CN106254900A - 用于自动产生顶级索引文件的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于自动产生顶级索引文件的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN106254900A
CN106254900A CN201610751116.8A CN201610751116A CN106254900A CN 106254900 A CN106254900 A CN 106254900A CN 201610751116 A CN201610751116 A CN 201610751116A CN 106254900 A CN106254900 A CN 106254900A
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J·布兰尼斯
E·沃林
E·费里拉
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Abstract

用于自动产生在自适应比特率流传输中使用的顶级索引文件的系统和方法。本发明的方法的一个实施例包括：在回放服务器处接收来自回放装置的请求，其中，该请求识别内容段；通过使用回放服务器检索与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表；通过使用回放服务器而使用至少一个预定准则过滤资产列表；通过使用回放服务器产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；和通过使用回放服务器将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置。

Description

用于自动产生顶级索引文件的系统和方法
本申请是申请号为201180074087.1、申请日为2011年12月31日、发明名称为“用于自动产生顶级索引文件的系统和方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及流传输(stream)媒体，更具体地涉及自动产生在自适应比特率流传输中使用的顶级索引文件。
背景技术
术语流传输媒体描述了在回放装置上回放媒体，其中媒体被存储在服务器上并在回放期间通过网络被连续发送至回放装置。通常，回放装置在回放期间的任何给定时间在缓冲器中存储足够量的媒体，从而防止由于回放装置在接收到下一部分的媒体之前完成所有缓存的媒体的回放而导致的回放中断。自适应比特速率流传输或自适应流传输涉及实时检测当前流传输条件(例如用户的网络带宽和视频解码能力)，并相应地调节流媒体的质量。通常，源媒体被编码为具有不同的最大比特率的分别的流，回放装置或客户端根据可用的资源在流传输不同的编码之间切换。当回放装置开始自适应比特率流传输时，回放装置通常通过从初始的一组流请求媒体的部分开始。当回放装置下载所请求的媒体时，回放装置可测量可用的带宽。在可用的带宽增加或减小的情况下，回放装置可切换到更高或更低的比特率流。
自适应流传输方案通常利用由Internet Engineering Task Force和World WideWeb Consortium作为RFC 2616公布的超文本传输协议(HTTP)，以在服务器与回放装置之间流传输媒体。HTTP是使得回放装置能够请求文件内的字节范围的无状态协议。HTTP被描述为无状态的，原因是服务器不需要为了响应从回放装置接收到的请求而记录关于请求信息的回放装置的状态或关于回放装置所请求的字节范围的信息。
在自适应流传输系统中，源媒体通常在媒体服务器上被存储为指向包含实际视频和音频数据的多个备选流的顶级索引文件。每个流通常被存储在一个或多个容器文件中。不同的自适应流传输分辨率通常使用不同的索引和媒体容器。由World Wide WebConsortium开发的同步多媒体集成语言(Synchronized Multimedia IntegrationLanguage,SMIL)被用于在包括由华盛顿雷德蒙德的Microsoft Corporation开发的IIS平滑流传输(Smooth Streaming)和由加利福尼亚圣何塞的Adobe Systems Incorporated开发的Flash动态流传输(Flash Dynamic Streaming)的几种自适应流传输方案中创建索引。由加利福尼亚库比蒂诺的Apple Computer Incorporated开发的HTTP自适应比特率流传输(HTTP Adaptive Bitrate Streaming)通过使用作为包含通常识别媒体容器文件的URI列表的文本文件的扩展M3U播放列表文件(.M3U8)实现索引文件。最常用的媒体容器格式是在MPEG-4第14部分(即ISO/IEC 14496-14)中规定的MP4容器格式和在MPEG-2第1部分(即ISO/IEC标准13818-1)中规定的MPEG传输流(TS)容器。MP4容器格式被用于IIS平滑流传输和Flash动态流传输中。TS容器被用于HTTP自适应比特率流传输中。
