CN106604989B - 用于制备树突状细胞的方法、由该方法制备的树突状细胞、及其应用 - Google Patents
用于制备树突状细胞的方法、由该方法制备的树突状细胞、及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于制备树突状细胞的方法、通过该方法制备的树突状细胞及其用途,更具体地涉及:用于制备树突状细胞的方法,包括在未成熟树突状细胞成熟步骤中用与能够穿透细胞膜的肽结合的抗原处理细胞以将其对该抗原致敏;通过所述方法制备的树突状细胞,及其免疫治疗剂;用于抗肿瘤疫苗的用途、或含有所述树突状细胞的用于治疗肿瘤的药物组合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于制备树突状细胞的方法、由其制备的树突状细胞及其用途,并且更具体地涉及:用于制备树突状细胞的方法,所述方法包括用与具有细胞膜通透性的肽结合的抗原处理在成熟期而非在未成熟期的树突状细胞以制备具有改善的抗原呈递能力的树突状细胞;通过所述方法制备的树突状细胞;及其免疫治疗剂、用于抗肿瘤疫苗的用途、或含有所述树突状细胞的用于治疗肿瘤的药物组合物。
背景技术
树突状细胞是专职抗原呈递细胞(APC),在体内的免疫诱导和免疫调节中起重要作用。
人体中的树突状细胞仅占总白细胞的0.3%,但它们是能够激活从未接触过抗原的未免疫T细胞以诱导初级免疫应答,并能诱导抗原特异性获得性记忆免疫的免疫细胞。树突状细胞能够充当专职抗原呈递细胞的原因是在细胞表面上除了主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)I/II之外还高度表达共刺激分子,如CD80和CD86以及粘附分子,如ICAM-1,并且大量分泌与T细胞活化相关的各种细胞因子(干扰素,IL-12,IL-18等)。
如上所述,由于树突状细胞能够有效地诱导或调节抗原特异性T细胞活性,已经长时间研究了树突状细胞用作癌症或难治性免疫疾病的治疗剂的可能性。发现当用抗原致敏直接从组织或血液分离的树突状细胞或从单核细胞分化的树突状细胞并且将成熟的树突状细胞注射回身体中时,它诱导专门的抗原特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),因此,已经长时间研究了开发树突状细胞作为用于治疗癌症或感染性疾病的疫苗的可能性(Inaba,K.etal.,3.Exp.Med.,178:479,1993;Inaba,K.et al.,Int.Rev.Immunol.,6:197,1990;Hsu,F.et al.,Nature Med.,2:52,1996)。
基于这些早期研究结果,已经在全世界积极地进行树突状细胞疗法用于癌症治疗的临床研究,并且已经在各种癌症中报告了结果。然而,用单一治疗的临床效果小于初始的预期。
树突状细胞疗法尚未获得成功的已知原因是由于肿瘤细胞的低免疫原性和由癌细胞分泌的免疫抑制物质。在这种情况下,如果树突状细胞能够诱导更专门的抗癌免疫力以克服肿瘤细胞的低免疫原性并诱导能够超越肿瘤细胞的免疫抑制能力的抗癌免疫,则可以大大改善治疗效果。在这些情况下,本发明人发现,当用重组抗原致敏成熟期而非未成熟期的树突状细胞时,其中抗原与具有细胞膜通透性的功能肽,如胞质转导肽[CTP:Kim,D.etal.Exp Cell Res.312(8):1277-88,2006]结合,可以制备与常规树突状细胞相比具有明显改善的淋巴结迁移能力、T细胞增殖能力、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞诱导能力等的树突状细胞,并确认可以提供使用所述树突状细胞的免疫治疗剂和使用所述树突状细胞的用于预防或治疗肿瘤的药物组合物,从而完成了本发明。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的一个目的是提供制备具有改善的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞诱导能力和改善的功能的树突状细胞的方法、通过该方法制备的树突状细胞、以及含有所述树突状细胞的用于治疗肿瘤的抗肿瘤疫苗或药物组合物。
技术方案
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供了制备树突状细胞的方法,包括用结合与具有细胞通透性的肽的抗原致敏用成熟因子处理和培养的树突状细胞。
本发明还提供通过该方法制备的树突状细胞。
本发明还提供含有树突状细胞的免疫治疗剂。
本发明还提供含有该树突状细胞的抗肿瘤疫苗。
本发明还提供了含有树突状细胞的用于治疗肿瘤的药物组合物。
附图说明
图1a至1d显示如下结果。
图1a显示了在本发明的示例性实施方案中制备的树突状细胞的迁移能力,其通过用具有细胞通透性的肽处理从未成熟阶段至O/N(20小时)的未成熟的树突状细胞,并通过在成熟过程期间在细胞收获前4小时用相同抗原处理制备。
图1b显示了图1a的树突状细胞培养基中IL-12浓度的分析结果。
图1c显示了当共培养图1a的树突状细胞和自体T细胞时的T细胞增殖能力的分析结果。
图1d显示了图1c的培养基中IFN-γ的ELISA分析结果。
图2a至2e显示如下结果。
图2a显示了用根据本发明的示例性实施方案的在不同抗原致敏时间时制备的树突状细胞诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的数目的分析结果。
图2b显示了根据实施例(图2a)诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)期间在培养基中分泌的IFN-γ的浓度的分析结果。
