CN106604725A - 治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的方法和组合物 - Google Patents
治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的方法和组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106604725A CN106604725A CN201580047257.5A CN201580047257A CN106604725A CN 106604725 A CN106604725 A CN 106604725A CN 201580047257 A CN201580047257 A CN 201580047257A CN 106604725 A CN106604725 A CN 106604725A
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含化学解偶联剂,如酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9或其前体或盐的组合物和药剂盒,和包含化学解偶联剂,如酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9与一种或多种治疗剂,例如,L‑肉碱的组合的组合物,其可用于例如治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻/减肥,和/或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展。
Description
发明背景
本发明涉及用于治疗和预防糖尿病和体重增加的方法、组合物和药剂盒。
肥胖症及随后发生的代谢综合征,包括糖尿病,是对当前和未来全球健康的严重威胁。肥胖症的医学病症增加过早死亡和各种疾病的可能性,所述疾病除了糖尿病外,还有例如心脏病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、骨关节炎、高血压、异常脂血症,和某些类型的癌症。1997年,世界卫生组织正式承认肥胖为一种全球性流行病,并且全世界超过6千3百万人与管控肥胖症和糖尿病两者的挑战作斗争。而且,在全球范围内,估计对治疗和预防糖尿病的医疗支出预期将从2013年的大约$5480亿美元增加至2035年的大约$6270亿美元。
缺乏在大量的个体中促进体重减轻,减少体重增加,或预防糖尿病的发展的有效、便利和安全的治疗,对于这些个体而言,锻炼和饮食的修改不是可行的治疗。肥胖症和糖尿病是共享细胞和代谢过程障碍的相关疾病;事实上,约90%的肥胖患者也是糖尿病患者。患有肥胖症和/或糖尿病的个体经常与血浆中的高甘油三酯水平作斗争。这样的代谢紊乱的另一个特征是可长期快速上升的波动的血糖水平。因此,非常需要在这样的患者中有效地降低血液甘油三酯水平和稳定血糖水平的治疗。
根据肥胖症和糖尿病的增加的流行率,结合由此产生的健康和财务后果,这些代谢障碍的预防和治疗对全球健康的未来是至关重要的。因此,存在对可负担得起的和安全的药理干预的需求,其预防或治疗肥胖症和糖尿病,和有效使血糖和脂质水平正常化。而且,生产所需的主题化合物和组合物的便利的方法对于制药目的是非常有利的。
发明概述
本发明的第一方面的特征是一种治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,和/或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的方法,该方法包括给予有需要的受试者化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐或前体和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐或前体,以致化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐以治疗或预防有效量治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展。理想地,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐以配制为口服、局部或胃肠外给予的组合物存在。
在一些实施方案中,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐基本上同时地(如,以组合形式)或彼此在1小时内给予。在其它实施方案中,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐按顺序给予(如,彼此在1小时、2小时、3小时、4小时、5小时、6小时、7小时、8小时、9小时、10小时内,等等)。
在各个实施方案中,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐是来自表1的化合物。在某些实施方案中,化学解偶联剂是酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9。
在优选的实施方案中,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9以从约2 mg至约200 mg的量存在,而L-肉碱以从约50 mg至约5000 mg的量存在。在某些实施方案中,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9以约10 mg的量存在,而L-肉碱以约700 mg的量存在。在优选的实施方案中,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9以约5 mg至约10 mg的量存在,而L-肉碱以约700 mg的量存在。
本发明的第二方面的特征是一种治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的方法,该方法包括口服给予有需要的受试者一种组合物,其包含从约2 mg至约200 mg的量的化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐,以致组合物在受试者中有效治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展。
理想地,组合物的单位剂型是胶囊或片剂。在各个实施方案中,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐是来自表1的化合物。在优选的实施方案中,化学解偶联剂是酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9或其盐或其衍生物或前体。
在一些实施方案中,该方法还可包括给予一种或多种选自胰岛素、磺酰脲、双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、噻唑烷二酮、氯茴苯酸、抗糖尿病剂、他汀类药物,和减肥补充剂的治疗剂。
在某些实施方案中,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐,或仅包含化学解偶联剂、优选酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的组合物,每天给予一或多次。在进一步的实施方案中,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐,或仅包含化学解偶联剂的组合物,被持续给予至少2-30天。在其它实施方案中,化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐,或仅包含化学解偶联剂的组合物,被持续给予30天以上。
在任一前述方面,糖尿病是2型糖尿病。在某些实施方案中,受试者是肥胖或超重的。
在任一前述方面,该方法还可包括在给予组合物之前、期间或之后的生活方式改变或饮食干预。在一些实施方案中,生活方式改变包括增加体力活动。在其它实施方案中,饮食干预包括低热量饮食或极低热量饮食。
在任一前述方面,该方法还可包括监测受试者是否经历糖尿病的体征或症状改善的步骤。在某些实施方案中,糖尿病的体征或症状的改善选自饥饿感减少,能量增加,血浆葡萄糖降低,血浆甘油三酯降低,胰岛素敏感性增加,身体质量指数改善,和肾和/或肝功能改善。
在任一前述方面,组合物(如,包含化学解偶联剂或其盐或前体和L-肉碱或其盐或衍生物)可提供降低血糖或降低血浆甘油三酯和/或预防体重增加,促进体重减轻/减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的协同效果。在其他条件不变的情况下(ceteris paribus),当使用酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的单一疗法被同时给予酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和L-肉碱酒石酸盐(见实施例3)替代时,根据产热性(thermogenicity)和体重减轻率(或减肥率)都显著地增加的观察结果,所述协同效果是明显的。
本发明的第三方面的特征是药剂盒,其包含化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐,和用于给予化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐至受试者,以治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻/减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的用药说明书。在一些实施方案中,化学解偶联剂是来自表1的化合物或来自表1的化合物的盐或前体或衍生物。在优选的实施方案中,化学解偶联剂是酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9,其与L-肉碱或其盐或衍生物基本上同时给予。
在某些实施方案中,该药剂盒还包含L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐和用于同时或顺序给予L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐与化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐至受试者,以治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻/减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的用药说明书。
在其它实施方案中,该药剂盒还可包含一种或多种选自胰岛素、磺酰脲、双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、噻唑烷二酮、氯茴苯酸、抗糖尿病剂、他汀类药物,和减肥补充剂的治疗剂。
