CN106559256A - 用于消除以信息为中心的网络中的未检测兴趣循环的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于消除以信息为中心的网络中的未检测兴趣循环的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN106559256A
CN106559256A CN201610821917.7A CN201610821917A CN106559256A CN 106559256 A CN106559256 A CN 106559256A CN 201610821917 A CN201610821917 A CN 201610821917A CN 106559256 A CN106559256 A CN 106559256A
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J·J·加西亚-鲁娜-阿塞韦斯
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/18—Loop-free operations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/302—Route determination based on requested QoS
    • H04L45/306—Route determination based on the nature of the carried application
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
    • H04L45/122—Shortest path evaluation by minimising distances, e.g. by selecting a route with minimum of number of hops
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/50—Network service management, e.g. ensuring proper service fulfilment according to agreements
    • H04L41/508—Network service management, e.g. ensuring proper service fulfilment according to agreements based on type of value added network service under agreement
    • H04L41/509—Network service management, e.g. ensuring proper service fulfilment according to agreements based on type of value added network service under agreement wherein the managed service relates to media content delivery, e.g. audio, video or TV
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/02—Topology update or discovery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/02—Topology update or discovery
    • H04L45/021—Ensuring consistency of routing table updates, e.g. by using epoch numbers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/20—Hop count for routing purposes, e.g. TTL
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/24—Multipath
    • H04L45/245—Link aggregation, e.g. trunking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/38—Flow based routing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/17—Interaction among intermediate nodes, e.g. hop by hop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
    • H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
    • H04L12/1863—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast comprising mechanisms for improved reliability, e.g. status reports

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Abstract