图2c显示了检查实施例(图2a)中制备的CTL(效应细胞)的细胞毒作用活性的结果。
图2d显示了当共培养实施例(图2c)的CTL(效应细胞)和靶细胞时培养基中分泌的IFN-γ的浓度的分析结果。
图2e显示了使用IFN-γELISPOT测定法在实施例(图2a)中诱导的CTL的抗原特异性的分析结果。
图3显示了根据本发明的示例性实施方案制备的树突状细胞的表型分析结果。
图4a至4f显示了如下结果。
图4a显示了在O/N(20小时)时或细胞收获前4小时用与或不与CTP(细胞质转导肽)组合的抗原致敏的树突状细胞的表型分析结果。
图4b显示了当共培养实施例(图4a)的树突状细胞和自体T细胞时培养基中IFN-γ的ELISA分析结果。
图4c显示了由实施例(图4a)的树突状细胞诱导的CTL的CD8阳性细胞的分析结果。
图4d显示了在用实施例(图4a)的树突状细胞诱导CLT的过程期间在上清液中IFN-γ的ELISA分析结果。
图4e显示了使用IFN-γELISPOT得到的由实施例(图4a)的树突状细胞诱导的T细胞的抗原特异性免疫应答的分析结果。
图4f显示了通过使用胞内染色法检查由实施例(图4a)的树突状细胞诱导的T细胞中的表达颗粒(颗粒酶B)的CD8阳性细胞获得的测试结果。
图5显示了使用经罗丹明标记的Ag得到的未成熟树突状细胞(imDC)和成熟树突状细胞(mDC)之间的抗原(CTP-PSA或X-PSA)摄取能力的比较分析结果。
图6显示了树突状细胞的免疫活性根据CTP抗原处理时间的比较分析结果,图6a显示了CTP-GPC3处理方法的示意图,图6b显示了当共培养相应的树突状细胞与自体T细胞时,使用ELISA方法分析培养基中IFN-γ的结果。
具体实施方式
除非另有定义,本文使用的所有技术和科学术语的含义与本发明所属领域的技术人员的通常理解相同。一般情况下,本文使用的命名法是本领域公知的并且通常采用的。
在用于制备树突状细胞的常规方法中,由于成熟树突状细胞的抗原摄取能力远低于未成熟细胞的抗原摄取能力,故利用在树突状细胞成熟之前递送抗原的方法(韩国专利申请公开号2004-0025690)。此外,要递送的抗原的类型是mRNA、DNA、癌细胞或组织的裂解物,被杀死或凋亡诱导的癌细胞,重组蛋白和短肽,并且在树突状细胞上直接处理这些抗原或使用诸如与树突状细胞共培养、电穿孔,lipofectamine等方法将这些抗原递送到树突状细胞。特别地,在电穿孔的情况下,转染效率随递送的细胞不同差异较大,即使电穿孔培养24小时后显示高细胞存活力,但显示的细胞回收率较低。使用脂质囊泡如脂质体递送抗原的方法也显示低转染效率、物理化学不稳定性、低乳液稳定性和收集效率,并且需要除去溶剂的程序,因此存在制造工艺复杂、制造成本增加等许多问题。
根据本发明,在通过成熟因子处理培养树突状细胞的过程中,在培养基中简单地处理结合于具有细胞膜通透性的肽的重组抗原,使得抗原通过细胞膜,并且在没有树突状细胞抗原捕获能力的情况下保留在细胞质中,通过蛋白酶体生成的肽负载在MHC I上,由此,当在体内施用时,可以非常有效地诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的活性。此外,可使用全长蛋白质,其与肽不一样,没有HLA限制,因此,根据本发明的制备方法可广泛用于制备树突状细胞治疗剂。在功能方面,与常规的使用短CTL肽制备的树突状细胞相比,可以诱导出针对全长蛋白的各种CTL表位的免疫力,因此可以期待强的治疗效果。
本发明人发现,与常规方法(其中首先用抗原致敏未成熟的树突状细胞,然后用成熟因子成熟)不同,当在存在成熟因子的情况下使未成熟的树突状细胞成熟,然后使用与细胞膜穿透肽结合的抗原致敏树突状细胞时,与通过用抗原处理未成熟的树突状细胞获得的常规树突状细胞相比,迁移能力改善,再刺激树突状细胞时的IL-12分泌能力改善,与T细胞共培养的T细胞增殖能力改善,Th1反应性改善,并且细胞毒性T淋巴细胞诱导能力改善,等等。
根据这些结果,认为成熟树突状细胞直接分解并呈递未经抗原捕获过程而导入细胞中的抗原,从而降低MHC-肽结合状态中的肽的损失,从而将细胞直接递送到T细胞,导致抗原特异性反应的强诱导。
如本文中使用,术语“树突状细胞”是指专职的抗原呈递细胞,其将抗原吸收到细胞中,并且处理该抗原,从而将抗原或源自抗原的肽与MHC I类复合物或MHC II类复合物一起呈递。树突状细胞包括免疫原性和致耐受性抗原呈递细胞两种,并且根据成熟度分类为未成熟的树突状细胞(“imDC”)和成熟的树突状细胞(或成熟树突状细胞:“mDC”)。
本文中使用的术语“未成熟的树突状细胞”是指下述的树突状细胞,其在成熟的早期阶段时出现,不与成熟树突状细胞同样地表达CD14等细胞表面标志物,以低水平表达HLA-DR,CD86,CD80,CD83或CD40,而以正常水平表达CD1a和CCR1,CCR2,CCR5和CXCR1。此类表面性状标志物的水平能够通过本发明的实施例确认。在根据本发明的实施例的条件下确认,CD80和CD83的表达在未成熟树突状细胞中的水平为约20%或更低,特别地,代表性成熟标志物CD83的表达小于10%。未成熟树突状细胞的分化是通过接收多种信号启动的,取决于待接收的信号组合,导致完全分化或部分分化。由于表达的炎性细胞因子的水平低,未成熟树突状细胞即使与T细胞接触亦不能激活T细胞。
本文中使用的术语“成熟树突状细胞”是指通过未成熟树突状细胞的成熟化而形成的细胞,并且是指其中参与B和T细胞活性的细胞表面标志物,例如MHC I类或MHC II类(HLA-DR)、细胞黏附因子(CD54,CD18,CD11)、共刺激因子(例如CD86,CD80,CD83或CD40)以与未成熟树突状细胞相比高水平或相对增加的水平表达的细胞。典型的成熟树突状细胞以高水平表达CCR7和CXCR4。例如,在本发明的示例性实施方案中,当在成熟因子的存在下培养未成熟树突状细胞以诱导树突状细胞的成熟时,可以确认CD83和CD80的表达比率明显增加。此外,成熟树突状细胞释放促炎细胞因子,并且增加同种异基因T细胞和同基因T细胞的增殖和/或增加与混合淋巴细胞反应中其它免疫应答相关的细胞因子表达的分泌。
