CN106818623B - Comprehensive culture method of cuora flavomarginata - Google Patents
Comprehensive culture method of cuora flavomarginata Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a comprehensive culture method of cuora flavomarginata, which comprises the following steps: 1) parent tortoise: a. identifying parent turtles; b. breeding parent turtles; c. mating parent turtles; d. spawning and hatching; 2) young turtles: a. feeding young turtles in the early stage; b. feeding young turtles at the later stage; c. the young turtles live through the winter; 3) young turtles: a. stocking; b. feeding baits; c. daily management; d. enabling young turtles to live through the winter; 4) adult tortoise: a. stocking; b. throwing bait; c. daily management; d. enabling adult turtles to live through the winter; the breeding method can improve the survival rate of the cuora flavomarginata to 90 percent, greatly reduce the death rate of the cuora flavomarginata in the young stage and the young stage, and carry out comprehensive breeding from the source, the mating efficiency of parent cuora flavomarginata is high, the quality of fertilized eggs is high, the management is scientific, the quality of grown cuora flavomarginata is high, the ornamental value is high, and the medicinal value is high.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of turtle breeding, in particular to a comprehensive breeding method of cuora flavomarginata.
Background
The cuora flavomarginata is a rare or endangered species, is a precious product in turtles, has extremely high medicinal value and nutritional value, is used as a main raw material and is matched with traditional Chinese medicines, can resist cancer and detoxify, has no toxic or side effect, and is a high-grade tonic for nourishing yin and tonifying yang and prolonging life. The yellow-edge adductor tortoise contains rich protein, fatty acid, colloid, myoliver, etc. and bone marrow contains hematopoietic cells and several trace elements essential for human body, and the 'jiebai tortoise' injection prepared with tortoise plastron and tortoise shell as material is used in treating tuberculosis and auxiliary treatment of cancer; meanwhile, the cuora flavomarginata has good ornamental value, is taken as a pet to be raised and is deeply welcomed by enthusiasts inside and outside the sea; the cuora flavomarginata was classified as a key protection animal in Henan province in 1989.
The yellow edge of the tortoise shell has smooth head, yellow or yellowish green side, olive oil color or brown color at the top of the head/flat front end of the head, and bright hook curve on the upper beak. The two sides of the forehead top are respectively provided with 1 bright yellow longitudinal stripe from the eye to the back, the bright yellow longitudinal stripes are thickened from thin to thick and extend to the neck, and the left stripe and the right stripe are connected to form a yellow U-shaped line after meeting at the top of the head. The dorsal concha is round, the middle is high and has light yellow ridge, ligament is arranged between the thoraco-abdominal shield, the front and back can be completely closed, the scales on the limbs are developed, and the five front and four back paws have unreachable webs. The abdominal and dorsal nails can be closed tightly, so it is named as "Huang Yuan Cuo Bei Gui".
The breeding time of the yellow-margined box turtles is long, the existing breeding survival rate is low and is generally about 50%, and the resistance of the yellow-margined box turtles is poor due to improper breeding management in the young turtle period or young turtle breeding period, so that the death rate is increased; secondly, the existing cuora flavomarginata is directly hatched by purchased tortoise eggs in order to shorten the period and reduce the breeding difficulty and cost in the breeding process, but the breeding mode ensures that breeding personnel cannot know the quality of the tortoise eggs fundamentally, the quality of the tortoise eggs can be known only after the hatching is finished, certain risks exist in the later-stage series of hatching and breeding of the purchased tortoise eggs, mating and spawning of parent turtles are the basis and the key of cuora flavomarginata breeding, scientific management in the young turtle breeding stage and the young turtle breeding stage is the key of survival of the cuora flavomarginata, and the three-stage management is related to the growing environment and the breeding method of the cuora flavomarginata.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention aims to provide the comprehensive breeding method of the yellow-margined box turtle, the breeding method can improve the survival rate of the yellow-margined box turtle to 90 percent, greatly reduces the death rate of the young turtle and the young turtle, and carries out comprehensive breeding from the source, the mating efficiency of parent turtles is high, the quality of fertilized eggs is high, the management is scientific, the quality of the grown turtles is high, the ornamental value is high, and the medicinal value is high.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the comprehensive culture method of cuora flavomarginata comprises the following steps:
1) parent tortoise
a. Identification of parent turtles: selecting female turtles and male turtles with uniform head sizes;
b. parent turtle breeding: building a parent turtle pond, sterilizing the selected healthy parent turtles before entering the parent turtle pond, wherein the ratio of stocking male and female is 2-3:1, animal baits and plant baits are thrown in the early stage of breeding according to the ratio of 2:1, the animal baits and the plant baits are thrown in the reproductive development stage according to the ratio of 7:3, and the feeding is carried out once in the morning and evening;
c. mating parent turtles: the mating period is from the middle ten days of 4 months to the bottom of 10 months;