在任何上述方面的某些实施方案中,L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐选自:L-肉碱酒石酸盐、L-肉碱氯化物、L-肉碱溴化物、L-肉碱乳清酸盐、L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱酸式磷酸盐、L-肉碱富马酸盐、L-肉碱乳酸盐、L-肉碱马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸式草酸盐、L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、L-肉碱碘酸盐、L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、L-肉碱粘酸盐、L-肉碱草酸盐、L-肉碱硫酸盐、L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、L-肉碱扑酸盐、L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱氯化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱溴化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱碘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱粘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱扑酸盐,和C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐。在优选的实施方案中,组合物包含从约2 mg至约200 mg的酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9或其盐或前体和从约50 mg至约5000 mg的L-肉碱或其盐或衍生物。
本发明的第四方面的特征是制备酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的方法,该方法包括提供4-羟基-3,5二叔丁基苯甲醛,并使4-羟基-3,5二叔丁基苯甲醛与丙二腈和胺碱催化剂,任选地在溶剂中反应,以使反应产生酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9。
在某些实施方案中,反应通过提供加热进行约1小时。在其它实施方案中,胺碱催化剂选自氨、哌啶、吡啶、吡咯烷,和肌氨酸或其加成盐。在优选的实施方案中,加成盐是乙酸铵。在还有的其它实施方案中,溶剂选自乙醇、甲醇,和异丙醇。在优选的实施方案中,乙醇是无水乙醇。
本发明的第五方面的特征是一种包含化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其盐或衍生物的协同组合物,其中L-肉碱或其盐或衍生物与化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐的重量:重量比是大于10,但小于700 (如,10、约10.5、约11、约12、约14、约15、约20、约25、约30、约50、约80、约90、约100、约150、约200、约250、约300、约350、约400、约450、约500、约550、约600、约625、约650、约675、约680,或约690)。
定义
术语“预防”,如本文所用的,指预防在此描述的疾病、紊乱或病症的一个或多个症状或发展的预防性治疗或治疗。可例如,在疾病、紊乱或病症发病之前的事件之前或之后开始治疗。包括给予本发明的组合物,或其单位剂量药用组合物的治疗,可以是紧急、短期,或长期的。在预防或疗效性治疗过程中给予的剂量可以是变化的。
所谓“治疗”意指为了对抗疾病或紊乱并获得有益或期望的结果,如临床结果的目的,使患者经受管控方案。有益或期望的结果可包括,但不限于,生活质量的改善;一个或多个症状或病症的缓解或改善;疾病、紊乱或病症的程度的减轻;疾病、紊乱或病症状态的稳定(即,不恶化);疾病、紊乱或病症传播的预防;疾病、紊乱或病症进展的延迟或放慢;疾病、紊乱或病症的改善或减轻;和缓解(无论是部分或全部),无论是否为可被检测或不可检测的。
所谓“预防体重增加”意指控制、阻止,和减少体重增加。所谓预防体重增加,例如,实现以下的至少一或多项:身体脂肪或体重的减少或维持,血浆甘油三酯水平的减少或维持,体重增加的停止,高血糖的降低,和/或糖尿病的发病率或严重性的降低,或高脂血症和/或高甘油三酯血症的减轻。
所谓“促进体重减轻”意指实现受试者的体重减轻。例如,给予如在此描述的组合物可导致体重减轻,例如,至少1、2、3、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45,或至多50%的体重(如在给予受试者组合物之前测量的,即基线体重)。在本发明的上下文中,体重减轻也涵盖受试者的体重的维持,并且还涵盖在体重减轻后实现的血浆甘油三酯水平的维持。
所谓“预防糖尿病的发展”意指控制、阻止,和减轻糖尿病在疾病的任何阶段的进展。如在此所用的术语"糖尿病"包括,但不限于,I型糖尿病,也称为胰岛素-依赖性糖尿病(IDMM);II型糖尿病,也称为非-胰岛素-依赖性糖尿病(NIDDM);尿崩症、妊娠期糖尿病,和临界性糖尿病(如,前驱糖尿病)。
所谓“L-肉碱衍生物”意指通过化学或酶促作用,如酯的水解能生成L-肉碱的化学化合物,其中醇氢原子被酰基替代。
所谓“化学解偶联剂的盐”意指其任何加成盐(例如,可通过解偶联剂与药学上-可接受的酸反应获得的盐)或通过用药学上-可接受的金属阳离子或铵或取代的铵或鏻或锍阳离子替换酸性酚(或苯硫酚)质子获得的任何酚盐或苯硫酚盐(thiophenoxide)。
所谓“酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9盐”意指其中酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9分子的苯酚质子已被药学上-可接受的金属阳离子(例如钠、钾、钙,或镁)或被铵离子或药学上-可接受的取代的铵、鏻或锍离子替代的化学化合物。
所谓“酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9衍生物”或“酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9前体”意指能通过化学或酶促方法产生酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的化学化合物(例如苯酚酯)。
所谓“减肥”意指通过降低(例如,降低2%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%、50%、55%、60%、70%、80%,或90%)身体尺寸(如,胸围、腰围,和/或臀围的测量)而变得苗条或减肥的方法。
所谓“生热作用(thermogenesis)”意指能量消耗和热量产生的刺激,其是内源性和/或外源性解偶联剂对线粒体的作用的结果。
所谓“预防身体质量指数(BMI)增加”意指控制、阻止,和/或减少受试者的BMI。
所谓“组合物”意指包含在此描述的一种或多种物质并作为用于治疗哺乳动物的疾病或促进和维持一般健康的治疗性或预防性方案的部分生产或销售的系统。可配制药用组合物,例如,以单位剂型用于口服给予(例如,片剂、胶囊、囊形片、明胶胶囊,或糖浆剂);用于局部给予(如,作为霜剂、凝胶剂、洗剂,或软膏剂);用于静脉内给予(如,作为无颗粒栓子的无菌溶液或胶体分散液,和在适合于静脉内使用的溶剂系统中);或为在此描述的任何其它制剂。
所谓“有效量”意指足以实现有益或期望的结果,如临床结果的量的药物,并且因此,“有效量”取决于其中它被应用的背景。
所谓“给予”或“给药”意指给予组合物的剂量至哺乳动物,以使所述组合物的活性成分与它(它们)的作用位点产生接触的方法。优选的给药方法可取决于各种因素,例如,组合物的组分和疾病、紊乱或病症的性质和严重性。
所谓“基本上同时地”给予意指基本上同时、一起或组合给予在此描述的两种或更多种组合物或两种或更多种物质(如,化学解偶联剂和L-肉碱)的剂量至受试者的方法。
所谓“顺序地”给予意指依次地(如,在15分钟、30分钟、1小时、2小时、3小时、4小时、5小时、6小时、7小时、8小时、9小时,或10小时内)给予两种或更多种组合物或两种或更多种物质的剂量的方法。例如,顺序地给予在此所述的物质或组合物(如,化学解偶联剂和L-肉碱)可包括,例如,在给予L-肉碱后1小时、2小时、3小时、4小时、5小时、6小时、7小时、8小时、9小时,或10小时内给予化学解偶联剂,或反之亦然。
所谓“治疗剂”或“预防剂”意指一起配制在单一组合物中的一种或多种活性剂(如,在此描述的任何化合物)或组合给予受试者的一种或多种活性剂(如,在此描述的任何化合物)。
所谓“受试者”意指人或非-人动物(例如,哺乳动物, 例如,狗、猫、猴、驴、马、牛、猪、小鼠、大鼠等)。
所谓“经肠”意指涉及胃肠道的任何部分的给药。经肠给予可包括:以片剂、胶囊或滴剂的形式经口(即,口服给予),经胃饲管、十二指肠饲管,或直肠给予。
所谓“局部”意指为局部或系统的,特别是表皮、吸入,滴眼剂,和/或滴耳剂给予。
所谓“胃肠外”意指通过非口服摄入给予本发明的组合物,特别是通过注入液体形式进入身体。胃肠外给予可包括:静脉内、动脉内、骨内输液、肌内、脑内、脑室内,和皮下给予。
所谓“化学解偶联剂”意指可传送质子穿过膜的化合物,并且当质子被传送穿过线粒体内膜时,绕过ATP合成。例如,化学解偶联剂可以是,但不限于,表1中列出的化合物。在一些实施方案中,通过化学解偶联,大部分来自葡萄糖氧化的能量被释放为热,因此细胞必须进行比在正常(基础)条件下更大数目的葡萄糖分子的氧化,以生成相同数目的ATP分子。
所谓“肥胖”或“过重”意指其身体质量指数(BMI)超过30 kg/m2的受试者。
所谓“生活方式改变”意指受试者通常生活习惯改变,以使增加活动与减轻体重、维持,或治疗其它健康问题的目标结合。例如,生活方式改变可由治疗肥胖症的临床医师规定。生活方式改变可包括,但不限于,增加锻炼,减少抽烟,和/或参与饮食计划。
所谓“监测”意指观察和测定受试者的进展和受试者是否经历在治疗下的病症的改善。监测也可在治疗之前或之后进行。例如,监测在此被用来确定受试者是否经历糖尿病的体征或症状的改善。
所谓“协同效果”意指当两种或更多种活性剂(如,任何在此描述的化合物)被一起给予及产生的效果大于每种药物当各自给予至使用本发明的组合物治疗的受试者时的累加效果。
所谓“胺碱催化剂”意指含有带有孤电子对的碱性氮原子的有机化合物,其起着增加化学反应速率的作用,而不经受任何持久的化学改变。代表性的胺碱催化剂包括,但不限于,氨、哌啶、吡啶、吡咯烷,和肌氨酸或其盐。
术语“L-肉碱盐”,如本文所用的,表示为在合理的医学判断范围内,适合用于与人和动物的组织接触,而无过度的毒性、刺激性、过敏反应等,且与合理的利益/风险比相称的那些L-肉碱盐。药学上可接受的盐是本领域熟知的。例如,药学上可接受的盐描述于:Berge等, J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 66: 1-19, 1977和在药用盐:特性、选择和使用(Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use), (编辑P. H. Stahl和C.G. Wermuth), Wiley-VCH, 2008。盐可在本发明的化合物的最终分离和纯化期间原位制备或独立地通过游离碱与合适的有机或无机酸反应来制备。代表性的酸加成盐包括乙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐(camphorate)、樟脑磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、双葡萄糖酸盐(digluconate)、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙烷磺酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚糖酸盐(heptonate)、己酸盐、氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基-乙磺酸盐、乳糖醛酸盐(lactobionate)、乳酸盐、月桂酸盐、月桂基硫酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、扑酸盐、果胶酸盐(pectinate)、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、三甲基乙酸盐、丙酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫代氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、十一酸盐、戊酸盐等。代表性的碱或碱土金属盐包括钠、锂、钾、钙、镁等,以及非毒性铵、季铵,和胺阳离子,包括,但不限于铵、四甲基铵、四乙基铵、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、三乙胺、乙胺等。
