CN105981684B - A kind of production breeding method of the preferred long soft-shelled turtle in open country - Google Patents
A kind of production breeding method of the preferred long soft-shelled turtle in open country Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of production breeding methods of preferred long soft-shelled turtle in open country, the stages such as the method includes breed breeding, the hatching of ovum, young soft-shelled turtles to cultivate, finished product production, the production breeding method all uses open field to grow, the breed breeding is in the following way: (a) in the basin of the national Shelled Turtle Trionyx Sinensis suitable growth such as the Changjiang river, the Yellow River, Poyang Lake, local outstanding Shelled Turtle Trionyx Sinensis kind is selected, it is carried out to independent breeding respectively and hybridization is cultivated；(b) using the color of soft-shelled turtle is good, vigor is high, growth is moderate, 8 years or more disease-free hurt the conditions such as shape is complete and selects the close soft-shelled turtle cultivated from (a) as the preferably long soft-shelled turtle parent in open country.The soft-shelled turtle that this method is cultivated has unique delicious mouthfeel and quality, and meat, mouthfeel and tonic effect are more excellent, is continuity and raising to wild soft-shelled turtle excellent variety, but also have the edible safety improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of commercial turtle breeding and cultivating methods, in particular to a production and cultivation method for optimized wild turtles.
Background
Soft-shelled turtles, commonly known as soft-shelled turtles, water fishes, croakers, Wangbai and the like, oviparous reptiles live in amphibious life. The soft-shelled turtle meat has delicious taste and rich nutrition, and has the effects of clearing heat, nourishing yin, calming liver, calming wind, softening hardness and dissipating stagnation. Not only is a delicious food on a dining table, but also is a nourishing medicine and a traditional Chinese medicine material with wide application. The Chinese mainly comprises Chinese soft-shelled turtle, wattle-necked soft-shelled turtle, pelodiscus sinensis and soft-shelled turtle, wherein the Chinese soft-shelled turtle is the most common.
The soft-shelled turtle is a omnivorous animal mainly made of animal food, and fishes, shrimps, tadpoles, snails, clams, shells, insects and the like are favored in a wild environment. When animal food is deficient, grass, melons, grains, plant rhizomes, etc. are also used as food. The trionyx eating can be eaten by itself when the food is insufficient. The soft-shelled turtle is both greedy and hungry, and can eat for a long time even one year without eating and death. Of course, this is to maintain life activities by its own accumulated nutrients, and to supply enough food for artificial cultivation to accelerate its growth. Because the soft-shelled turtles are oviparous animals, the eggs are hatched under the condition of no parent protection, and the hatching period is long. Therefore, although the fertility of the soft-shelled turtles is strong, the hatchability and the survival rate of the soft-shelled turtles are low in natural environment due to the influence of various enemies, pathogen attack and bad weather. The artificial breeding is adopted, so that the hatchability can be greatly improved, the hatching period is shortened, and sufficient seedlings are provided for artificial soft-shelled turtles.
However, in artificial breeding, most enterprises use complete feed for feeding in order to pursue economic benefits, and mainly adopt greenhouse breeding and segmented breeding to artificially shorten the growth period of the soft-shelled turtles, so that the bred soft-shelled turtles have short period, small activity, soft meat, much fat, thin and narrow skirt edges, poor taste, and are not popular in the market due to small water body space, poor growth environment and heavy peculiar smell. Therefore, many new ecological breeding methods are produced at the same time, but due to the defects of impure turtle varieties, poor breeding environment and the like, the taste and quality of the real wild turtles are still difficult to achieve.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a production and cultivation method for preferentially selecting wild soft-shelled turtles.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a production and cultivation method for preferentially selecting wild soft-shelled turtles comprises the stages of variety breeding, egg hatching, young soft-shelled turtle cultivation, finished product production and the like, and is characterized in that the production and cultivation method completely adopts field open-air growth, and the variety breeding adopts the following mode:
(a) selecting local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties in suitable growing watersheds of Chinese soft-shelled turtles in Yangtze river, yellow river, Yanghu and the like, and performing independent breeding and hybrid cultivation on the local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties;
(b) selecting the parent soft-shelled turtle cultured in the step (a) as the preferred wild long-shelled turtle parent under the conditions of good color and luster, high vitality, moderate growth, complete appearance without injury for more than eight years and the like of the soft-shelled turtle.