发明内容
根据本发明的实施例的系统和方法自动产生在自适应比特率流传输中使用的顶级索引文件。本发明的方法的一个实施例包括：在回放服务器处接收来自回放装置的请求，其中，该请求识别内容段；通过使用回放服务器检索与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表；通过使用回放服务器而使用至少一个预定准则过滤资产列表；通过使用回放服务器产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；和通过使用回放服务器将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置。
本发明的方法的进一步的附加实施例包括：在回放服务器处接收来自回放装置的请求，其中，请求识别内容段；通过使用回放服务器检索与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表；通过使用回放服务器而使用至少一个预定准则过滤资产列表；通过使用回放服务器产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；通过使用回放服务器将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置；通过使用回放服务器检索密码信息，其中，密码信息被用于访问在顶级索引文件中描述的被保护的流；和通过使用回放服务器向回放装置提供密码信息。
本发明的进一步的实施例包括存储与特定内容段相关联的资产的描述的数据库和通过使用回放管理应用而配置的处理器。另外，回放管理应用配置处理器以进行以下操作：接收来自回放装置的识别内容段的请求；检索与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表；通过使用至少一个预定准则过滤资产列表；产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；和将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置。
另一个进一步的实施例包括包含处理器指令的机器可读介质，其中，由处理器执行指令导致处理器执行包括以下操作的处理：接收来自回放装置的识别内容段的请求；检索与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表；通过使用至少一个预定准则过滤资产列表；产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；和将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置。
本发明的方法的又一个实施例包括：通过使用回放装置从回放服务器请求顶级索引文件，其中，该请求识别内容段并包括描述回放装置的能力的信息；通过使用回放装置接收来自回放服务器的顶级索引文件，其中，顶级索引文件描述回放装置可访问的多个流并识别流的位置；通过使用回放装置选择初始流；和通过使用回放装置从在顶级索引文件中所识别的位置检索初始流的至少一部分。
本发明的进一步的实施例包括包含描述回放装置的能力的信息的存储器和由客户端应用配置的处理器。另外，客户端应用配置处理器以进行以下操作：从回放服务器请求顶级索引文件，其中，该请求识别内容段并包括描述回放装置的能力的信息；从回放服务器接收顶级索引文件，其中，顶级索引文件描述回放装置可访问的多个流并识别流的位置；选择初始流；和从在顶级索引文件中识别的位置检索初始流的至少一部分。
另一个进一步的实施例包括包含处理器指令的机器可读介质，其中，由处理器执行指令导致处理器执行包括以下操作的过程：从回放服务器请求顶级索引文件，其中，该请求识别内容段并包括描述回放装置的能力的信息；接收来自回放服务器的顶级索引文件，其中，顶级索引文件描述回放装置可访问的多个流并识别流的位置；选择初始流；和从在顶级索引文件中所识别的位置检索初始流的至少一部分。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的实施例的包括回放服务器的流传输系统的网络示意图。
图2是根据本发明的实施例的回放装置的系统示意图。