如本文所用的,“约”指叙述值的量± 25%。
如本文所用的,“一”或“一个”意指“至少一个”或“一个或多个”,除非另外指明。此外,单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数指代,除非文中另外清楚地指明。
本发明的其它特征和优点从以下详细的描述,和从权利要求书中将变得显而易见。
详细描述
发明人已发现,化学解偶联剂[如,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9 (也称为3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基亚苄基)-丙二腈)]与L-肉碱组合提供降低重量、血糖水平,和/或血浆甘油三酯水平的协同效果。发明人还已显示,包含酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的组合物当口服给予至罹患肥胖症和/或代谢综合征的受试者时,导致体重减轻/减肥并降低甘油三酯水平。而且,发明人已显示,给予酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9促成糖尿病受试者的血糖和血浆甘油三酯水平的稳定。此外,发明人在此提供一种比本领域目前可利用的方法更便利的合成酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的方法。因此,本发明的特征是包含单独和与其它治疗剂(如,L-肉碱)组合的化学解偶联剂(如,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9)的组合物,其用于治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展。
治疗剂
化学解偶联剂
已知的氧化磷酸化的化学解偶联剂包括,但不限于,在下表1中所示的和在美国专利公布号2004-0138301中发现的化合物,其通过引用结合到本文中。这样的化合物已知可安全地提高线粒体呼吸并可用于治疗从这种代谢的增加受益的病症,包括肥胖症和糖尿病,特别是2型糖尿病。在一些实施方案中,解偶联剂也可减少胰岛素从β-细胞的释放,其可用于预防糖尿病。
表1. 氧化磷酸化的化学解偶联剂
酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9
本发明的特征是包含酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9 (也称为3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基亚苄基)丙二腈),及其衍生物或盐的组合物。酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9可用作有效的氧化磷酸化的解偶联剂和前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞的抑制剂,从而防止脂肪细胞的形成。酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9具有以下所示的结构分子式:
酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9
酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂是亚苄基丙二腈的衍生物,其降低酪氨酸磷酸化,由此不影响单一的介质,而是影响通过酪氨酸激酶的细胞信号转导。酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂作为用于治疗炎症相关的和高增殖性疾病的潜在药物已被进行深入的研究(Dimitrova P., IvanovskaN. OA Inflammation 1(1):4 (2013))。酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的生理学特性是众所周知的,并且已表明该化合物是极低毒性(体外和体内)的细胞保护剂,其抑制TNF-诱导的人中性粒细胞的呼吸爆发,但不抑制它们的杀菌活性,并且它在以不适当的血管内膜增生为特征的病症的治疗中可能是有益的。而且,由于在结构上非常类似于酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的许多酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂已经显示通过转录因子Nrf2的核转位的诱导,强烈地激活细胞保护基因(Turpaev K.等, Biochem. Pharmacol. 82(5): 535-47 (2010)),非常可能的是,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9通过这种路径发挥细胞保护作用。酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和相关的亚苄基丙二酸衍生物可如在实施例1中概述的而获得(见下文)。
实施例1的方法可被用来制备酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和相关的化合物,其包括,但不限于,3,4-二羟基亚苄基-丙二腈、3,5-二羟基亚苄基-丙二腈、3-甲氧基-4,5-二羟基亚苄基丙二腈、3,4,5-三羟基亚苄基-丙二腈,和3-羟基亚苄基-丙二腈。除了酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的两种或更多种盐或衍生物的混合物,本发明还提供酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9、其衍生物,和酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的一或多种盐或衍生物的混合物。在一些实施方案中,实施例1的变化可被用来获得类似的材料。与酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9相关的亚苄基-和亚肉桂基-丙二酸衍生物的另外的组合物在欧洲专利公布号EP 0322738中公开,其通过引用结合到本文中。
酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9也可通过不同的化学供应商经商业获得。例如,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9可从以下公司获得:RG-50872、Malonaben、SF 6847 (Santa CruzBiotechnology)、BML-EI215 (Enzo Life Sciences)、ab141561 (Abcam)、Sigma-T182(Sigma-Aldrich)、SF-6847 (Selleck Chemicals),和AG-17 (Cayman Chemical)。
L-肉碱
本发明的特征还在于包含酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9与L-肉碱、其衍生物和盐的组合物。L-肉碱及其盐可被用于治疗心血管疾病,并且在膳食补充剂中用于减轻体重。不希望受到理论的束缚,L-肉碱可促进脂类的代谢。本发明的化合物包括,但不限于L-肉碱、L-肉碱的盐、烷酰基L-肉碱,和烷酰基L-肉碱的盐。
L-肉碱及其衍生物的合适的盐包括L-肉碱酒石酸盐、L-肉碱氯化物、L-肉碱溴化物、L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱酸磷酸盐、L-肉碱富马酸盐、L-肉碱乳酸盐、L-肉碱马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸式草酸盐、L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、L-肉碱碘酸盐、L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、L-肉碱粘酸盐、L-肉碱乳清酸盐、L-肉碱草酸盐、L-肉碱硫酸盐、L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、L-肉碱扑酸盐、L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱氯化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱溴化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱碘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱粘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱扑酸盐,和C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐。
本发明除了L-肉碱两种或更多种的盐的混合物,也提供L-肉碱和L-肉碱的一或多种盐的混合物。本组合物还可包含任何已知在补充剂中与L-肉碱或其盐组合的另外的活性成分,如羟基柠檬酸、辅酶Q10、吡啶甲酸铬、γ-亚麻酸、白藜芦醇、ω-3酸、抗氧化剂,和/或维生素,如维生素B复合物、维生素C、肾上腺提取物和泛酸。
本组合物还可包含姜黄、黑加仑、杨梅树皮、蜡果杨梅、黑米(籼稻(Oryza sativaL. indica))、野茶树、可可、余甘子(Emblica officinalis)、巴拉圭冬青(Ilexparaguariensis)、鼠李树皮、波希鼠李(Rhamnus purshiana)、阿拉伯金合欢(Acacianilotica)、柿子、蓝莓叶、葡萄籽、科迪亚柳叶(Cordia salicifolia)、圣约翰草(SaintJohn´s Wort) (贯叶连翘(Hypericum perforatum))、甘葛藤(Pueruria thomsonn)、刺山柑(Capparis spinosa)、Gymnema sylvestre、接骨木果、接骨木花、黄皮酸橙(Citrusaurantium)、绿咖啡(Coffea canefora)豆、Jambolean (海南蒲桃(Sygium cumini))、迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis)、生姜(Zingiber officinalis)、山扁豆(Cassia nomame)、方茎青紫葛(Cissus quadrangularis)、苹果、蔓越莓、野玫瑰果(Rose Hips)、白芸豆(菜豆)、甘草、葫芦巴、育亨宾树、白柳、冬虫夏草、南非醉茄(Ashwaganda)、黄芪、人参、五味子、西伯利亚人参、亚洲人参、香胶树(印度没药(Commiphora mukul))、苦瓜(Momordicacharantia)、柬埔寨藤黄果(Garcinia cambogia)、欧蜀葵、宝巾叶子花(Bougainvilleaspectabilis)、紫苜蓿、缬草根(Valeriana officinalis)、特纳草(Damiana)、洋甘菊、卡瓦胡椒(kava kava)、西番莲、蛇麻草、黄芩(skullcap)、山楂树(hawthorne)、薰衣草、马尾巴草(horse tail)、蒲公英、欧洲接骨木、熊果叶、欧芹、瓜拉那野莓(guaraná)、辣椒属,和葱属的活性成分的粉末或提取物。
