CN1065673C - 采用半导体激光器件的照明光源装置 - Google Patents
采用半导体激光器件的照明光源装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种照明光源装置,包括用来输出具有从红外区到紫外区范围内特定波长的激光束的半导体激光器件,用来发散来自半导体激光器件的激光束的透镜和用来把来自发散透镜的发散激光束转变为可见光的荧光粉。或者,照明光源装置包括用来分别输出红、绿、蓝三原色的激光束的半导体激光器件、用来发散来自每一半导体激光器件的激光束的透镜和用来叠加来自发散透镜的发散激光束的透镜组。
Description
本发明涉及一种使用半导体激光器的照明光源装置,该装置最适用于安装在车辆或隧道上的振动部位,或几乎不能更换新电灯的部位,也适用于诸如室内灯,路灯和闪光灯等通用光源。
照明通常使用的光源包括:白炽灯,是在内充氩气或类似气体的真空玻璃灯泡内,通过给灯丝通电使得炽热的灯丝向外辐射热量,借此得到可见光;荧光灯,它通过向涂覆于荧光灯管内表面上的光粉辐射紫外线,将热电子流产生的紫外线(波长为253.7nm)转变为可见光,其中热电子流来自压强约为1帕(6-10×10-3乇)的低压玻璃管内的电极丝,低压玻璃管内充满压强为1000帕(2至3乇)的水银蒸汽。
此外,上面所述光源还包括在OA(办公自动化)设备和显示部件中用作显示元件的发光二极管(此后记作LED)。发光二极管是通过向半导体的P-N结施加电流来发光。通过适当选择晶体的种类及成分,已有多种发光二极管实际制造和广泛应用于从遥控传感器和光学通讯系统中的红外光到可见光范围或用于显示器中。
发射可见光的发光二极管包括一个有诸如GaAlAs(660nm:红)、GaAsP(N型搀杂)(590nm:黄)、GaP(555nm:绿),SiC(470nm:蓝)和GaN(450nm:蓝)之类的发光层的发光二极管。从红到弱蓝的高亮度的发射可见光的发光二极管已能够很便宜地得到。
然而,白炽灯有下列问题,即:由于电流基本上以热的形式损失掉了,部分电流以光的形式辐射出来,因此白炽灯在光能转换效率方面是很差的。此外,白炽灯能耗大,在振动或类似情况下易损坏,且耐用性差(通常的白炽灯的平均寿命约为1000小时)。
另一方面,尽管荧光灯与白炽灯相比几乎不产生热量且有令人满意的光能转换效率,但它们有如下问题。即:荧光灯能耗大、耐用性差(平均寿命约为1000小时)。此外,荧光灯难以小型化。
此外,具有不同颜色的发光二极管已作为发射可见光的发光二极管用于实际应用中,其优点是廉价且能耗小。但发射可见光的发光二极管只输出微弱的辐射能量,难以用于照明。
附带提及,有人提认将采用半导体激光器的照明光源装置用于诸如手电和探照灯之类的便携式照明装置(如公开号为4-16801的日本实用新型专利或类似发明)。这种便携式照明装置以可见光辐射半导体激光器为光源,用以借助来自半导体激光器的可见光通过凹透镜的散射来得到散射的照明光束。然而,由于半导体激光器输出相干的单色光,与白炽灯和荧光灯不同,它不能得到用于照明的白光,因此,它有一个问题就是由半导体激光器只能得到红或绿的单色光。此外,目前红或绿的单色光半导体激光器产生的辐射功率不足,实际上不能用于照明。
本发明的目的是提供一种使用半导体激光器的照明光源装置,它能耗小、耐用性好、极其安全地产生足够的辐射功率输出来得到诸如白光之类的最佳的照明光。
按照本发明,采用一种已用于通讯、医疗护理、机床、民用工程检测和类似场合的半导体激光器件来照明。作为第一项发明的采用半导体激光器的照明光源装置包括:半导体激光器件,用来输出红外线到紫外线范围内某一特定波长的激光束;一个透镜,用来散射来自半导体激光器件的激光束;荧光粉,用来将来自散射透镜的散射激光束转变为可见光。
作为第二项发明的采用半导体激光器的照明光源装置包括:一组激光器件,分别输出红、绿、蓝三原色的激光束;透镜,用来散射由每一半导体激光器件输出的激光束;透镜组,用来叠加来自散射透镜的散射激光束。
可使用交流电源或直流电源中的任一种作为需要的电源。在使用交流电源的情况下,可在发光电路中引入整流装置,或将半导体激光器件和发光电路集成在一个片内。
该半导体激光器件相当于一个双异质(hetero)结半导体激光器,可为单带结构。然而,为得到更高的辐射功率输出,可采用相控阵列型半导体激光器,其中把一条带(stripe)分成了一组窄条。此外,可在半导体激光器件的有源层的一侧的裂缝(cleaved)面上装设反射部件,可加厚光导层或采用量子阱结构。