在本发明的制备方法中,使用与细胞膜穿透肽结合的重组抗原的形式的抗原致敏树突状细胞,其中致敏时间可以是例如24小时或更短,以致敏根据本发明的树突状细胞,优选为12小时或更短,更优选为8小时或更短,以致敏根据本发明的树突状细胞。可以通过抗原的类型和未成熟树突状细胞的成熟度来控制抗原的致敏时间。抗原的最小致敏时间优选为例如1小时以上或3小时以上。然而,也可以通过用于培养抗原致敏树突状细胞的方法,如抗原大小、种类和致敏细胞的数目来控制最小致敏时间。
处理抗原的时间点没有特别限制,只要处于将未成熟树突状细胞培养成熟的过程中,或者在成熟化完成后收集或收获成熟树突状细胞之前;例如,可以在成熟因子处理后的1至48小时,2至48小时,6至48小时,12至48小时,1至40小时,2至40小时,6至40小时,1小时至24小时,2至24小时,6至24小时或12至24小时内。
当在上文描述的时间范围内成熟后处理抗原时,可以获得增强抗原特异性Th1免疫和CTL诱导能力的效果。然而,当处理抗原的时间点超过上文描述的时间范围时,可能存在超出成熟阶段的树突状细胞的功能耗竭的问题。
此外,如上所述用于诱导未成熟细胞成熟的培养时间可以根据培养条件而变化,并且可以基于在树突状细胞的成熟期间表达量增加的细胞表面标志物,如CD80,CD83或CD40等,来决定抗原处理的时间点。例如,与未成熟树突状细胞(图3)相比,树突状细胞可以显示出CD80,CD83和CD40的表达水平增加约50%或更多,优选地约60%或更多增加。如果可以达到成熟水平,则培养时间不受上文提及的条件限制。
在一个例子中,具有细胞膜通透性的肽可以是至少一种选自下组的肽:CTP(细胞质转导肽)、HP4、Hph-1、Mph-1、Sim-2、Tat、VP22、Antp(Antennapedia)、Pep-1(肽)、PTD-5、R9(精氨酸)和包含7R域的肽。因此,通过使抗原与保留在细胞质中的具有优异的细胞膜通透性的肽结合,可以制备具有改善的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞诱导能力的强力的树突状细胞疫苗。
在上述肽中,细胞质转导肽在经过细胞膜通透需要的合适时间后,甚至在用蛋白水解酶(例如,胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶和枯草杆菌蛋白酶)处理后也表现出细胞膜通透现象,由此能够穿透细胞膜而不受蛋白水解酶的处理的影响。
例如,细胞质转导肽可以是包含选自SEQ ID NO:1至14的氨基酸序列的肽,优选包含选自SEQ ID NO:1至6、8至10和13至14的氨基酸序列的肽,更优选包含选自SEQ ID NO:1至2和13至14的氨基酸序列的肽。
上述肽与抗原的结合只要是本领域已知的分子间结合类型即可,例如肽肽与抗原的共价键,或者肽与抗原使用特定接头缀合的形式。
与细胞质转导肽共价结合的抗原可以与细胞质转导肽的N末端或C末端结合。至于共价键合的方法,可以根据抗原的种类通过本领域已知的方法进行。例如,通过克隆编码细胞质转导肽-蛋白质的基因并在细胞中表达该基因来进行。另外,可以使用不干扰细胞质转导肽的运输性和细胞质持续性和生物活性分子的活性的接头。接头可以是例如N-琥珀酰亚胺基碘乙酸酯,N-马来酰亚胺丁酰基氧基琥珀酰胺酯,1,5-二氟-2,4-二硝基苯,二重氮基联苯胺,3,3-二硫代-双-(磺基琥珀酰亚胺基-丙酸酯),乙二醇双(磺基琥珀酰亚胺基琥珀酸酯),二环己基碳二亚胺等,但不限于此。另一方面,当抗原仅在从细胞质转导肽分解时才表现出活性的情况下,使用能够在体内裂解的接头。例如,可以使用具有羧酸酯和/或具有二硫键的结合剂。
当用与细胞膜穿透肽(例如细胞质转导肽)结合的抗原处理成熟树突状细胞时,与没有与细胞膜穿透肽结合的对照组相比,可以确认显著改善了对细胞的通透性,提高了抗原的摄取效率,并且树突状细胞的迁移能力、IL-12的产生、T细胞增殖和IFN-γ的产生显著增加。这些结果与成熟前应当对树突状细胞进行抗原致敏的常规结果相反,是由本发明首次证明的。
在未成熟的树突状细胞成熟化的培养过程中用于处理的成熟因子可以是例如选自下组的至少一种:白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)、溶链菌制剂(Picibanil)(OK-432)、Poly IC及其两种或更多种的组合,但不限于此。成熟因子可以一起处理或在不同时间处理,例如以10分钟至24小时的间隔处理,优选以8小时至24小时的间隔处理,更优选以15至22小时的间隔处理。在本发明的一个示例性实施方案中,在不同时间用不同的成熟因子处理OK-432,此时间差是为了防止用抗原致敏OK-432而诱导非特异性免疫应答。除了此目的之外,可以控制成熟因子之间的治疗时间点以诱导树突状细胞的有效成熟。
在一些情况下,用于诱导树突状细胞前体细胞分化成未成熟树突状细胞的培养基可以是用于培养动物细胞的通用培养基,例如无血清培养基以及含血清培养基。例如,培养基含有血清(例如胎牛血清,马血清和人血清)。可用于本发明的培养基包括例如RPMI系列(例如RPMI 1640),Eagle氏MEM(Eagle氏最低基础培养基,Eagle,H.Science 130:432(1959)),α-MEM,Iscove氏MEM,199培养基,CMRL 1066,RPMI 1640,F12,DMEM(Dulbecco氏改良的Eagle氏培养基,Dulbecco),DMEM和F12的混合物,Way-mouth氏MB752/1,McCoy氏5A和MCDB系列,但不限于此。另外,作为无血清培养基,可以使用X-VIVO系列(X-VIVO15,X-VIVO10等)和CellGro等。培养基可以含有其它成分,例如抗氧化剂(例如β-巯基乙醇)。