本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于正确处理以信息为中心的网络(ICN)中的兴趣的系统。在操作期间，该系统由ICN中的第一节点从第二节点接收一段内容的兴趣。兴趣指定内容段的名称。该系统基于转发信息以及与第一节点上存储的未决兴趣关联的信息来确定是否满足转发条件或兴趣聚合条件。响应满足转发条件，该系统转发兴趣。响应满足兴趣聚合条件，该系统聚合兴趣。

Description

用于消除以信息为中心的网络中的未检测兴趣循环的系统和 方法
因特网和电子商务的激增继续促成网络产业中的革命性变化。当今，从在线电影观看到每日新闻发布、零售和即时消息传递的大量信息交换在线进行。增加数量的因特网应用也变成移动的。但是，当前因特网主要基于位置的寻址方案进行操作。两种最普遍存在的协议、即因特网协议(IP)和以太网协议均基于端主机地址。也就是说，内容的客户只能通过向通常与物理对象或位置关联的地址(例如IP地址或者以太网媒体接入控制(MAC)地址)显式请求内容来接收内容。这种限制性寻址方案对于满足日新月异网络需求逐渐变成更为不足。
近来，在本产业中提出了以信息为中心的网络(ICN)架构，其中对内容直接命名和寻址。以内容为中心的组网(CCN)和命名数据组网(NDN)是主要的基于兴趣的ICN方式。例如，在CCN中，不是将在应用级的网络业务看作是端对端会话(内容通过其进行传播)，内容而是基于其唯一名称来请求或返回。网络负责将内容从提供商路由到客户。注意，内容包括能够在通信系统中传输的数据，包括任何形式的数据，例如文本、图像、视频和/或音频。客户和提供商能够是计算机旁的个人或者CCN内部或外部的自动化进程。一段内容能够表示整个内容或者内容的相应部分。例如，报纸文章可通过体现为数据分组的多段内容来表示。一段内容也能够与采用信息来描述或扩增内容段的元数据(例如认证数据、创建日期、内容拥有者等)关联。
面临当前ICN架构的一个问题在于，当聚合来自请求相同内容的不同客户的兴趣并且沿路由选择环路转发兴趣时，兴趣环路可能变成未检测，这可因故障或拥塞而发生。内容转发策略可使用随机数和命名数据对象(NDO)的名称作为兴趣环路检测的基础。但是，这类转发策略在兴趣聚合存在的情况下常常无法正确工作。某些改进转发策略通过请求兴趣来提供对兴趣环路检测问题的矫正，以陈述到预计名称前缀的跳数。但是，这种方式要求改变兴趣的格式，并且要求工作在网络的控制平面的路由选择协议保持到名称前缀的跳数，作为对可用于网络中的任何其他类型的距离信息(例如基于拥塞或延迟的距离)的补充。因此，这种解决方案是不合需要的。另外，到名称前缀的跳数可能不是跨自主系统可实施的。
本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于正确处理以信息为中心的网络(ICN)中的兴趣的系统。在操作期间，该系统由ICN中的第一节点从第二节点接收一段内容的兴趣。兴趣指定内容段的名称。该系统基于转发信息以及与第一节点上存储的未决兴趣关联的信息来确定是否满足转发条件或兴趣聚合条件。响应满足转发条件，该系统转发兴趣。响应满足兴趣聚合条件，该系统聚合兴趣。
在对这个实施例的变化中，转发信息包括与内容段的名称关联的一个或多个条目，其中相应条目指定下一跳邻居，通过其，第一节点能够向存储内容段的目标节点转发兴趣。条目还指定从下一跳邻居到目标节点的距离。
在另一变化中，如果通过转发信息的至少一个条目所指定的距离小于从第二节点到目标节点的距离，则满足转发条件。
在另一变化中，条目还指定下一跳邻居的评级，以及兴趣被转发到满足转发条件的邻居之中最高评级的下一跳邻居。
在对这个实施例的变化中，与未决兴趣关联的信息包括与内容段的名称关联的条目，并且条目指定从第一节点到存储内容段的目标节点的距离。
在另一变化中，如果通过条目所指定的距离小于从第二节点到目标节点的距离，则满足兴趣聚合条件。
在另一变化中，条目还指定从其中接收内容段的兴趣的入局邻居(incomingneighbors)的集合，并且兴趣通过将第二节点添加到入局邻居的集合来聚合。
在对这个实施例的变化中，响应既不满足转发条件又不满足兴趣聚合条件，该系统丢弃兴趣，并且向第二节点回送控制消息。
图1示出按照本发明的一实施例的网络的示范架构。
图2A是示出以信息为中心的网络(ICN)中的示范兴趣循环的简图。
图2B是示出ICN中的示范兴趣循环的简图。
图3是示出按照本发明的一实施例的示范转发信息库(FIB)的简图。
图4是示出按照本发明的一实施例的示范未决兴趣表(PIT)的简图。
图5是示出按照本发明的一实施例的ICN路由器的示范架构的简图。
图6是示出按照本发明的一实施例的示范兴趣处理算法的简图。
图7A-7B示出按照本发明的一实施例的FIB的扩展查找的示范操作。
图8A-8C示出按照本发明的一实施例的FIB的扩展查找的示范操作。
图9示出按照本发明的一实施例的FIB的扩展查找的示范系统。
附图中，相似参考标号表示相同附图元件。
概述
本发明的实施例提供一种CCN系统，其能够检测兴趣聚合存在的情况下的兴趣循环，而无需修改兴趣格式。更具体来说，CCN系统基于扩大转发信息库(FIB)(其存储由内容路由器的所有邻居所报告的到名称前缀的距离)的简单查找来检测兴趣环路。
CCN架构
一般来说，CCN使用两种类型的消息：兴趣和内容对象。兴趣携带内容对象的分层结构可变长度标识符(HSVLI)(又称作“名称”)，并且用作对那个对象的请求。如果网络元件(例如路由器)接收相同名称的多个兴趣，则它可聚合那些兴趣。沿具有匹配内容对象的兴趣的路径的网络元件可缓存并且返回那个对象，从而满足兴趣。内容对象沿用到兴趣的(一个或多个)起源的兴趣的反向路径。
本公开所使用的术语一般定义如下(但是其解释并不局限于此)：
