CN109013676B - Method for promoting heavy metal to be transported to overground part from plant root system - Google Patents
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- CN109013676B CN109013676B CN201810769671.2A CN201810769671A CN109013676B CN 109013676 B CN109013676 B CN 109013676B CN 201810769671 A CN201810769671 A CN 201810769671A CN 109013676 B CN109013676 B CN 109013676B
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- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for promoting heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from a plant root system, wherein a multi-walled carbon nano tube is utilized to promote heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from the plant root system. In the invention, the multi-walled carbon nano-tube is utilized to promote the transport of heavy metals in plants, increase the transport of heavy metals from plant roots to overground parts, and simultaneously complete the effective removal of heavy metals in the polluted environment. The method for promoting the heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from the plant root system by using the multi-walled carbon nano tube has the advantages of simple and convenient operation, easy implementation, wide applicability, low investment and operation cost, cleanness, no pollution, no toxic or harmful effect on the environment and the like, is an efficient, convenient and environment-friendly method for promoting the heavy metal to be transported in the plant, does not bring secondary pollution to the environment, is suitable for large-scale use, and has good application value and ecological benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of ecological restoration of heavy metal polluted environments, relates to a method for promoting heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from a plant root system, and particularly relates to a method for promoting heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from the plant root system by using a multi-walled carbon nano tube.
Background
In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, the pace of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural intensification is increasing, and the environmental problem caused by heavy metal emission is becoming more and more serious. Heavy metals can directly enter the atmosphere, water and soil, and can also migrate in the three media, thereby directly polluting the environment. Heavy metals are particularly harmful to animals, plants and particularly human beings because they can be biologically enriched. The conventional treatment methods for heavy metal pollution comprise physical methods (soil dressing, soil replacement, deep ploughing and soil turning, heat treatment and electrodynamic remediation), chemical methods (chemical leaching), biological methods and the like. Phytoremediation is a biological technology that a green plant directly absorbs, fixes, filters and stabilizes heavy metals, heavy metals can enter the plant from the outside through non-metabolic absorption, symplast and apoplast transportation and the like, and are transported in the plant through transpiration and root pressure, and the plant can stabilize heavy metals freely moving in the environment in the plant through cell wall binding, vacuole separation, chelation and the like. Compared with other treatment technologies, the plant restoration belongs to in-situ restoration, has the characteristics of low treatment cost, environmental friendliness and the like, and has the effects of protecting surface soil and reducing erosion and water and soil loss after vegetation is formed. Therefore, the phytoremediation can be applied to the reclamation of mines and the remediation of heavy metal polluted sites in a large area.
Phytoremediation has been applied to the treatment of various heavy metal contaminated sediments/soils, but in practical applications, it has been found that when plants are used for treating heavy metal contaminated sediments/soils, most heavy metals are only stabilized in the root systems of the plants, and only a small part of heavy metals can be transported to the overground parts of the plants. However, heavy metals with stable root systems may be released into the polluted environment again under the condition of bottom mud/soil environment change, and threaten the environment and soil organisms again; and after the repair, the root system containing a large amount of heavy metals needs to be dug out, so that a large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources need to be consumed, and the subsequent treatment cost is increased. Therefore, how to efficiently and conveniently improve the transport of heavy metals in plants becomes a great problem for large-scale development of phytoremediation. At present, in the prior art, the bioavailability of heavy metals in the environment is increased mainly by adding a chelating agent and combining a microbial technology, and the fresh technology can promote the transport of the heavy metals in plants. Therefore, there is a need to find an efficient, convenient and environment-friendly method for promoting heavy metal transport in plants, which provides better support for wide application of phytoremediation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a method for promoting the heavy metal to be transported from a plant root system to an overground part, which is simple and convenient to operate, easy to implement, low in investment and operation cost, clean and pollution-free, and has no toxic and harmful effects on the environment.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a method for promoting heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from a plant root system utilizes multi-walled carbon nano-tubes to promote heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from the plant root system.
The method is further improved and comprises the following steps: mixing the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes with heavy metal polluted bottom mud and/or heavy metal polluted soil to obtain a heavy metal polluted mixture; plants capable of enriching heavy metals are planted in the heavy metal pollution mixture for cultivation, and the heavy metals are transported from the root system of the plants to the overground part.
In the method, the concentration of the multi-wall carbon nano tubes in the heavy metal polluted mixture is further improved to be 100 mg/kg-1000 mg/kg.