According to the invention, the cultivation method uses the same or different cultivation modes, preferably different cultivation modes, in the stages of young turtle cultivation and finished product production. Wherein, in the young turtle cultivation stage (1), deep sea white fish meal, starch and the like are adopted as food materials to cultivate second-instar young turtles, and then the fourth-instar young turtles are obtained by adopting a mode of self-predation of living aquatic animals mainly comprising live shrimps. Preferably, the living aquatic animals are shrimps, crucian carps, silver carps, bighead carps, grass carps, and the like, which are cultured in a moving water body of the turtles. More preferably around 5 months per year. (2) In the production stage of finished products, the live aquatic animals mainly including live shrimps are completely preyed by themselves, and the culture density of the finished products is preferably 50-300 per mu according to the age, size, fishing and pond storage conditions of the turtles.
According to the invention, the incubation is carried out in brackish and slightly alkaline water. Wherein, the salinity is controlled between 2 and 4 per mill and the pH is controlled between 7.4 and 8.7 by exogenous river water and timely water exchange. In addition, the water quality monitoring is carried out in the whole process, and all indexes reach the national pollution-free culture water quality standard.
According to the invention, the whole outdoor growth is adopted, namely the whole cultivation process is carried out in the outdoor condition. Specifically, the young soft-shelled turtles are cultivated in a field young soft-shelled turtle cultivation pool, and the advantages and the disadvantages are eliminated in a natural environment; after the second-instar young turtles are cultured in the water body on the large water surface of the wild long turtles, the young turtles are further eliminated under the natural environment condition.
According to the invention, the cultivation water surface is selected to be cultivated on a large water surface. Specifically, a single water body is about 100 mu, and the water depth is 1-2 m.
According to the invention, natural elimination is adopted in the production and cultivation method. Specifically, no hormone is added artificially in the whole cultivation process, no antibiotics and other medicines are used, and unqualified turtles are eliminated by utilizing the principles of wild growth and natural environment elimination.
According to the invention, after young second-instar soft-shelled turtles, the young soft-shelled turtles are separated into males and females, and are put into a large water surface water body for cultivating food, and live shrimps are mainly preyed by self.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the quality of the soft-shelled turtle is greatly improved by cross breeding of Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties in important domestic water areas, and the soft-shelled turtle can be bred in five years, while the wild long soft-shelled turtle optimized by the method disclosed by the invention requires over eight years of parent breeding, and is high in nutrition, good in taste, strong in vitality, high in disease resistance, high in hatching rate and robust in seedling quality.
2. The brackish and weak alkaline water grows to ensure that the content of free delicious amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, glycine and the like in the body is higher; the alkalescent water not only reduces the existence of pathogenic microorganisms, but also improves the metabolism, is beneficial to improving the quality, and brings unique delicious taste and quality.
3. The natural elimination method of automatically predating living aquatic animals (mainly live shrimps) based on fine breed breeding and large water surface maintains the hunger degree of the wild soft-shelled turtles, increases the activity of the wild soft-shelled turtles, trains the wild properties of the soft-shelled turtles, improves the physique of the soft-shelled turtles, and ensures that the finished soft-shelled turtles are fiercely and agile, bright in color, wide and thick in skirt edges, good in toughness, less in fat and hard in meat quality. Meanwhile, the growth speed is effectively delayed, so that compared with common soft-shelled turtles with the same weight, the preferred wild soft-shelled turtles have longer ages, and the meat quality, the mouthfeel and the dietetic invigoration effect are more excellent, thereby being a continuation and improvement on the excellent varieties of the wild soft-shelled turtles.
4. Compared with the common soft-shelled turtles, the optimized growing process of the wild soft-shelled turtles not only maintains the advantages of the original species, but also maintains the wild property and the quality of the wild soft-shelled turtles, and the guarantee of the water quality in the whole process also avoids the influence of microorganisms such as agricultural pollution, heavy metal pollution and parasites, and ensures the edible safety.
Detailed Description
In the invention, the wild soft-shelled turtle is a soft-shelled turtle which grows in the foreign river water, is self-growing and self-extinguishing and grows without any human factor.
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle is commonly called as a soft-shelled turtle, is a generic name in biology, and can be checked in hundred degrees.
The young soft-shelled turtle is small soft-shelled turtle with the weight of 3.5-5.0 g/turtle, which is obtained by incubating turtle eggs at the constant temperature of 31-33 ℃ for about 50 days and breaking shells.
The young soft-shelled turtles are carefully cultured, all the young soft-shelled turtles are less than five years old, the weight of the young soft-shelled turtles is less than 500g, and the young soft-shelled turtles do not reach complete sexual maturity.
The independent breeding refers to breeding among the same varieties.
The hybrid breeding refers to breeding among different varieties.
The invention discloses a production and cultivation method for preferentially growing wild soft-shelled turtles, which comprises the stages of variety breeding, egg hatching, young soft-shelled turtle cultivation, finished product production and the like, wherein the production and cultivation method completely adopts field open-air growth, and the variety breeding adopts the following mode:
(a) selecting local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties in suitable growing watersheds of Chinese soft-shelled turtles in Yangtze river, yellow river, Yanghu and the like, and performing independent breeding and hybrid cultivation on the local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties;
(b) selecting the parent soft-shelled turtle cultured in the step (a) as the preferred wild long-shelled turtle parent under the conditions of good color and luster, high vitality, moderate growth, complete appearance without injury for more than eight years and the like of the soft-shelled turtle.