“HSVLI”：分层结构可变长度标识符，又称作名称。它是名称成分的有序列表，其可以是可变长度八位组字符串。在人类可读形式中，它能够按照例如ccnx：/path/part等的格式来表示。另外，HSVLI可以不是人类可读的。如上所述，HSVLI表示内容，并且期望它们能够表示内容的组织结构，并且至少部分对人类是有意义的。HSVLI的单独成分可具有任意长度。此外，HSVLI能够具有明确界定成分，能够包括字节的任何序列，而并不局限于人类可读字符。最长前缀匹配查找在转发具有HSVLI的分组中是重要的。例如，指示对“/parc/home/bob”的兴趣的HSVLI将匹配“/parc/home/bob/test.txt”和“/parc/home/bob/bar.txt”。在名称成分的数量方面，最长匹配被认为是最佳的，因为它是最特定的。HSVLI的详细描述能够见于发明人Van L.Jacobson和James D.Thornton的美国专利No.8160069(标题为“SYSTEM FOR FORWARDING A PACKET WITH A HIERARCHICHALLY STRUCTURED VARIABLE-LENGTH IDENTIFIER”，2009年9月23日提交)。
“兴趣”：对内容对象的请求。兴趣指定HSVLI名称前缀和其他可选选择符，其能够用来在具有相同名称前缀的多个对象之间进行选择。其名称匹配兴趣名称前缀(以及可选地，其他所请求参数、例如发布者密钥-ID匹配)的任何内容对象满足兴趣。
“内容对象”：响应兴趣而发送的数据对象。它具有HSVLI名称和内容有效载荷，其经由密码签名绑定在一起。可选地，所有内容对象具有由内容对象的SHA-256摘要所组成的隐式终端名称成分。在一个实施例中，隐式摘要不是在导线上传递，而是根据需要在每跳来计算。在本公开中，术语“内容对象”和术语“命名数据对象(NDO)”是可互换的。
“端面”：在CCN中，术语“端面”是接口的概念的一般化。端面可以是到网络或者直接到应用方的连接。端面可配置成在特定网络接口上发送和接收广播或多播分组，或者使用基本传输中的点对点寻址或者使用隧道(例如TCP隧道)来发送和接收分组。端面也可以是经由封装到运行于相同机器的单个应用进程的连接，例如UDP或OS特定进程间通信路径。所有消息经过端面到达，并且经过端面发出。在本公开中，术语“邻居”与术语“端面”是可互换的，表示兴趣的入局或出局接口。
如先前所述，HSVLI指示一段内容，是分层结构的，并且包括从最一般等级到最特定等级所排序的毗连成分。相应HSVLI的长度不是固定的。在以内容为中心的网络中，与常规IP网络不同，分组可通过HSVLI来识别。例如，abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news可能是内容的名称，并且识别(一个或多个)对应分组、即来自在称作“ABCD”的组织的名为“Bob”的用户的报纸的“ccn”集合的“新闻”文章。为了请求一段内容，节点通过内容的名称来表达(例如广播)对那个内容的兴趣。对一段内容的兴趣能够是按照内容的名称或标识符对内容的查询。如果在网络中可用，则内容从存储内容的任何节点回送到请求节点。路由选择基础设施智能地将兴趣传播到相应节点(其可能具有信息)，并且然后沿兴趣消息所遍历的反向路径回送可用的内容。基本上，内容对象跟随兴趣消息所留下的面包屑，因而到达请求节点。
图1示出按照本发明的一实施例的网络的示范架构。在这个示例中，网络180包括节点100-145。网络中的各节点耦合到一个或多个其他节点。网络连接185是这种连接的示例。网络连接示为实线，但是各线条也可表示子网络或超级网络，其能够将一个节点耦合到另一个节点。网络180能够是以内容为中心的局域网络、超级网络或者子网络。这些网络的每个能够互连，使得一个网络中的节点能够到达其他网络中的节点。网络连接能够是宽带、无线、电话、卫星或者任何类型的网络连接。节点能够是计算机系统、表示用户的端点和/或能够生成兴趣或始发内容的装置。
按照本发明的一实施例，客户能够生成一段内容的兴趣，并且将那个兴趣转发到网络180中的节点。内容段能够由发布者或内容提供商(其能够位于网络内部或外部)来存储在网络180中的节点处。例如，图1中，对一段内容的兴趣在节点105始发。如果内容在节点不可用，则兴趣流动到与第一节点耦合的一个或多个节点。例如，图1中，兴趣流动(兴趣流程150)到节点115，其没有可用的内容。随后，兴趣从节点115流动(兴趣流程155)到节点125，其再次没有内容。兴趣然后流动(兴趣流程160)到节点130，其具有可用的内容。内容对象的流程然后相反地折回其路径(内容流程165、170和175)，直至它到达节点105，其中内容被分发。其他过程、例如认证能够在内容的流程中涉及。
在网络180中，内容持有者(节点130)与兴趣生成节点(节点105)之间的路径中的任何数量的中间节点(节点100-145)能够在内容跨网络传播时参与缓存内容的本地副本。缓存通过隐式共享对本地缓存内容的访问来降低位于接近其他订户的第二订户的网络负荷。
在现有CCN或NDN中，各节点(又称作路由器)保持三个主要数据结构，包括转发信息库(FIB)、内容存储仓库(CS)和未决兴趣表(PIT)。转发平面使用这三个表中存储的信息将兴趣转发到公告具有所请求内容的副本的节点，并且通过兴趣所遍历的反向路径将NDO或其他响应回送到请求它们的客户。
FIB用来将兴趣分组转发到匹配内容对象的(一个或多个)潜在来源。通常，路由选择协议用来在网络中的所有节点之间装载FIB。在常规CCN中，FIB条目常常通过名称前缀来索引，其中各条目包括应当对其转发匹配兴趣的至少一个端面的物理地址。在NDN中，名称前缀的FIB条目还包含陈旧时间(在此后可删除条目)、经过接口的往返时间、速率限制以及陈述接口能够或者不能恢复数据是已知还是未知的状态信息。在转发兴趣消息时，名称的最长前缀匹配查找在FIB来执行，以查找匹配条目。
内容存储仓库(CS)与IP路由器中使用的缓冲存储器相似。更具体来说，CS暂时缓冲经过这个节点的内容对象，从而允许由不同客户进行的有效数据检索。当路由器接收兴趣分组时，它在向上游发出兴趣之前首先在其内容存储仓库中检查是否存在匹配内容对象。