In the method, the purity of the multi-wall carbon nano-tube is 95% -100%; the inner diameter of the multi-walled carbon nano-tube is 5 nm-10 nm; the outer diameter of the multi-wall carbon nano tube is 10 nm-20 nm; the length of the multi-wall carbon nano tube is 10-30 mu m; the density of the multi-wall carbon nano-tube is 1.9g/cm3～2.1g/cm3。
In the method, further improvement, the heavy metal in the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is at least one of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper; the heavy metal in the heavy metal contaminated soil is at least one of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper.
In the method, the initial concentration of cadmium in the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is 15 mg/kg-25 mg/kg, the initial concentration of lead is 250 mg/kg-350 mg/kg, the initial concentration of zinc is 200 mg/kg-300 mg/kg, and the initial concentration of copper is 100 mg/kg-200 mg/kg; the pH value of the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is 6-7; the cation exchange capacity of the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is 10 cmol/kg-12 cmol/kg.
In the method, the initial concentration of cadmium in the heavy metal polluted soil is 15 mg/kg-25 mg/kg, the initial concentration of lead is 250 mg/kg-350 mg/kg, the initial concentration of zinc is 200 mg/kg-300 mg/kg, and the initial concentration of copper is 100 mg/kg-200 mg/kg; the pH value of the heavy metal contaminated soil is 6-7; the cation exchange capacity of the heavy metal contaminated soil is 10 cmol/kg-12 cmol/kg.
In the method, the heavy metal-enriching plant is at least one of ramie, ryegrass, pokeberry and macleaya cordata.
In the method, the ramie is further improved, and the ramie is Hunan ramie No. 3; the ramie is ramie seedlings of 2-4 months.
In the method, the cultivation is carried out outdoors; the temperature is controlled to be 20-28 ℃, the humidity is 60-70% and the illumination time is 10-14 h/day in the cultivation process.
In the method, the cultivation time is 8-24 weeks.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the invention provides a method for promoting heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from a plant root system, which utilizes a multi-walled carbon nano tube to promote the heavy metal to be transported in a plant body, increases the transport of the heavy metal from the plant root system to the overground part, and simultaneously finishes the effective removal of the heavy metal in a polluted environment. According to the invention, the multiwalled carbon nanotube can be absorbed by plants and transported in the plants, and heavy metal can be combined with the multiwalled carbon nanotube, so that the migration rate of the heavy metal can be effectively improved by using the multiwalled carbon nanotube, more heavy metal can be transported to the overground part from a root system, and the release amount of the heavy metal in the root system and the possibility of re-release of the heavy metal can be reduced, thereby reducing the secondary pollution of the heavy metal in the root system to the environment, indigenous organisms and the like. After the treatment by the method, the heavy metals can be thoroughly removed from the polluted bottom mud/soil only by harvesting the overground parts of the plants, and compared with the traditional phytoremediation technology, the method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the steps of pulling out the root system from the environment, treating the heavy metals in the root system and the like are omitted, the treatment steps are greatly simplified, and the treatment cost is reduced. The method has the advantages of simple and convenient operation, easy implementation, wide applicability, low investment and operation cost, cleanness, no pollution, no toxic or harmful action on the environment and the like, is a high-efficiency, convenient and environment-friendly method capable of promoting the heavy metal to be transported in plants, does not bring secondary pollution to the environment, is suitable for large-scale use, and has good application value and ecological benefit.
(2) In the method, the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes are adopted to promote the transport of heavy metals in plants, wherein the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes are an environment-friendly carbon material and cannot pollute underground water resources, so that secondary pollution to the environment is avoided, and the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes used in the method can be used as a bottom mud/soil improver to improve the environment of the bottom mud/soil, such as pH regulation, soil fertility increase and the like.
(3) In the method, the preferred ramie is an important fiber crop, is called Chinese grass, and has the advantages of wide distribution, high yield, wide source, low cost and the like in China. The ramie is perennial plant, has strong regeneration capability and developed root system, and after the ramie is treated by the method, only the overground part of the plant needs to be harvested, so the developed root system of the underground part can keep water and soil, control water and soil loss and reduce the soil erosion amount; in the aspect of heavy metal treatment, the adopted ramie can be planted for one year and benefit for many years; in addition, in the harvested overground part of the ramie, the longer ramie fibers can be used for industrial textile, such as manufacturing fishing nets, blankets, gunny bags and the like, and the shorter ramie fibers can be used as raw materials of high-grade paper, gunpowder, rayon and the like, so that the ramie fiber has good use value and application prospect.
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In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different concentrations on the transport of heavy metals in ramie according to example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and specific preferred embodiments of the description, without thereby limiting the scope of protection of the invention.