In the invention, more than eight years are selected because the comprehensive quality of the soft-shelled turtles is better as the soft-shelled turtles grow longer, the soft-shelled turtles generally comprise nutrient components, mouthfeel, disease resistance, hatchability and the like, and the soft-shelled turtles with more than eight years are selected as parents to have good effect in consideration of various factors such as cost, egg yield, hatchability and the like.
In addition, in the breeding of the variety, the first selection standard of strong vitality, strong disease resistance, wide and thick skirt edge and excellent physique is adopted, and the growth speed is the secondary principle. The breeding of the good variety of commercial soft-shelled turtles by the prior art generally takes the high growth speed as a first selection standard, but the method of the invention does not take the high growth speed as the first selection standard, specifically, the selection of the parent of the preferred wild soft-shelled turtles is taken as an example, the method takes the strong vitality, strong disease resistance and excellent physique as the first selection standard on the basis of natural elimination, and the growth speed is a secondary principle. In addition, the wild soft-shelled turtles which are more than eight years preferred are particularly selected as parents, and the wild soft-shelled turtles have the advantages of wide and thick skirts, high nutrition, good taste, strong vitality, high disease resistance, high hatchability, robust seedling quality and the like.
In the hatching stage of eggs, the complete, transparent and bright turtle eggs with the weight of 3.5-5.5 and capable of obviously distinguishing animal and plant polar are selected as hatching eggs aiming at egg laying of parent turtles in late 5 months each year, and the hatching material adopts clean sand. Preferably, said incubation is performed in an incubator, said incubator preferably being of the specification: 60cm by 18 cm. In the invention, the selected turtle eggs are incubated at the constant temperature of 31-33 ℃ for about 50 days, and the small turtles are broken to obtain young turtles with the weight of about 3.5-5.0 g/turtle.
In the young turtle breeding stage of the present invention. The young turtle breeding stage comprises the following processes: (1) carefully selecting the young soft-shelled turtles, and putting the young soft-shelled turtles into a field young soft-shelled turtle culture pond; deep sea white fish meal, starch and the like are adopted as food materials for cultivation; preferably cultivated in the open air in the field. Preferably, the area of the field young turtle cultivation pond is within 1000 square meters, and the water depth is preferably between 0.4m and 1.0 m. More preferably, 30 young turtles are put in each square meter. (2) After the cultivation of nearly two years (preferably about 22 months), two times of hibernation period without eating every several months (preferably 6-7 months), obtaining the young second-aged soft-shelled turtles with the weight of about 160-; (3) and (3) separating the male and female parts of the young second-instar turtles, putting the young second-instar turtles into a large water body of the wild long turtles (preferably, putting the young second-instar turtles into the large water body every 5 months), and breeding the young second-instar turtles by adopting a living aquatic animal mode of self-feeding living shrimps mainly. The water area of the large water surface is preferably 100-120 mu; the water depth is preferably between 1.0 and 2.0 m. The living aquatic animals are shrimps, crucian carps, silver carps, bighead carps, grass carps and the like which are cultured in the moving water body of the turtles. Preferably, 300-500 young trionyx sinensis of two ages are thrown in each mu. (4) After the stocking cultivation of nearly two years (preferably about 22 months), and further two times during the period, each time in about several months (preferably 6-7 months) of non-eating hibernation period, the young four-year-old soft-shelled turtles with the weight of about 400-500 g/young soft-shelled turtles are obtained.
Preferably, the selection principle of the young soft-shelled turtles is good in activity and free of damage. Most preferably, no disease-resistant drugs are fed and put in the whole young turtle breeding stage.
The method comprises two stages of young turtle cultivation and finished product production. Wherein, in the young turtle cultivation stage, deep sea white fish meal, starch and the like are adopted as food materials to cultivate second-instar young turtles, and then the fourth-instar young turtles are obtained by adopting a mode of self-predation of living aquatic animals mainly comprising live shrimps; preferably, the living aquatic animals are shrimps, crucian carps, silver carps, bighead carps, grass carps, and the like, which are cultured in a moving water body of the turtles. Such advantages are: silver carps and bighead carps live on the upper layer and prey on phytoplankton and other phytoplankton; grass carp lives in the middle layer and eats various aquatic weeds; crucian lives on the bottom layer and mainly eats vegetal food; the shrimps live in the middle and lower layers and provide food for the turtles; the zooplankton ingests phytoplankton, and the excrement and the discharged substances of the ingested fish, the shrimp and the soft-shelled turtle are decomposed by microorganisms to provide nutrition for the phytoplankton; the water body is fully utilized, the added value is improved, more importantly, a balanced ecological system is constructed, the natural environment which is closer to the original ecology is provided for the soft-shelled turtles, and the live shrimps are used as the food sources of the soft-shelled turtles. (2) In the production stage of finished products, the live aquatic animals mainly including live shrimps are completely preyed by themselves, and the culture density of the finished products is preferably 50-300 per mu according to the age, size, fishing and pond storage conditions of the turtles.