图3是示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于从回放服务器获得顶级索引文件和密码信息以流传输来自内容分布网络的内容的处理的流程图。
图4是示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于自动产生顶级索引文件的处理的流程图。
图5是示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于产生包含于自动产生的顶级索引文件中的流的列表的处理的流程图。
图6是示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于产生包含顶级索引文件的SMIL文件的处理的流程图。
图7是示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于向回放装置提供密码信息的处理的流程图。
图8是示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于处理从回放装置接收到的播放事件的处理的流程图。
图9是示出了根据本发明的实施例的在利用自动产生的顶级索引文件的自适应比特率流传输的处理期间回放装置和回放服务器和内容分布网络之间的通信的定时图。
具体实施方式
现在转到附图，示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于自动产生在自适应比特率流传输中使用的顶级索引文件的系统和方法。顶级索引文件是描述容器文件的位置和内容的文件，容器文件包含可被回放装置用于流传输和回放内容的媒体(例如音频、视频、元数据和字幕)的流。在自适应比特率流传输系统中，顶级索引文件通常引用回放装置可在其间切换的备选流。在许多实施例中，顶级索引文件响应于来自回放装置的请求而产生。在几个实施例中，产生顶级索引文件的处理涉及确定包含与特定的内容段相关联的流的所有资产或容器文件，并接着基于一个或多个预定准则过滤资产。在若干实施例中，资产基于包括(但不限于)由内容所有者限定的业务规则、装置能力、和/或与用户账户相关联的信息的预定准则被过滤。在许多实施例中，所产生的顶级索引文件是SMIL文件。在其它的实施例中，各种文件格式中的任何一种可被用来产生根据本发明的实施例的顶级索引文件。
在几个实施例中，回放服务器响应于来自回放装置的请求自动产生顶级索引文件，并且，回放服务器也可向回放装置提供使得能够回放被保护的内容流的密码信息。在若干实施例中，回放装置向回放服务器提供播放事件报告，并且回放服务器可跟踪正由回放装置回放的流的回放位置。回放位置可被用于使得用户能够在经不同回放装置观看内容之间转换。用户可在第一装置上开始回放，并接着在第二装置上请求回放。当回放服务器接收到来自第二回放装置的回放请求时，回放服务器可暂停第一回放装置上的回放并向第二回放装置提供指令以在由第一回放装置报告的最后的回放位置处开始回放。以下进一步讨论根据本发明的实施例的回放装置、回放服务器和用于响应于来自回放装置的请求自动产生顶级索引文件的处理。
流传输系统结构
根据本发明的许多实施例的自适应比特率流传输系统包括响应于来自回放装置的请求而自动产生顶级索引文件的回放服务器。在图1中示出了根据本发明的实施例的流传输系统。流传输系统10包括被配置为经由诸如因特网的网络16请求来自内容分发网络(CDN)14内的远程服务器的内容的流传输的若干回放装置12。为了流传输内容，回放装置获得由回放服务器18通过使用可用资产(即，包含与特定标题相关联的内容的流的容器文件)的数据库20和一组预定的过滤器或准则自动产生的顶级索引文件。
为了执行自适应比特率流传输，回放装置12从在顶级索引文件中描述的不同的备选流选择内容。备选流是以不同的方式编码同一媒体内容的流。在许多情况下，备选流以不同的最大比特率编码媒体内容(诸如但不限于视频)。在若干实施例中，备选流以不同的分辨率和/或以不同的帧率被编码。在许多实施例中，由回放服务器18产生的顶级索引文件至少描述备选流中的每个的最大比特率。回放装置可选择一个或多个流用于常规的流传输，或者可在备选流之间切换以执行自适应比特率流传输。