此外,可在半导体激光器件的有源层中掺入汞原子或稀土材料以得到从紫外线到可见光范围内的每一颜色。还可在半导体激光器件的输出端加一个二次谐振介质以得到短波长的激光束。
在上述结构中,依照第一项发明采用荧光粉的光源装置,来自半导体激光器件的小直径激光束通过透镜进行散射并照射到荧光粉上,由荧光粉将波长从紫外线到红外线范围内的光转变成可见光。
依照作为第二项发明的三色叠加型光源装置,它使分别来自相应的半导体激光器件的红、绿、蓝激光束在由透镜组散射时进行叠加以得到白色光。
在上述任一种光源装置中,照明所需的光强可通过安放多个诸如具有单带结构而产生相对较低的辐射功率输出的半导体激光器来得到。当采用如上所述的相控阵列型半导体或反射元件时,可以通过安放更少的半导体激光器来得到高光强的照明。
由于本发明的构成如上所述,故具有如下效果。
(1)小的功率消耗即可满足本发明需要,从而导致能源的节约。例如,2V的电压、20mmA的电流即可满足一个单带结构的激光器的要求。
(2)本发明的使用寿命是水银灯的5倍,而水银灯被公认为目前所有产品中使用寿命最长的。例如,单带结构的激光器的使用寿命为5到100,000小时,因此本发明的光源装置最适用于几乎不能更换新电灯的部位的照明。
(3)半导体激光器件尺寸小、刚性好、难于分离且耐用性好,因此,半导体激光器件最适于振动部位的照明。
(4)由于电压低,因此,本发明的光源装置极不易着火,比常规的光源装置安全得多。
(5)由于电源由交流转变为直流,因此不会发生闪烁,不可能再使眼睛疲劳。
图1为表示根据本发明的照明光源装置的示意剖视图,其中,图1(a)为采用荧光粉型的光源装置,图1(b)为三原色叠加型的光源装置。
图2(a)为表示掺入汞或类似物的半导体激光器件的示意剖视图。
图2(b)为表示具有二次谐波产生(SHG)元件的半导体激光器的示意剖视图。
图3为表示电源及发光电路的电路图。
图4为表示根据本发明的照明光源装置的不同配置的示意剖视图。
图5为表示具有普通的单个带结构的半导体激光器件的结构的透视图。
图6为表示相控阵列型半导体激光器的结构的投影图。
图7为表示半导体激光器件的有源层上的反射物的剖视图。
图8(a)为表示具有光导层的半导体激光器件的示意正视图。
图8(b)为表示具有量子阱结构的半导体激光器件的示意正视图。
1-半导体激光器件
2-散热器
3-散射透镜
4-荧光粉(fluophor)
5-玻璃管
6-电源
7-发光电路
8-准直透镜
9-会聚发散透镜
下面将参照所描述的实施例对本发明预以说明。
图1(a)示出根据本发明的采用半导体激光器的照明光源装置为采用荧光粉型的,图1(b)所示为三原色叠加型的。
(采用荧光粉型的)
参见图1(a),一组半导体激光器件1埋入或安装于散热器2上,在每一个半导体激光器件1前面安有散射透镜3。此外,在充有氩气或类似气体的真空玻璃管5的内壁表面有荧光粉4。每一半导体激光器件1发出的激光束L0通过散射透镜3发散,荧光粉4中的荧光材料由散射光L1激励得到可见光L。
半导体激光器件1的结构将在后面说明。如图5所示,半导体激光器件一般包括一个有源层(发光层)100,覆盖层(clad layer)101、102和衬底103。具有通过荧光粉4转变为可见光的最优波长的晶体结构通过振荡波长在从红外区到紫外区的范围选择。
表1所示的半导体激光器件的晶体结构已用于实际应用中。建议使用在室温下稳定而连续地振荡的晶体结构,以便产生较高的辐射功率输出,如0.7μm波段和0.8μm波段的AlxGa1-xAs、1μm波段的In1-xGaxAsyP1-y和0.6μm波段的(AlxGa1-x)In0.5P0.5。
此外,由于在从蓝射线到紫外线射线的短波长范围内的半导体激光器件1有一个问题,就是在现有条件下在室温中其连续振荡时间短,因此可以使用具有如下结构的半导体激光器件1。
图2(a)所示的半导体激光器件是这样布置的,使得通过在制造有源层时向有源层注入汞蒸汽将汞原子Hg掺入0.8μm波段或类似波段的半导体激光器件1的有源层100,以产生相对较高的辐射功率输出。这种情况下,由于汞原子Hg,有源层100中的光被转变为紫外线,并可输出波长在紫外区的激光束。另外,通过掺入稀土材料而不是汞原子可输出各种颜色的可见光或波长在其它区段内的激光束。