The existing commercial turtle breeding mainly comprises feeding of turtle feed and fresh baits of non-living objects and predation of a small amount of living objects. In the invention, a staged cultivation mode is adopted, so that the method not only provides fresh and alive food with comprehensive nutrition, but also increases the hunger degree and the activity of the preferred wild soft-shelled turtles, trains the wild nature of the soft-shelled turtles, improves the physique of the soft-shelled turtles, has less fat, firm meat, bright color and luster, wide and thick skirt edges and good toughness.
The existing commercial turtle culture is mainly based on small-water-surface culture which is easy to control, and the water surface of a single pond is generally within 10 mu. The invention adopts large water surface cultivation, and the single water body is about 100 mu. The mode ensures a stable overall ecological environment of the optimized wild soft-shelled turtle, and importantly, the large water surface increases the activity space of the soft-shelled turtle, the shrimp and other aquatic animals, increases the space and the activity of the live aquatic animals mainly catching the live shrimp by the soft-shelled turtle, improves the physique and is very beneficial to the quality improvement.
In the later cultivation process of the young second-instar soft-shelled turtles, the self-predatory food is cultivated in the living soft-shelled turtle feeding cultivation stage. Preferably, the living turtle food breeding stage comprises the following processes: the shrimp is cultured in a large water surface water body of 100-120 mu, and living aquatic animals such as crucian, silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp and the like are cultured at the same time. In the present invention, the cultivation of the turtle food is preferably performed after the turtles (such as young turtles or young turtles) have spent hibernation (preferably 5 months per year). More preferably, the shrimp feed is grown after 5 months per year. The fry is cultivated in the middle and last ten days of 3 months each year. More preferably, the shrimp food is selected from penaeus vannamei boone, preferably second generation larvae, with a density of 5-6 thousand tails per acre and a size of 0.8-1.0 cm. The fish food comprises: about 300g of bighead carp 12 fish/mu, about 200g of silver carp 8 fish/mu, about 300g of grass carp 3 fish/mu and 200 fish/mu.
The production stage of the finished product comprises the following processes: the young trionyx sinensis of the four ages is bred into a large water body with cultured food according to sex, and the area of the water body is 100-120 mu. Preferably, the stocking density is 50-300 per mu. The culture food is selected from the above-mentioned culture through living turtle food breeding stage. Most preferably, the whole production process of the finished product does not feed exogenous baits and mainly depends on self-feeding of live shrimps. After a growth period of preferably at least one year, i.e. after at least 1 hibernation period, the product is marketed without drug control over the entire process.
The common commercial soft-shelled turtle culture is mainly freshwater culture, and the preferable wild soft-shelled turtles are cultured by brackish and weakly alkaline water. Wherein, the salinity is controlled to be about 2-4 per mill, so that the content of free umami amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, glycine and the like in the body is higher; the alkalescent water (the pH is controlled between 7.4 and 8.7) not only reduces the existence of pathogenic microorganisms, but also improves the metabolism of the pathogenic microorganisms, is beneficial to improving the quality, and brings about unique delicious taste and quality. The method has higher requirement on water quality, reaches the national healthy culture standard, and greatly improves the edible safety.
According to the preferred scheme of the invention, the water quality is clean and has no industrial pollution, the transparency is about 25cm, the dissolved oxygen is 5mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.02mg/L, and the nitrite is less than or equal to 0.1 mg/L.
When diseases occur in the cultivation of general commercial soft-shelled turtles, drug control is carried out, or natural elimination selection is carried out only in the seedling stage, while the cultivation of wild long soft-shelled turtles is optimized, no disease-resistant drugs are applied in the whole process, meanwhile, the artificial control on the natural state is reduced, the soft-shelled turtles grow under the condition close to the field, weak individuals are naturally eliminated, the weak individuals are continuously eliminated in the natural environment from the seedlings to the finished soft-shelled turtles, and the soft-shelled turtles which survive through continuous natural elimination for more than 5 years have high disease resistance and strong physique; and no hormone is artificially added, no drug residues such as antibiotics and the like exist, and the preparation is safe, harmless, green and healthy.