在几个实施例中，回放装置12能够经由一个或多个在线内容商店22购买用于流传输的内容。在许多情况下，回放装置经由在线内容商店购买内容并接收该回放装置可提供给回放服务器18以获得对所购买的内容的访问的电子令牌或票。当回放服务器18接收到票时，回放服务器通过使用存储于数据库20中的信息自动产生用于该回放装置的顶级索引文件。回放服务器通常是通过使用回放管理应用并且以使得回放服务器可访问数据20的方式配置的常规的服务器系统。在若干实施例中，回放装置12向回放服务器18提供关于其回放能力的信息，并且，服务器通过基于装置能力过滤与所购买的内容段相关联的资产而自动产生顶级索引文件。这样的能力包括但不限于回放能力、显示纵横比和/或预计的最大网络连接数据速率。在若干实施例中，特定的回放装置12的能力以产品标识符或产品ID的形式被传送到回放服务器18。回放服务器18可保持产品ID和相关联的装置能力的数据库，并可在产生顶级索引文件时利用由回放装置提供的产品ID来检索相关联的装置能力并向可用资产的列表应用过滤器。用于分配产品ID并使产品ID与关于被分配产品ID的装置的能力的信息相关联的系统和方法在于2011年12月29日提交的Grab等的发明名称为“Systems andMethods for Identifying Consumer Electronic Products Using a Playback Devicewith a Product Identifier”的美国临时专利申请系列号61/581,598中被描述。美国临时专利申请系列号61/581,598的公开内容通过引用而全部并入于此。根据本发明的实施例，可由回放服务器应用的其它过滤器包括(但不限于)基于回放装置的位置(即，国家/区域)和与特定用户相关联的语言的过滤器。将在后面进一步讨论根据本发明的实施例的可被应用以产生顶级索引文件的各种过滤器。
当回放服务器18接收到播放请求时，回放服务器检索回放被保护的内容流所需要的密码信息。回放装置可接着从内容分发网络14内的一个或多个服务器请求包含内容流的容器文件的部分，并可使用该密码信息以访问被保护的内容。用于在自适应比特率流传输中使用的被保护流的数字版权管理的系统和方法在于2011年12月29日提交的Kiefer等的发明名称为“Systems and Methods for Playing Back Alternative Streams ofProtected Content Protected Using Common Cryptographic Information”的美国专利申请系列号13/340,632中被描述。美国专利申请系列号13/340,632的公开内容通过引入而全部并入于此。
在回放期间，回放装置12可向回放服务器18提供播放事件报告。播放事件报告可包括包含(但不限于)回放装置正从其请求数据的当前流和回放装置的当前回放位置的信息。在许多实施例中，回放服务器18通过指示回放装置继续回放或者停止回放来响应播放事件报告。在几个实施例中，回放服务器在回放装置上强制执行并发限制。在自适应比特率流传输系统的上下文中，术语“并发限制”描述可同时回放与特定的用户账户相关联的内容的回放装置的数量。当超过并发限制时，回放服务器18可向回放装置12发送指示其停止回放的指令。在若干实施例中，在播放事件报告中提供的回放位置信息可被用来使得用户能够从在第一装置上回放内容切换到在第二装置上回放内容，并且，第二装置将在第一回放装置的最后回放位置处自动恢复内容回放。另外，在第一回放装置上暂停回放的用户可在以后的某个时间在同一回放装置或第二回放装置上恢复回放。
虽然在图1中示出了特定的流传输系统，但自动产生顶级索引文件的回放服务器可被并入到根据本发明的实施例的各种流传输系统结构中的任一个中。以下进一步讨论根据本发明的实施例的可用于在流传输会话期间执行网络带宽测量的回放装置。
回放装置
在图1所示的实施例中，回放装置包含个人计算机、CE播放器和移动电话。在其它的实施例中，回放装置可包括诸如DVD播放器、Blue-ray播放器、电视机、机顶盒、视频游戏控制台、平板机和能够连接到服务器并回放经编码的媒体的其它装置的消费电子装置。在图2中示出了根据本发明的实施例的回放装置的基本结构。回放装置30包括与非易失性存储器34和易失性存储器36通信的处理器32。在示出的实施例中，非易失性存储器包括将处理器和回放装置配置为流传输来自远程服务器的内容的客户端应用38。非易失性存储器34还包括可用于访问经加密的内容的装置密码数据39和可用于识别回放装置的能力的产品ID 40。
在操作期间，客户端应用38可配置回放装置以从内容商店购买内容并从回放服务器请求顶级索引文件42。如上所述，对顶级索引文件的请求可包括回放装置的产品ID 40，产品ID 40可被用于过滤在顶级索引文件中描述的资产。当从回放服务器接收到顶级索引文件42时，客户端应用38配置回放装置以在存储器36中存储顶级索引文件42并请求内容密码信息44以响应于回放内容的用户指令来回放从回放服务器(或单独的DRM服务器)所请求的流。从回放服务器所接收的内容密码信息44也可被存储于存储器36中。客户端应用38可接着配置回放装置30以通过从内容分发网络内的服务器请求包含内容的容器文件的部分而回放内容。由客户端应用38选择的特定的容器文件可基于顶级索引文件42内对客户端应用可用的信息被确定。当回放装置接收容器文件的所请求的部分时，客户端应用38可通过使用内容密码信息44访问容器文件的所请求部分内的被保护内容。客户端应用可根据占优势的流传输条件继续请求和回放来自不同的容器文件的内容，直到接收到暂停回放的用户指令或者直到完成回放。
