction determines the stability of this artificial ecosystem.
In conclusion, the method for efficiently restoring the soil polluted by the compound soil by using the artificial ecosystem can be derived into an ecosystem suitable for restoring any soil pollution under the condition of scientific species configuration, and has good ecological benefit and economic value. The ecological benefit and the restoration efficiency are maximized, the restoration cost is greatly reduced, and certain economic benefit can be generated. Not only make full use of the difference of the ecological niches of the overground part and maximize the utilization rate of the vertical space, but also maximize the contact area of the rhizosphere microorganisms and the benthonic animals in the underground space, thereby providing a new idea of ecological restoration.
Detailed Description
Specific examples of the invention are described in detail below to facilitate a further understanding of the invention.
All experimental procedures used in the following examples are conventional unless otherwise specified.
Example 1 selection of materials
(1) And (3) arbor: the method selects the arbor which has strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, large biomass, high tolerance and accumulation characteristics of multiple heavy metal and/or organic matter combined pollution and certain economic value. .
Preferably: for hovenia acerba with high accumulation of manganese, zinc and lead, for camphor trees with high accumulation of manganese, copper, zinc, lead and nickel, for masson pine and hemlock with high accumulation of manganese, zinc and lead, for acacia trees with high accumulation of zinc and lead, for litsea glutinosa with high accumulation of lead, cadmium and zinc, for ficus microcarpa, linden trees, phoenix trees and south china fir with high accumulation of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and fast-growing arbor willow, amorpha fruticosa, alder, pistacia chinensis, populus euphratica, mulberry trees, paulownia alba and willow, for fast-growing arbor eucalyptus with high accumulation of cadmium, zinc, manganese, lead and copper, for fast-growing arbor banyan with high absorption of organic pollutants, fir trees and fast-growing arbor poplar trees with high accumulation of cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and organic matters.
(2) And (3) shrub: the shrubs which have strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, developed root systems and higher tolerance and accumulation capacity to heavy metal and/or organic matter combined pollution are selected.
Preferably: the shrubs of the prunus persica and the prunus persica which have higher absorption capacity for lead, cadmium, copper and zinc, the greening shrubs of ligustrum quihoui, berberis purpurea and buxus sinica which have stronger transport and absorption capacity for copper, sex, chromium, lead and nickel, the shrubs of the prunus persica and the berberis thunbergii which have promotion effect on microorganisms capable of mineralizing organic pollutants (such as trichloroethylene), and the greening shrubs of the ficus microcarpa and the murraya paniculata which have higher absorption and filtration capacity for organic pollutants (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon).
(3) Rattan: selecting the lianas which have strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, large biomass, developed root system and higher tolerance and accumulation capacity to the composite pollution of various heavy metals and/or organic matters.
Preferably: the ornamental liana euonymus and the carica papaya with high accumulation property on cadmium and lead, the vinca rosea with super accumulation property on cadmium, the momordica cochinchinensis, the sabia japonica, the cinnamomum zeylanicum and the iris diaphragm with high accumulation capacity and transportation capacity on cadmium, the liana trachelospermi with high tolerance, transfer capacity and enrichment capacity on manganese, the vine trachelospermum with the potential of repairing manganese tailing polluted soil, and the woody liana angustifolia with good long-term repairing effect on organic pollution.
(4) Herbaceous plants: selecting herbaceous plants which have strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, high growth rate, relatively large biomass, strong competitive power and better repair effect on the compound pollution of various heavy metals and/or organic pollutants.
Preferably: southwestern sinapis with high accumulation of lead, zinc and cadmium, alligator alternanthera and solanum nigrum with high accumulation of cadmium, ciliate desert-grass and eriodictyon macrophylla with high accumulation of arsenic, sedum alfredii with high accumulation of cadmium, zinc and copper, commerical road with high accumulation of manganese and cadmium, and elsholtzia haichowensis with high accumulation of organic pollutants, cadmium and copper.