d. spawning and hatching: taking 5-9 months of yellow-margined adductor tortoise as a spawning period, building a spawning bed, performing spawning in the early morning or at the evening, taking out tortoise eggs in time after the tortoise eggs are produced, observing whether the tortoise eggs have fertilized spots or fertilized clitellum, marking according to the production time, orderly placing the tortoise eggs in an egg collection box, checking the fertilization condition within 96 hours after the tortoise eggs are produced, picking the well fertilized tortoise eggs out, and placing the tortoise eggs in an incubator for incubation;
the spawning bed is an integrated selective spawning bed which is formed by integrating an open spawning bed and a semi-open spawning bed, and the integrated selective spawning bed is arranged in a quiet, moist and sunny place;
2) young tortoise
a. Early-stage feeding of the young turtles: the young turtles are transferred and cultured in a temporary culture box two days before the young turtles are taken out of the shell, the young turtles are not taken in the first two days, the young turtles are provided with nutrition by self egg yolks, daphnia and tubificidae are fed after two days, and the minced fish, shrimp and animal viscera are fed gradually at intervals of 2 to 3 hours;
b. feeding young turtles in the later period: timely breeding the young turtles in separate ponds after the young turtles grow for 30 days in the temporary breeding box, and covering the upper parts in the young turtles in the ponds by using a nylon net;
c. overwintering of young turtles: the method comprises the following steps that young turtles are subjected to overwintering in an overwintering chamber, the overwintering chamber is a square frame, each overwintering chamber is built by a transparent glass plate, the length and the width of each overwintering chamber are 1m, the height of each overwintering chamber is 1-1.5m, a layer of vermiculite is laid at the bottom of the overwintering chamber, water is stored for 3-4cm, a plurality of habitat layers are arranged in parallel in the overwintering chamber from top to bottom, a climbing ladder is connected between every two habitat layers arranged from top to bottom, moss with the thickness of 3-5cm is arranged on each climbing ladder, the young turtles move or rest on any one habitat layer through the climbing ladder, moss with the thickness of 8-10cm is arranged on each habitat layer, water is sprayed on the moss, the moss is kept moist, and the young turtles;
3) young tortoise
a. Stocking: building a young turtle breeding ground, after hibernation, turning to a breeding stage when the temperature rises to 15 ℃ in the last 4 months of the 2 nd year, breeding the young turtles in different specifications and sizes in a grading manner, putting the turtles with basically consistent individual sizes into the same young turtle breeding ground, wherein the breeding ground area of each young turtle is 2-4m2, and the stocking density is 20-40 turtles/m2The young turtle breeding ground comprises a land part and a deep water part, the area ratio of the land part to the deep water part is 7:3, and the water depth is not highSetting a food table on the land part for more than 5cm, soaking and sterilizing before stocking, and sterilizing a deep water tank of the deep water part of the young turtles;
b. feeding baits: the bait of the young turtles is prepared from animal bait, plant bait and artificial compound feed in a ratio of 8: 2:1, mixed feeding, wherein the feeding amount of the animal bait of each young turtle is 5 to 8 percent of the weight of the young turtle, and the young turtles are respectively fed for 1 time in the morning and at night;
c. daily management: adding fresh water into the deep water part every 7-10 days, observing the change of the environmental temperature, preventing the water temperature from suddenly rising due to direct sunlight, and building a plastic film to keep the proper temperature of the breeding place of the young turtles when the deep water part is overwintering;
d. enabling young turtles to live through the winter;
4) adult tortoise
a. Stocking: constructing an open-air and quiet zone as an adult fish breeding ground, wherein the adult fish breeding ground comprises a land part and a deep water part, the area ratio of the land part to the deep water part is 7:3, the water depth is not more than 8cm, plants are planted on the land part, a layer of broad-leaved tree fallen leaves is paved on the land part, the broad-leaved tree fallen leaves are replaced every 15 days, a deep water pool and breeding tools of the deep water part are thoroughly sterilized before breeding, and the breeding density of adult turtles is 5-6 turtles/m2；
b. Bait throwing: the bait of adult turtles is prepared from animal bait, plant bait and artificial compound feed in a proportion of 7: 3:1, mixed feeding, wherein the feeding amount of animal baits of each young turtle accounts for 5 to 8 percent of the weight of the turtle, the feeding amount of the animal baits is increased by 1 percent when the temperature is increased by 2 ℃, and the plant baits and the artificial mixed feed are correspondingly increased according to the proportion;
c. daily management: injecting new water into the deep water part every 7-10 days, and disinfecting the deep water pool and the grown tortoise in the deep water part every 10-15 days, wherein the water is changed to ensure that the temperature difference of the water is not higher than 3-4 ℃;
d. adult turtles live through the winter.
Preferably, in the step (1), the parent turtles are bred by adopting potassium permanganate solution with the concentration of 10 mg/L to soak the parent turtles before entering the parent water pool, and the parent turtles are disinfected for 15 to 20 minutes; step (3) when the breeding pond is put into the pond, the young turtles are soaked in 10 mg/L potassium permanganate solution for 5 minutes for disinfection; and (4) soaking the grown turtles for 10 minutes by adopting 10 mg/L potassium permanganate solution for disinfection when the turtles are put into the pond in the step of stocking.