In the following examples of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, materials and instruments used are commercially available, processes used are conventional, apparatuses used are conventional, and the obtained data are average values of three or more repeated experiments.
Example 1
A method for promoting heavy metal to be transported to the overground part from a plant root system by utilizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes, comprising the following steps of:
(1) taking heavy metal polluted bottom mud from Changsha Xiangjiang river, air-drying under natural conditions, and sieving for later use. The main heavy metal pollutant in the air-dried heavy metal polluted bottom mud is cadmium, and the initial concentration of the cadmium is 22.44 mg/kg. The pH of the heavy metal polluted bottom sediment after air drying is 6.76, and the cation exchange capacity is 11.65cmol kg-1。
(2) Will be provided withAnd (2) respectively adding the multi-wall carbon nanotubes with different weights into the heavy metal polluted bottom sediment air-dried in the step (1) in a solid-solid mixing mode to obtain heavy metal polluted mixtures with different concentrations of the multi-wall carbon nanotubes, wherein the concentrations of the multi-wall carbon nanotubes in the heavy metal polluted mixtures are 0, 100mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg. The purity of the multi-wall carbon nano-tube is 98%, the inner diameter is 8nm, the outer diameter is 15nm, the length is 20 μm, and the density is 2.0g/cm3。
(3) Transplanting ramie seedlings (No. 3 Boehmeria Hunan) of 2 months into the heavy metal pollution mixtures (namely the heavy metal pollution substrate sludge containing the multi-walled carbon nano tubes) with different concentrations obtained in the step (2) respectively for cultivation, wherein the cultivation conditions are as follows: the illumination time is 10-14 h, the temperature is 20-28 ℃, and the humidity is 60-70%. The ramie numbers are A0, A100, A500 and A1000, which respectively correspond to the ramie cultivated in the heavy metal polluted mixture with the concentration of 0, 100mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of the multi-wall carbon nano tube.
After 3 months of cultivation, the ramie A0, A100, A500 and A1000 are harvested, the content of heavy metal cadmium in the ramie is determined by using a graphite-atomic absorption spectrometry, and the content (accumulation amount) of cadmium in the overground part of each plant and the whole plant is calculated, and the results are shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 accumulation of cadmium in the aerial parts of ramie after treatment with multiwall carbon nanotubes of different concentrations
TABLE 2 accumulation of cadmium in the entire ramie plant after the treatment of multiwall carbon nanotubes of different concentrations
As can be seen from Table 1, the accumulation amounts of cadmium in the above-ground parts of ramie are significantly increased after the treatment by using the multi-walled carbon nanotubes, compared with the control group without adding the multi-walled carbon nanotubes, wherein the accumulation amounts of cadmium in the above-ground parts of ramie are respectively 24.12. mu.g/strain, 32.94. mu.g/strain and 29.48. mu.g/strain when the concentrations of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes are 100mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg, and the accumulation amounts of cadmium are respectively increased by 26.88%, 73.28% and 55.08% compared with the control group without adding the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. As can be seen from Table 2, when the concentrations of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes are 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg, the accumulation amount of cadmium in the entire ramie is only increased by 17.96% and 5.78%, respectively, the increase is far lower than the accumulation amount increased by the cadmium in the overground part of the ramie treated by the carbon nanotubes with the same concentration, and when the concentration of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes is 100mg/kg, the accumulation amount of cadmium in the entire ramie is even reduced by 5.18% compared with the control. It can be seen from tables 1 and 2 that the added multi-walled carbon nanotubes of the present invention promote the accumulation of heavy metals in the aerial parts.
Further calculation is carried out according to the accumulation level of heavy metals in the ramie body, so as to obtain the ratio of the accumulation amount of cadmium in the overground part of the ramie to the accumulation amount of cadmium in the root system, and the result is shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 ratio of upper part of ramie to accumulated amount of cadmium in root system after treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different concentrations
As can be seen from table 3, compared with the control group without adding the multi-walled carbon nanotube, the ratio of cadmium accumulation in the above-ground part of the ramie to cadmium accumulation in the root system after the treatment with the multi-walled carbon nanotube of the present invention is significantly increased, wherein when the concentration of the multi-walled carbon nanotube is 100mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg, the ratio of the amount of cadmium accumulation in the above-ground part of the ramie to the amount of cadmium accumulation in the root system is 0.61, 0.69, 0.68 respectively, which is 1.61 times, 1.82 times, 1.79 times of the control group respectively, which indicates that the added multi-walled carbon nanotube of the present invention can promote the heavy metal to be transported from the underground part to the above-.