(5) Benthonic animals: common benthonic animals which are easy to obtain and culture, strong in mobility, small in moving range and easy to grow and store are selected, and the remediation effect of a soil-plant system on soil pollutants is enhanced.
Preferably: the food is composed of mainland, earthworm and saprophagous grub which take plant residues such as litters, rotten wood and the like as food.
Example 2 construction of ecosystem
Experimental materials: bamboo willow, herba Achillea Wilsonianae, fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae and/or caulis Seu folium Euonymi Fortunei, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Elsholtzia splendens, and Lumbricus.
1) And transplanting or cutting the bamboo willow seedlings to root from the whole plants, wherein the height of the bamboo willow seedlings is 1.5-1.8 m. Transplanting one bamboo willow seedling in heavy metal contaminated soil every 30-40 cm, wherein the transplanting depth is 10-20 cm, and the row spacing is 80-100 cm. N, P, K fertilizers are applied before planting or topdressing is applied during planting.
2) After field planting of the bamboo willows, uniformly spreading moist vegetable garden soil mixed with 5-10% of cow dung (or 5% of pig dung and chicken dung) with the thickness of 2-3 cm under the forest to form a mediated environment easy for earthworm survival "Then introducing artificially cultured earthworms with the density of 0.3-0.5 kg/m2。
3) Collecting herba Achilleae, fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae (and/or caulis Seu folium Euonymi Fortunei) and Elsholtzia splendens seed (fruit), and sowing in vegetable garden soil under bamboo willow forest. Elsholtzia splendens adopts a hole sowing mode, the distance between holes is 50cm, and 7-8 seeds are planted in each hole. Spreading herba Achilleae leaf, and fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae (and/or caulis Seu folium Euonymi Fortunei) at random. The soil is moistened. Artificially propagating alternanthera philoxeroides, and transplanting stem segments (two stem nodes are one stem segment) into bamboo willow forests. Spraying water to the soil in the bamboo willow forest until the soil is wet, and then scattering the hollow lotus seed stalk segments in the bamboo willow forest. Spraying water uniformly to ensure that the soil is moist until the alligator alternanthera stem segments take roots and germinate (about one week). The broom-shaped clinopodium herb, the schisandra angustifolia, the elsholtzia haichowensis and the alligator alternanthera all grow for many years, and are periodically harvested in the later stage of one-time transplantation according to the growth speed every year. Daily maintenance is limited to providing sufficient moisture and limiting the spread of alternanthera philoxeroides.
The species composition in the ecological system needs to fully consider the stable group plant colony of different climatic zones or the ecological niche composition of the ecological system structure.
The invention only takes the plants as the preferred scheme, and the species can be matched and selected by the skilled person according to the needs.
Experimental example 1
Taking soil not polluted by heavy metals, and applying cadmium solution (CdCl) according to gradient2Configured) to have cadmium concentrations of 0, 5, 10mg/kg · DW, respectively, in triplicate for each treatment. Activating for 8 weeks to balance the shape distribution of heavy metal cadmium in the soil. During the activation period, the alligator alternanthera is propagated, and after propagation, the alligator alternanthera stem segments with uniform size (every two stem nodes are one stem segment) are taken to breed roots in Hoagland nutrient solution. Transplanting the alternanthera philoxeroides after root cultivation into the activated soil, and watering regularly to ensure sufficient moisture. After 8 weeks of cultivation (namely 7 months), harvesting the overground part to determine the tissue distribution of heavy metal cadmium in stems and leaves, then harvesting once in 9 months, harvesting the whole plant 3 times to 11 months in total, and simultaneously determining the tissue distribution of heavy metal cadmium in roots, stems and leaves of the alligator alternanthera and the concentration of cadmium in soil. The results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
The result shows that after three times of harvest, the clearance rate of cadmium in the soil treated by 5mg/kg of cadmium reaches 75.4 percent, and the clearance rate of cadmium in the soil treated by 10mg/kg of cadmium is 60.1 percent.