Preferably, the deep water tank in the deep water part "stocked" in the step (3) and the deep water tank in the deep water part "stocked" in the step (4) are thoroughly sterilized with quicklime and exposed to the sun.
Preferably, the spawning bed in step (1) "spawning and hatching" is set up in quiet, moist and sunny place, and integration selectivity spawning bed sets up one row, and every integration selectivity spawning bed is formed by the integrative combination of the swash plate that the gradient is 15 degrees on four sides, and the base plate of raising spawning is set up to the level in the middle of the swash plate that sets up on four sides, and the swash plate that sets up on four sides around the base plate of spawning is respectively integrative the connection, sets up the basic unit of spawning on the base plate of spawning.
Preferably, a turtle opening is formed in each side of the inclined plate, a cavity enclosed by the four inclined plates forms a standby spawning chamber, the four inclined plates are all made of sound insulation plates, and a climbing anti-skid layer is laid on the upper surfaces of the sound insulation plates; lay the basic unit of laying eggs of one deck in reserve spawning chamber also, set up the humidifier on the base plate of laying eggs, it has two humidification pipelines to open on the humidifier, and a humidification pipeline is to the humidification on the base plate of laying eggs, and another humidification pipeline carries out the humidification operation to the indoor portion of laying eggs.
Preferably, the spawning base layer is formed by firstly arranging a sterilized rice straw layer, spraying water on the sterilized rice straw layer to enable the humidity of the rice straw layer to be 70-85%, then paving a sand soil layer with the thickness of 10cm on the rice straw layer, and spraying water again for wetting.
Preferably, in the step (1), "spawning and hatching", a foam box is adopted as a hatching box, a layer of vermiculite and perlite with the thickness of 5-10cm is arranged at the bottom in the box, the ratio of the vermiculite to the perlite is 1:1, the water is sprayed to wet the eggs, after the eggs are placed, a layer of vermiculite with the thickness of 3cm is laid on the eggs, the humidity in the hatching box is kept at 75-90%, and the temperature is kept at 26-32 ℃.
Preferably, a little water is placed in the temporary rearing box in the step (2) of early rearing of the young turtles, the depth of the water is one fifth of the height of the box body, and the temperature in the temporary rearing box is kept at 25-30 ℃.
Preferably, in the step (2), one side of each habitat layer of the overwintering chamber is provided with a water spraying pipe, a temperature sensor is arranged in the overwintering chamber, a heater is arranged outside the overwintering chamber, the heater conveys heat to the interior of the overwintering chamber through a heating pipeline, the temperature is detected through the temperature sensor, the temperature of the overwintering chamber is kept at 26-30 ℃, each habitat layer is provided with a food platform, and the overwintering chamber is also provided with a switch valve corresponding to the food platform.
Preferably, the step (3) "adult tortoise overwintering" and the step (4) "young tortoise overwintering" are carried out outdoor overwintering, a small hibernation pond is built, fine sand with the thickness of 20cm is paved at the bottom of the pond, sand is wetted, wetted couch grass which is cooled by steam is placed on the sand, the thickness of the couch grass is gradually reduced along with the rise of the air temperature, and hands are inserted into the couch grass every 7-10 days to check the health and the dry and wet conditions of the tortoise.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the improvement that,
firstly, the invention provides the specific whole steps of parent turtle feeding, mating and spawning and hatching, and the steps can realize better hatching efficiency, improve the quality of fertilized eggs, improve the consistency of the growth vigor of young turtles, reduce the feeding difficulty and complexity caused by different sizes, improve the feeding consistency and facilitate the management; in addition, the invention also specifically improves the spawning environment, not only realizes better humidification management, but also improves the spawning environment, realizes the open-air or semi-open-air free conversion, enables the parent turtles to freely select proper spawning places, and improves the spawning quality and quantity;
secondly, the invention specifically explains the feeding management of the young turtle period, the young turtle period and the adult turtle period, and reduces the death rate of the young turtle period through the reasonable management of the young turtles;
thirdly, the invention creatively improves the overwintering of the young turtles, adopts a special overwintering chamber to overwinter, and heats the young turtles indoors, the survival rate of the young turtles is more than 90%, and the overwintering of the young turtles is a more critical step in turtle cultivation, so the overwintering of the young turtles must be reasonably, scientifically and effectively overwinter; in addition, the temperature and the humidity of the overwintering chamber can be accurately controlled in time through the humidifying pipeline and the heating pipeline, and a good living environment is provided for the young turtles to overwinter.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the following further describes the technical solution of the present invention with reference to the embodiments.