According to the calculation of the concentration of the heavy metal in the ramie body, the transport coefficient of the heavy metal cadmium in the ramie, namely the ratio of the concentration of the cadmium in the overground part to the concentration of the cadmium in the root system, is obtained, and the result is shown in figure 1. FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different concentrations on the transport of heavy metals in ramie according to example 1 of the present invention. As can be seen from fig. 1, compared with a control group without adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes, the transport coefficient of heavy metal cadmium in ramie treated by the multi-walled carbon nanotubes is significantly increased, wherein the transport coefficient of heavy metal cadmium in ramie can reach 0.65 when the concentration of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes is 100mg/kg, and the transport coefficient of cadmium in the control group is only 0.36, which indicates that the multi-walled carbon nanotubes can well promote the transport of heavy metals in plants, and particularly, more heavy metals in roots can be transported to the above-ground parts.
Comparative example 1
A method for promoting heavy metal transport from plant roots to overground parts by using nano zero-valent iron (commercially available or prepared by a conventional method), which is basically the same as example 1, except that: the multi-walled carbon nanotubes were replaced with nano zero-valent iron in step (2) of comparative example 1. The ramie numbers are B0, B100, B500 and B1000, which respectively correspond to the ramie cultivated in the heavy metal polluted mixture with the concentration of the nano zero-valent iron of 0, 100mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg.
And (4) calculating according to the content of heavy metal cadmium in the ramie body after the nano zero-valent iron treatment to obtain the ratio of the accumulation amount of cadmium in the overground part of the ramie to the accumulation amount of cadmium in the root system after the nano zero-valent iron treatment, wherein the result is shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 ratio of upper part of ramie to accumulated amount of cadmium in root system after treatment with nanoscale zero-valent iron of different concentrations
As can be seen from Table 4, compared with the method without adding the nano zero-valent iron, the addition of the nano zero-valent iron with the concentration of 100mg/kg and 500mg/kg can increase the ratio of the upper part of the ramie to the accumulated amount of cadmium in the root system, but the increase is only 11% and 8%, which is far less than the increase of the multi-walled carbon nanotube added in the embodiment 1 of the present invention after the treatment, and particularly, the ratio is increased negatively after the addition of the nano zero-valent iron with the concentration of 1000mg/kg, which indicates that the multi-walled carbon nanotube adopted in the present invention can promote the heavy metal transfer from the root system of the plant to the upper part of the ramie more efficiently.
The above examples are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to the above examples. All technical schemes belonging to the idea of the invention belong to the protection scope of the invention. It should be noted that modifications and embellishments within the scope of the invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the invention, and such modifications and embellishments should also be considered as within the scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for promoting heavy metal to be transported from a plant root system to an overground part, which is characterized in that a multi-walled carbon nanotube is used for promoting heavy metal to be transported from the plant root system to the overground part, and comprises the following steps: mixing the multi-walled carbon nanotubes with the heavy metal polluted bottom mud to obtain a heavy metal polluted mixture; planting plants capable of enriching heavy metals in the heavy metal pollution mixture for cultivation, and completing the transportation of the heavy metals from the root system of the plants to the overground part; the concentration of the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes in the heavy metal polluted mixture is 500 mg/kg; the heavy metal in the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is at least one of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper; the initial concentration of cadmium in the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is 15 mg/kg-25 mg/kg, the initial concentration of lead is 250 mg/kg-350 mg/kg, the initial concentration of zinc is 200 mg/kg-300 mg/kg, and the initial concentration of copper is 100 mg/kg-200 mg/kg; the pH value of the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is 6-7; the cation exchange capacity of the heavy metal polluted bottom mud is 10 cmol/kg-12 cmol/kg; the plant capable of enriching the heavy metals is ramie; the purity of the multi-walled carbon nano-tube is 95 to 100 percent; the inner diameter of the multi-walled carbon nano-tube is 5 nm-10 nm; the outer diameter of the multi-wall carbon nano tube is 10 nm-20 nm; the length of the multi-wall carbon nano tube is 10-30 mu m; the density of the multi-wall carbon nano-tube is 1.9g/cm3～2.1 g/cm3。
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ramie is Hunan Boehmeria 3; the ramie is ramie seedlings of 2-4 months.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cultivation is carried out outdoors; the temperature is controlled to be 20-28 ℃, the humidity is 60-70% and the illumination time is 10-14 h/day in the cultivation process.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation time is 8 to 24 weeks.
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