在一些情况下,当在根据本发明的制备方法中培养未成熟树突状细胞时,除了成熟因子之外,可以进一步用mTOR抑制剂处理。
本发明人发现,在进一步通过mTOR抑制剂的处理制备的成熟树突状细胞中,细胞因子IL-12和IFN-γ的表达增加,在癌症预防模型中增加免疫诱导能力,并且在癌症治疗模型中发挥优异的抗癌效应。
mTOR抑制剂可以是任何类型的抑制剂,包括直接结合mTORC以进行抑制,或者在mTORC的分解位点中与ATP竞争性抑制的抑制剂,例如可以是选自下组的任一种:雷帕霉素(rapamycin)、西罗莫司(sirolimus)、依维莫司(everolimus)、替西罗莫司(temsirolimus)、ridaforolimus、NVP-BEZ235、SF-1126、XL-765、PKI-587、PF-04691502、PKI-402、OSI-027、AZD-8055、PP-242、PP-30、torin-1、WYE-125132、WAY-600、WYE-687、WYE-354、KU-0063794和Palomid-529,但不限于上述。
其中,本发明人确认用雷帕霉素处理的成熟树突状细胞可增加IL-12的表达,改善IFN-γ参与的Th1免疫应答,而且可增加细胞毒性T淋巴细胞和天然杀伤细胞,并改善其活性。
mTOR抑制剂处理的浓度可以是足以获得具有改善的诱导能力和期望的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的功能的成熟树突状细胞的浓度,例如,mTOR抑制剂的浓度可以是1至500ng/mL,并且优选1至450ng/mL。在mTOR抑制剂中,特别是雷帕霉素的场合,优选以1至10ng/mL的浓度处理。用上述范围内的浓度处理,可以增加IL-12和IFN-γ的表达,增加细胞毒性T淋巴细胞增殖和活性。然而,当浓度超过10ng/mL时,T细胞增殖有降低的倾向。
根据本发明的制备方法,可以制备具有显著改善的细胞通透性,改善的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞诱导能力、和以及增加的分泌各种细胞因子如IFN-γ,IL-12等的能力的树突状细胞。特别地,根据制备方法制备的树突状细胞强烈诱导抗原特异性癌细胞的死亡(参见图2)。
基于这些结果,确认了可以改善免疫诱导能力,并且可以表现出优异的基于其的抗癌效果,因此,本发明提供通过该制备方法制备的树突状细胞和包含该树突状细胞的免疫治疗剂,和抗肿瘤疫苗,或用于治疗肿瘤的药物组合物。
在另一方面,本发明是通过上述制备方法制备的树突状细胞。根据本发明的树突状细胞可以表现出以下特征:
(i)趋化因子响应性迁移能力增加;
(ii)当再刺激树突状细胞时IL-12分泌能力的增加;
(iii)在用树突状细胞刺激T细胞时T细胞的IFN-γ分泌能力增加;
(iv)在用树突状细胞刺激T细胞时T细胞的细胞毒作用增加;
(v)当用树突状细胞诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞时细胞毒性T淋巴细胞增加;或
(vi)当与树突状细胞共培养时抗原特异性功能性T细胞增加。
基于这些特征,本发明在一个方面涉及包含树突状细胞的免疫治疗剂。根据本发明的免疫治疗剂可以增加免疫应答,或者可以选择性地增加对于特定疾病、感染或病症的治疗或预防而言期望的一部分免疫应答。
基于此,本发明涉及包含树突状细胞的用于治疗肿瘤的抗肿瘤疫苗或药物组合物。
基于肿瘤具有丰富的潜在抗原,这些肿瘤当被树突状细胞呈递时具有免疫原性这一事实,根据本发明的树突状细胞可用作用于预防肿瘤的抗肿瘤疫苗或肿瘤治疗剂。根据本发明的树突状细胞可以增加对象的免疫原性,从而防止或抑制对象中的肿瘤增殖和/或转移。
可用于抗肿瘤疫苗的抗原可以是例如肝癌特异性抗原或前列腺癌特异性抗原,但不限于此。肝癌特异性抗原可以是例如AFP(甲胎蛋白),GPC-3(磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖-3),MAGE-1(黑素瘤相关抗原1),并且前列腺癌特异性抗原可以是PCA(前列腺癌抗原),PAP(前列腺酸性磷酸酶)或PSA(前列腺特异性抗原),但不限于此。
本发明可用的树突状细胞疫苗的抗原是所有能够结合细胞膜穿透肽的抗原,可以包括灭活的肿瘤细胞、通过基因重组方法产生的肿瘤细胞相关基因、肽或蛋白质。当试图通过基因重组方法获得抗原时,编码抗原的核苷酸序列可以是本领域已知的,可以使用已知序列的全长或已知序列的全长的一部分。可以将编码抗原的核苷酸序列克隆到载体中,从而表达期望的抗原。
根据本发明的抗肿瘤疫苗可以包括通过单次施用进行的免疫方法和通过连续施用进行的免疫方法两者。
本发明药物组合物中包含的药学上可接受的载体是制剂时通常使用的那些,包括乳糖,右旋糖,蔗糖,山梨醇,甘露醇,淀粉,阿拉伯胶,磷酸钙,藻酸盐,明胶,硅酸钙,微晶纤维素,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,纤维素,水,糖浆剂,甲基纤维素,羟基苯甲酸甲酯,羟基苯甲酸丙酯,滑石,硬脂酸镁和矿物油,但本发明不限于此。除了上述组分之外,本发明的药物组合物还可以包含润滑剂,润湿剂,甜味剂,芳香剂,乳化剂,悬浮液,防腐剂等。适合的药学上可接受的载体和配制剂详细描述在Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(第19版,1995)中。