Example (b): the comprehensive culture method of cuora flavomarginata comprises the following steps:
1) parent tortoise
a. Identification of parent turtles: selecting female turtles and male turtles with uniform head sizes;
b. parent turtle breeding: building a parent turtle pond, sterilizing selected healthy parent turtles before the parent turtles enter the parent turtle pond, soaking the parent turtles in a potassium permanganate solution with the concentration of 10 mg/L before the parent turtles enter the parent turtle pond, sterilizing for 15-20 minutes, wherein sperms of male turtles can survive in female turtles for more than half a year, so that the ratio of female and male turtles to stocking is 2-3:1, the sexual maturity time, the annual egg laying frequency, the number of eggs and the quality of eggs of the parent turtles are high and low, the breeding period is greatly dependent on bait conditions, animal baits and plant baits are thrown in the early stage according to the ratio of 2:1, and after the breeding period is reached, animal baits and plant baits are thrown in the ratio of 7:3, and the animal baits comprise small fishes, shrimps, mud, earthworms, snails, freshwater mussels, yellow mealworms, animal viscera and; the plant bait comprises bean cake, wheat bran, corn and tomato, wherein the food is added with compound vitamin and calcium powder in the early stage of feeding, the food is fed once in the morning and at night, the pond water is kept clean in daily management, the feed table is cleaned every day at regular time, and the residual bait is removed completely. The general breeding turtles move and seek for food in the evening and the early morning, so the activity condition of the breeding turtles needs to be observed 2 times in the morning and evening to prevent the breeding turtles from escaping and being invaded by biological enemies, and oxytetracycline, furazolidone and the like are added into every other circumferential bait to prevent enteritis;
c. mating parent turtles: the mating period is from the middle ten days of 4 months to the bottom of 10 months; in the mating season, the activity and the activity time of male turtles are obviously increased, the foraging time is shortened, the food intake is reduced, the physique is reduced, the immunity of rabbits is low, the male turtles are susceptible to diseases, and the death rate is increased, so that the mating peak period is recorded, the mating place is cleaned and disinfected after the peak period is missed, the probability of infecting germs of parent turtles is reduced, and the death rate is reduced;
d. spawning and hatching: the method comprises the following steps of (1) setting 1-4 yellow-edge closed-shell turtles in a laying period of 5-9 months, setting up a laying bed, laying eggs in the early morning or at the evening, taking the turtles eggs out, wherein the weight of the eggs is 11-18 g, the length of the eggs is 39.1-50 mm, the diameter of the eggs is 20.2-27.5 mm, the average length of the eggs is 43.5 mm, the average diameter of the eggs is 22.7 mm, taking the turtles out in time, observing whether the turtles eggs have fertilization spots or fertilization clitelles, avoiding vibration and turning the turtles eggs, marking according to the output time, placing the turtles eggs in an egg collecting box in order, checking the situation within 96 hours after delivery, picking the fertilized eggs out the well fertilized eggs, and placing the;
the fertilization zone is formed earliest 8-12 hours after egg production. Eggs without fertilization zones are preferably tested for 1 time respectively at 72 hours and 96 hours after output, the eggs without fertilization zones at 96 hours after output are treated as unfertilized eggs, and the well-conditioned eggs are picked out and put into an incubator for incubation;
the spawning bed is an integrated selective spawning bed which is formed by integrating an open spawning bed and a semi-open spawning bed, and the integrated selective spawning bed is arranged in a quiet, moist and sunny place; the integrated selective spawning beds are arranged in a row, each integrated selective spawning bed is formed by integrally combining inclined plates with the inclination of 15 degrees on four sides, a raised spawning base plate is horizontally arranged in the middle of each inclined plate arranged on the four sides, the peripheries of the spawning base plates are respectively and integrally connected with the inclined plates arranged on the four sides, a spawning base layer is arranged on each spawning base plate, and the spawning base layer is formed by firstly arranging a sterilized straw layer, spraying water on the sterile straw layer to enable the humidity of the straw layer to be 70-85%, then paving a sand layer with the thickness of 10cm on the straw layer and spraying water again for wetting; a turtle hole is formed in each side of the arranged sloping plate, a cavity enclosed by the four sloping plates forms a standby spawning chamber, a spawning base layer is also laid in the standby spawning chamber, a humidifier is arranged on a spawning base plate, two humidifying pipelines are arranged on the humidifier, one humidifying pipeline humidifies the spawning base plate, the other humidifying pipeline humidifies the interior of the spawning chamber, sound insulation plates are adopted for the four sloping plates, and a climbing anti-skid layer is laid on the upper surfaces of the sound insulation plates; the invention also adopts four-side sound insulation boards which can reduce the volume in the spawning room, so that parent turtles can freely enter and exit the spawning room through the hole, or climb an inclined climbing anti-skid layer to spawn on a spawning substrate, small humidifying nozzles are arranged on two humidifying pipelines of the humidifier, the humidifier is fixed on a support with the height of 0.5cm, one of the humidifying pipelines is externally used for humidifying the spawning substrate, the other humidification pipeline penetrates through the spawning substrate and extends into the spawning chamber to humidify the spawning chamber regularly, the humidification in the spawning process of parent turtles is important, so the arrangement of humidification facilities is also important, a humidity sensor is also arranged in a spawning area, the humidification of the humidifier is automatically adjusted through the humidity sensor, and the humidity conditions of the spawning substrate and the spawning chamber are accurately controlled;