The existing common commercial products for breeding the soft-shelled turtles generally comprise two types: firstly, greenhouse cultivation, namely heating control in the whole process to cultivate commercial soft-shelled turtles for 1 year (10 months); the other is segmented culture, namely greenhouse heating control is carried out in the seedling culture stage to shorten the growth time of the seedlings, and after the seedlings are close to finished products, the seedlings are put into an open pond for culture to obtain commercial soft-shelled turtles for 2 years (15-18 months). The preferred wild soft-shelled turtle of the invention adopts the whole-course outdoor growth technology, and the cultivation process after hatching is free of any temperature control, and the wild soft-shelled turtles naturally live through the winter and are cultivated for more than 5 years. The growth speed of the soft-shelled turtle is effectively delayed in such a way, and sick soft-shelled turtles with unhealthy physique can naturally overwinter and be eliminated; through field overwintering, the meat quality and taste are better, and the nutritional value is improved.
As mentioned above, the method of the invention is established on the basis of fine breed breeding and large water surface, and the natural elimination method of automatically predating living aquatic animals (mainly live shrimps) keeps the hunger degree of the preferred wild soft-shelled turtles, increases the activity of the wild soft-shelled turtles, exercises the wildness of the soft-shelled turtles, improves the physique of the soft-shelled turtles, and ensures that the finished soft-shelled turtles are fiercely and agile, bright in color, wide and thick in skirt edges, good in toughness, less in fat and hard in meat quality. Meanwhile, the growth speed is effectively delayed, so that compared with common soft-shelled turtles with the same weight, the preferred wild soft-shelled turtles have longer ages, and the meat quality, the mouthfeel and the dietetic invigoration effect are more excellent, thereby being a continuation and improvement on the excellent varieties of the wild soft-shelled turtles.
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. The method is a conventional method unless otherwise specified. The starting materials are commercially available from the open literature unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
1. Variety breeding:
(a) selecting local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties in suitable growing watersheds of Chinese soft-shelled turtles in Yangtze river, yellow river, Yanghu and the like, and independently breeding the local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtles;
(b) selecting parent soft-shelled turtles cultured in the step (a) as preferred wild long soft-shelled turtle parents under the conditions of good color and luster, high vitality, moderate growth, complete appearance without injury for more than eight years and the like of the soft-shelled turtles; specifically, the soft-shelled turtle with strong vitality, strong disease resistance, wide and thick skirt, excellent physique, moderate growth speed, more than eight years, no injury and complete appearance is selected as the parent soft-shelled turtle.
2. Hatching eggs: the parent turtles begin to lay eggs in late 5 months every year, the weight of the eggs for hatching is about 3.5-5.5g, and the eggs are complete, transparent and bright and can clearly distinguish animal poles and plant poles. The specification of the incubator is as follows: 60cm is multiplied by 18cm, and the hatching material adopts clean sand. The selected turtle eggs are incubated at the constant temperature of 31-33 ℃ for about 50 days, the small turtles break the shells and come out, and the weight of the young turtles with broken shells is about 3.5-5.0 g/egg.
3. Young turtle cultivation: and (4) carefully selecting the young turtles and putting the young turtles into a field young turtle cultivation pool. The field young turtle culture pond has an area of 900 square meters and a water depth of 0.4-1.0 m, 30 young turtles are put in each square meter, and deep sea white fish meal and starch are used as main food materials to be cultured in the open air in the field. Stopping feeding in 10 months, entering a first hibernation period of nearly 7 months, resuming feeding in 5 months in the second year, stopping feeding in 11 months, entering a second hibernation period of about 6 months, and enabling the weight of the soft-shelled turtles in 5 months in the third year to reach about 160-year-plus 200 g/young soft-shelled turtles, which are called second-year-old young soft-shelled turtles, wherein the whole process is free from feeding and putting in anti-disease drugs. Separating male and female parts of young soft-shelled turtles of two ages, putting the young soft-shelled turtles of two ages into a large water surface water body of the wild long soft-shelled turtles, wherein the area of the large water surface water body is 100 mu, the water depth is 1.0-2.0m, 300 plus one 400 plus one young soft-shelled turtles are put into each mu, and the young soft-shelled turtles are cultivated in a way of automatically predating living aquatic animals mainly comprising live shrimps, crucian carps, silver carps, bighead carps, grass carps and the like, wherein the living aquatic animals are cultured in the moving. The young soft-shelled turtles are kept for nearly two years, and the weight of the young soft-shelled turtles can reach about 400-500 g/soft-shelled turtle after two hibernation periods, and the young soft-shelled turtles at the moment can be called four-year-old young soft-shelled turtles. The whole process is free from feeding and putting in anti-disease drugs.