本发明还可包括肉豆蔻酸钙、肉豆蔻酸镁、十四烷基硫代乙酸(TTA)、甲状腺激素或其前体、甲状腺功能增强剂、Kreb循环代谢物、内源性解偶联蛋白,如UCP-1、UCP-2、UCP-3、PUMP (植物解偶联线粒体蛋白),或它(它们的)前体、激动剂或促进剂,亮氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、酪氨酸、共轭亚油酸、肾上腺素分泌促进剂、脂肪酸或酯、β受体激动剂、胰高血糖素、阿布他明、血管加压素、泛醌、辅酶Q1、辅酶Q2、褪黑激素、雌激素的脂肪酸酯,如油醇雌酮(oleylestrone)、葡甘露聚糖、薄荷醇、薄荷精油、百里香精油、元素硫,和甘蔗脂肪醇(policosanols)。
L-肉碱及其盐可通过美国专利号4,254,053;4,602,039;5,412,113;和7,303,765中描述的方法方便地制备,这些专利通过引用结合到本文中。
本发明的组合物也可与已知预防体重增加,促进体重减轻,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的化合物,如氧化磷酸化的化学解偶联剂、胰岛素、磺酰脲、双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、噻唑烷二酮、氯茴苯酸、抗糖尿病剂、他汀类药物,或减肥补充剂组合使用。
抗糖尿病和抗肥胖剂
本发明的组合物可与合适的抗糖尿病剂包括胰岛素或胰岛素类似物和口服活性降血糖药一起配制和给予。口服活性降血糖药可包括,但不限于磺酰脲、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、噻唑烷二酮,和氯茴苯酸。药学上可利用的磺酰脲的实例包括醋酸己脲、氨磺丁脲、氯磺丙脲、格列本脲、格列波脲、格列齐特、格列美脲、格列吡嗪、妥拉磺脲和甲苯磺丁脲。双胍的实例包括二甲双胍(也称为N,N-二甲基亚酰胺基二碳二亚胺二酰胺,或格华止),其是一种用于治疗2型糖尿病,特别是在过重或肥胖受试者中的常见的治疗。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂可被用来在患有糖尿病的受试者中预防碳水化合物的消化并可包括,但不限于,药学上可利用的药物例如米格列醇(也称为(2R,3R,4R,5S)-1-(2-羟基乙基)-2-(羟基甲基)哌啶-3,4,5-三醇或Glyset)和伏格列波糖(也称为(1S,2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(1,3-二羟基丙-2-基氨基)-1-(羟基甲基)环己烷-1,2,3,4-四醇)。噻唑烷二酮的实例可包括,但不限于,罗西格列酮(也称为(RS)-5-[4-(2-[甲基(吡啶-2-基)氨基]乙氧基)苄基]噻唑烷-2,4-二酮或文迪雅(Avandia))、吡格列酮(也称为(RS)-5-(4-[2-(5-乙基吡啶-2-基)乙氧基]苄基)噻唑烷-2,4-二酮或Actos)、洛贝格列酮(Lobeglitazone) (也称为5-[(4-[2-([6-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)嘧啶-4-基]-甲基氨基)乙氧基]苯基)甲基]-1,3-噻唑烷-2,4-二酮或Duvie),和曲格列酮(也称为(RS)-5-(4-[(6-羟基-2,5,7,8-四甲基苯并二氢吡喃-2-基)甲氧基]苄基)噻唑烷-2,4-二酮或Rezulin、Resulin、Romozin,或Noscal)。氯茴苯酸的实例可包括,但不限于,瑞格列奈(也称为(S)-(+)-2-乙氧基-4-[2-(3-甲基-1-[2-(哌啶-1-基)苯基]丁基氨基)-2-氧代乙基]苯甲酸或Prandin)、那格列奈(也称为3-苯基-2-[(4-丙烷-2-基环己烷羰基)氨基]丙酸或Starlix),和米格列奈(也称为(2S)-2-苄基-4-[(3aR,7aS)-八氢-2H-异吲哚-2-基]-4-氧代丁酸或Glufast)。在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合物可与降血脂剂,如他汀类药物或添加剂(adjunct)一起配制或给予。他汀类药物的实例包括,但不限于,洛伐他汀、普伐他汀,和辛伐他汀。
减肥补充剂
对人服用安全的一种或多种减肥补充剂可加入到本发明的组合物中。这些包括天然存在的、合成的,或这样的物质的任何组合。例如,补充剂可包括,但不限于,L-鸟氨酸、L-酪氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、共轭亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、吡啶甲酸铬、葡萄糖耐量因子、硫酸氧钒、Gymnema sylvestre、菠萝蛋白酶、胰酶(pancreatin)、木瓜蛋白酶、辅酶Q10、姜黄素、伏牛花、熊果、水飞蓟素(Silymarin)、Teucrium polium、胆碱、肌醇、人生长激素、DHEA (脱氢表雄酮)、咖啡因、黄嘌呤(如,岩藻黄质)、可乐果、欧车前、马黛茶(yerba maté)、瓜拉那(guarana)、人参、中链甘油三酯、羟基柠檬酸(HCA)、海藻、卵磷脂、二羟基丙酮、丙酮酸、肌氨酸、碘、烟酸、墨角藻(bladderwrack)、白色豆提取物(white bean extract)、葡甘露聚糖、壳聚糖、白藜芦醇、白藜芦醇衍生物、维生素D、hCG、辣椒素、芡欧鼠尾草、仙人掌(hoodia)、苹果醋、椰子油、苦橙,和B族维生素。
药用组合物和制剂
本发明的组合物可通过本领域已知的各种方法给予。如为技术人员理解的,给药途径和/或模式将取决于所期望的结果而变化。组合物可被配制为胃肠外、鼻内、局部(topical)、口服或局部(local)给予,如通过经皮方式,用于预防性和/或疗效性治疗。组合物可如在下文进一步讨论的,通过口服摄入,或通过局部应用,或胃肠外(如,通过静脉内、肌内,或皮下注射)给予。另外的给药途径包括静脉内、动脉内、肿瘤内、腹膜内、脑室内、硬膜内(intraepidural),以及鼻、眼、巩膜内、眼眶内、直肠,或气溶胶吸入给药。
口服给予
口服使用的制剂包括包含与非-毒性药学上可接受的赋形剂混合的活性成分的片剂,而这样的制剂是技术人员已知的(如,U.S.P.N.: 5,817,307、5,824,300、5,830,456、5,846,526、5,882,640、5,910,304、6,036,949、6,036,949,和6,372,218,通过引用结合到本文中)。这些赋形剂可以是,例如,惰性稀释剂或填充剂(如,蔗糖、山梨醇、糖、甘露醇、微晶纤维素、淀粉(包括马铃薯淀粉)、碳酸钙、氯化钠、乳糖、磷酸钙、硫酸钙,或磷酸钠);制粒剂和崩解剂(如,纤维素衍生物(包括微晶纤维素)、淀粉(包括马铃薯淀粉)、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、藻酸盐,或藻酸);粘合剂(如,蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇、阿拉伯树胶、藻酸、藻酸钠、明胶、淀粉、预胶化淀粉、微晶纤维素、硅酸铝镁、羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,或聚乙二醇);和润滑剂、助流剂,和抗-粘附剂(如,硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸、二氧化硅、氢化植物油,或滑石粉)。其它药学上可接受的赋形剂可以是着色剂、调味剂、增塑剂、保湿剂、缓冲剂等。
片剂可未被包衣或可通过已知的技术包衣,任选地延迟在胃肠道中的崩解和吸收,从而提供在较长时期的持续作用。包衣可适于以预定的模式释放化合物(如,以实现控制释放制剂)或它可直至通过胃后才释放药物(肠溶包衣)。包衣可以是糖包衣、薄膜包衣(如,基于羟基丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、甲基羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、丙烯酸酯共聚物、聚乙二醇,和/或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮),或肠溶包衣(如,基于甲基丙烯酸共聚物、醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、邻苯二甲酸羟丙基甲基纤维素、醋酸琥珀酸羟丙基甲基纤维素、醋酸邻苯二甲酸聚乙烯酯、虫胶,和/或乙基纤维素)。而且,可使用延时材料例如,甘油单硬脂酸酯或甘油二硬脂酸酯。固体片剂组合物可包括适合于保护组合物避免不需要的化学改变(如,在释放活性物质之前化学降解)的包衣。包衣可以如在上文药物技术百科全书(Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology)中描述的类似方式应用于固体剂型。
本发明的组合物可以一起混合在片剂中,或可被分区。在一个实例中,第一种药物被包含在片剂内,而第二种药物位于外部,以致第二种药物的主要部分在第一种药物释放之前释放。
口服使用制剂也可作为可咀嚼的片剂,或作为其中活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂(如,马铃薯淀粉、乳糖、微晶纤维素、碳酸钙、磷酸钙、高岭土,和/或任何药学上可接受的赋形剂或添加剂)混合的硬明胶胶囊,或作为其中活性成分与水或油介质,例如,花生油、液体石蜡,或橄榄油混合的软明胶胶囊存在。口服使用的制剂也可以作为囊剂存在。
口服使用的制剂可另外地作为延长释放或延期释放制剂/单位剂型存在。粉末剂和颗粒剂可使用上文在片剂和胶囊章节下提及的成分,以常规方式,使用例如混合机、流化床装置或喷雾干燥设备制备。本发明的化合物将能够在这样的组合中延长保存期限。
局部制剂
根据本发明的药用组合物可被配制为局部给药。可通过局部应用于皮肤,给予受试者有效量的在此所述的化合物。本发明的组合物可被配制成各种各样的产品类型,其包括,但不限于固体和液体组合物,例如洗剂、霜剂、凝胶剂、粘着剂(sticks)、喷雾剂、软膏剂、清洁液体洗剂和固体条皂、香波、糊剂、粉末、泡沫剂、摩丝(mousses),和抹涂剂(wipes)。这些产品类型可含有几种类型的美容上可接受的局部或皮肤病学上可接受的载体,包括,但不限于,溶液、乳液(如,微乳液和纳米乳液)、凝胶、固体,和脂质体。其它载体可由本领域普通技术人员配制。
用于本发明的局部组合物可被配制为溶液剂。溶液剂应优选地包含水性溶剂(如,从约50%至约99.99%或从约90%至约99%的美容上可接受的水性溶剂)。更优选地,这样的组合物应含有约30%溶剂,虽然这可依赖于制剂而变化。这样的溶剂可包括乙醇、丙二醇、聚乙二醇、其混合物等。
局部组合物也可被配制为含有润肤剂的溶液剂。这样的组合物优选地含有从约2%至约50%的润肤剂。如本文所用的,"润肤剂"指用来预防或缓解皮肤干燥和保护皮肤的材料。广泛种类的合适的润肤剂是已知的并可在此使用。国际化妆品成分词典和手册(International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook), Wenninger andMcEwen编辑, pp. 1656-61, 1626,和1654-55 (The Cosmetic, Toiletry,and FragranceAssoc, Washington, D. C, 第7版, 1997)包含大量的合适材料的实例。洗剂可从溶液剂制得。洗剂通常含有从约1%至约20% (更优选地,从约5%至约10%)的润肤剂和从约50%至约90% (更优选地,从约60%至约80%)的水。本发明的组合物可配制为霜剂。霜剂通常含有从约5%至约50% (更优选地,从约10%至约20%)的润肤剂和从约45%至约85% (更优选地,从约50%至约75%)的水。可从溶液配制的又一种类型的产品是软膏剂。软膏剂可由动物或植物油或半-固体烃的单一基质构成。软膏剂可含有从约2%至约10%的润肤剂,和从约0.1%至约2%的增稠剂。INCI手册(INCI Handbook),见上文,包含一系列用于本发明的组合物、方法和药剂盒的可接受的增稠剂或增粘剂。
用于本发明的局部组合物也可优选地配制为乳剂。如果载体是乳液,从约1%至约10% (优选地从约2%至约5%)的载体应由一种或多种乳化剂组成。乳化剂可以是非离子、阴离子或阳离子的。合适的乳化剂可发现于,例如,INCI手册(INCI Handbook), pp .1673-1686中。