the incubator adopts a foam box, vermiculite and perlite with the thickness of 5-10cm are arranged at the bottom in the incubator, the proportion of the vermiculite to the perlite is 1:1, the foam box is sprinkled with water to be wet, after turtle eggs are placed, a layer of vermiculite with the thickness of 3cm is paved on the turtle eggs so as to be convenient for moisture preservation and water preservation, the air permeability of the vermiculite is good, the humidity in the incubator is kept at 75-90%, and the temperature is kept at 26-32 ℃;
2) young tortoise
a. Early-stage feeding of the young turtles: the middle of the newly-shelled turtle shell is provided with a round yolk sac which can disappear after 1 week, the newly-shelled turtle is transferred to a temporary rearing box two days before being shelled, a little water is placed in the temporary rearing box, the depth of the water is one fifth of the height of the box body, the temperature in the temporary rearing box is kept at 25-30 ℃, the newly-shelled turtle two days before is not taken, the nutrition is provided by the yolk of the newly-shelled turtle, and the newly-shelled turtle is fed with daphnia and tubificidae two days later, and the minced fish, shrimp and animal viscera are fed gradually at intervals of 2-3 hours;
b. feeding young turtles in the later period: feeding young turtles in separate ponds in time after the young turtles grow for 30 days in the temporary rearing box so as to avoid influencing the growth due to great difference of specifications, and covering the upper parts in the young turtles in the ponds by using a nylon net so as to prevent the invasion of enemy organisms such as mice, mosquitoes and the like, so that the water quality is kept clean and the environment is quiet;
c. overwintering of young turtles: the young turtles are overwintering in an overwintering chamber which is a square frame, small vent holes are formed in the frame, each overwintering chamber is built by a transparent glass plate, the length and the width of each overwintering chamber are 1m, the height of each overwintering chamber is 1-1.5m, a layer of vermiculite is laid at the bottom of each overwintering chamber, water is stored for 3-4cm, the water at the bottom layer is periodically replaced for 5-7 days generally, a plurality of habitat layers are arranged in parallel in the overwintering chamber, round holes are formed in each habitat layer, a climbing ladder is connected between the round holes of every two upper and lower habitat layers, the inclination of the climbing ladder is 15-45 degrees, moss with the thickness of 3-5cm is arranged on the climbing ladder, young turtles move or rest on any habitat layer through the climbing ladder, a layer with the thickness of 8-10cm is arranged on each habitat layer, water is sprayed on the moss to keep the ladder moist, indoor heating is adopted for overwintering, feeding bait as usual; one side of each habitat layer of the overwintering chamber is provided with a water spraying pipe, the water spraying pipes are arranged for keeping the moss moist for a long time, a temperature sensor is arranged in the overwintering chamber, a heater is arranged outside the overwintering chamber, the heater conveys heat to the interior of the overwintering chamber through a heating pipeline, the temperature is detected through the temperature sensor, the temperature of the overwintering chamber is kept at 26-30 ℃, each habitat layer is provided with a food platform, and the overwintering chamber is also provided with a switch valve corresponding to the food platform; the juvenile turtles are overwintering in the overwintering room provided by the invention, and the survival rate is over 90 percent;
the invention has creatively improved the young turtles to overwinter, adopt the specialized overwinter room to overwinter, and heat the overwinter in the room, the survival rate of the young turtles is above 90%, because the young turtles are more critical step in raising the turtles, therefore the overwinter of the young turtles must be rational, scientifically, effective to overwinter, the overwinter room of the invention not only can save the space, and the transparent glass board can feel the external light, through the interconnection among the perching layers, realize the activity or rest of the young turtles in any perching layer, the invention sets up the perching layer up and down, and the young turtles can move at will on the perching layer of the multilayer, because the turtles are climbing well, increase some activities properly in the course of overwinter, can improve the resistance of the young turtles, and can better keep the wetness through setting up the moss; in addition, the temperature and the humidity of the overwintering chamber can be accurately controlled in time through the humidifying pipeline and the heating pipeline, so that a good living environment is provided for the young turtles to overwinter; the feeding table is convenient to feed, when feeding is carried out, the switch valve is opened, and when not feeding, the feeding table is closed, so that the young turtles are prevented from escaping from the feeding table;
3) young tortoise