未决兴趣表(PIT)用作兴趣状态的高速缓存。PIT跟踪上游转发到(一个或多个)内容源的兴趣，使得所返回内容对象或NDO能够沿用到其(一个或多个)请求方的反向兴趣路径向下游发送。这保存上游和下游网络流程。CCN和NDN还能够使用PIT来允许兴趣不公开其来源，并且实现兴趣聚合。仅路由兴趣分组。返回内容对象或NDO跟随回到内容请求方的兴趣分组的路线。PIT条目由一个或多个元组(各用于对相同NDO名称所处理的一个随机数)的向量来组成。各元组陈述所使用的随机数、入局接口和出局接口。每个PIT条目具有比到其中能够找到NDO的节点的往返时间要长的使用寿命。
当兴趣分组到达某个端面上的路由器时，最长匹配查找能够基于内容名称或HSVLI进行。用于名称查找的索引结构按照使得CS匹配将优于PIT匹配(其将优于FIB匹配)的方式来排序。因此，如果CS中已经存在匹配兴趣的内容对象，则内容对象将经由端面(兴趣在其上到达)来发出，并且将丢弃兴趣。否则，将检查PIT，以查看是否能够找到匹配。在NDN中，如果兴趣陈述与所请求内容的PIT条目中存储的那些随机数不同的随机数，则路由器通过将入局端面(从其中接收兴趣)和随机数添加到PIT条目来“聚合”兴趣，而没有转发兴趣。另一方面，如果兴趣中的相同随机数已经在所请求内容的PIT条目中列示，则路由器通过兴趣所遍历的反向路径来发送NACK。在CCN中，如果兴趣从没有在所请求内容的PIT条目中列示的端面来接收，则聚合能够进行，以及简单地丢弃从相同端面所接收的重复兴趣。
如果路由器在其CS和PIT中没有找到匹配，则路由器沿最佳前缀匹配的FIB中列示的路由来转发兴趣。在NDN中，如果已知它能够携带内容并且其性能评级高于也能够携带内容的其他端面，则路由器能够选择转发兴趣的端面。端面的评级能够由路由器与其他路由器无关地进行。
未检测兴趣循环
图2A是示出以信息为中心的网络(ICN)中的示范兴趣循环的简图。图2A中，网络200包括多个互连路由器、例如路由器202-214。图2A中的箭头线条指示由路由器214按照各路由器中存储的FIB条目所公告的到内容的下一跳。如能够看到，环路存在，其由路由器204、206和208组成。兴趣能够从路由器204转发到路由器206、208并且回到路由器204。图2A中，较粗线条指示邻居的所感知性能比采用较细线条所示的邻居要好。例如，对路由器204，路由器206是比路由器210更好性能的邻居。从图2A能够看到，因为FIB中暗示的多个路径不是无环路的，所以长期兴趣环路能够存在，即使所有路由选择表是一致的。在这种情况下，由于端面或者朝前缀的路径的所感知性能，FIB中的邻居的评级能够是使得具有较大跳数的路径可比具有较小跳数的路径更高地评级。
又在图2A中，虚线指示兴趣通过链路和路径的遍历，其中不同虚线图案表示具有不同始发方的兴趣，因而具有不同随机数。事件到达路由器的时间通过ti指示。例如，路由器204在t1从路由器202接收兴趣，并且在t3从路由器208接收相同名称但是具有不同随机数的兴趣。类似地，路由器208在时间t4从路由器206接收兴趣。理想地，如果路由器通知它接收先前由它自己发出的相同兴趣(如通过NDO名称和随机数所识别)，则能够检测兴趣环路。但是，在图2A所示的示例中，由于兴趣聚合，路由器204不能够检测兴趣的循环。更具体来说，图2A示出，路由器208在时间t4从路由器206接收兴趣(n(j)，nonce1)，其是从路由器202发送到路由器204的相同兴趣。但是，不是将这种兴趣转发到路由器204，路由器208而是将这个兴趣与在时间t3到达路由器204的不同随机数的兴趣(n(j)，nonce2)进行聚合。换言之，路由器204仅看到从路由器208所发送的(n(j)，nonce2)。类似地，路由器204也聚合从路由器208所接收的兴趣(即，(n(j)，nonce2))，并且仅发出从路由器202所接收的兴趣(即，(n(j)，nonce1))。因此，形成兴趣环路，而没有被路由器204检测。
此外，在路由选择表因网络或内容动态而不一致的状况中，兴趣环路能够变成未检测，即使控制平面仅支持到内容的单路径路由选择。图2B是示出ICN中的示范兴趣循环的简图。图2B示出图2A所示的相同示范网络200，但是在图2B所示的示例中，路由选择是单路径，以及当路由器204与210之间的链路出故障时，网络拓扑在t1发生变化。与图2A所示的示例相似，路由器204聚合来自路由器208的兴趣，并且路由器208聚合来自路由器206的兴趣，以及这些组合步骤排除临时兴趣循环的检测。在这个示例中，看来似乎循环问题能够通过迫使路由器206将路由器212而不是将路由器208用于与路由器214所通知的前缀有关的兴趣来避免。但是，如果在本例中去除链路(节点206、节点212)，则相同循环问题会存在。注意，装载FIB并且对端面评级的方式与对PIT进行的更新无关。
实际上能够证明，NDN转发策略在稳定无差错网络(其中兴趣环路发生)中不是安全的，即使随机数将唯一地表示兴趣。另外还能够证明，采用基于兴趣-标识数据的匹配的兴趣聚合和兴趣环路检测的转发策略不是安全的。简化证明是将NDN的兴趣处理策略以及尝试通过匹配兴趣-标识数据来检测兴趣环路的任何转发策略映射到通过循环的分布式端接检测的问题，其中兴趣用作算法的令牌。当环形中的任何节点先前创建了不同令牌时，兴趣聚合消除遍历环形(兴趣环路)的令牌；因此，在兴趣聚合存在的情况下无法保证通过环形的正确端接检测(即，兴趣环路检测)。兴趣无法永远沿路由选择环路再循环，因为在给定没有响应发送到遍历路由选择环路的聚合兴趣的情况下，对应PIT条目最终将超时。但是，未检测兴趣环路能够引起端对端延迟以及内容路由器所存储的PIT条目的数量的增加，甚至对于遍历环路的兴趣的小百分比。
采用FIB的扩展查找的CCN(CCN-ELF)
CCN-ELF方式确保没有兴趣环路变成未检测，甚至当聚合兴趣时，并且没有要求对NDN和CCN中使用的分组格式的任何变更；这与其他环路检测解决方案(其依靠兴趣兴趣来携带跳数信息)相反。