洗剂和霜剂也可配制为乳剂。通常这样的洗剂优选地含有从0.5%至约5%的乳化剂。这样的霜剂通常将含有从约1%至约20% (优选地从约5%至约0%)的润肤剂;从约20%至约80% (优选地,从30%至约70%)的水;和从约1%至约10% (优选地,从约2%至约5%)的乳化剂。水包油型和油包水型的单一乳液皮肤护理制剂,如洗剂和霜剂,是化妆品领域中众所周知的并用于本发明。多相乳液组合物,如水包油包水型(water-in-oil-in-water type)也用于本发明。一般来说,这样的单相或多相乳液含有水、润肤剂和乳化剂作为主要成分。
本发明的局部组合物可配制为凝胶剂(例如,使用合适的胶凝剂的水性凝胶)。用于水性凝胶的合适的胶凝剂包括,但不限于,天然树胶、丙烯酸和丙烯酸酯聚合物和共聚物,和纤维素衍生物(如,羟甲基纤维素和羟基丙基纤维素)。用于油(例如矿物油)的合适的胶凝剂包括,但不限于,氢化丁烯/乙烯/苯乙烯共聚物和氢化乙烯/丙烯/苯乙烯共聚物。这样的凝胶通常含有约0.1%和5%重量之间的这样的胶凝剂。微凝胶可用来增强制剂的滤泡传递。
本发明的组合物可含有一种或多种表面活性剂。在一个实施方案中,组合物可含有发泡表面活性剂。发泡表面活性剂是当与水合并并机械搅拌时生成泡沫的表面活性剂。在一个实施方案中,发泡表面活性剂具有在ASTM标准1001章节15册15.04的ASTM年鉴(ASTMAnnual Book of ASTM Standards 1001 Section 15 Volume)提出的表面-活性剂D1173-53的发泡特性的标准试验方法中(使用5克/升的浓度,温度49℃,和8格令/加仑的水硬度)至少20 mm,如至少50 mm的最初的泡沫高度读数。发泡表面活性剂的实例包括,但不限于,阴离子、非离子、阳离子和两性发泡表面活性剂。阴离子发泡表面活性剂的非限制性实例包括选自肌氨酸盐、硫酸盐、羟乙基磺酸盐、牛磺酸盐、磷酸盐、乳酰乳酸盐(lactylates),和谷氨酸盐的那些。具体实例包括,但不限于,选自十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基硫酸铵、月桂醇聚醚硫酸铵、月桂醇聚醚硫酸钠、十三烷醇聚醚硫酸钠、十六烷基硫酸铵、十六烷基硫酸钠、椰油酰羟乙磺酸铵、月桂酰羟乙磺酸钠、月桂酰乳酰乳酸钠、月桂酰乳酰乳酸三乙醇胺、己酰乳酰乳酸钠、月桂酰肌氨酸钠、肉豆蔻酰基肌氨酸钠、椰油酰基肌氨酸钠、月桂酰基甲基牛磺酸钠、椰油酰基甲基牛磺酸钠、月桂酰基谷氨酸钠、肉豆蔻酰基谷氨酸钠,和椰油酰基谷氨酸钠及其混合物的那些。非离子发泡表面活性剂的非限制性实例包括选自烷基葡糖苷、烷基聚葡糖苷、聚羟基脂肪酸酰胺、烷氧基化脂肪酸酯、发泡蔗糖酯、氧化胺,及其混合物的那些。具体实例包括,但不限于,选自C8-C14葡萄糖酰胺、C8-C14烷基聚葡糖苷、蔗糖椰油酸酯、蔗糖月桂酸酯、月桂胺氧化物、椰油胺氧化物,及其混合物的非离子表面活性剂。两性发泡表面活性剂的非限制性实例,其也包括两性离子发泡表面活性剂,为选自甜菜碱、磺基甜菜碱、羟基磺基甜菜碱、烷基亚氨基乙酸酯、亚氨基二烷酸酯、氨基烷酸酯,及其混合物的那些。本发明的两性表面活性剂的非限制性实例包括月桂酰两性二乙酸二钠(disodiumlauro ampho diacetate)、月桂酰两性乙酸钠(sodium lauroamphoacetate)、十六烷基二甲基甜菜碱、椰油酰氨基丙基甜菜碱、椰油酰氨基丙基羟基磺基甜菜碱,及其混合物的那些。
根据本发明的组合物还可含有一种或多种另外的美容活性剂以及上述组分。美容活性剂是一种化合物,其可以是合成的化合物或从天然来源分离、纯化或浓缩的化合物,或含有化合物的混合物的天然提取物,其具有对组织的美容或治疗效果,包括,但不限于:抗-微生物剂例如抗-酵母剂、抗-真菌剂和抗-细菌剂;抗-炎剂、抗-衰老剂、抗-寄生虫剂、外用镇痛药、防晒霜、遮光剂、抗氧化剂、角质溶解剂、洗涤剂/表面活性剂、保湿剂、营养素、维生素、矿物质、能量促进剂、止汗剂、收敛剂、毛发生长促进剂、染发剂、颜料、固化剂、皮肤调理剂和气味控制剂,例如气味掩蔽剂或pH-变化剂。在一个实施方案中,美容活性剂可选自,但不限于,羟基酸、过氧化苯甲酰、D-泛醇、辛基甲氧基肉桂酸酯、二氧化钛、水杨酸辛酯、胡莫柳酯、阿伏苯宗、类胡萝卜素、自由基清除剂、自旋捕捉剂(spin traps)、维甲酸类如维甲酸(维A酸)和维甲酸类前体如视黄醇和棕榈酸视黄酯、维生素例如维生素E (α、β,或δ生育酚和/或它们的混合物)、神经酰胺、多不饱和脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸、酶、酶抑制剂、矿物质、激素例如孕酮、类固醇如氢化可的松、2-二甲基氨基乙醇、金属(包括,但不限于,铁或锌)盐例如氯化铜、含有铜的肽例如Cu:Gly-His-Lys、辅酶Q10、氨基酸、维生素、乙酰基-辅酶A、烟酸、核黄素、硫胺、核糖、电子转运蛋白例如NADH和FADH2,植物提取物例如芦荟(aloe vera)、小白菊(Feverfew),和大豆,及其衍生物和混合物。美容活性剂将优选地以从约0.001%至约20%、更优选地,从约0.005%至约10%和最优选地,从约0.01%至约5%重量的组合物的量存在于本发明的组合物中。
本发明的组合物也可配制为栓剂(如用基质例如可可酯和它们的甘油酯)或保留灌肠剂用于直肠递送。
胃肠外组合物
含有在此描述的或使用本发明的方法鉴定的化合物的组合物可通过以剂型、制剂,或经由合适的递药装置或含有常规、非-毒性的药学上可接受的载体和辅助剂的植入物经胃肠外注射、输注或植入(皮下、静脉内、肌内、腹膜内等)给予。这样的组合物的制剂和制备对药物制剂领域的技术人员而言是众所周知的。
胃肠外使用的组合物可以单位剂型(如,以单剂量安瓿),或以含有几个剂量并且其中可加入合适的防腐剂的小瓶提供。组合物可呈现为溶液、混悬液、乳液、输液装置,或用于植入的递药装置的形式。或者,组合物可作为干燥粉末存在,以在使用前用水或另一种合适的媒介重新构成。除了活性剂,组合物可包括合适的胃肠外可接受的载体和/或赋形剂。活性剂可结合到微球、微胶囊、纳米粒子、脂质体等中用于控制释放。而且,组合物可包括助悬剂、增溶剂、稳定剂、pH-调节剂、张力调节剂,和/或分散剂。
如上所指明的,根据本发明的药用组合物可以适合于无菌注射的形式呈现。为制备这样的组合物,使合适的活性剂溶于或悬浮于胃肠外可接受的液体媒介中。在可使用的可接受的媒介和溶剂中有水;通过加入适宜量的盐酸、氢氧化钠或合适的缓冲剂调节至合适的pH的水;1,3-丁二醇、林格氏溶液、葡萄糖溶液,和等渗氯化钠溶液。水性制剂也可含有一或多种防腐剂(如,甲基、乙基或正-丙基对-羟基苯甲酸酯)。在化合物之一仅仅是极微溶于水或微溶于水的情况下,可以添加溶解增强剂或增溶剂,或溶剂可包括10-60% w/w的丙二醇等。
剂量
本发明的组合物通过本领域技术人员已知的常规方法,被配制成药学上可接受的剂型。本发明的组合物中活性成分的实际剂量水平可以变化,以获得对特定受试者、组合物和给药模式有效实现所期望的治疗性或预防性响应的量的活性成分,而对受试者无毒。选择的剂量水平将取决于各种药代动力学因素,包括所用本发明的特定组合物的活性,给药途径,给药次数,所用特定药物的吸收速率,治疗的持续时间,与所用的特定组合物组合使用的其它药物、物质和/或材料,待治疗受试者的年龄、性别、体重、病情、一般健康和先前的医疗史以及医学领域熟知的其它因素。在此所述的任何组合物的剂量也可取决于所期望的减轻体重的量或速率,糖尿病的严重性或进展的阶段,和待治疗受试者的年龄、体重和健康。
具有本领域普通技能的临床医师可容易地确定和开具有效量的所需组合物。例如,临床医师可以用于组合物的低于实现所期望的治疗效果的所需剂量水平的本发明物质的剂量开始,并逐渐增加剂量直至达到所期望的效果。一般来说,本发明组合物的合适的日剂量将是物质有效产生治疗性或预防性效果的最低剂量的量。这样的有效剂量一般将取决于上述因素。本发明的组合物可方便地以单位剂型给予并可通过制药领域熟知的任何方法,例如,如在“Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy” (第20版, A. R.Gennaro编辑, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)中所述制备。优选的治疗剂量水平是在每剂量给予患有大多数在此描述的症状、综合征和病理学病症的受试者约2 mg至约200 mg之间(如,2、4、6、8、10、20、40、60、80、100、125、150、175,和200 mg)的酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9、其衍生物和盐。优选的剂量水平是约50 mg至约5000 mg (如,50、60、70、80、90、100、250、500、750、1000、2000、3000、4000,和5000 mg)的L-肉碱及其衍生物和盐。
组合物可以单一日剂量或以多个剂量给予受试者。给药可以是每日、每周(或在其它一些多日间隔)或按照间歇的时间表一次或多次,并且循环重复给定的次数(如,2-10个循环)或无限期。例如,在此所述的组合物可每日给予一次,持续如,2、3、4、5、6、7、8、10、15、20、25、30或更多天。在另一个实施方案中,组合物可一天给予一或多次,如,一天2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10或更多次。组合物也可长期给予,如,超过30天,如31天、40天、50天、60天、3个月、6个月、9个月、1年、2年,或3年)。优选地,本发明的组合物将给予至少30天或更多天。在治疗第一周期间,优选所有的受试者每日给予剂量约10 mg的酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和约700mg-约1400 mg的L-肉碱酒石酸盐或L-肉碱富马酸盐;如果到了所述周结束时,受试者未报告增加身体热量和/或增加出汗,每日剂量应该增加至同时服用20 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和约1400-约2800 mg L-肉碱富马酸盐或酒石酸盐。
只有在到第二周末仍未报告有热感觉或出汗增强的情况下,日剂量才应该增加至约30 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和约2100 mg-约4200 mg L-肉碱酒石酸盐或富马酸盐。仅对非常肥胖的个体才应该期望每天有效剂量超过30 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9。应建议保持在凉爽的环境(至少当出汗或体温在峰值时)中,以及保持水分,并补充流失的电解质。当服用过量(如通过增加脉搏率和患者的疲劳感所证实的)时,适当的支持措施包括通过暴露患者降温、喷洒微温的水,和用工业级风扇吹风。如果不能确保冷却,表面、辅助设备和腹股沟冰袋应立即应用以及静脉内给予冷的葡萄糖溶液和碳酸氢盐溶液(1-2 mEq/kg)。如果上述措施失败,尿排出量应通过甘露醇给予纠正并通过静脉内给予50%饱和葡萄糖溶液至低血糖。当严重或持续的高代谢不能被上述措施纠正时,应静脉内给予直肠丙硫氧嘧啶(1000 mg)、氢化可的松(100 mg,6h),或地塞米松(2 mg,6h)。患者的躁动和不安可通过适当的IV或IM剂量的地西泮避免。
要理解,对于任何特定的受试者,特定的剂量方案应根据个体需要和给予或监测化合物的给予的人员的专业判断,随着时间的推移而调整。例如,如果较低的剂量不能提供促进体重减轻或治疗糖尿病的充分的活性,可增加化合物的剂量。相反,如果在减轻体重或糖尿病中有改善(如通过在此描述的方法评价的),可减少化合物的剂量。当症状出现时可给予组合物或直至症状消退。应努力使患者专注于充分意识到这样的观察,即治疗成功关键依赖于他们的食物的卡路里输入。如果患者在治疗开始时体重增加的速率是显著的,应向他/她解释他/她的体重可能很难期望被减少,除非他/她的卡路里输入明显减少。