a. Stocking: building young turtle breeding land, after hibernation, transferring to a breeding stage when the temperature rises to 15 ℃ in the last 4 months of the 2 nd year, breeding according to different specifications, placing turtles with basically consistent individual sizes in the same young turtle breeding land, wherein the breeding area of each young turtle is 2-4m2The stocking density is 20-40/m2The breeding land for young turtles comprises a land part and a deep water part, the area ratio of the land part to the deep water part is 7:3, the water depth is not more than 5cm, so that the young turtles are prevented from being choked with water and causing unnecessary loss, a feeding table is arranged on the land part, the young turtles are soaked and disinfected before stocking, and potassium permanganate with the concentration of 10 mg/L is adopted when the young turtles enter the pondThe solution is used for disinfecting young turtles after being soaked for 5 minutes, and a deep water tank at the deep water part of the young turtles is disinfected and sterilized;
b. feeding baits: the bait of the young turtles is prepared from animal bait, plant bait and artificial compound feed in a ratio of 8: 2:1, mixed feeding, wherein the feeding amount of animal baits of each young turtle is 5-8 percent of the weight of the young turtle, the young turtles are respectively fed for 1 time in the morning and at night, the fed baits are fresh and palatable, smaller animal baits such as earthworms, fly maggots and silkworm pupas can be directly fed on a feeding table, larger animal baits such as fish, mussel meat and livestock viscera are fully chopped or mechanically minced, and can be uniformly mixed with other powdery plant baits for feeding, meanwhile, a small amount of oxytetracycline is added for mixing and feeding, and the young turtles below 50 g are added with a small amount of calcium materials to prevent osteomalacia;
c. daily management: adding fresh water into the deep water part every 7-10 days, observing the change of the environmental temperature, preventing the water temperature from suddenly rising due to direct sunlight, and building a plastic film to keep the proper temperature of the breeding place of the young turtles when the deep water part is overwintering;
the deep water part is a cement pond, the outdoor young turtle cement pond has small water body, the water quality is easy to change, particularly in summer, the water body is quickly polluted, so that 1 time of new water is added every 7-10 days to keep the water quality fresh, and a sunshade is arranged above the outdoor pond in high-temperature and severe summer seasons to prevent the water temperature from suddenly rising due to direct solar radiation and endangering the life of the young turtles;
d. enabling young turtles to live through the winter;
4) adult tortoise
a. Stocking: an open-air and quiet zone is built as an adult fish culture land, the environmental design of the adult fish culture land is mainly natural, ecological and scientific, a place suitable for growth and reproduction of turtles is provided as much as possible, the adult fish culture land can frequently crawl on land, the adult fish culture land comprises a land part and a deep water part, the area ratio of the land part to the deep water part is 7:3, the water depth is not more than 8cm, plants are planted on the land part, a layer of broad-leaved tree fallen leaves is paved on the land part and is replaced every 15 days, a deep water pool and culture tools of the deep water part are thoroughly sterilized before stocking, the adult fish is soaked in a potassium permanganate solution of 10 mg/L for 10 minutes for sterilization when entering the pool,the stocking density of adult tortoise is 5-6/m2；
The deep water pool of the deep water part stocked in the step (3) and the deep water pool of the deep water part stocked in the step (4) are thoroughly disinfected by quicklime and exposed to the sun
b. Bait throwing: the bait of adult turtles is prepared from animal bait, plant bait and artificial compound feed in a proportion of 7: 3:1, mixed feeding is carried out, the feeding amount of animal baits of each young turtle accounts for 5% -8% of the weight of the turtle, the feeding amount can be increased along with the temperature rise, the feeding amount of the animal baits is increased by 1% when the temperature rises by 2 ℃, the feeding amount of the animal baits is correspondingly increased according to the proportion, the animal baits are mainly used for feeding, the animal baits comprise livestock and poultry viscera, lean pork, beef, small fishes, shrimps, snails, mussels, mealworms and silkworm chrysalis, and the plant baits are properly matched, and the plant baits comprise vegetables, bean cakes, melons and fruits, corns, broomcorn and tomatoes; before autumn comes to white dew, the feeding is changed into 1 time per day, the feeding amount accounts for 5 to 10 percent of the weight of the tortoise, and the bait is preferably eaten just after 2 hours after each feeding;
c. daily management: injecting new water into the deep water part every 7-10 days, and disinfecting the deep water pool and the grown tortoise in the deep water part every 10-15 days, wherein the water is changed to ensure that the temperature difference of the water is not higher than 3-4 ℃;
firstly, fresh water is regularly refilled to keep the water quality of the turtle pond fresh; secondly, regularly disinfecting the turtle pond and the turtles to prevent diseases, generally disinfecting the turtle pond and the turtles by using potassium manganate solution with the concentration of 3 mg/rise every month, and thirdly, regularly patrolling the pond, mainly observing the ingestion, activity and growth conditions of the turtles, discovering abnormal phenomena of the turtles such as dull turtles, no ingestion and the like, and separately checking and separately raising the turtles to avoid the infection of the diseases; in addition, escape-proof facilities are required to be arranged around the pond to prevent the turtles from escaping and being invaded by harmful organisms, the pond is high in temperature in summer, temporary shed building can be carried out at the sides of the pond to prevent sunshine, sunshade plants such as loofah, kidney beans and the like are planted around the pond, in daily feeding, attention is paid to observing the change of the environmental temperature, and a feeding record book is preferably established to accumulate data and master the