在操作期间，CCN-ELF通过使用NDO的名称和FIB中存储的距离信息来确保兴趣、NDO和控制消息(例如NACK)的正确转发。注意，距离信息能够允许路由器将兴趣转发到所请求内容的最靠近实例，而不是采用兴趣来淹没网络或者执行对内容的网络搜索的随机游走。相同信息也能够用来确保兴趣按照使它们更靠近公告所请求内容的节点的方式来转发。
在本公开中，NDO j的名称通过n(j)来表示，以及术语“邻居”和“端面”可互换地使用。路由器i的邻居的集合通过Ni来表示。由请求NDO n(i)的节点k所转发的兴趣通过Ik[n(j)]来表示。由路由器k响应兴趣所发送的NDO通过Dk[n(j)，sp(j)]来表示，其中sp(j)是可选地用来验证内容对象的安全有效载荷。对路由器k所发送的兴趣的NACK通过NIk[n(j)，CODE]来表示，其陈述NDO(n(j)以及指示为什么发送NACK的原因的代码(CODE)。
图3是示出按照本发明的一实施例的示范转发信息库(FIB)的简图。图3中，FIB300包括使用内容名称前缀所索引的多个条目。各条目包括元组集合，各用于到对应名称前缀的当前路由器的一个邻居。例如，条目302对应于名称前缀n(j)*，并且包括多个元组。邻居p的元组陈述邻居p的名称以及从邻居p到名称前缀n(j)*的距离(例如跳数)。类似地，邻居q的元组陈述邻居q的名称以及从邻居q到名称前缀n(j)*的距离。为了便于标记，在路由器i的FIB表示为FIBi，名称前缀n(j)*的FIB条目表示为以及从邻居q到名称前缀n(j)*的距离表示为D(j，n(j)*，q)。除了从其邻居到前缀的距离之外，在一些实施例中，路由器的FIB还可存储邻居的评级。这类评级也能够在兴趣转发过程中起重要作用。
图4是示出按照本发明的一实施例的示范未决兴趣表(PIT)的简图。图4中，PIT400包括使用NDO的名称所索引的多个条目。在路由器i，PIT表示为PITi，以及表示具有名称n(j)的PITi中所创建的条目。PIT中的各条目指定NDO的名称、采用NDO来陈述是否满足兴趣的标志、由路由器在转发兴趣时所假定的距离、从其中接收NDO的兴趣的入局邻居的集合、路由器对其转发兴趣的出局邻居的集合、对相同兴趣允许的重传次数以及兴趣的剩余使用寿命。PIT条目的各成分的标记在图4中示出。例如，PIT条目或图4中的条目402包括NDO名称n(j)、标志由路由器i在将兴趣Ii[n(j)]转发到名称前缀n(j)*时所假定的距离D(i，n(j))、路由器i从其中接收n(j)的兴趣的入局邻居的集合、路由器i对其发送n(j)的兴趣的出局邻居的集合、允许重传次数以及剩余使用寿命
在本发明的实施例中，当路由器接收兴趣时，它们首先使用FIB(ELF)规则的扩展查找来确定是否接受兴趣，其陈述，如果满足下列两个条件其中之一，则路由器i能够接受来自邻居k的兴趣Ik[n(j)]：
条件(1)
条件(2)n(j)∈PITi∧D(i，n(j)*，k)＞D(i，n(j))。
条件(1)确保仅当路由器i确定它能够经过比邻居k更靠近名称前缀n(j)*的邻居来转发n(j)的新兴趣时，路由器i才接受来自邻居k的兴趣。条件(2)确保仅当发送n(j)的兴趣时从路由器i到n(j)*的距离比从邻居k接收兴趣时从邻居k到n(j)*的距离要小时，路由器i才接受来自邻居k的兴趣。ELF规则与用来测量从路由器到名称前缀的距离(例如跳数)的特定度量或者是否为给定名称前缀保持一个或多个路径无关。
图5是示出按照本发明的一实施例的ICN路由器的示范架构的简图。图5中，ICN路由器500包括多个端面(例如端面502、504和506)、兴趣处理模块508、转发模块510、NDO处理模块512、控制消息生成模块514和数据库516。
端面502-506能够不仅包括物理接口而且还包括能够发送和接收分组(包括兴趣和NDO)的应用进程。兴趣处理模块508负责处理在各种端面上接收的兴趣消息。在一些实施例中，兴趣处理模块508能够配置成基于上述ELF规则来确定是否接受入局兴趣。转发模块510负责向端面转发分组(例如兴趣或内容对象)。NDO处理模块512负责处理响应兴趣所接收的NDO消息。控制消息生成模块514生成控制消息，其能够包括不同NACK消息。在一些实施例中，控制消息生成模块514在条件下生成NACK消息，包括但不限于如下时候：检测兴趣环路，没有找到到所请求内容的路由，没有找到内容，以及PIT条目到期。数据库516存储三个基本数据结构：内容存储仓库、转发信息库和未决信息表。
图6是示出按照本发明的一实施例的示范兴趣处理算法的简图。注意，诸如到名称前缀的可用路径的负荷平衡、拥塞控制或者通过多个路径的兴趣的并发转发之类的某些网络业务控制问题超出了本公开的范围，并且在这里将不作论述。为了简洁起见，假定所有兴趣重传以端对端为基础来执行(例如由内容的客户而不是由转发路由器)。因此，当邻居出故障或者接收对兴趣的NACK时，路由器没有尝试提供任何“本地修复”。
参照图5-6，能够看到，当路由器i的兴趣处理模块508接收来自邻居k的兴趣Ik[n(j)]时，它首先对内容存储仓库CSi检查匹配。如果找到匹配，则转发模块510向邻居k返回匹配NDO。注意，Di[n(j)，sp(j)]表示响应兴趣Ik[n(j)]而发送的内容-对象消息。
如果在内容存储仓库和PIT没有找到匹配(图6中的线条5)，则兴趣处理模块508对FIB检查匹配。如果在FIB中没有找到匹配，则确定没有到所请求内容的路由存在。作为响应，控制消息生成模块514生成NACK消息NIi[n(j)，no route]，从而陈述NACK被发出，因为没有找到路由(图6的线条6)。随后，转发模块510将NACK转发到邻居k，以及兴趣处理模块508丢弃所接收兴趣(图6的线条7)。