在此所述的化合物可任选地作为通常用于制药工业的药学上可接受的盐,如非-毒性酸加成盐或金属复合物给予。酸加成盐的实例包括从有机酸,如乙酸、乳酸、双羟萘酸、马来酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、抗坏血酸、丁二酸、苯甲酸、棕榈酸、辛二酸、水杨酸、酒石酸、甲烷磺酸、甲苯磺酸,或三氟乙酸等;聚合酸(polymeric acid),如丹宁酸、羧基甲基纤维素等;和无机酸,如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸等衍生的那些。金属复合物包括锌、铁等。
组合物可通过任何如上所述的有用的方法制备。例如,将至少一种治疗剂溶于乙醇并加入到聚乙二醇(PEG)的混合物中。在另一个实例中,组合物还包含皮肤渗透促进剂例如具有在C-12和C-16之间变化的碳链的中链脂肪酸的二甲基丙氨酸酰胺。更特别地,活性化合物单独或其组合可制备成软膏剂形式或霜剂形式。组合物中活性化合物的重量将在0.5%-30 % (w/w)范围内。最优选的范围将在5%和20% (w/w)之间。在另一个实施方案中,组合物含有0.5%-2%、1%-2%、2.5%-5%、8%-12%、0%-20%,或20-30% (w/w)之间的至少一种化合物(即,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9、其衍生物和盐)。在一个实施中,活性化合物以至少0.5%、至少1%、至少2%、至少2.5%、至少3%、至少5%、至少10%、至少15%、至少20%,或至少25% (w/w)的量存在于组合物中,并可以是,例如,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9、其衍生物和盐或L-肉碱及其盐。
治疗方法
肥胖症
在此所述的化合物和组合物可用来治疗肥胖症。肥胖症是其中过量的身体脂肪已积聚至可对健康具有负面作用,导致健康问题增加的程度的医学病症。肥胖症可由过量食物摄取,缺乏体育活动,情绪问题,和遗传易感性以及内分泌紊乱,某些药物,或精神疾病的组合引起。患有肥胖症的个体具有许多身体和心理病症的增加的风险,因此已发现肥胖症减少期望寿命。与肥胖症有关的病症的非限制性实例包括代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、高血压、高血胆固醇、心血管疾病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、某些类型的癌症、骨关节炎,哮喘,高血压,不孕症,出生缺陷、多囊卵巢综合征、抑郁症、痛风、骨关节炎、偏头痛、痴呆,心肌梗死,充血性心力衰竭、多发性硬化,和腕管综合征。肥胖症还可以血浆中的高甘油三酯水平和高血糖为特征,其中过量的葡萄糖在血浆中循环。因此,已表明用本发明的组合物治疗不仅促进体重减轻,而且还在肥胖或过重的受试者中使高血糖和高甘油三酯血浆水平正常化。而且,由于约90%的肥胖受试者也患有糖尿病,本发明的治疗方法还涵盖也是糖尿病的肥胖受试者的群体。
糖尿病
在此所述的化合物和组合物可用来治疗或预防糖尿病的发展。糖尿病可以是任何代谢性疾病,其中病人具有高血糖,或者由于身体不能产生足够的胰岛素,或者由于细胞对产生的胰岛素无响应。因此,用本发明的组合物治疗已显示使糖尿病受试者的高血糖水平正常化。糖尿病的非-限制性实例包括,1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、妊娠期糖尿病、先天性糖尿病、囊性纤维化相关糖尿病、类固醇糖尿病、成人潜伏性自身免疫性糖尿病,和单基因糖尿病。与糖尿病有关的并发症包括但不限于低血糖、糖尿病酮症酸中毒、非酮症高渗性昏迷、心血管疾病、慢性肾衰竭、糖尿病性肾病、糖尿病性神经病变、糖尿病-相关的足疾(如,糖尿病足溃疡),和糖尿病视网膜病。
肥胖症和糖尿病组合
用于该患者群体的治疗方法与对如上详细描述的肥胖患者推荐的那些方法基本相同。
肥胖症和糖尿病的症状
在一些实施方案中,患有肥胖症和/或糖尿病的受试者被鉴定为用在此所述的组合物治疗所述疾病、紊乱或病症的症状的候选者。除了前述相关的疾病风险(如,2型糖尿病、高血压,和心血管疾病),肥胖受试者可分类为具有超过正常的BMI,例如大于约30 kg/m2(如,约29、31、32、33、34,或35 kg/m2)和高于正常腰围,例如,对于男性大于约102 cm (如,约100、101、102、103、104,或105 cm)或对于女性大于约88cm (如,约86、87、89、90、91,或92cm)的腰围。与肥胖症有关的另外的身体状况可包括呼吸短促、疲劳感,关节或肌肉痛、皮肤问题、静脉曲张,和月经周期不规则。在一些实施方案中,通过甘油三酯的高血浆水平或高甘油三酯血症的状况如,高于约150 mg/dL (如,约148、149、151、152,或153 mg/dL)的水平鉴定肥胖受试者。肥胖受试者还可具有高于正常水平的空腹血糖,如,大于约100 mg/dL(如,约98、99、101、102,或103 mg/dL)。肥胖症的进一步的非限制性症状可包括降低的HDL胆固醇,如,少于约40 mg/dL (如,约37、38、39、41,或42 mg/dL),和升高的血压,如,心脏收缩血压大于约130 mm Hg (如,约127、128、129、131,或132 mm Hg)。此外,肥胖受试者可之前已经预先规定涉及生活方式改变的治疗,例如,增加体力活动,和/或饮食干预,例如,低热量或极低热量饮食,而无肥胖症的症状或病况的改善。
糖尿病(如,2型糖尿病)的非限制性症状包括增加的饥饿和口渴感、未期望的体重减轻、减少的能量、降低的胰岛素敏感性、身体质量指数的改善,和减退的肾功能。在一些实施方案中,患有糖尿病的受试者可被鉴定为具有升高的血糖水平的个体。血糖水平可在预定期限无食物或液体的空腹情况后测定。空腹情况和测定血糖水平后,患有前驱糖尿病的受试者(例如,具有血糖水平高于正常,但未高到足以诊断为糖尿病)的受试者可具有约100-约125 mg/dL血浆葡萄糖的血糖范围,而患有2型糖尿病的受试者可具有大于约126mg/dL血浆葡萄糖(如,约124、125、127、128、129,或130 mg/dL)的血糖范围。或者,糖尿病和前驱糖尿病的病症可通过给予标准量的葡萄糖确定,其中临床医师收集受试者摄入葡萄糖之前和之后大约2-4小时的血液样本以确定葡萄糖耐量。然后,患有前驱糖尿病的受试者可具有约140-约199 mg/dL血浆葡萄糖的血糖范围,而患有2型糖尿病的受试者可具有大于约200 mg/dL血浆葡萄糖(如,约195、196、197、198、199、121,或122 mg/dL)的血糖范围。
患者群体
要用本发明的组合物治疗的受试者可包括,例如,被认为临界性糖尿病(如,前驱糖尿病,空腹血浆葡萄糖试验在100-125之间的血糖水平,在口服葡萄糖耐量试验中140-199之间的血糖水平,5.7-6.4%的血红蛋白A1C)、临界性过重、糖尿病、体重过重、肥胖的受试者,或具有维持健康体重,防止体重增加,或促进减轻体重的期望的受试者以及患有肥胖症和2型糖尿病的受试者。具有维持健康体重,防止体重增加,或促进减轻体重的期望的受试者可以是先前肥胖并已经历手术医疗程序(如,胃旁路术,腹腔镜检可调节的胃结合、胆胰分流术,垂直带状胃成形术)以减少体重的受试者。具有维持健康体重,防止体重增加,或促进减轻体重的期望的受试者也可以是认为在本发明的范围内的健康受试者(如,不是肥胖、过重、前驱糖尿病或糖尿病的受试者)。
在一些实施方案中,要用本发明的组合物治疗的受试者还涉及在给予组合物之前、期间或之后生活方式改变和/或饮食干预。生活方式改变可包括,但不限于增加体力活动(如,锻炼),减少吸烟,或参与行为疗法。饮食干预可包括参与低卡路里饮食方案、极低卡路里饮食方案、部分控制膳食,避免糖/含糖饮料。
受试者的监测
如上所述,本发明的组合物以足以治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,或导致糖尿病的体征或症状改善的量给予一定的时间。本发明的方法还可包括监测响应于用本发明的组合物治疗的体重减轻或与糖尿病的发展相关的症状。病症的监测可提供关于紊乱或病症状态(如,恶化或改善)的信息,以促进治疗方案的改变。体重增加、体重减轻和糖尿病的进展也可使用本领域已知的和在此描述的方法监测。监测方法的非-限制性实例是BMI的测定与葡萄糖和甘油三酯血浆水平的测量和检测。
分析体重减轻或维持的定量方法包括BMI的测量。在一些实施方案中,BMI可在本发明中通过测量受试者的身体质量和高度,然后将个体的身体质量除以他们的高度的平方,用kg/m2的单位给出的值来监测。使用表或从显示BMI作为质量和高度的函数的图表,使用等高线,或用于不同BMI类别的颜色,可进一步监测BMI。BMI值的范围可从体重不足至肥胖并可被用来评价受试者的体重偏离对于具有他或她的高度的个人正常或期望的值多大。在一些实施方案中,BMI的范围对于过重的受试者可以是约25 kg/m2至约30 kg/m2和对于肥胖受试者是约30 kg/m2至约40 kg/m2。在一个实施例中,如前所述给予或改变治疗或补充,直至BMI降低至过重或肥胖受试者的范围之下且体重减少约1、2、3、5、10或15%。
分析糖尿病的体征或症状或与减轻体重有关的病症的改善的定量方法可包括监测血糖水平或血浆甘油三酯水平。血糖试验可通过从受试者中抽血和测定样本的葡萄糖含量进行。通常地,样本通过刺破手指皮肤(针刺试验)来采集。连续的血糖监测(CGM)可被用来在较频繁的间隔下,通过放置在皮肤下的传感器确定血糖水平,传感器与配置为显示或监视读数的接收器通信。使用本发明的方法,葡萄糖水平在葡萄糖给予和如上所述的监测后,可以降低到正常血糖水平,即在150-60 mg/dL之间,140-70 mg/dL之间,130-70 mg/dL之间,125-80 mg/d之间,和优选120-80 mg/dL之间的水平。在一些实施方案中,平均血糖水平可使用HBA1c测定(A1c或糖基化血红蛋白)监测,以确定糖基化血红蛋白A1c在血浆中的量。在糖尿病受试者中,所述量可以是约6.5%或更高的血红蛋白A1c (如,约6.0、6.1、6.2、6.3、6.4,和或6.6%)。使用本发明的方法,葡萄糖水平可减少至无糖尿病的受试者的正常范围,如约4%-约5.6%血红蛋白A1c。甘油三酯水平也可使用类似的技术,在受试者空腹约9至-约12小时的预定时期后采集血样,接着测定以确定受试者的脂质分布(其可包括总胆固醇、LDL胆固醇、HDL胆固醇,和甘油三酯)来监测。使用本发明的方法,甘油三酯水平可减少至患有糖尿病或肥胖症的受试者的正常范围,如少于约150 mg/dL的水平(如,146、147、148、149、151,或152 mg/dL)。
药剂盒
本发明的组合物可与一套说明书一起使用,即,形成药剂盒。药剂盒可包括使用作为如在此描述的疗法的组合物的说明书。例如,所述说明书可提供使用本发明的化合物在有需要的受试者中治疗肥胖症,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,减少体重增加,或预防或治疗糖尿病的发展的给药和治疗方案。非-限制性实例包括含有例如两种丸剂、一种丸剂和一种粉末剂、一种栓剂和一种在小瓶中的液体剂、两种局部霜剂等的药剂盒。药剂盒可包括有助于给予患者单位剂量的任选的组分,如用于重新构成粉末形式的小瓶,用于注射的注射器,定制的IV递药系统,吸入器等。药剂盒可作为用于一个患者的单次使用的单位剂量,用于特定患者的多次使用的剂量(以恒定的剂量或其中个别化合物的效力可随着疗法进展而变化)制备,或药剂盒可含有适合于给予多个患者的多个剂量(“散装包装”)。药剂盒组分可装配在纸箱、泡罩包装、瓶、管等中。
以下实施例意欲说明,而不是限制本发明。
实施例
实施例1. 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和相关的亚苄基丙二酸衍生物的合成
(A) 将3摩尔-g (703 g)的4-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苯甲醛(99.1%纯度,购自YongyiChemicals Group Co., Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China)和2.5 L无水乙醇装入一个提供有机械搅拌和配备有回流冷凝器的5 L反应器中。
(B) 将3摩尔-g (198g)丙二腈(99.76%纯度,购自Aceto Corporation, PortWashington, NY, USA)快速加入到搅拌下的反应器中。