本发明的药物组合物的适当剂量可以根据诸如配制方法,施用方式,患者的年龄,体重,性别,施用次数和施用途径等因素而不同规定。然而,尚未报告根据剂量的严重毒性(等级:3或更高),因此,剂量主要根据制备方法和产率确定。同时,本发明的药物组合物的皮内或皮下剂量优选为0.1x 107至10x 107个细胞。
根据本发明所属领域的普通技术人员可容易地进行的方法,通过使用药学上可接受的赋形剂的配制,以单剂形式制备本发明的药物组合物。这里,配制剂可以是细胞冷冻培养基中的悬浮液形式,或缓冲溶液中的悬浮液形式,并且可以另外含有稳定剂。根据本发明的示例性实施方案的树突状细胞可以在抗原致敏后冷冻,并且根据需要解冻使用。评价根据本发明的示例性实施方案的树突状细胞的稳定性达3至9个月,并且证实树突状细胞的功能和稳定性没有由于冷冻保存而显著改变。
本发明的药物组合物可以通过肠胃外、静脉内注射、皮下注射、腹膜内注射、经皮施用等施用。
在下文中,将参考以下实施例更详细地描述本发明。然而,以下实施例仅用于举例说明本发明,对于本领域技术人员不言自明的是,本发明的范围不应解释为限于这些实施例。
实施例1:制备自体树突状细胞(Ag-BH4h)(PBMC→imDC)
(1)从外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)分化未成熟的树突状细胞(imDC)(即PBMC→imDC)
就健康个体的血液单个核细胞而言,通过在室温使用Ficoll-Paque Plus(无内毒素级)进行密度梯度离心除去网织红细胞,粒细胞,血小板,血浆等,收集外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)。
采集外周血单个核细胞并离心以收获细胞,并且将细胞悬浮在含有一定浓度的自体血浆的RPMI1640培养基中,并在细胞培养箱中培养。当使用冷冻的PBMC时,将PBMC解冻并用HBSS或无血清培养基清洗。
利用对塑料器皿的塑料粘附从外周血单个核细胞中分离出单核细胞,塑料器具是动物细胞培养箱的常见材料。由于单核细胞对作为细胞培养箱的底部材料的塑料器皿具有高塑料粘附性,在37℃培养悬浮在培养基中的外周血单个核细胞,将未粘附的细胞与培养基一起除去,从而获得贴壁细胞作为级份,该级份中患者的单个核细胞被选择性调整至总血细胞数的80%或更多。
从单核细胞诱导树突状细胞分化的树突状细胞分化培养基是RPMI1640培养基,其中添加细胞因子混合物(白介素-4:IL-4,其为大肠杆菌表达的人重组蛋白,JW CreaGene,终浓度:300ng/mL以下)和GM-CSF(JW CreaGene,终浓度:100ng/mL以下)。
(2)未成熟树突状细胞
从培养开始起3天后,收集从底部浮起的细胞并计数,并且将每个等分试样转移到培养容器中准备用于成熟。采集一些细胞,通过流式细胞术(FACS)分析细胞表面上表达的各种标志物的表达水平[HLA-DR(BD,Cat#555812),HLA-ABC BD,Cat#555552],CD40(BD,Cat#555588),CD80(BD,Cat#557227),CD86(BD,Cat#555657)和CD83(BD,Cat#556855)]。
(3)未成熟树突状细胞的成熟诱导(imDC→mDC)
诱导上述(2)的未成熟树突状细胞的成熟。即,以预定的浓度添加TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α;Peprotech#300-01A,10ng/mL),IL-1β(白介素-1β;Peprotech#200-01B,10ng/mL),IL-6(白介素-6;Peprotech#200-06,10ng/mL),PGE2(前列腺素E2;Sigma#P0409,1μg/mL)以诱导树突状细胞的成熟。培养基还含有分别为预定浓度的IFN-γ(LG life science,终浓度:30-1000U/mL)和Poly IC(Sigma#P0913,终浓度:10μg/mL),称为TLR(toll样受体)信号传导材料,作为树突状细胞成熟和活化因子,以及作为细胞介导的免疫诱导因子。此外,培养基中添加有mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素(Santa Cruz#SC-3504),浓度为5-10ng/mL。
在上文描述的成熟因子的存在下,将未成熟树突状细胞培养12小时至48小时,然后在每个培养容器中以预定的浓度用溶链菌制剂(OK-432)(药物,溶链菌制剂,JWPharmaceutical Corporation,终浓度:1-2μg/mL)和癌症特异性抗原(CTP-GPC-333-559;5至10μg/mL,JW CreaGene)处理用于癌症特异性免疫应答,并且培养3至7小时。收集漂浮的细胞作为最终治疗剂,清洗两次,并悬浮在细胞冷冻稳定剂(人血清白蛋白或含有DMSO的人血浆)中制成储备溶液。
比较例1:制备自体树突状细胞(Ag-O/N)
以与实施例1相同的方式制备树突状细胞,不同之处是用成熟因子和抗原同时处理未成熟的树突状细胞,以及处理抗原的时间点。
测试例1:CreaVax-HCC自体树突状细胞的生物活性和免疫活性的比较
测量当制备实施例1(Ag-BH4h;在成熟过程的最后阶段即细胞收获前4小时进行抗原致敏)和比较例1(Ag-O/N;抗原致敏与未成熟阶段的成熟因子处理一并进行)的树突状细胞时,在成熟过程之后相应的树突状细胞之间的迁移能力和培养基中分泌的IL-12量,分别显示在图1a和图1b中;并且测量实施例1和比较例1的树突状细胞与分离自外周血细胞的T细胞共培养时的T细胞增殖和IFN-γ,分别显示在图1c和1d中。此处的抗原是GPC-3(SEQ IDNO:15)。
根据图1a,可以确认实施例1的树突状细胞的迁移能力是比较例1的树突状细胞的约1.5倍。