如果在FIB中找到匹配，则兴趣处理模块508确定是否满足上述条件(1)，即，是否存在邻居v，经过其，路由器i在发送其兴趣时比路由器k更靠近名称前缀n(j)*。如果是这样的话，则确定能够转发兴趣，以及转发模块510基于适当转发算法来转发兴趣(图6中的线条9-12)。此外，通过将路由器k添加到入局邻居列表并且将路由器v添加到出局邻居列表，对n(j)来创建PIT条目。剩余使用寿命设置为最大兴趣使用寿命(MIL)。由路由器在从其PIT中删除兴趣之前所假定的MIL足够大以排除过度重传次数，但又不是如此大而使PIT存储没有NDO消息或者NACK能够因故障或重传错误而发送的过多兴趣。在一些实施例中，MIL设置在数秒的范围中(例如1与10秒之间)。
如果不满足条件(1)，则确定兴趣可遍历环路。作为响应，控制消息生成模块514生成NACK消息NIi[n(j)，loop]，从而陈述NACK被发出，因为找到环路。随后，转发模块510将NACK转发到邻居k，以及兴趣处理模块508丢弃所接收兴趣(图6的线条14)。
如果在PIT中找到与兴趣名称的匹配，则兴趣处理模块508确定是否满足上述条件(2)，即，当两种路由器发送其兴趣时，路由器i是否比路由器k更靠近名称前缀n(j)*。如果是这样的话，则确定能够聚合兴趣。作为响应，通过将路由器k添加到从其中接收n(j)的兴趣的入局邻居的集合，来更新PIT(图6中的线条18-19)。如果不满足条件(2)，则确定兴趣可遍历环路。作为响应，控制消息生成模块514生成NACK消息NIi[n(j)，loop]，从而陈述NACK被发出，因为找到环路。随后，转发模块510将NACK转发到邻居k，以及兴趣处理模块508丢弃所接收兴趣(图6的线条21)。
图6所示的兴趣处理算法提供简单兴趣转发策略，其中路由器i在前缀n(j)*的FIB中存储的邻居的评级列表中选择满足ELF规则的条件(1)的第一邻居v。还能够设计更复杂策略，以获得到内容的多个路由之间的负荷平衡。另外，相同兴趣能够通过多个路径并发地转发。在这类情况下，内容能够通过兴趣成功遍历的各路径回送。但是，为了生效，这些方式要求采用控制平面中的无环路多径路由选择协议。例如，这种路由选择协议可包括基于距离的路由选择。基于距离的路由选择的详细描述能够见于发明人Jose J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves的美国专利申请14/572608(Attorney Docket No.PARC-20141078US01，标题为“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DISTANCE-BASED INTEREST FORWARDING”，2014年12月16日提交)。在基于距离的路由选择下，控制平面使用长期性能量度来建立到内容前缀的有效多径，以及数据平面利用使用采用聚合规则的跳数转发(HFAR)和短期性能测量的那些路径，而没有与因循环引起的回溯关联的长延迟。
示范操作
图7A-7B示出按照本发明的一实施例的CCN-ELF的示范操作。更具体来说，图7A示出如控制平面所确定的路由选择信息，以及图7B示出兴趣如何遍历链路。附图中，网络700包括多个节点、例如节点702-714，其中箭头线条按照路由器中存储的FIB条目来指示到路由器714所公告的内容(具有名称n(j))的下一跳。箭头线条的线宽指示端面的所感知性能。指向端面的较粗线条表示所指示端面比较细线条所指向的端面更好地表现。例如，链路(节点706、节点708)比链路(节点704、节点706)更好地表现。附图中，一对数字在从路由器到其邻居的出局的各链路处列示，指示经过邻居到n(j)(节点714)的距离(第一数字)以及按照路由器的FIB的邻居的评级(第二数字)。在一些实施例中，距离能够是跳数。注意，对于相同链路，可能存在两对，其中每对存储在更靠近该对的路由器中的FIB处。例如，在从路由器704到路由器706的链路上，两个数字对、即对(4，1)和对(5，2)挨着链路示出。数字对(4，1)与路由器704相邻，并且存储在路由器704的FIB中，以及数字对(5，2)与路由器706相邻，并且存储在路由器706的FIB中。更具体来说，与路由器704相邻的数字对(4，1)指示经由其邻居706到n(j)的跳数为4，以及邻居706在路由器704的FIB中的评级数字1。另一方面，与路由器706相邻的数字对(5，2)指示从其其邻居704到n(j)的跳数为5，以及邻居704在路由器706的FIB中的评级数字1。
为了便于标记，三元组(v，h，r)能够用来表示端面、其跳数及其评级。例如，基于FIBnode 704中的条目、从节点704到n(j)(节点714)的距离为(node 706，4，1)、(node 710，4，2)和(node 708，6，3)；基于FIBnode 706中的条目、从节点706到n(j)的距离为(node 708，6，1)、(node 704，5，2)和(node 712，3，3)；以及从节点708到n(j)具有(node 704，5，2)和(node 706，5，1)。
图7B示出CCN-ELF下的兴趣转发情形。在图7B所示的示例中，路由器704在时间t1从路由器702接收名称n(j)的兴趣I[n(j)]。因为路由器706提供满足ELF规则(即，D(node704，n(j)*，node 706)＝3＜5＝D(node 704，n(j)*，node 702))、到n(j)的最高评级距离，所以路由器704将I[n(j)]转发到路由器706。路由器704则在其PIT中设置D(node 704，n(j))＝4。路由器706在时间t2从路由器704接收兴趣，并且接受它，因为ELF规则也被其至少一个邻居满足(即，D(node706，n(j)*，node 712)＝2＜4＝D(node 706，n(j)*，node 704))。相应地，路由器706将兴趣转发到路由器712，其在时间t3接收兴趣。又在时间t3，由路由器708所生成的兴趣由路由器704来聚合，因为满足ELF规则的条件(2)(即，D(node 704，n(j)*，node708)＝5＞4＝D(node 704，n(j)))。与图2A所示情形形成对照，没有环路在图7A中因CCN-ELF的实现而发生。