至于晶体生长方法,有一些已采用的新方法,例如从过饱和的或熔融的溶液中沉淀要生长的晶体的液相外延法、以蒸汽或气体的形式提供一种材料然后通过分解和合成反应在加热的衬底上沉积所提供的材料的气相外延法、分子束外延法和热壁(hot wall)外延法。然而,诸如向气体材料中辐射激光束然后在衬底上沉积生成的蒸汽的光学外延可用作向有源层中掺入汞或类似物的方法。
如图2(b)所示,通过使用能产生相对较高的辐射功率输出的0.8μm波段的半导体激光器件1及带有波导的SHG元件(二次谐波产生元件)200可以得到从蓝射线到紫外线射线范围内的光。例如,当用具有极性反转层的锂钽晶体作为二次谐波产生元件200时,波长为870nm、输出为140mw的激光束可转变为波长435nm、输出约10mw的蓝光。
荧光粉4的荧光材料包括表2所示的材料,最适宜的荧光材料根据要使用的半导体激光器件1的振荡波长来选择。
表1双异质结半导体激光器晶体及振荡波长
组 有源层 | 覆盖层 | 衬底 | 振荡波长(μm) |
ZnSeSZnSeSZnCdSeZnSeTe | ZnSeTeZnSeTeZnSSeZnSeTe | GaPGaAsGaAsInP | 0.35~0.4(紫外~紫)0.4~0.45(紫~蓝)0.49~0.53(蓝~蓝绿)0.5~0.6(绿) |
AlGaInPInGaAsPAlGaAsInGaAsPGaInAsSb | A1GaInPA1GaAsA1GaAsInPGaInAsSb | GaAsGaAsGaAsInPGaSb | 0.55~0.7(黄~红)0.64~0.9(红红外)0.7~0.9(红外)0.9~1.8(红外)1.8~4.3(红外) |
PbEuSeTePbSnSeTe | PbEuSeTePbSeTe | PbTePbSnTe | 2.5~6.5(红外)5.5~ (红外) |
表2荧光物质及光源颜色
荧光物质 | 光源颜色 |
钨酸钙钨酸镁硅酸锌卤磷酸钙硅酸锌铍硅酸钙硼酸镉 | 蓝蓝白绿白(日光色)黄白黄红红 |
如图3所示,在如上所述半导体激光器件1中,交流电源或电池供电的直流电源6和发光电路7连接在一起。发光电路7包括限流电阻R1,如果需要,还有光强控制电阻R2。当电源6为交流电源时,有整流二极管D进行半波整流。此外,当电压通过变压器降低到所要求的电压后,用全波整流器D进行全波整流。在多个半导体激光器件1串联的情况下,当某一半导体激光器件发光时,所有的半导体激光器件都变得无法使用了。因此,半导体激光器件1要并联连接或串并联混合连接。
当半导体激光器件具有将在后面予以说明的单带结构时,采用散射透镜3来放大这种小直径的激光束,该激光束直径在近地点、(NEP)的光束大小为1×3μm(AlGaAs:波长0.78μm)的纵向伸长的椭圆,它以约15°(纵向)和45°(横向)的发散角传播,在远地点成为纵向伸长的椭圆(见图5),同时仍为小直径。
据此,建议用凹透镜作为发散透镜3。发散透镜3由折射率高、光损失小的石英玻璃制成,置于距半导体激光器件的预定距离处。此外,可把光损失小的镧或类似物加到石英玻璃材料中以提高折射率。附带提及在制造过程中用铈或类似物作为磨料来抛光透镜。
照明光源装置本身可以灯泡或荧光灯的形式提供。图4(a)中所示光源装置以灯泡的形式提供,其中散热器2安装在插座部分10上,而多个半导体激光器件1安装在散热器2上。在这种情况下,半导体激光器件1大小通常为0.4平方毫米。当灯炮为通常尺寸时,可在散热器上安装12件半导体激光器件。
此外,可将具有交一直流转换器的发光电路11安装于散热器2中。这种情况下,光学器件和电子器件集成在一个片内。还可将多个半导体激光器件1装在一个片内。这种情况下,发散透镜3可由与半导体激光器件相对应的微小透镜的二维排列(即以矩阵的形式排列)来构成为一个透镜或平面微透镜(plain micro lens)。
附带说明,如上所述,由于具有单带结构的半导体激光器件1的激光束为椭圆形且具有方向性,因此,如图4(b)所示,通过改变每一器件1的方向性可以基本上消除激光束的方向性。此外,在将在后面说明的相控阵列(Phased array)型半导体激光器件的情况下,也通过类似地改变其阵列方向来布置半导体激光器件。
图4(c)至图4(g)分别表示以荧光灯形式提供的光源装置,图4(c)和图4(d)表示两端都有接头的光源装置,而图4(e)和图4(f)表示一端有接头的光源装置。此外,如图4(g)所示,在玻璃管5的一端可有长形的散热器2以按其上间隔排列大量的半导体激光器件1和发散透镜3。
(三色叠加型)