4. Living turtle food cultivation: the shrimp is cultured in 100 mu of water body every 5 months, and meanwhile, living aquatic animals such as crucian, silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp and the like are cultured. The penaeus vannamei boone is mainly bred, second-generation seedlings are selected, the density is 5-6 ten thousand tails per mu, the size is 0.8-1.0cm, and the seedlings are bred in 5 months per year; meanwhile, about 300g of bighead carp 12 fish/mu, about 200g of silver carp 8 fish/mu, about 300g of crucian carp 200 fish/mu and about 300g of grass carp 3 fish/mu, the fry is released in the first ten days of 3 months of each year
5. And (3) finished product production: the male and female parts of young soft-shelled turtles of four ages are separated and placed in a large water surface water body for culturing the soft-shelled turtles to eat, the area of the water body is 100 mu, the placing density is 50-150 per mu, no exogenous bait is fed in the whole process, living shrimps are mainly predated by self, the shrimps grow for two years, namely the shrimps enter the market after 2 hibernation periods, and no drug is added in the whole process for controlling.
6. Harvesting: proper amount of the shrimps are caught every 9 and 10 months, but the rest amount of the shrimps is enough to ensure that the soft-shelled turtles have enough live shrimp food, and the shrimps are gradually caught when the soft-shelled turtles enter the hibernation period; various fishes are harvested by fishing in 11 months every year. When the soft-shelled turtles grow for at least 5 years, the soft-shelled turtles can be fished and put on the market.
7. The water quality requirement is as follows: cultivating with special brackish water, and controlling salinity at 2-4 ‰viaexogenous river water and timely water exchange; cultivating with weak alkaline water, wherein the pH is 7.4-8.7; and the water quality monitoring in the whole process is carried out, and all indexes reach the national pollution-free aquaculture water quality standard, such as clean water quality without industrial pollution, transparency of about 25cm, dissolved oxygen of 5mg/L, ammonia nitrogen of less than or equal to 0.02mg/L and nitrite of less than or equal to 0.1 mg/L. The water quality regulation is mainly carried out by using various microbial preparations such as quicklime, EM (effective microorganisms) and the like, and is safe and harmless.
8. A natural elimination method: the whole process of production and cultivation is carried out in the open air in the field, a natural elimination method is adopted, the damage and the disease of the soft-shelled turtles are not treated by drug control, and the burying treatment is carried out immediately after the dead soft-shelled turtles are found.
The obtained preferred wild long soft-shelled turtle has good vitality, bright color, wide and thick skirt edge, good toughness, less fat and hard meat. Compared with the common soft-shelled turtles with the same weight, the wild soft-shelled turtles have longer growth period and more excellent nutrition, mouthfeel and dietetic invigoration effect.
Example 2
1. Variety breeding:
(a) selecting local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties in suitable growing watersheds of Chinese soft-shelled turtles in Yangtze river, yellow river, Yanghu and the like, and respectively carrying out hybrid cultivation on the local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties;
(b) selecting parent soft-shelled turtles cultured in the step (a) as preferred wild long soft-shelled turtle parents under the conditions of good color and luster, high vitality, moderate growth, complete appearance without injury for more than eight years and the like of the soft-shelled turtles; specifically, the soft-shelled turtle with strong vitality, strong disease resistance, wide and thick skirt, excellent physique, moderate growth speed, more than eight years, no injury and complete appearance is selected as the parent soft-shelled turtle.
2. Hatching eggs: the parent turtles begin to lay eggs in late 5 months each year, the weight of the eggs for hatching is 3.5-5.5g, the eggs are complete, transparent and bright, and the animal poles and the plant poles can be clearly distinguished. The specification of the incubator is as follows: 60cm is multiplied by 18cm, and the hatching material adopts clean sand. The selected turtle eggs are incubated at the constant temperature of 31-33 ℃ for about 50 days, the small turtles break the shells and come out, and the weight of the young turtles with broken shells is about 3.5-5.0 g/egg.
3. Young turtle cultivation: selecting young soft-shelled turtles with good activity and no damage, and placing the young soft-shelled turtles into a field young soft-shelled turtle cultivation pool. The field young turtle culture pond has an area of 800 square meters and a water depth of 0.4-1.0 m, 25 young turtles are put in each square meter, and deep sea white fish meal and starch are used as main food materials to be cultured in the open air in the field. Stopping feeding in 10 months, entering the first hibernation period of nearly 7 months, resuming feeding in 5 months in the second year, stopping feeding in 10 months, entering the second hibernation period of nearly 7 months, and 5 months in the third year, wherein the weight of the soft-shelled turtles can reach about 160-200 g/young soft-shelled turtles, which are called second-instar young soft-shelled turtles, and no feeding and feeding of anti-disease drugs are carried out in the whole process. Separating male and female young soft-shelled turtles of two ages, putting the young soft-shelled turtles into a large water body of the wild long soft-shelled turtles, wherein the area of the large water body is 120 mu, the water depth is 1.0-2.0m, and 400 plus-one young soft-shelled turtles are put into each mu, and the young soft-shelled turtles are cultivated in a way of self-predation of living aquatic animals mainly comprising live shrimps, and the living aquatic animals comprise shrimps, crucian carps, silver carps, bighead carps, grass carps and the like which are cultivated in the moving. The young soft-shelled turtles are kept for nearly two years, and the weight of the young soft-shelled turtles can reach about 400-500 g/soft-shelled turtle after two hibernation periods, and the young soft-shelled turtles at the moment can be called four-year-old young soft-shelled turtles. The whole process is free from feeding and putting in anti-disease drugs.