具体而言,在含有10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基中制备MIP-3β(R&D systems,产品目录编号361-MI-025),使得终浓度为50ng/mL,将上述反应物0.6mL添加至具有8.0μm孔径的Transwell(Coning,Cat#3422)的下室,并且将5×104个成熟的树突状细胞置于上室中,并在37℃反应120分钟。然后,计数通过MIP-3β迁移到下室的树突状细胞,并根据初始加载的细胞的数目计算迁移了的细胞的百分比。作为阴性对照组,使用未用MIP-3β处理的培养基,其余的方法以与上文相同的方式进行。
此外,为了测量IL-12和IL-10的量,通过ELISA分析在抗原处理和成熟期间培养基中树突状细胞分泌的IL-12和IL-10。根据ELISA试剂盒供应商的手册(IL-12;BD,产品目录编号555183,IL-10;BD产品目录编号555157)进行实验方法。图1b中显示了实验结果。
根据图1b,可以确认根据实施例1的树突状细胞的再刺激培养基中分泌的IL-12的量比比较例1高约20%。它提示了根据本发明的一个示例性实施方案的树突状细胞在与T细胞反应时更有效地诱导Th1免疫应答。
此外,为了测量T细胞增殖,使用幼稚型泛T细胞分离试剂盒(MACS,产品目录编号130-097-095)从冷冻的外周单个核细胞分离T细胞。解冻树突状细胞后,将DC与CFSE(羧基荧光素二乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯,Molecular Probes,产品目录编号MOP-C-1157)标记的T细胞以1:10的比率混合并培养5天。对于CFSE染色,将T细胞以1×106/mL的浓度悬浮,并添加CFSE至终浓度10μM,并使细胞在0.1%HSA/PBS缓冲液中在37℃反应15分钟。用RPMI 1640培养基清洗细胞两次,并在96孔板中一式三份设置1×105个T细胞和1×104个抗原致敏的成熟树突状细胞,培养5天。培养后,收集细胞并进行FACS分析,并且通过CFSElo(w)级分分析增殖的细胞。图1c中显示了其实验结果。
根据图1c,可以确认根据实施例1的树突状细胞的T细胞增殖比在比较例1中制备的树突状细胞的T细胞增殖高大约24%。
将自体T细胞和树突状细胞培养5天,并且通过ELISA(BD产品目录编号555142)分析培养上清液中的IFN-γ。图1d中显示了其结果。
根据图1d可以确认,将根据实施例1的树突状细胞与T细胞一起培养的培养基中的IFN-γ分泌量是将比较例1中制备的树突状细胞与T细胞一起培养的培养基的IFN-γ分泌量的约2倍。
测试例2:由自体树突状细胞诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的活性测试
通过自体T细胞(从PBMC分离)与实施例1(Ag-BH4h)和比较例1(Ag-O/N)树突状细胞的混合反应诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)。这里,抗原是GPC-3。使用幼稚型T细胞分离试剂盒(MACS,产品目录编号130-097-095)从用于制备树突状细胞的同一人的外周血细胞中分离T细胞。将成熟的树突状细胞和分离的T细胞以1:10(4×105:4×106)的比率混合并培养6至7天。收集经初始刺激的T细胞,用抗原致敏的树突状细胞以相同的比率(1:10)进行再刺激。每2至3天用新鲜培养基补充或更换培养基(RPMI1640+10%AB血清)以提供合适的培养环境。在第一次刺激时,添加5ng/mL浓度的IL-7(Peprotech,产品目录编号200-07)。从第二次刺激起,从培养后2至3天起以相同浓度处理IL-7,然后以50U/mL的浓度处理IL-2(Proleukin,Novartis)。对于用抗原致敏树突状细胞刺激T细胞2至3次而诱导出的CTL,确认CTL细胞的数目(图2a),并且分析CTL的活性测试(细胞毒作用,图2b)。具体地说,在CTL诱导期间共培养T细胞和树突状细胞时,在刺激的次日,采集部分上清液使用ELISA法来测量IFN-γ分泌量。图2b中显示了其结果。
作为细胞毒作用的靶细胞,使用与HLA型和表达抗原(GPC3)匹配的Hep G2细胞系。将靶细胞和效应细胞(CTL)以1:0、1:1、1:5、1:10或1:20混合,并且培养20至24小时,收集培养基并冷冻用于测量IFN-γ,将板用10%福尔马林固定1小时。然后,向每个孔添加200μL0.4%结晶紫,染色30分钟。然后,将板清洗三次,在室温干燥。干燥后,向其中添加100μL的80%甲醇,随后反应20分钟。在570nm测量吸光度以确认细胞毒作用(图2c)。此外,将靶细胞和效应细胞(CTL)以1:0.5、1:1、1:5混合并培养20-24小时。然后使用培养上清液通过ELISA测量IFN-γ分泌量(图2d)。
根据图2a至2d,可以确认由根据实施例1的树突状细胞诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的数目是由根据比较例1的树突状细胞诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的数目的两倍或更高,并且实施例1的培养基中的IFN-γ分泌量是2倍或更高,细胞毒作用是1.5倍或更高,并且培养基中的IFN-γ分泌量与比较例1相比显著增加。