图8A-8C示出按照本发明的一实施例的CCN-ELF的示范操作。更具体来说，图8A-8C所示的示例能够用来示范CCN-ELF在拓扑变化发生时如何进行操作。附图中，网络800包括多个节点、例如节点802-814。
图8A示出路由器804在时间t0更新其FIB(当链路(node 804，node 810)出故障时)，以及路由器806在时间t1更新其FIB(当链路(node 806，node 812)出故障时)。路由器可具有n(j)的不一致FIB状态，因为路由选择表更新在控制平面中发送，而兴趣在数据平面中转发。更具体来说，图8A示出在链路(node 804，node 810)出故障(在时间t0)之后并且在链路(node 806，node 812)出故障(在时间t1)的同时兴趣传播的时间在FIB中存储的距离值的截图。注意，距离的评级在图8A中未示出。如图8A所示，当来自路由器802的n(j)的兴趣在时间t1到达路由器804时，路由器804将兴趣转发到路由器806，因为路由器806提供满足ELF规则的条件(1)的到n(j)的最高评级距离(即，D(node 804，n(j)*，node 806)＝3＜5＝D(node 804，n(j)*，node 802))。在转发兴趣之后，路由器804在其PIT中设置D(node 804，n(j))＝4。
图8B示出，即使路由器中存储的FIB不一致，路由器806也在n(j)的兴趣在时间t2到达时向路由器804发送NACK，因为路由器806无法找到满足ELF规则的任何邻居(即，经过其到n(j)的距离小于4的任何邻居)。路由器804在时间t3聚合来自路由器808的兴趣，因为满足ELF规则的条件(2)(即，D(node 804，n(j)*，node 808)＝5＞4＝D(node 804，n(j)))。图8C示出，在时间t5，路由器804向路由器802和808转发在时间t4从路由器806接收的NACK。注意，聚合来自路由器802和808的兴趣。
在有限时间之内，更新所有路由器的FIB，以反映新的最短路径，其考虑对链路(node 804，node 810)和(node 806，node 812)的变更。一旦FIB是一致的，与名称前缀n(j)*中的对象有关的兴趣沿到n(j)*的最短路径来转发。
ELF规则只是避免兴趣循环的充分条件，以及有可能让路由器在兴趣没有遍历环路时假定兴趣正遍历环路。换言之，假环路检测能够发生。在图8B的示例中，路由器806可将兴趣转发到路由器812，而没有引起环路。但是，ELF规则没有被路由器812满足，并且路由器806无法选择它。在给定更新FIB以反映控制平面中计算的正确距离的速度的情况下，假环路检测很少发生；具有假环路检测比具有长期PIT条目(例如，因循环而无法接收响应的兴趣的条目，其最终在多秒之后到期)要好。因此，兴趣环路检测的充分条件是ICN中的正确兴趣转发的良好基准。
与使用常规ICN(例如NDN或CCN)所取得的相比，采用CCN-ELF所获得的性能有益效果是相当大的。更具体来说，CCN-ELF系统中使用的PIT要小许多；此外，当路由器实现CCN-ELF而不是常规NDN转发策略时，客户体验到得到内容或接收与他们请求的内容有关的反馈的更小等待时间。
与常规CCN或NDN系统相比，CCN-ELF要求附加FIB存储，因为FIB这时存储距离信息、例如各邻居对各前缀n(j)*所报告的距离。这在路由器i合计为(|D|)(|FIBi|)(|Ni|)，其中D是表示距离所需的字节数，|Ni|是路由器i的邻居的数量，以及|FIBi|是FIBi中的条目的数量。另一方面，与常规NDN或CCN系统相比，CCN-ELF还要求附加PIT开销，因为每个PIT条目存储距离。PIT开销对应于在路由器i处的(|D|)(|PITi|)字节。
与常规CCN系统相比，CCN-ELF要求为名称前缀所保持的每个FIB条目以及为兴趣所保持的每个PIT条目的附加存储。PIT可通过不存储兴趣中陈述的随机数来简化，只要CCN-ELF不需要随机数来检测兴趣循环。与常规NDN系统相比，这表示阶(|id|)(|PITi|)(|Ni|)的存储节省，其中|id|是陈述随机数所需的字节数。能够看到，CCN-ELF保持距离信息所要求的附加存储能够多于通过从不必存储兴趣中的随机数所得出的存储节省进行的补偿。
在给定兴趣及其应答遍历最短路径的情况下，CCN-ELF在FIB条目中的路由选择表环路不存在的情况下引起与常规NDN和CCN系统相同的端对端等待时间。但是，对于在沿路由选择环路聚合兴趣时的内容的检索或NACK的接收，常规NDN和CCN系统能够引起比CCN-ELF要长许多的端对端延迟。已经表明，即使沿路由选择环路仅聚合几个兴趣，未检测兴趣环路也能够引起内容路由器中存储的PIT条目的数量以及得到内容中的端对端延迟的极大增加。
在常规NDN和CCN系统中，沿路由选择环路聚合的兴趣在任何NACK能够发送给兴趣发出客户之前保留在PIT中，直到它们到期。所产生的等待时间为大约数秒，因为PIT中的兴趣的使用寿命通常设置成那么长以避免兴趣的不必要重传。另一方面，通过CCN-ELF，客户能够沿客户与发送NDO或检测兴趣环路的路由器之间的路径在往返时间之内响应兴趣而得到NDO或NACK。这通常对应于与当今因特网相似的拓扑中的数百毫秒。此外能够表明，兴趣环路的假检测没有显著影响兴趣转发效率。如果到名称前缀的无环路多径路由选择在控制平面中提供，则情况尤其是这样。
由CCN-ELF所提供的附加优点包括与常规CCN和NDN系统的分组格式兼容性。
计算机和通信系统
图9示出按照本发明的一实施例的FIB的扩展查找的示范系统。用于FIB的扩展查找的系统900包括处理器910、存储器920和存储装置930。存储装置930通常存储指令，其能够加载到存储器920中并且由处理器910来运行，以执行上述方法。在一个实施例中，存储装置930中的指令能够实现兴趣处理模块932、命名数据对象处理模块934、转发模块936和控制消息生成模块938，其全部能够经过各种部件相互通信。存储装置930还能够包括多个数据结构，例如内容存储仓库940、转发信息库942和未决兴趣表944。