参见图1(b),三原色红、绿、蓝的半导体激光器件1R、1G和1B埋入或安装在散热器2上,发散透镜3置于每一半导体激光器件1前,穿过准直透镜8在会聚发散透镜9上叠加。由每一半导体激光器件1发出的激光束L0通过发散透镜3发散,然后通过准直透镜8会聚并在会聚发散透镜9上叠加以提供白光,然后再发散并输出。
举例来说,半导体激光器件1以等间距置于同样的环境中,发散透镜3和准直镜8安置得使其光轴倾斜。此外,透镜3、8、9由与采用荧光粉型的光源装置的透镜相类似的材料制成。可用凸透镜和凹透镜中的任一种作为会聚发散透镜9。
可用上述表1所示的晶体结构作为每一半导体激光器件1R、1G和1B的晶体结构。在这种情况下,与采用荧光粉型的光源装置类似,可用具有如下结构的半导体激光器件1作为具有诸如蓝光之类的短波长的半导体激光器件1。
即,通过在制造有源层时向有源层中注入稀土材料的蒸气来将稀土材料掺入0.8μm波段或类似波段的半导体激光器件1的有源层100中,以便能产生相对较高的辐射功率输出(见图2(a))。通过适当选择稀土材料也能输出波长在可见光区内的各种颜色的激光束。
此外,与采用荧光粉型的光源装置的情形类似,通过采用用来产生相对较高的辐射功率输出的0.8μm波段或类似波段的半导体激光器件1及SHG元件(二次谐波产生元件)200,可以得到蓝光(参见图2(b))。
顺便提及,光源装置的布置和发光电路的加入与采用荧光粉型的光源装置类似。
现在来看半导体激光器件1的结构及原理,详细说明将在下面给出。如图5所示,半导体激光器通常有一个双异质结,其中有源层(发光层)100由覆盖层101和102从两边夹住。这个生成的层形成于金属电极103和衬底104上,而接触层105、隔离层106和金属电极107则叠置在覆盖层101上。
有源层100是小能带隙(即半导体的价带和导带间的能量差)的半导体,覆盖层101和102分别为大能带隙的n型和p型半导体。当向覆盖层施加正向电压时,电子从n型区流入有源层100,而空穴从P型区流入有源层。
由异质结中的能带隙差引起的能量势垒把这些载体(电子和空穴)束缚在有源层100中。载体的束缚有利于电子和空穴的有效复合而产生自发辐射光。在该阶段,情形与发光二极管的情形类似,不相干的光不规则地向所有方向辐射。
自发辐射光促进电子和空穴的连续复合而导致受激辐射。由于有源层100的端面100a为晶体的裂开面(即容易分裂的晶格的特定面),且起光学谐振器的反射镜的作用,因此,当光在光学谐振器内往返时会产生受激辐射和光电倍增。此外,在双异质结的情况下,由于有源层100的折射率比每一覆盖层101和102的折射率要高,而有源层100起光波导的作用,这样光被束缚在有源层100中以降低光损失。
当结电流增大到某种程序时,最终产生了激光振荡。此时,辐射功率输出的强度突然增大,从两端面100a辐射出谱带窄而有方向性的激光束。在AlGaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs激光器的情况下,尽管其寿命稍逊于发光二极管(如在40°的环境温度下为1,300,000小时和40℃下为270,000小时),但可得到大的辐射功率输出(如不小于10mw,最大为几百毫瓦,实际应用可高达100mw)。
所需要的辐射功率输出可通过排列多个如上所述的基本型双异质结半导体激光器件来得到。然而为得到更高的辐射功率输出和更高的效率,采用如下结构:
(1)使用相控阵列型半导体激光器。
如图5所示,常规的双异质结半导体激光器采用具有由隔离层106所限制的电流注入区的单带结构,以得到细得多的振荡模态或低得多的阈值电流。当带宽加大时,辐射功率输出也增大。但是,当带宽加大到不小于10μm时,将产生线状多模态振荡,使振荡无法控制,且振荡阈值电流也增大。因此,当使用具有单带结构的半导体激光器时,带宽的增加必须在不大于20μm的范围内,最好不大于10μm。
此外,为产生更高的辐射功率输出,可使用相控阵列型半导体激光器(相位同步型激光器),如图6所示,其中把一条宽带分成了大量的窄条。在此种结构的半导体激光器中,每一相邻的条的振荡模式是协调的,且其相位是同步的以便共同产生振荡,这导致高的辐射功率输出。相控阵列型半导体激光器有多种结构,如平行波导型、注入电流变化型、带宽变化型、衍射复合型、偏移带型等。每一这种半导体激光器可连续振荡产生10到30W的输出。然而,在实际应用中,从热阻和寿命的关系的角度看最好把输出控制在10W。
(2)在有源层的端面上加反射镜或反射膜。