Experimental example 2
80 square meters are selected from the waste agricultural fields polluted by heavy metals as field test points, and the contents of lead, copper, zinc and cadmium in the soil polluted by the test points are 1188.9, 472.9, 691.6 and 25.8mg/kg respectively. Transplanting the bamboo willow seedlings with the height of about 1.5-1.8 m, wherein the planting depth is 18cm, and the plant spacing is 30-40 cm. Applying additional fertilizer mainly containing nitrogen fertilizer once during planting. The bamboo willow in the test field survives and grows well. After one year, the plant height reaches 2.0-2.5 m. And testing soil in a test area, wherein the concentrations of lead, copper, zinc and cadmium in the rhizosphere soil of the bamboo willow are 107.1, 66.2, 142.2 and 14.1mg/kg respectively. Except cadmium, the concentration of other heavy metals reaches the II type standard of soil environmental quality Standard (GB15618-1995) in China.
Experimental example 3
Collecting soil without pollution, and artificially simulating polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and copper and cadmium combined pollution. The total concentration of soil PCBs is set to be 1000 mug kg-1, and the total concentration of copper and cadmium is set to be 4000 and 6.0mg kg-1 respectively. The test was carried out by greenhouse potting test, in which 2.0kg (dry weight) of test soil was filled in each pot and Elsholtzia splendens was planted for five replicates. Deionized water was used to maintain the soil moisture content at about 70% of the maximum field capacity during the test period. The test period was three months. And collecting a soil sample after the cultivation is finished. Mix after randomly collecting 5 points per pot. After being dried, the soil sample is ground and sieved by a 100-mesh sieve for analyzing the content of the soil pollutants. As shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
The results show that after 90 days, the removal rates of copper and PCBs by Elsholtzia splendens reach 67.35 percent and 70.20 percent respectively, and the removal rate of cadmium reaches 18.17 percent.
Experimental example 4
In order to further verify the effect of the systematic combination of the arbor, the vine and the herbaceous plant on the extraction of heavy metal under the soil culture condition, the heavy metal gradient pollution is manually set, the field pollution condition is simulated, and the influence of the systematic combination of the arbor, the vine and the herbaceous plant on the migration occurrence of various heavy metals in the soil is measured.
The soil was collected from an uncontaminated farm field, thoroughly mixed, and activated for two months by applying copper (100, 500 mg/kg. DW), zinc (100, 500 mg/kg. DW), and cadmium (10, 50 mg/kg. DW) at different concentrations. The activated soil is used for measuring the concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium, planting bamboo willow, schisandra angustifolia, euonymus fortunei, elsholtzia haichowensis and alligator alternanthera (system group), and simultaneously setting a control group of bamboo willow (woody group), schisandra angustifolia + euonymus fortunei (vine group), elsholtzia haichowensis + alligator alternanthera (herbaceous group). The treatment was carried out in a greenhouse for 6 months, the loss of evaporated water being made up with ultrapure water.
TABLE 3
The results show that: the absorption rate of copper, zinc and cadmium in the deposit, the system group > herbage group > woody group > lian group, so the configuration of arbor, shrub, herbage and lian system has great promotion effect on improving the repair efficiency of heavy metal. The combination of several different species has the synergistic effect, and the effect is better after the combination is matched with the benthonic animals.
According to the technology, ecological niche characteristics of participants of an ecological system are fully utilized, arbor, shrub and herbaceous plants are scientifically and reasonably configured, for example, bamboo willow of economic tree species has the capacity of enriching lead, copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium, and the shrub leaf-cutting iron broom has a promoting effect on microorganisms capable of mineralizing organic pollutants; the woody vine plant schisandra angustifolia has good long-term repair effect on organic pollution; the herb alligator alternanthera has strong stress resistance and high enrichment capacity of various heavy metals mainly containing cadmium; the perennial herbaceous plant Elsholtzia splendens has better repairing effect on heavy metals and organic pollutants; the earthworm has a small moving range, does not have the possibility of causing pollution diffusion, can change the physical and chemical properties of soil through self movement to enhance the activity of plant roots and increase the bioavailability of pollutants in the soil, and simultaneously has very high exchangeable heavy metal content in a large amount of discharged excrement, thereby being beneficial to the extraction of the heavy metal by the plant roots; the earthworm activity increases the oxygen capacity of soil, promotes the degradation of organic pollutants by rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere aerobic microorganisms, and strengthens the remediation effect of a soil-plant-microorganism system on soil pollution.