4. Living turtle food cultivation: the shrimp is cultured in 120 mu of large water surface water body every 5 months, and meanwhile, living aquatic animals such as crucian, silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp and the like are cultured. The penaeus vannamei boone is mainly bred, second-generation seedlings are selected, the density is 5-6 ten thousand tails per mu, the size is 0.8-1.0cm, and the seedlings are bred in 5 months per year; meanwhile, about 300g of bighead carp 12 fish/mu, about 200g of silver carp 8 fish/mu, about 300g of crucian carp 190 fish/mu and about 300g of grass carp 3 fish/mu, and the fry are released in the first ten days of 3 months every year.
5. And (3) finished product cultivation: the male and female parts of young soft-shelled turtles of four ages are separated and placed in a large water surface water body for culturing the soft-shelled turtles to eat, the area of the water body is 120 mu, the placing density is 50-300 per mu, no exogenous bait is fed in the whole process, living shrimps are mainly predated by self, the shrimps grow for three years, namely the shrimps enter the market after 3 hibernation periods, and no drug is added in the whole process for controlling.
6. Harvesting: proper amount of the prawns are caught every 9 and 10 months, but the remaining amount of the prawns is enough to ensure that the soft-shelled turtles have enough live shrimp foodstuff, and the prawns are just gradually caught when the soft-shelled turtles enter the hibernation period; various fishes are harvested by fishing in 11 months every year. When the soft-shelled turtles grow for at least 5 years, the soft-shelled turtles can be fished and put on the market.
7. The water quality requirement is as follows: cultivating with special brackish water, and controlling salinity at 2-4 ‰viaexogenous river water and timely water exchange; cultivating with weak alkaline water, wherein the pH is 7.4-8.7; and the water quality monitoring in the whole process is carried out, and all indexes reach the national pollution-free aquaculture water quality standard, such as clean water quality without industrial pollution, transparency of about 25cm, dissolved oxygen of 5mg/L, ammonia nitrogen of less than or equal to 0.02mg/L and nitrite of less than or equal to 0.1 mg/L. The water quality regulation is mainly carried out by using various microbial preparations such as quicklime, EM (effective microorganisms) and the like, and is safe and harmless.
8. A natural elimination method: the whole process of production and cultivation is carried out in the open air in the field, a natural elimination method is adopted, the damage and the disease of the soft-shelled turtles are not treated by drug control, and the burying treatment is carried out immediately after the dead soft-shelled turtles are found.
The obtained preferred wild long soft-shelled turtle has good vitality, bright color, wide and thick skirt edge, good toughness, less fat and hard meat. Compared with the common soft-shelled turtles with the same weight, the wild soft-shelled turtles have longer growth period and more excellent nutrition, mouthfeel and dietetic invigoration effect.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical features of the present invention, and are not used for limiting the scope of the claimed invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any modifications and variations that may be made based on the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (15)
1. A production and cultivation method for preferentially selecting wild soft-shelled turtles comprises the stages of variety breeding, seedling hatching, larva cultivation and finished product cultivation, and is characterized in that the production and cultivation method completely adopts field open-air growth, and the variety breeding adopts the following modes:
(a) selecting local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties in suitable growing watersheds of Chinese soft-shelled turtles in Yangtze river, yellow river or Poyang lake nationwide, and performing independent breeding and hybrid cultivation on the local excellent Chinese soft-shelled turtle varieties;
(b) selecting parent soft-shelled turtles cultured in the step (a) as wild long soft-shelled turtle parents under the conditions that the soft-shelled turtles are good in color and luster, high in vitality, proper in growth and complete in appearance without injury for more than eight years;
the hatching seedling adopts the following mode:
in the hatching stage of eggs, the eggs which are complete, transparent and bright and have the weight of 3.5-5.5g and can obviously distinguish the turtle eggs with animal and plant poles from each other and are laid by the parent turtles in the last 5 th ten days of each year are selected as the hatched eggs, and the hatching materials adopt clean sand;
the cultivation method adopts the same or different cultivation modes in the stages of larva cultivation and finished product cultivation; wherein,
(A) in the young turtle breeding stage, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) incubating the eggs of selected soft-shelled turtles at the constant temperature of 31-33 ℃ for 50 days, breaking the shells of the small soft-shelled turtles to obtain young soft-shelled turtles with the weight of 3.5-5.0 g/soft-shelled turtle, and carefully selecting the young soft-shelled turtles and putting the young soft-shelled turtles into a field young soft-shelled turtle culture pond; adopting deep sea white fish meal and starch as foodstuff for cultivation; cultivating in open air;
