CN106660453A - 用于估算混合动力车辆的牵引电池的性能恢复时间的方法 - Google Patents

用于估算混合动力车辆的牵引电池的性能恢复时间的方法 Download PDF

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CN106660453A
CN106660453A CN201580039549.4A CN201580039549A CN106660453A CN 106660453 A CN106660453 A CN 106660453A CN 201580039549 A CN201580039549 A CN 201580039549A CN 106660453 A CN106660453 A CN 106660453A
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battery
power level
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duration
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CN106660453B (zh
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A·圣-马尔库
M·费雷拉-德-阿劳约
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Renault SAS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于估算电池性能的恢复阶段的持续时间的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：‑如果所述电池中的可用功率小于最小所需电力水平，则激活所述充电阶段，所述充电阶段使得所述电池能够进入使得所述电池能够达到所述最小所需电力水平的充电状态和温度条件，‑以所述电池的温度/充电状态图来提供所述电池的运行模型，所述运行模型具有基本上沿着在所述电池的所述温度/充电状态图中所绘制的等功率曲线(10)延伸并且对应于所述电池所能够获得的所述最小所需电力水平的一部分，‑以及从所述提供的运行模型中估算所述充电阶段的持续时间。

Description

用于估算混合动力车辆的牵引电池的性能恢复时间的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于估算电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间的方法，所述电池性能恢复阶段可以是电池充电阶段。
背景技术
本发明优选地适用于装备有混合动力传动系的混合动力车辆的牵引电池，所述混合动力传动系包括用于一起或独立地确保在所述车辆的车轮处提供扭矩的热力发动机和至少一个电机。本发明以非限制性方式应用于在混合动力传动系结构中应用的牵引电池，所述混合动力传动系结构要求在从停止开始以所述车辆的低位移速度发动或“起步”的阶段中，在车轮处提供的功率仅来源于所述车辆牵引电池。在通过构造使热力发动机可以参与车辆的推进仅用于预定的目标车速的某些结构中情况就是这样，使得所述动力传动系仅具有存储在所述车辆的牵引电池中的电能以确保车辆的启动和位移，直到达到所述的预定目标车速，然后在所述点处切入热量。
在这种类型的结构中，为了避免车辆的临时制动，牵引电池必须总是能够提供所需最小电力水平，使得可以确保所述车辆的起步。在任何时刻，电池上可用的放电功率取决于其充电状态(电池放电越多，其能够提供的功率越少)、取决于其温度(电池越冷，其能够提供的功率越少)及其老化状态(电池越老，其能够提供的功率越少)。此外，在实践中，最好确保电池总是保持在最小充电状态水平和最低温度水平，使其能够确保所需最小电力水平。为此，已知的做法是在专用于电池管理的计算机中使用能量管理法则，使得一旦电池过度放电时即可命令对所述电池进行充电，例如，当其充电状态下降到临界阈值以下时，通过再生制动系统的激活或通过发电机系统的激活，所述发电机系统自身由车辆的热力发动机驱动。能量管理法则还可以被设计为使得可以在牵引电池的充电状态接近最小阈值时限制由所述牵引电池提供的功率，在所述最小阈值以下，所述牵引电池不再能够确保所需最小电力水平。
然而在某些极端的使用情况下，由计算机运用的能量管理法则无法使所述电池维持在使其能够确保所需最小电力水平的条件下。然后车辆有可能处于暂时制动的情况下，在这种情况下所述牵引电池不能提供所需的牵引动力来确保所述车辆从停止开始并以所述车辆的低位移速度起步。