living law of the turtles and the requirements on the temperature and the bait; in early spring and late autumn, water change is preferably carried out before feeding, the temperature difference of water is generally not higher than 3-4 ℃, the tortoise gradually enters hibernation along with the temperature reduction in 11 months each year, and at the moment, moist sandy soil with the thickness of 10-15 cm is paved in a feeding cylinder and placed in a position facing the sun indoors to enable the tortoise to naturally hibernate. In the last 3 months of the next year, when the temperature rises to 18-19 ℃, the turtles begin to eat, the initial feeding needs to be less and more refined, the environmental temperature after feeding is not lower than 15 ℃, otherwise, the problems of dyspepsia and the like are caused. Along with the gradual rise and stability of the temperature, the bait feeding amount can be correspondingly increased, the constitution of the turtle is enhanced, and the immunity is improved;
d. enabling adult turtles to live through the winter;
and (3) selecting outdoor overwintering from the step (3) of overwintering of the adult tortoise and the step (4) of overwintering of the young tortoise, building a small hibernation pond, paving fine sand with the thickness of 20cm at the bottom of the pond, wetting the sand, placing the wetted couch grass which is steamed and cooled on the sand, gradually reducing the thickness of the couch grass along with the rise of the air temperature, and stretching hands into the couch grass every 7-10 days to check the health, dryness and wetness of the tortoise.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (1)
1. The comprehensive culture method of the cuora flavomarginata is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) parent tortoise
a. Identification of parent turtles: selecting female turtles and male turtles with uniform head sizes;
b. parent turtle breeding: building a parent turtle pond, sterilizing the selected healthy parent turtles before entering the parent turtle pond, wherein the ratio of stocking male and female is 2-3:1, animal baits and plant baits are thrown in the early stage of breeding according to the ratio of 2:1, the animal baits and the plant baits are thrown in the reproductive development stage according to the ratio of 7:3, and the feeding is carried out once in the morning and evening;
c. mating parent turtles: the mating period is from the middle ten days of 4 months to the bottom of 10 months;
d. spawning and hatching: taking 5-9 months of yellow-margined adductor tortoise as a spawning period, building a spawning bed, performing spawning in the early morning or at the evening, taking out tortoise eggs in time after the tortoise eggs are produced, observing whether the tortoise eggs have fertilized spots or fertilized clitellum, marking according to the production time, orderly placing the tortoise eggs in an egg collection box, checking the fertilization condition within 96 hours after the tortoise eggs are produced, picking the well fertilized tortoise eggs out, and placing the tortoise eggs in an incubator for incubation;
the spawning bed is an integrated selective spawning bed which is formed by integrating an open spawning bed and a semi-open spawning bed, and the integrated selective spawning bed is arranged in a quiet, moist and sunny place; in the 'spawning and hatching' process, the integrated selective spawning beds are arranged in a row, each integrated selective spawning bed is formed by integrally combining inclined plates with the inclination of 15 degrees on four sides, a raised spawning base plate is horizontally arranged in the middle of the inclined plates arranged on the four sides, the periphery of the spawning base plate is integrally connected with the inclined plates arranged on the four sides respectively, and a spawning base layer is arranged on the spawning base plate; a turtle opening is formed in each side of the inclined plate, a cavity enclosed by the four sides of the inclined plates forms a standby spawning chamber, the four sides of the inclined plates are all made of sound insulation plates, and a climbing anti-skid layer is laid on the upper surfaces of the sound insulation plates; a spawning base layer is laid in the standby spawning chamber, a humidifier is arranged on the spawning substrate, two humidifying pipelines are arranged on the humidifier, one humidifying pipeline humidifies the spawning substrate, and the other humidifying pipeline humidifies the interior of the spawning chamber; the spawning base layer is formed by firstly arranging a sterilized rice straw layer, spraying water on the sterilized rice straw layer to enable the humidity of the rice straw layer to be 70-85%, then paving a sand soil layer with the thickness of 10cm on the rice straw layer, and spraying water again for wetting;
2) young tortoise
a. Early-stage feeding of the young turtles: the young turtles are transferred and cultured in a temporary culture box two days before going out of the shells, the young turtles are not taken in the first two days and are provided with nutrition by self egg yolks, and the young turtles are fed with water fleas and water earthworms after two days, and are gradually fed with minced fish, shrimps and animal viscera at intervals of 2-3 hours;
b. feeding young turtles in the later period: timely breeding the young turtles in separate ponds after the young turtles grow for 30 days in the temporary breeding box, and covering the upper parts in the young turtles in the ponds by using a nylon net;
c. overwintering of young turtles: the method comprises the following steps that young turtles are subjected to overwintering in an overwintering chamber, the overwintering chamber is a square frame, each overwintering chamber is built by a transparent glass plate, the length and the width of each overwintering chamber are 1m, the height of each overwintering chamber is 1-1.5m, a layer of vermiculite is laid at the bottom of the overwintering chamber, water is stored for 3-4cm, a plurality of habitat layers are arranged in parallel in the overwintering chamber from top to bottom, a climbing ladder is connected between every two habitat layers arranged from top to bottom, moss with the thickness of 3-5cm is arranged on each climbing ladder, the young turtles move or rest on any one habitat layer through the climbing ladder, moss with the thickness of 8-10cm is arranged on each habitat layer, water is sprayed on the moss, the moss is kept moist, and the young turtles;