(2) after 22 months of cultivation, the second-age young trionyx sinensis with the weight of 160-;
(3) separating male and female parts of the young second-instar soft-shelled turtles, putting the young second-instar soft-shelled turtles into a large water body of the wild long soft-shelled turtles, and breeding the young second-instar soft-shelled turtles in a way of automatically predating living aquatic animals mainly comprising live shrimps;
(4) after 22 months of stocking and breeding, the four-year-old young soft-shelled turtles with the weight of 400-500 g/soft-shelled turtle are obtained in a hibernation period of no eating for 6-7 months each time;
(B) in the finished product cultivation stage, living aquatic animals mainly predating live shrimps are cultivated by self, young trionyx sinensis is released to a large water surface water body for cultivating trionyx sinensis according to sex, the water body area is 100 plus 120 mu, and the releasing density is 50-300 per mu; the whole process of the finished product culture stage does not feed exogenous baits and mainly depends on self-feeding of live shrimps; in the finished product cultivation stage, the finished product is listed after at least one year of growth period, namely at least 1 hibernation period, and the whole process is not controlled by medicines;
the cultivation is carried out in brackish and weakly alkaline water; wherein, the salinity is controlled between 2 and 4 per mill and the pH is controlled between 7.4 and 8.7 by exogenous river water and timely water exchange; the water quality is clean and has no industrial pollution, the dissolved oxygen is 5mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.02mg/L, and the nitrite is less than or equal to 0.1 mg/L; in addition, the water quality monitoring is carried out in the whole process, and all indexes reach the national pollution-free culture water quality standard;
the cultivation water surface is selected to be cultivated on a large water surface, and a single water body is 120 mu in 100-;
the production cultivation method adopts natural elimination, namely, no hormone is artificially added in the whole cultivation process, no antibiotic medicine is used for controlling plant diseases and insect pests, and weak individuals are naturally eliminated;
the cultivation bait is cultivated in a living body turtle feeding cultivation stage, and the living body turtle feeding cultivation stage comprises the following processes: the shrimp culture is carried out in a large water surface water body of 100-120 mu, and meanwhile, living aquatic animals of crucian, silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp are cultured.
2. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the live aquatic animals are bred beginning 5 months before and after each year.
3. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 1,
in the stage of variety breeding, the first selection standard is high vitality, high disease resistance, wide and thick skirt edge, excellent physique and secondary growth speed.
4. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the incubation is performed in an incubator, the incubator being of the following specifications: 60cm by 18 cm.
5. The production and cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1), the area of the field young turtle cultivation pond is within 1000 square meters, and the water depth is between 0.4m and 1.0 m.
6. The production and cultivation method as claimed in claim 5, wherein in step (1), 30 young trionyx sinensis are thrown per square meter.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the young second-instar soft-shelled turtles are separated into males and females, placed in a large surface water body 5 months per year, and bred by self-feeding live aquatic animals mainly including live shrimps.
8. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (3), the area of the large water surface is 100-120 mu; the water depth is between 1.0 and 2.0 m.
9. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 8, wherein in the step (3), the living aquatic animals are shrimps, crucian carps, silver carps, bighead carps and grass carps which are cultured in the moving water body of the soft-shelled turtles.
10. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 8, wherein in step (3), 300 young soft-shelled turtles of two years old are thrown per mu.
11. The production and cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cultivation of the turtle food is carried out after the young or young turtles have spent hibernation.
12. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the shrimp farming is performed after 5 months per year; the fry of crucian carp, silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp is cultivated in the middle and last ten days of 3 months each year.
13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the shrimp feed is selected from penaeus vannamei boone, has a density of 5-6 million tails per acre and a size of 0.8-1.0 cm.
14. The production and cultivation method according to claim 13, wherein the penaeus vannamei boone is a second generation seedling.
15. The production cultivation method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the crucian carp, the silver carp, the bighead carp and the grass carp include: 300g of bighead carp 12 fish/mu, 200g of silver carp 8 fish/mu, 200 crucian carp summer flower 200 fish/mu and 300g of grass carp 3 fish/mu.
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