本申请人名下的专利文献FR 2992274披露了一种用于控制配备有混合动力传动系的混合动力车辆牵引电池的再充电的方法，呈现了如上所述的限制，所述方法在车辆强制停止时使热力发动机驱动在发电机模式下操作的电机来对电池进行再充电，同时纯粹地且简单地拒绝所述车辆启动，直到所述电池的充电状态回到阈值以上而使其能够提供所需最小电力水平。
这种系统的缺点是，车辆被封锁，直到牵引电池性能恢复，换言之，直到牵引电池恢复到使其能够提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态和温度条件。车辆在道路上的制动确实可能是暂时的，但是它仍然使驾驶员处于不适和焦虑的情况下，不知道其后可以提供所需的最小功率以便重新启动车辆的电池性能恢复时间。
此外，需要能够获得对这种电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间的精确估算，并且特别是需要能够估算在停车以使所述电池处于使其能够提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态和温度条件时激活混合动力车辆的牵引电池的充电阶段的持续时间。
发明内容
通过用于估算电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间的方法来实现此目的，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
-如果所述电池中可用的电力低于所需最小电力水平，则激活所述电池性能恢复阶段，所述阶段使得可以使所述电池达到使其能够提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态和温度条件，
-提供所述电池的运行模型，所述运行模型包括：在平面(BSOC，T)中，其中BSOC表示所述电池的充电状态，并且其中T表示所述电池的温度，表示在所述平面中所述电池的使其能够基本上传送所述所需最小电力水平的操作点的等功率曲线，所述曲线将使得所述电池可以传送在所述所需最小电力水平以上的电力水平的操作点与使得所述电池仅能够传送在所述所需最小电力水平以下的电力水平的操作点分开，
-从所述提供的运行模型中估算所述电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间。
优选地，所述电池性能恢复阶段由电池充电阶段组成。
有利地，估算所述充电阶段的持续时间的步骤包括以下步骤：
-确定在所述充电阶段期间提供给所述电池的电流值；以及
-从由在激活所述充电阶段的瞬间所述电池的温度和所述电池的充电状态所定义的所述电池的操作点开始，所述操作点允许所述电池仅传送在所述所需最小电力水平以下的电力电平，根据提供给所述电池的所述电流，确定所述充电阶段的所述持续时间为使所述电池的操作点达到所述等功率曲线所需的时间。
优选地，所述方法包括以下步骤：使所述等功率曲线局部线性化，以便定义随着所述电池温度呈线性变化的充电状态阈值，所述电池针对所述充电状态阈值能够提供所述所需最小电力水平，所述充电阶段的所述持续时间是相对于此充电状态阈值来确定的。
有利地，所述电池是混合动力车辆的牵引电池，所述混合动力车辆包括热力发动机和至少一个电动机，并且通过使用处于发电机模式下的所述至少一个电动机来实施所述充电阶段。
优选地，所述所需最小电力水平对应于确保所述车辆从停止开始并以所述车辆的低位移速度起步达到预定目标车速所需的牵引力。
有利地，所述方法可以包括显示所述电池性能恢复阶段的所述估算持续时间的步骤。
还提出了一种计算机程序产品，所述计算机程序产品包括当此程序在处理器上运行时用于执行上述方法步骤的指令。
上述方法因此可以通过数字处理器件来执行，例如一个微处理器、一个微控制器诸如此类。
还提出了一种用于估算电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间的设备，所述阶段使得可以使所述电池进入使其能够提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态和温度条件，所述设备包括：用于存储所述电池的运行模型的装置，所述运行模型包括，在平面(BSOC，T)中，其中BSOC表示所述电池的充电状态，并且其中T表示所述电池的温度，表示在所述平面中所述电池的使其能够基本上传送所述所需最小电力水平的操作点的等功率曲线，所述曲线将使得所述电池可以传送在所述所需最小电力水平以上的电力水平的操作点与使得所述电池仅能够传送在所述所需最小电力水平以下的电力水平的操作点分开；以及能够从所述提供的运行模型中估算所述电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间的计算装置。
还提出了一种包括如上所述的检测设备的机动车辆。