虽然在图2中示出了特定的回放装置结构，但是包括其中客户端应用位于盘或一些其它形式的存储设备上并在运行时被加载到易失性存储器中的结构的各种结构中的任何一个可被用来实现用于在根据本发明的实施例的自适应比特率流传输系统中使用的回放装置。并且，包括(但不限于)图1所示的系统结构的各种系统结构中的任何一种可被用来通过使用响应于来自根据本发明的实施例的回放装置的请求而自动产生的顶级索引文件来执行自适应比特率流传输。
内容回放
在图3中示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于通过使用响应于来自回放装置的请求而产生的顶级索引文件来回放内容的处理。处理50包括内容的购买(52)。购买可通过使用回放装置而执行或者可通过使用另一装置来执行。在许多实施例中，购买经由提供可用于获得对内容的访问的电子票或令牌的在线内容商店而进行。为了访问内容，回放装置请求从回放服务器产生对特定的回放装置定制的顶级索引文件。在许多实施例中，顶级索引文件在回放服务器过滤所有可用资产以产生描述对回放装置的回放可用并且/或者最适于回放装置的回放的资产的顶级索引文件的意义上被定制。一旦定制的顶级索引文件被检索(54)，回放装置就获得(56)使得能够回放在顶级索引文件内识别的被保护流的密码信息。在许多实施例中，回放装置等待，直到从用户接收到回放请求并接着从回放服务器请求密码信息。
当回放装置具有了顶级索引文件和任何必要的密码信息时，回放装置可通过请求包含经编码的媒体的一个或多个容器文件的部分而开始流传输(58)内容。各种处理中的任何一个可被用来选择初始流，包括(但不限于)：选择最低比特率的流、以与在于2011年9月30日提交的van der Schaar等的发明名称为“Systems and Methods for DeterminingAvailable Bandwidth and Performing Initial Stream Selection When CommencingStreaming Using Hypertext Transfer Protocol”的美国专利申请系列号13/251,061中所公开的方式类似的方式执行带宽探测，或通过使用另一技术估计可用的带宽。美国专利申请系列号13/251,061的公开内容通过引用而全部并入于此。
一旦回放开始(60)，就可执行自适应比特率流传输。在回放期间，播放事件报告可周期性地或者响应于包含(但不限于)由回放装置所接收的用户指令的各种事件而被提供给回放服务器以提供关于回放装置的回放状态的信息。当播放事件报告被提供给回放服务器时，回放服务器可向回放装置提供播放事件指令。在示出的实施例中，回放装置可接收(62)的播放事件指令包括继续回放的“播放”指令和停止回放的“停止”指令。如后面进一步讨论的那样，回放服务器停止回放装置上的回放的能力使得回放装置能够在与用户相关联的多个回放装置上强制执行并发要求。回放服务器也可利用播放事件报告和事件回放指令的组合以使得第二回放装置能够在由第一回放装置报告的最后回放位置处恢复内容的回放。以这种方式，用户可无缝地在回放装置之间移动，而不需要寻找继续回放的位置。
虽然在图3中示出了特定的处理，但是，根据本发明的实施例，各种处理中的任何一种可被用于请求定制的顶级索引文件和回放内容。以下进一步讨论根据本发明的实施例的用于自动产生索引文件的回放服务器和处理。
顶级索引的自动产生
根据本发明的实施例的回放服务器保持与特定的内容段相关联的资产的数据库，并且可由回放管理应用配置以检索和过滤关于资产的信息以自动产生用于特定的回放装置的顶级索引文件。由回放服务器保持的数据库可列出包含资产的文件的名称和资产所位于的内容分发网络。当资产是视频流时，数据库可描述包括(但不限于)与视频流相关联的语言、视频流按照其被编码的最大比特率、视频流的帧速率、分辨率和/或视频流的采样纵横比的视频流特性。当资产是音频流时，数据库可描述包括(但不限于)音频流的语言、音频流的编码和音频流的带宽要求的音频流特性。当资产是字幕流时，数据库可描述包括(但不限于)字幕流的语言、字幕流的编码和字幕流的带宽要求的字幕流特性。除了保持关于资产的信息以外，回放装置还可保持关于回放装置的回放能力的信息。在若干实施例中，关于不同的回放装置的回放能力的信息通过使用产品ID被索引。在许多实施例中，回放装置还保持关于基于包括(但不限于)回放装置的类型、回放装置的回放能力、回放装置的位置(例如国家/区域)和/或请求的语言的准则而调节不同资产的使用的规则的信息。虽然特定的信息段在上面被描述为在由回放服务器保持的数据库中被关联，但是，根据本发明的实施例，各种信息段中的任何一种可以用各种数据结构中的任何一种被保持以使得能够由回放服务器产生顶级索引文件。如以下进一步讨论的那样，由回放服务器保持的信息可响应于来自回放装置的对顶级索引文件的请求而实时被过滤，以产生仅包括到回放装置被允许回放的资产的链接的顶级索引文件。