另外,为了确认每种树突状细胞诱导的活性T细胞对GPC-3抗原的抗原特异性免疫应答,通过IFN-γELISPOT(BD,产品目录编号551849)分析实施例1(Ag-BH4h)和比较例1(Ag-O/N)的树突状细胞诱导的CTL的抗原特异性。具体地,为了确认抗原特异性,制备了用或不用抗原处理的两种树突状细胞。在这里,制备没有用溶链菌制剂(OK-432)处理的树突状细胞以降低非特异性反应。将1×104个诱导的活性T细胞和3×103个树突状细胞在细胞培养箱中以3:1比率培养18至24小时,并根据试剂盒中提供的方法进行ELISPOT分析。扣除与在分析中未用抗原处理的树突状细胞反应时测量的斑点数,结果示于图2e中。
根据图2e,可以确认由根据实施例1的树突状细胞诱导的活性T细胞的抗原特异性增加了30%以上。
测试例3:自体树突状细胞的细胞表面表型
为了进行未成熟树突状细胞和实施例1(Ag-BH4h)和比较例1(Ag-O/N)的树突状细胞的表型分析,将树突状细胞悬浮于FACS缓冲液(PBS+0.1%叠氮化钠+1%FBS),并每个FACS管制备成3至5×104个细胞。这里,抗原是GPC-3。然后,添加3μL针对HLA-DR,HLA-ABC,CD80,CD86,CD40,CD83[HLA-DR(BD,Cat#555812),HLA-ABC BD,Cat#555552],CD40(BD,Cat#555588),CD80(BD,Cat#557227),CD86(BD,Cat#555657),和CD83(BD,Cat#556855)]的FACS抗体,在4℃反应20分钟。反应后,用FACS缓冲液清洗细胞,并且进行细胞表型分析。确认了成熟树突状细胞的表型——HLA-DR、HLA-ABC、CD80、CD86、CD40和CD83的表达。图3和下文表1中显示了其结果。
参考图3,可以确认CD80和CD83的表达在未成熟树突状细胞中是较低的。同时,通过用如实施例1和比较例1中的成熟因子处理未成熟树突状细胞而成熟的树突状细胞中CD80/CD83的表达与未成熟树突状细胞相比均显著增加,且成熟水平没有因抗原致敏时间的差异而显著变化。
[表1]
测试例4:根据CTP的存在或不存在对树突状细胞的功能评价
根据测试例1、测试例2和测试例3的方法诱导CTL,并且根据CTP的存在或不存在进行功能评价。具有CTP的抗原命名为CTP-Ag,没有CTP的抗原则命名为X-Ag。这里,抗原是GPC-3。图4a中显示了通过确认树突状细胞表型获得的结果。将根据实施例1或比较例1的树突状细胞与自体T细胞共培养5天,并且通过ELISA分析培养基中的IFN-γ,其结果显示在图4b中。诱导CTL并分析CD8阳性细胞,显示在图4c中;并且通过ELISA测定上清液中的IFN-γ,显示在图4d中。通过IFN-γELISPOT分析每种用GPC-3抗原致敏的树突状细胞诱导的活性T细胞的抗原特异性免疫应答,并且图4e中显示了其结果。
根据图4a至4e,比较用成熟因子处理树突状细胞然后在细胞收获前4小时用与结合于细胞膜穿透肽的抗原致敏的情形,以及用成熟因子处理树突状细胞然后用未结合细胞膜穿透肽的抗原致敏的情形,两种树突状细胞的表型没有显著变化(图4a)。然而,当与T细胞共培养时,IFN-γ的量增加5倍以上(图4b),CD8+T细胞的数目增加2倍以上(图4c),指示CD8+T细胞活化的IFN-γ水平升高30%以上(图4d),且ELISPOT数目增加5倍以上(图4e)。因此可以确认,即使当在相同条件下用相同的抗原致敏树突状细胞时,用结合于细胞膜穿透肽的抗原致敏的树突状细胞的免疫诱导能力也有显著改善。
作为细胞毒活性测试的一部分,进行胞内染色以确认当活性T细胞与靶细胞相遇时分泌的颗粒(颗粒酶B)的表达水平。具体地,在刺激后,获得CTL,清洗,并且以一定比率,即靶细胞(HepG2):CTL为1:20,添加靶细胞(HepG2),其中以每200μL细胞培养基0.14μL的量一并添加GolgiStop(BD,Cat#),并且在37℃刺激4至5小时。收集细胞并清洗,并且添加含有10%人血清的PBS用于Fc受体封闭。在4℃培养15分钟后,在4℃用CD3(BD,产品目录编号555335)和CD4(BD,产品目录编号555346),CD8(BD,产品目录编号555367)对细胞表面上的抗原染色20分钟。在4℃使细胞与250μL固定/透化溶液(BD,产品目录编号554715)反应20分钟,然后用破膜/清洗缓冲液(perm/wash buffer)清洗两次,并用颗粒酶B(BD,产品目录编号561142)染色30至50分钟,清洗并通过流式细胞术分析。图4f中显示了其结果。
根据图4f可以确认:当细胞膜穿透肽结合的抗原致敏时,颗粒(颗粒酶B)分泌增加2倍以上,这表明了活性T细胞的细胞毒活性。确认了与在未成熟的树突状细胞中用结合于细胞膜穿透肽的抗原处理的情况相比,经成熟因子处理后用结合于细胞膜穿透肽的抗原处理,颗粒(粒酶B)的表达更高。
测试例5:根据CTP的存在或不存在的树突状细胞的抗原摄取能力
为了确认未成熟树突状细胞和实施例1的成熟树突状细胞(Ag-BH4h)的抗原摄取能力,分析了罗丹明标记的抗原(PSA抗原,SEQ ID NO:16)的摄取能力。此外,为了确认未成熟树突状细胞或成熟树突状细胞的抗原摄取能力,同时进行最常用的葡聚糖摄取测定法。如下制备罗丹明标记的抗原。首先,将NHS-罗丹明(Pierce)以10mg/mL的浓度溶解于DMSO(Sigma)中,并混合并与1mg/mL蛋白质反应1小时。通过离心除去沉淀,并且通过凝胶过滤层析(GE,Sephadex G-25,17-0033-02)除去未反应的NHS-罗丹明。使用HPLC(Agilent,1200系列)在Ex/Em=552/575nm鉴定标记的蛋白质,并通过用分光光度计(Agilent,8453系列)测量280/555nm处的吸光度来计算蛋白质的量。