in the young turtle overwintering process, one side of each inhabiting layer of an overwintering chamber is provided with a water spraying pipe, a temperature sensor is arranged in the overwintering chamber, a heater is arranged outside the overwintering chamber, the heater conveys heat to the interior of the overwintering chamber through a heating pipeline, the temperature is detected through the temperature sensor, the temperature of the overwintering chamber is kept at 26-30 ℃, each inhabiting layer is provided with a feeding table, and the overwintering chamber is also provided with a switch valve corresponding to the feeding table;
3) young tortoise
a. Stocking: building young turtle breeding land, after hibernation, transferring to a breeding stage when the temperature rises to 15 ℃ in the last 4 months of the 2 nd year, breeding according to different specifications, placing turtles with basically consistent individual sizes in the same young turtle breeding land, wherein the breeding area of each young turtle is 2-4m2The stocking density is 20-40/m2The breeding land for the young turtles comprises a land part and a deep water part, the area ratio of the land part to the deep water part is 7:3, the water depth is not more than 5cm, a feeding table is arranged on the land part, the young turtles are soaked and disinfected before stocking, and a deep water tank of the deep water part of the young turtles is disinfected and sterilized;
b. feeding baits: the bait of the young turtles is prepared from animal bait, plant bait and artificial compound feed in a ratio of 8: 2:1, mixed feeding, wherein the feeding amount of the animal bait of each young turtle is 5 to 8 percent of the weight of the young turtle, and the young turtles are respectively fed for 1 time in the morning and at night;
c. daily management: adding fresh water into the deep water part every 7-10 days, observing the change of the environmental temperature, preventing the water temperature from suddenly rising due to direct sunlight, and building a plastic film to keep the proper temperature of the breeding place of the young turtles when the deep water part is overwintering;
d. enabling young turtles to live through the winter;
4) adult tortoise
a. Stocking: constructing an open-air and quiet zone as a terrapin breeding ground, wherein the terrapin breeding ground comprises a land part and a deep water part, the area ratio of the land part to the deep water part is 7:3, the water depth is not more than 8cm, plants are planted on the land part, a layer of broad-leaved tree fallen leaves is paved on the land part, the broad-leaved tree fallen leaves are replaced every 15 days, the deep water pool and breeding tools of the deep water part are thoroughly sterilized before stocking, and the stocking density of terrapins is 5-6/m2；
b. Bait throwing: the bait of adult turtles is prepared from animal bait, plant bait and artificial compound feed in a proportion of 7: 3:1, mixed feeding, wherein the feeding amount of animal baits of each adult turtle accounts for 5 to 8 percent of the weight of the turtle, the feeding amount of the animal baits is increased by 1 percent when the temperature is increased by 2 ℃, and the plant baits and the artificial compound feed are correspondingly increased according to the proportion;
c. daily management: injecting new water into the deep water part every 7-10 days, and disinfecting the deep water pool and the grown tortoise in the deep water part every 10-15 days, wherein the water is changed to ensure that the temperature difference of the water is not higher than 3-4 ℃;
d. enabling adult turtles to live through the winter;
wherein,
in the step 1), the incubator adopts a foam box, a layer of vermiculite and perlite with the thickness of 5-10cm is arranged at the bottom in the incubator, the ratio of the vermiculite to the perlite is 1:1, the water is sprayed to wet the eggs, after the eggs are placed, a layer of vermiculite with the thickness of 3cm is laid on the eggs, the humidity in the incubator is kept between 75% and 90%, and the temperature is kept between 26 ℃ and 32 ℃;
a little water is placed in the temporary rearing box in the step 2) of early rearing of young turtles, the depth of the water is one fifth of the height of the box body, and the temperature in the temporary rearing box is kept at 25-30 ℃;
in the step 1, the parent turtles are bred, before entering parent turtle ponds, parent turtles are soaked in potassium permanganate solution with the concentration of 10 mg/L and disinfected for 15-20 minutes; step 3), when the breeding pond is placed in the 'stocking' pond, soaking the young turtles for 5 minutes by adopting 10 mg/L potassium permanganate solution for disinfection; step 4, soaking the grown turtles for 10 minutes by adopting 10 mg/L potassium permanganate solution for disinfection when the turtles are put into a pond in the 'stocking';
the deep water pool of the deep water part in the step 3) and the deep water pool of the deep water part in the step 4) are thoroughly disinfected by quicklime and exposed to the sun;
and (3) selecting outdoor overwintering from the young turtles in the step 3 and the grown turtles in the step 4, building a small hibernation pond, paving fine sand with the thickness of 20cm at the bottom of the pond, wetting the sand, placing the wetted couch grass which is steamed and cooled on the sand, gradually reducing the thickness of the couch grass along with the rise of the air temperature, and stretching hands into the couch grass every 7-10 days to check the health, dryness and wetness of the turtles.
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