(C) 搅拌下快速加入75 g乙酸铵(98.5%纯度,购自Fermont, Monterrey)。反应混合物的颜色从米色转变为黄色,然后转变为橙色。
(D) 使用水浴将反应器加热至回流。当浴温达到约80℃时,首次观察到回流并维持1小时。在回流开始前观察到完整的溶液。
(E) 移去水浴并使温度降至50℃。
(F) 在激烈的搅拌下,将1.5 L水加入到反应混合物中。沉淀物出现。
(G) 使反应混合物冷却至0℃。
(H) 使用附接于Kitasato烧瓶的Buchner漏斗,在减压下过滤反应混合物。
(I) 用水充分洗涤滤饼。
(J) 通过于60℃烘箱中加热,干燥湿的滤饼,直至达到恒重。
这个程序产生约800 g (约95%得率)淡黄色微晶固体,其在141-142℃熔化(未校正的),在247 nm和365 nm呈现UV吸收最大值并具有0.65的Rf值(使用苯作为洗脱剂和Merck´s TLC硅胶60 F254塑料支撑片),只有一个斑点被观察到。该化合物和可靠的酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9 (得自Cayman Chemical)的混合熔点也是141-142℃ (未校正的),及其光谱和色谱特性与这些可靠的产品的光谱和色谱特性是相同的。这种化合物是稳定的,其保存限期于25-35℃超过1年;如果必要,它可从乙醇中重结晶。
实施例2. 在C57BL/6小鼠中的临床前毒性研究和体内研究
酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的临床前毒性研究在人细胞系(脑、肝、肺、肠、肾,和肌肉)中进行,接着对C57BL/6小鼠进行饲养实验。在体内小鼠实验中,在15天期间,以0.175 mg/kg/天的剂量,口服给予小鼠酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9。来自这些实验的结果显示如下:
a) 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的毒性在所有检查的人细胞系中是低的
b) 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9抑制角膜细胞分化成脂肪细胞
c) 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9 – 比taurosporine在更大程度上 –促进胱天蛋白酶-3介导的脂肪细胞的细胞凋亡,而细胞凋亡诱导在肥胖小鼠中比瘦小鼠更为明显
d) 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9促进从脂肪细胞的内脏脂质转运,同时伴有脂肪细胞尺寸减少
e) 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9促进肝细胞中糖原的储存
f) 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9减少依靠高脂肪饮食生长的肥胖小鼠的食物摄入(达约50%),但对瘦小鼠没有这样的效果
g) 在15天期间,用酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9 (0.175 mg/kg/天)治疗的小鼠显示无明显的毒性或炎症,如通过组织化学和行为标准二者所判断的。
实施例3. 过重、肥胖和糖尿病受试者的初步试验
75位两种性别的过重、肥胖和/或糖尿病受试者的初步试验进行20个月的时期。排除标准是:(1) 近期体重显著增加,(2) 受损的体温调节系统,(3) 妊娠,(4) 肾或肝衰竭,(5)使用非法药物或损害人体的散热机制的药物,(6) 严重的心律失常,(7) 不稳定性心绞痛,(8) 充血性心力衰竭,(9) 严重脑血管疾病,(10) 使用起搏器,(11) 严重肺损伤,(12) 贫血,(13) 帕金森氏病,(14) 体重少于35千克,(15) 泛发性银屑病,(16) 低血糖反复发作,(17) 囊性纤维化,(18) 脊髓损伤,(19) 遗传性肌肉疾病,(20) 慢性或复发性静脉血栓形成,(21) 未治疗的甲状腺功能亢进,(22) 锻炼 –或热-引起的血管性水肿,(23) 癫痫症,(24) 精神分裂症,和(25) 低血钙症。
减少出汗,降低血管扩张,降低心输出,或诱导下丘脑抑郁的药物不在治疗之前,期间和治疗后立即服用。
肥胖参与者(年龄16-72岁)每天口服给予一或多粒硬明胶胶囊,每粒含有20 mg活性成分(即,酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9)和微晶纤维素。他们被指示不修改他们的食物摄入量或启动锻炼过程。所有的参与者在第一周期间每天仅给予一粒胶囊,在第一周的周末他们中的大多数报道有大量出汗和/或注意到体温明显升高。此后,实施不同的给药时间表,难治性个体每天给予2或3粒胶囊(即,每天40或60 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9),而对于所有的其他人仅每天给予1粒胶囊,其随后在整个试验期间每天接受20 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9。到试验结束时,所有的(难治性和非-难治性)参与者报道有大量出汗和/或经历增加的热感觉,其通常在一天中波动,且经常在他们的主餐后达到峰值。
参与者也被指示通过引用大量的水预防脱水并通过摄入钾和镁两种补剂或V-8汁或佳得乐(Gatorade)补充电解质。接受每天2粒胶囊的那些参与者在第2和3周期间,在相同的时间被要求服用它们,然后在第4和5周期间转变为早晨1粒和晚上1粒。每天接受40 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的参与者报告出汗/体温在晚上或者在白天达到高峰,取决于两粒胶囊是否在早晨或在晚上服用。在第2和3周期间同时地接受两粒胶囊,然后转变为早晚各1粒的参与者报告出汗/热感觉在第2和3周期间更加强烈。肥胖参与者平均每月损失4 kg,累计减轻体重至多48kg。而且,治疗通常耐受性极好,未观察到“反弹效应”,肌肉质量损失可以忽略不计,并且没有不良影响的报告。
所有的参与者到治疗结束时经历明显的减肥,即,腰围和其他身体测量显著减少。
糖尿病受试者(主要为肥胖者并且全部表现为2型糖尿病)经受类似的治疗。在该组中,治疗导致血糖水平的显著降低,其然后可被有效地控制,在一些情况下,与胰岛素或其它抗糖尿病剂一起分配。在肥胖和糖尿病受试者中,以上治疗导致血液脂质值降低。
实施例4. 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和L-肉碱酒石酸盐的协同效果
征募在过去30天期间具有类似的BMI和其体重已基本保持不变的肥胖受试者,指示他们不要改变他们的饮食习惯,食物摄入量,或生活方式,并随机和经盲法分配给治疗组A、组B,或组C。
组A中的受试者被每天给予(口服)两粒胶囊,每一粒含有20 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9加惰性赋形剂;组B中的受试者被每天给予(口服) 4粒胶囊,每一粒含有5 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9和约700 mg L-肉碱酒石酸盐;组C中的受试者早晨给予两粒胶囊,每一粒含有20 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9加惰性赋形剂,和在晚上给予4粒胶囊,每一粒含有约700 mgL-肉碱酒石酸盐。15天后,组B中的受试者与组A中的受试者表现出相同的体重减轻(约2kg),而组C中的受试者平均仅失去约1 kg。
在2周的清除期后,开始新的实验。组A中的受试者每天口服给予两粒胶囊,每一粒含有20 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9加惰性赋形剂,组B中的受试者每天给予8粒胶囊,每一粒含有5 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9加约700 mg L-肉碱酒石酸盐,和组C中的受试者早晨给予两粒胶囊,每一粒含有20 mg酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9加惰性赋形剂,和在晚上给予8粒胶囊,每一粒含有约700 mg L-肉碱酒石酸盐。在15-天治疗过程中,组B中的受试者失去为组A中的受试者体重损失约2倍的体重,组B中的受试者报告有更强烈的生热效果,而组C中的受试者失去比组B中的受试者显著更少的体重,但显著超过组A中的成员。
其它实施方案
从前述描述中,明显的是,可对在此描述的本发明进行改变和修饰,以使它适合于各种用途和条件。这样的实施方案也在以下权利要求书的范围内。
本申请提及的所有出版物、专利申请和专利通过引用结合到本文中,如同各个独立的出版物、专利申请或专利特别地和单独地指明通过引用结合到本文中的程度一样。
Claims (40)
1.一种治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,和/或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的方法,所述方法包括给予有需要的哺乳动物一种化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐以治疗或预防有效量治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐以配制为口服、局部或胃肠外给予的组合物存在。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐基本上同时或彼此在1小时内给予。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐按顺序给予。
5.权利要求1-4的任一项的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐是来自表1的化合物。
6.权利要求1-4的任一项的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂是酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9或其盐或前体。
7.权利要求1-6的任一项的方法,其中所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐选自:L-肉碱酒石酸盐、L-肉碱氯化物、L-肉碱溴化物、L-肉碱乳清酸盐、L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱酸式磷酸盐、L-肉碱富马酸盐、L-肉碱乳酸盐、L-肉碱马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸式草酸盐、L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、L-肉碱碘酸盐、L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、L-肉碱粘酸盐、L-肉碱草酸盐、L-肉碱硫酸盐、L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、L-肉碱扑酸盐、L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱氯化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱溴化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱碘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱粘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱扑酸盐和C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐。