The invention aims at the problems that the pollution source is complex, the pollutants are various and are not single heavy metal or organic pollutants, the pollutants have other characteristics in the soil at the enrichment level, and the species with different enrichment pollutant types, different growth periods and different root system depths are configured to improve the contact area of root soil. The introduction of benthonic earthworms strengthens the repair effect, and maximizes the time and space utilization rate of biological extraction or degradation. Meanwhile, the construction artificially configures the complex plant population according to the difference of different plant ecological niches, so that the utilization rate of the vertical space of the overground part is greatly improved, the greening area is maximized, and the system stability is maximized. The construction ensures ecological benefit, provides economic benefit and provides a stable ecological model for efficiently restoring the polluted soil system.
The invention discloses a systematic and efficient ecological restoration model and technology for composite contaminated soil. The model is scientifically selected and reasonably configured according to different longitudes, latitudes, temperatures and humidity and different soil pollution types, a complex and stable arbor-shrub-vine-herbaceous plant-benthonic animal ecosystem is artificially constructed, and a specific soil microbial community is naturally formed, so that heavy metals, organic pollutants and the like in the polluted soil are quickly and effectively absorbed and converted by microorganisms and are absorbed and extracted by plants. The ground vegetation is artificially harvested to achieve the effect of efficiently purifying the soil. The construction comprises screening woody plants, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants with high tolerance and removal characteristics on heavy metals and/or organic pollutants, cultivating and planting the woody plants, and introducing the vines and herbaceous plants through propagation and sowing and benthonic animal cultivation. Scientific seed selection and reasonable configuration are carried out on the overground vegetation structure by utilizing different interspecific relations and ecological niches, a complex independent stable plant community is formed, meanwhile, beneficial soil benthonic animals are introduced, a complex rhizosphere ecological circle formed by underground roots, soil and microorganisms is formed in a combined mode by combining a soil microorganism system, and a complete artificial ecosystem is constructed. The stable system changes the original biogeochemical circulation path of pollutants in the soil, increases the bioavailability of the pollutants, and greatly improves the extraction and removal of the pollutants and the repair rate of the soil. The invention fully utilizes the difference between the ecological niche characteristics of the overground part and the ecological niche of the underground root system among different tolerant plant species, takes benthonic animals with weak maneuverability as assistance, and greatly increases the bioavailability of pollutants and the absorption area of the pollutants by the activation or decomposition action of rhizosphere and a special microbial community. Not only has the sufficiency of time-space utilization, but also shows good simplicity economically, and has excellent friendliness in environment. Through this constitution can effectively reduce soil pollutant content fast, provide extra ecological greening function to suitable tree species selection can form certain economic benefits when effectively reducing construction cost and artifical maintenance cost.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the above embodiments, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited thereto, and various changes and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for efficiently repairing soil polluted by compound soil by using an artificial ecosystem is characterized in that scientific configuration is carried out according to different longitudes and latitudes, different humiture and different coastal pollution types, ecological systems of arbors, shrubs, vines, herbaceous plants and benthonic animals are constructed artificially, a specific sediment microbial community is formed naturally, heavy metals and organic pollutants in the polluted soil are quickly and effectively absorbed and converted by microorganisms and are absorbed and extracted by the plants, and the effect of efficiently purifying the soil is achieved by artificially harvesting overground vegetation;
the method comprises the following steps:
1) selecting arbor plants, wherein seedlings of the arbor plants are obtained by transplanting or cutting and rooting whole plants, the height of the arbor plants is 1.5-1.8 m, the depth of a seedling transplanting soil layer is 10-20 cm, the planting density is 30-40 cm of plant spacing multiplied by 80-100 cm of row spacing, and N, P, K fertilizers are applied before planting or additional fertilizers are applied during planting;
2) selecting benthonic animals, uniformly spreading moist garden soil mixed with 5-10% of cow dung or 5% of pig dung and chicken dung under the forest after the arbors are fixedly planted for 2-3 cm in thickness to form a mediated environment easy for the benthonic animals to live, and introducing the benthonic animals into the mediated environment, wherein the density is 0.3-0.5 kg/m2；
3) Selecting shrubs and vines, randomly scattering seeds in vegetable garden soil under the forest of arbor plants, and harvesting periodically at a later stage according to the growth speed;
4) selecting herbaceous plants, sowing or expanding propagation, then taking stem sections to be scattered under a arbor forest, spraying water to preserve moisture until roots are pricked into soil, and harvesting periodically at a later stage according to the growth speed;
the arbor is bamboo willow, the vine is wintergreen and schisandra angustifolia, and the herbaceous plant is elsholtzia haichowensis and alternanthera philoxeroides.
2. The method for efficiently remediating the composite contaminated soil by using the artificial ecosystem as claimed in claim 1, wherein the arbor is selected from the group consisting of arbors having strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, large biomass, high tolerance and accumulation characteristics of composite contamination by various heavy metals and/or organic substances, and certain economic value.
3. The method for efficient remediation of complex contaminated soil with artificial ecosystem of claim 2, wherein the arbor is one or more combination of Hovenia dulcis, Cinnamomum camphora, Pinus massoniana, hemlock, acacia, Cinnamomum glutinosa, Ficus serrulata, Tilia tomentosa, Phoenix, Cryptomeria arborea, bamboo willow, Sophora japonica, Alnus japonica, Coptis chinensis, Populus diversifolia, Morus alba, Paulownia alba, Salix alba, Eucalyptus, Ficus acuta, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Populus aspera.
4. The method for effectively remediating the soil polluted by complex organisms with an artificial ecosystem as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shrubs and vines are selected from the group consisting of shrubs and vines which have strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, large biomass, developed root systems, and high tolerance and accumulation ability for complex pollution of heavy metals and/or organic matters.
5. The method for efficiently remediating complex contaminated soil using an artificial ecosystem as claimed in claim 4, wherein the shrub is one or more of the group consisting of Prunus persica, Ligustrum lucidum, Berberis pruinosa, Populus microphylla, Acronychia pedunculata, Ficus elastica and Murraya paniculata; the vine plant is one or more of Euonymus fortunei, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Catharanthus roseus, semen Momordicae, caulis Sinomenii, Lac Caprae Seu Ovis, iris, Trachelospermi or fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae.
6. The method for efficiently remediating the soil subjected to combined pollution by using the artificial ecosystem as claimed in claim 1, wherein the herbaceous plant is selected from herbaceous plants which have strong environmental adaptability, strong stress resistance, fast growth rate, relatively large biomass, strong competitive power and good remediation effect on the combined pollution of various heavy metals and/or organic pollutants.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the herbaceous plant is one or more of Alternanthera philoxeroides, Solanum nigrum, Pteris vittata, Trifolium pratense, Sedum alfredii, rhodiola sachalinensis and Elsholtzia splendens.
8. The method for efficient remediation of soil contaminated with complex organisms according to claim 1, wherein the benthonic animals are selected from the group consisting of common, easily accessible and culturable, highly mobile, small-range, and easily living benthonic animals which enhance the remediation of soil pollutants by soil and plant systems.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the benthonic animals are one or more of a combination of mainland, earthworms and putrescent white grubs which eat plant residues such as litters and rotten woods.
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