附图说明
参照附图，通过阅读下文以指示性但非限制性方式给出的本发明的具体实施例的描述，本发明的其它具体特征和优点将显现出来，在附图中：
-图1示出了在温度/充电状态平面中的所述电池的运行模型，所述运行模型包括对应于所述电池可提供的所需最小电力水平的等功率曲线；
-图2是类似于图1的图，示出了本发明的实现方式。
具体实施方式
下文的说明是在对装备有包括热力发动机和至少一个电动机的混合动力传动系的混合动力车辆的牵引电池的充电阶段的持续时间进行估算的情景下给出的，其中，所述电池充电阶段的目的在于，在所述牵引电池的充电状态过低以致不能提供所需最小电力水平来使所述车辆可以“起步”的情况下，确保当车辆停止时或处于低速时经由所述电动机“起步”车辆。
作为示例，所述所需最小电力水平可以被额定为满足以下限制：在标准斜坡上仅使用电动机启动直到达到10km/h的车辆的目标速度，此时切入所述热力发动机，这样来发动车辆。根据这种额定情况，所述所需最小电力水平设定为至少5kW。
参考图1，本发明包括：具有在所述电池的温度/充电状态平面(BSOC)中的所述电池的运行模型，其呈现了基本上沿着在此平面中绘制的等功率曲线10延伸并对应于可由所述电池提供的所需最小电力水平的一部分，即根据以上作为示例给出的额定情况是20kW。等功率曲线10因此是所述电池温度/充电状态平面中的曲线，沿着所述曲线，由所述电池提供的功率是恒定的并对应于预定额定情况所需的最小电力水平。位于此等功率曲线10以下的电池操作点(电池的充电状态或温度较低)，例如点11，对应于所述电池将不能为其提供所需最小电力水平的操作点。因此，传动器有可能被临时制动。相反，位于等功率曲线10上方的电池的操作点(电池的充电状态或温度较高)，例如点12，对应于所述电池将能够为其提供所需最小电力水平的操作点。
现在接下来首先是在电池充电阶段中表征所述电池的温度和充电状态的趋势的等式的说明。
下文将要使用的变量如下：
T电池：电池的温度-单位[℃]
T外部：外部温度-单位[℃]
I电池：流经电池的电流(放电时为正，充电时为负)-单元[A]，
BSOC：电池的充电状态(电池充电状态)-单位[％]，
Q最大：总电池容量-单位[A.h.]
Cp：电池的热容量-单位[J/kg/K]
m：电池的重量-单位[kg]
R：电池的内阻-单位[Ohm]
h：电池和外界之间的对流换热系数-单位[W/m2/K]
S：与外界的换热表面积-单位[m2]
ε：加热系统的产热-单位[W]
还定义了以下术语：
所述电池的温度趋势由以下等式控制：
因此，从与所述电池充电阶段的激活时刻相对应的时刻t0开始，如果假定I电池、R、h、ε是不变的，则可以在每个时刻t用以下等式来表征所述电池的温度上升：
此外，如果假设I电池是不变的(充电模式为负)，则可以根据以下等式来估算所述电池充电状态BSOC随时间的趋势：
借助于在所述电池温度/充电状态平面中参考的等功率曲线10，对于给定的电池温度，因此可以定义对应于所述电池能够提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态的阈值BSOC(t@恢复)。根据图2中所示的优选实施例，假设此阈值BSOC(t@恢复)线性地依赖于所述电池温度。此外，通过使等功率曲线10逼近所述等功率曲线相对于给定温度(例如，根据图2的示例为-15℃)的切线来定义此阈值。这相当于使等功率曲线10局部线性化，以便定义对应于所述电池可以提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态阈值BSOC(t@恢复)的等功率直线。则这条直线的等式是：
BSOC(t@恢复)＝A-B×T电池 [5]
这条直线与所述BSOC轴线相交，BSOC＝A，并具有斜率B。
在此基础上，从所述电池的操作点11(其不能使所述车辆在仅使用电动机启动时“起动”，所述电池处于不能提供所需最小电力水平的状态)，所述电池充电阶段的持续时间(使得可以使其处于能够提供所需最小电力水平的状态)将能够被估算为使所述电池的操作点11达到由以上等式[5]的直线逼近的等功率曲线10所需的时间。
这种电池电源恢复时间更具体地来自于实施以下计算。
在充电阶段，首先通过联立上述等式[2]、[4]和[5]获得：
并且最后，从由BSOC(t0)和T电池(t0)定义的充电阶段激活时刻的电池操作点开始，可以如下所述地获得使得可以恢复所述电池性能水平的充电阶段的持续时间，
在没有充电的电池性能恢复的情况下(无电流，但存在加热)，从等式[2]获得：
为此，需要确定在所述充电阶段期间施加到所述电池的电流值。均方根电流将能够被认为是在所述充电阶段期间的瞬时电流值的平方。根据另一个实施例，从根据所述电池的充电状态和温度提供均方根电流的值的映射来确定此值。