8. 权利要求1-7的任一项的方法,其中酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9以从约2 mg至约200 mg的量存在于单位剂型中和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐以从约50 mg至约5000 mg的量存在。
9. 权利要求8的方法,其中所述酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9以约10 mg的量存在于胶囊或片剂中和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐以约700 mg的量存在。
10. 权利要求8的方法,其中所述酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9以约5 mg的量存在于胶囊或片剂中和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐以约700 mg的量存在。
11. 一种治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的方法,所述方法包括口服给予有需要的哺乳动物包含从约2 mg至约200 mg的量的化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐的组合物,其中所述组合物在所述受试者中有效治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻,促进减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述组合物是胶囊或片剂。
13.权利要求11的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐是来自表1的化合物。
14.权利要求11的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂是酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9或其盐或其衍生物或前体。
15.权利要求1-14的任一项的方法,其还包括给予一种或多种选自胰岛素、磺酰脲、双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、噻唑烷二酮、氯茴苯酸、抗糖尿病剂、他汀类药物和减肥补充剂的治疗剂。
16. 权利要求1-15的任一项的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐,或包含从约2 mg至约200 mg的量的化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐的所述组合物每天一或多次给予。
17. 权利要求1-16的任一项的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐,或包含从约2 mg至约200 mg的量的化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐的所述组合物给予持续至少2-30天。
18. 权利要求1-17的任一项的方法,其中所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐,或包含从约2 mg至约200 mg的量的化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐的所述组合物给予持续30天以上。
19.权利要求1-18的任一项的方法,其中所述糖尿病是2型糖尿病。
20.权利要求1-19的任一项的方法,其中所述哺乳动物是肥胖或超重的。
21. 权利要求1-20的任一项的方法,其还包括在给予所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐或包含约2 mg-约200 mg的量的化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐的所述组合物之前、期间或之后,生活方式改变或饮食干预。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中所述生活方式改变包括增加体力活动。
23.权利要求21的方法,其中所述饮食干预包括低热量饮食或极低热量饮食。
24.权利要求1-23的任一项的方法,其还包括监测所述受试者是否经历肥胖症和/或糖尿病的体征或症状的改善的步骤。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中肥胖症和/或糖尿病的体征或症状的改善选自饥饿感减少,体重减轻,能量增加,血浆葡萄糖降低,血浆甘油三酯降低,胰岛素敏感性增加,身体质量指数改善,和肾和/或肝功能改善。
26.权利要求1-25的任一项的方法,其中给予所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐提供一种降低血浆葡萄糖或降低血浆甘油三酯和/或治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻/减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的协同效果。
27.权利要求1-26的任一项的方法,其中所述哺乳动物是狗。
28. 一种药剂盒,其包含:
a) 化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐,和
b) 给予受试者所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐以治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻/减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的用药说明书。
29.权利要求28的药剂盒,其中所述化学解偶联剂是来自表1的化合物或来自表1的化合物的盐或前体或衍生物。
30.权利要求28的药剂盒,其中所述化学解偶联剂是酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9。
31. 权利要求28的药剂盒,其还包含c) L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐和d) 与所述化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐同时或顺序给予所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐至受试者,以治疗肥胖症,防止体重增加,促进体重减轻/减肥,或治疗或预防糖尿病的发展的用药说明书。
32.权利要求28的药剂盒,其中所述L-肉碱或其衍生物或盐选自:L-肉碱酒石酸盐、L-肉碱氯化物、L-肉碱溴化物、L-肉碱乳清酸盐、L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱酸式磷酸盐、L-肉碱富马酸盐、L-肉碱乳酸盐、L-肉碱马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、L-肉碱酸草酸盐、L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、L-肉碱碘酸盐、L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、L-肉碱粘酸盐、L-肉碱草酸盐、L-肉碱硫酸盐、L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、L-肉碱扑酸盐、L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱氯化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱溴化物、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式马来酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱葡萄糖磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式酒石酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱碘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱天冬氨酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式柠檬酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式富马酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甘油磷酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱粘酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱乳清酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱草酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱硫酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氯乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱三氟乙酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱甲磺酸盐、C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱扑酸盐和C2-8烷酰基L-肉碱酸式扑酸盐。
33.权利要求28-32的任一项的药剂盒,其还包含一种或多种选自胰岛素、磺酰脲、双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、噻唑烷二酮、氯茴苯酸、抗糖尿病剂、他汀类药物和减肥补充剂的治疗剂。
34. 一种制备酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9的方法,所述方法包括:
a) 提供4-羟基-3,5二叔丁基苯甲醛;和
b) 使所述4-羟基-3,5二叔丁基苯甲醛与丙二腈和胺碱催化剂,任选地在溶剂中反应,
其中所述反应产生酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂9。
35.权利要求34的方法,其中所述反应通过提供加热进行约1小时。
36.权利要求34的方法,其中所述胺碱催化剂选自氨、哌啶、吡啶、吡咯烷和肌氨酸或其加成盐。
37.权利要求36的方法,其中所述氨的加成盐是乙酸铵。
38.权利要求34的方法,其中所述溶剂选自乙醇、甲醇和异丙醇。
39.权利要求38的方法,其中所述乙醇是无水乙醇。
40.一种协同组合物,其包含化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐和L-肉碱或其盐或衍生物,其中L-肉碱或其盐或衍生物与化学解偶联剂或其前体或盐的重量:重量比是大于10但小于700。
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