具体地,获得培养后第3天的未成熟树突状细胞(1×105个细胞)和培养后第4天未用抗原致敏的成熟树突状细胞,其中以与实施例1的未成熟树突状细胞的培养条件中相同的方式培养细胞,离心,悬浮于每份100μL的树突状细胞培养基中,并置于FACS管中。其中,将用作阴性对照组的细胞预先置于冰中30分钟以抑制生长。用罗丹明荧光缀合的CTP-PSA和X-PSA(无CTP的PSA)以20μg/mL的浓度将细胞处理1小时,并清洗以进行流式细胞术。分析结果用荧光强度的中值表示,其结果显示于图5。
此外,为了再检查用于测试的未成熟树突状细胞和成熟树突状细胞的抗原摄取能力的总体差异,将细胞分别在37℃用10μL的FITC荧光缀合的葡聚糖(Sigma,产品目录编号FD-40S)处理,阴性对照组在4℃反应1小时。用FACS缓冲液(PBS+0.1%叠氮化钠+1%FBS)清洗细胞,并在FACSDiva(BD)程序(一种FACS分析程序)上进行直方图分析,以获得在X轴上规定FL-1的单一荧光直方图。这里,进行线性分割,将97%的阴性荧光标准样品存在的区域设置为阴性荧光区域,并且在该状态中,通过运行每个部分的区域状态(region states),获得并且分析每个样品的单一阳性荧光(葡聚糖-FITC+表型)分割比率。图5中显示了其结果。
根据图5,可以再次确认,在未成熟的树突状细胞的情况下,抗原被完全递送到树突状细胞,无论细胞膜穿透肽是否与抗原结合。然而在成熟的树突状细胞的情况下,与细胞膜穿透肽结合的抗原被更有效地递送到细胞。也就是说,本发明证明,通过成熟期的抗原致敏以及结合于抗原的细胞膜穿透肽,抗原到树突状细胞的递送显著增加,由此树突状细胞的功能显著提升。
测试例6:根据CTP-抗原处理时间的树突状细胞的功能评价
从以成熟因子处理的时间点至收获成熟树突状细胞的时间点细分CTP-GPC3,包括实施例1(Ag-BH4h;16h)和比较例1(Ag-O/N;0h),并且如图6a中那样处理。图6a中描述的测试方法在抗原处理时间上不同于用于制备实施例1的树突状细胞的方法,其它培养条件以相同的方式应用。在用成熟因子处理的时间点之后,按时(0、2、4、8、12、16、18、19.5小时)用5μg/mL CTP-GPC3致敏细胞,并且在用成熟因子处理的时间点之后20小时时,收获所有细胞。上文的O/N表示抗原处理时间点为0小时,上文的BH4h表示抗原处理的时间点16小时。将自体T细胞和树突状细胞培养5天,然后通过ELISA分析培养基中的IFN-γ,图6b中显示了其结果。
根据图6,当CTP抗原处理时间长时(在用成熟因子处理后0、2、4和8小时时抗原处理)和当CTP抗原处理时间极短时(用成熟因子处理后19.5小时时抗原处理),CTP抗原处理显示相对低水平的IFN-γ,因此可以认为其对树突状细胞的免疫活性机能无效。另一方面可以确认,在用成熟因子处理后12小时至18小时时用CTP-Ag致敏的树突状细胞通过分泌大量Th1细胞因子IFN-γ而增加了免疫活性。
工业实用性
根据本发明的树突状细胞的制备方法,可以制备具有明显改善的细胞通透性,改善的细胞毒T淋巴细胞诱导能力、和增加的分泌各种Th1趋向细胞因子如IFN-γ,IL-12等的能力的树突状细胞。根据本发明的方法制备的树突状细胞可以表现出免疫诱导能力的增加和优异的抗癌作用,可以有效地用于抗肿瘤疫苗或用于治疗肿瘤的组合物。
序列表
<110> JW可瑞基因株式会社
<120> 用于制备树突状细胞的方法、由该方法制备的树突状细胞、及其应用
<130> PF-B1829
<140> PCT/KR2015/007892
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<150> 10-2014-0099281
<151> 2014-08-01
<160> 16
<170> PatentIn version 3.2
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Claims (7)
1.一种用于制备树突状细胞的方法,包括:
用5~10ng/mL雷帕霉素和以下成熟因子处理以将未成熟树突状细胞培养成成熟树突状细胞:10ng/mL白介素-1β(IL-1β)、10ng/mL白介素-6(IL-6)、10ng/mL肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、30-1000U/mL干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、1μg/mL前列腺素E2(PGE2)、1-2μg/mL溶链菌制剂(Picibanil)(OK-432)、10μg/mL PolyIC,
其中在将未成熟树突状细胞培养成熟的过程中在收获成熟树突状细胞之前,在成熟因子处理后的12至18小时用结合于具有细胞通透性的肽的抗原致敏所述树突状细胞,和
其中用抗原致敏进行2至8小时。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述具有细胞通透性的肽包括细胞质转导肽(CTP)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中当CD80、CD83或CD40的表达水平与未成熟树突状细胞的表达水平相比增加60%或更多时,用抗原致敏所述树突状细胞。
4.通过根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法制备的树突状细胞。
5.一种免疫治疗剂,其包含根据权利要求4所述的树突状细胞。
6.一种抗肿瘤疫苗,其包含根据权利要求4所述的树突状细胞。
7.一种用于治疗肿瘤的药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求4所述的树突状细胞。
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