此外，根据优选实施例，可以从以上等式[6]所述的计算在每个时刻计算所述电池性能恢复时间。
有利地，例如通过车辆仪表板上的适当显示，能够向驾驶员指示关于电池性能恢复时间的持续时间的信息。因此，如果所述车辆例如被制动(零速度)并且所述电池中可用的功率低于阈值，则通过使用处于发电机模式下的电动机来激活充电阶段，并且在仪表板上指示对应于电池性能恢复时间的如上所述计算的充电阶段的估算持续时间。这是驾驶员必须在路边等待以允许所述电池恢复到使其能够确保所需最小电力水平的充电状态和温度条件的时间。
根据本发明实施用于估算所述充电阶段的持续时间的计算装置由嵌入在所述车辆中的计算机来实现，例如BMS(电池管理系统)类型的计算机，所述计算机是专用于并且结合在所述电池中的计算机。可替代地，这些计算装置可以由更高级的计算机来实现，例如适于控制整个车辆动力传动系的计算机，因为这种持续时间的估算可以取决于BMS上不一定可用的附加外部信息(外部温度，电池再加热系统的可用性等)。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于估算电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
-如果所述电池中可用的电力低于所需最小电力水平，则激活所述电池性能恢复阶段，所述阶段使得可以使所述电池达到使其能够提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态和温度条件，
-提供所述电池的运行模型，所述运行模型包括：在平面(BSOC，T)中，其中BSOC表示所述电池的充电状态，并且其中T表示所述电池的温度，表示在所述平面中所述电池的使其能够基本上传送所述所需最小电力水平的操作点的等功率曲线(10)，所述曲线将使得所述电池可以传送在所述所需最小电力水平以上的电力水平的操作点与使得所述电池仅能够传送在所述所需最小电力水平以下的电力水平的操作点分开，
-从所述提供的运行模型中估算所述电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述电池性能恢复阶段由电池充电阶段组成。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，估算所述充电阶段的持续时间的步骤包括以下步骤：
-确定在所述充电阶段期间提供给所述电池的电流值；
-从由在激活所述充电阶段的瞬间所述电池的温度和所述电池的充电状态所定义的所述电池的操作点(11)开始，所述操作点允许所述电池仅传送在所述所需最小水平以下的电力电平，根据提供给所述电池的所述电流，确定所述充电阶段的所述持续时间为使所述电池的操作点达到所述等功率曲线(10)所需的时间。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：使所述等功率曲线局部线性化，以便定义随着所述电池温度线性变化的充电状态阈值(BSOC(t@恢复))，所述电池针对所述充电状态阈值能够提供所述所需最小电力水平，所述充电阶段的所述持续时间是相对于此充电状态阈值来确定的。
5.如权利要求2至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述电池是混合动力车辆的牵引电池，所述混合动力车辆包括热力发动机和至少一个电动机，并且其特征在于，通过使用处于发电机模式下的所述至少一个电动机来实施所述充电阶段。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，所述所需最小电力水平对应于确保所述车辆从停止开始并以所述车辆的低位移速度起步达到预定目标车速所需的牵引力。
7.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括显示所述电池性能恢复阶段的所述估算持续时间的步骤。
8.一种用于估算电池性能恢复阶段的持续时间的设备，所述阶段使得可以使所述电池进入使其能够提供所需最小电力水平的充电状态和温度条件，所述设备包括：用于存储所述电池的运行模型的装置，所述运行模型包括，在平面(BSOC，T)中，其中BSOC表示所述电池的充电状态，并且其中T表示所述电池的温度，表示在所述平面中所述电池的使其能够基本上传送所述所需最小电力水平的操作点的等功率曲线(10)，所述曲线将使得所述电池可以传送在所述所需最小电力水平以上的电力水平的操作点与使得所述电池仅能够传送在所述所需最小电力水平以下的电力水平的操作点分开；以及能够从所述提供的运行模型中估算所述充电阶段的持续时间的计算装置。
9.一种机动车辆，其特征在于，所述机动车辆包括如权利要求8所述的估算设备。
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