在一些实施例中，模块932、934、936和938能够部分或完全通过硬件来实现，并且能够是处理器910的部分。此外，在一些实施例中，系统可以不包括独立处理器和存储器。除了执行其特定任务之外，模块932、934、936和938而是独立地或者共同地可作为通用或专用计算引擎的部分。
存储装置930存储将要由处理器910所运行的程序。具体来说，存储装置930存储程序，其实现FIB的扩展查找的系统(应用)。在操作期间，应用程序能够从存储装置930加载到存储器920，并且由处理器910来运行。因此，系统900能够执行上述功能。系统900能够耦合到可选显示器980(其能够是触摸屏显示器)、键盘960和指针装置970，并且还能够经由一个或多个网络接口来耦合到网络982。
本详细描述中所述的数据结构和代码通常存储在计算机可读存储介质上，其可以是能够存储代码和/或数据以供计算机系统使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置，例如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(致密光盘)、DVD(数字多功能光盘或数字视频光盘)或者能够存储现在已知或以后开发的计算机可读介质的其他介质。
本详细描述小节中所述的方法和过程能够体现为代码和/或数据，其能够如上所述存储在计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机系统读取和运行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行体现为数据结构和代码并且存储在计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
此外，本文所述的方法和过程能够包含在硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间运行特定软件模块或一段代码的专用或共享处理器和/或现在已知或以后开发的其他可编程逻辑装置。当激活硬件模块或设备时，它们执行其中包含的方法和过程。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于正确处理以信息为中心的网络(ICN)中的兴趣的计算机可执行方法，所述方法包括：
由所述ICN中的第一节点从第二节点接收一段内容的兴趣，其中所述兴趣指定所述内容段的名称；
基于转发信息以及与所述第一节点上存储的未决兴趣关联的信息来确定是否满足转发条件或兴趣聚合条件；
响应满足所述转发条件，转发所述兴趣；以及
响应满足所述兴趣聚合条件，聚合所述兴趣。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述转发信息包括与所述内容段的名称关联的一个或多个条目，其中相应条目指定所述第一节点能够经过其向存储所述内容段的目标节点转发所述兴趣的下一跳邻居，并且所述条目还指定从所述下一跳邻居到所述目标节点的距离。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其中，如果通过所述转发信息的至少一个条目所指定的距离小于从所述第二节点到所述目标节点的距离，则满足所述转发条件。
4.一种存储指令的非暂时计算机可读存储介质，所述指令在由计算装置运行时使所述计算装置执行用于正确处理以信息为中心的网络(ICN)中的兴趣的方法，所述方法包括：
由所述ICN中的第一节点从第二节点接收一段内容的兴趣，其中所述兴趣指定所述内容段的名称；
基于转发信息以及与所述第一节点上存储的未决兴趣关联的信息来确定是否满足转发条件或兴趣聚合条件；
响应满足所述转发条件，转发所述兴趣；以及
响应满足所述兴趣聚合条件，聚合所述兴趣。
5.如权利要求4所述的计算机可读存储介质，其中，所述转发信息包括与所述内容段的名称关联的一个或多个条目，其中相应条目指定所述第一节点能够经过其向存储所述内容段的目标节点转发所述兴趣的下一跳邻居，并且所述条目还指定从所述下一跳邻居到所述目标节点的距离。
6.如权利要求5所述的计算机可读存储介质，其中，如果通过所述转发信息的至少一个条目所指定的距离小于从所述第二节点到所述目标节点的距离，则满足所述转发条件。
7.一种用于正确处理以信息为中心的网络(ICN)中的兴趣的计算机系统，所述系统包括：
兴趣接收模块，配置成由所述ICN中的第一节点从第二节点接收一段内容的兴趣，其中所述兴趣指定所述内容段的名称；
兴趣处理模块，配置成基于转发信息以及与所述第一节点上存储的未决兴趣关联的信息来确定是否满足转发条件或兴趣聚合条件；
转发模块，配置成响应满足所述转发条件而转发所述兴趣；以及
兴趣聚合模块，配置成响应满足所述兴趣聚合条件而聚合所述兴趣。
8.如权利要求7所述的系统，其中，所述转发信息包括与所述内容段的名称关联的一个或多个条目，其中相应条目指定所述第一节点能够经过其向存储所述内容段的目标节点转发所述兴趣的下一跳邻居，并且所述条目还指定从所述下一跳邻居到所述目标节点的距离。
9.如权利要求7所述的系统，其中，与所述未决兴趣关联的所述信息包括与所述内容段的名称关联的条目，并且所述条目指定从所述第一节点到存储所述内容段的目标节点的距离。
10.如权利要求7所述的系统，还包括控制消息生成模块；以及
其中响应既不满足所述转发条件也不满足所述兴趣聚合条件：
所述控制消息生成模块配置成生成控制消息，并且向所述第二节点回送所述控制消息；以及
所述兴趣处理模块配置成丢弃所述兴趣。
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