通常,从有源层100一端的裂缝面辐射的激光束主要用作主光束,而从另一端辐射的激光束主要用作监控光束,用于控制激光束辐射输出的稳定性。如图7所示,在有源层100的一端的裂缝面上加反射镜110。反射镜110由在石英玻璃110a外表面上蒸发银或汞110b构成。
在不处理裂缝面的条件下,反射率为25%左右,而反射镜极大地提高了反射率,如提高到90%左右。因此,可显著降低振荡阈值电流,且能提高照明功率转换效率。
(3)加厚光导层。
如图8(a)所示,通过加厚光导层120可以得到更高的辐射功率输出。
(4)量子阱结构
如图8(b)所示,形成量子阱130以把有源层100的厚度由通常的1000至2000_变为不大于100_。这样,由于可把电子的能态有效地集中到某一波长带内,因此,可得到具有极低的振荡阈值电流的高性能激光器。此外,也可仅通过改变量子阱的宽度来改变振荡波长。
此外,为了得到更高的半导体激光器的辐射功率输出,可以适当地采用能进行二维排列的平面光发射型或类似激光器。
附带提及,本发明的照明光源装置可用于手电、室内灯、路灯、导向灯、汽车、火车、轮船、飞机、战车和隧道的照明、也可用作地道灯、海底隧道灯、水下灯、台灯、落地灯、装饰灯等。
Claims (10)
1.一种采用半导体激光器件的照明光源装置,包括
一个半导体激光器件,用来输出具有从红外线到紫外线范围内的特定波长的激光束;
一个透镜,用来散射来自所述半导体激光器件的激光束;
荧光粉,用来把来自所述散射透镜的发散的激光束转变为可见光。
2.按照权利要求1所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于半导体激光器件为相控阵列型的,其中把一个带分成了多个窄条。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于在半导体激光器件有源层一端的裂缝面上设有一个反射元件。
4.按照权利要求1或2所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于在半导体激光器件的有源层中掺入了汞原子或稀土材料。
5.按照权利要求1或2所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于在半导体激光器件的输出端设有一个二次谐波产生介质。
6.一种采用半导体激光器件的照明光源装置,包括
多个半导体激光器件,用来分别输出红、绿、蓝三原色的激光束;
多个透镜,用来分别散射来自每个相应的所述半导体激光器件的激光束;和
透镜组,用来叠加来自散射透镜的发散激光束。
7.按照权利要求6所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于半导体激光器件为相控阵列型的,它把一个带分成了多个窄条。
8.按照权利要求6或7所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于在半导体激光器件有源层一端的裂缝面上设有一个反射元件。
9.按照权利要求6或7所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于在半导体激光器件的有源层中掺入了稀土材料。
10.按照权利要求6或7所述的照明光源装置,其特征在于在半导体激光器件的输出端设有一个二次谐波产生介质。
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1995
- 1995-01-03 US US08/368,552 patent/US5535230A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7731399B2 (en) | 2005-08-22 | 2010-06-08 | Airbus Deutschland Gmbh | Illumination in the area of aircraft cabins |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5535230A (en) | 1996-07-09 |
JP2596709B2 (ja) | 1997-04-02 |
CN1120254A (zh) | 1996-04-10 |
JPH07282609A (ja) | 1995-10-27 |
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