在图4中示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于通过使用关于与由回放服务器保持的特定内容段相关联的资产的信息而产生顶级索引文件的处理。在示出的实施例中，当回放服务器从特定的回放装置接收(72)到对关于特定内容段的顶级索引文件的请求时，处理70开始。如以上讨论的那样，请求可包括描述回放装置的信息，包括(但不限于)回放装置的回放能力、回放装置被注册至其的用户账户、和指示回放装置的地理位置(例如回放装置的IP地址)的信息。在许多实施例中，回放装置的能力通过使用与回放服务器可访问的数据库中的特定回放能力相关联的产品ID被识别。
回放服务器检索(74)与所请求的内容段相关联的资产。回放服务器基于与回放装置的能力、用户的偏好和内容所有者的要求相关联的一个或多个过滤器过滤(76)资产。因此，根据包括(但不限于)装置之间的回放能力差异、地理位置的差异和/或与回放装置相关联的语言偏好的差异的因素，可相对于同一内容产生不同的顶级索引文件。将在后面进一步讨论根据本发明的实施例的用于检索和过滤与特定的内容段相关联的资产的处理。在过滤之后，留下的资产可被用来产生(78)顶级索引文件，其可被提供(80)给回放装置。在若干实施例中，通过使用包括但不限于安全套接层(Secure Socket Layer,SSL)通信或等同的安全通信协议的安全通信技术，顶级索引文件被安全地转发。
虽然在图4中示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于产生顶级索引文件的特定处理，但是，根据本发明的实施例，可以利用涉及收集关于与特定的内容段相关联的资产的信息和产生索引要通过自适应比特率流传输系统而对回放装置可用的资产的索引文件的各种处理中的任何一种。以下讨论根据本发明的实施例的用于过滤包括于顶级索引文件中的资产的特定处理。
过滤用于包括于顶级索引文件中的资产
通常，创建比由回放装置对内容进行自适应比特率流传输所需要多的资产或流。在许多情况下，视频流针对不同类别的回放装置被创建。例如，较低比特率的流可被创建用于将通过蜂窝数据网络流传输内容的装置，较高比特率的流可被创建用于将通过经由高速因特网连接而连接到因特网的家庭网络流传输内容的装置。另外，不同的视频流可以以不同的纵横比被创建，并且，不同的音频流可针对不同的语言被创建。在几个实施例中，内容商店提供优质高分辨率内容，仅购买了低分辨率内容的回放装置不被允许访问高分辨率内容。在许多实施例中，在某些地理区域中特定的流可能是不可访问的。当顶级索引文件响应于来自特定的回放装置的请求而实时被创建时，创建该顶级索引文件的回放服务器可首先收集关于与特定的内容段或标题相关联的资产的信息。回放服务器可接着向可用资产的列表应用一个或多个过滤器，以产生满足准则的资产列表，准则包括(但不限于)关于回放装置的能力、用户的偏好和/或内容所有者的要求的准则。
在图5中示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于产生回放装置被授权对其访问的资产的列表的处理。处理90包括检索视频(92)、音频(94)和/或字幕或子文本(96)资产。在许多实施例中，处理还可包括检索包括(但不限于)元数据资产和/或特技播放流(trick playstream)资产的其它类型的资产。当与内容段相关联的资产已被检索时，回放服务器可过滤(98)资产以排除不能被回放装置回放的、不允许被回放的、或者不希望被回放的资产。
关于与由回放服务器收集的内容相关联的资产的信息可包括关于既能够被回放装置回放又由内容所有者允许被回放的资产的信息。然而，信息也可包括关于不允许回放装置回放的资产或不希望被用户回放的资产的信息。可能不允许回放的资产可包括(但不限于)尚未被购买的优质内容资产(例如高清视频流)或不允许在特定的地理位置或区域内回放的资产，回放装置不能回放的资产包括(但不限于)以不支持的格式或通过使用不被回放装置支持的配置文件和/或缓冲器尺寸而编码的流、或回放装置不能安全地回放(例如，回放装置具有未加密的数字输出且内容提供者不愿意允许高清内容被流传输到这样的装置)的资产。用户可能不希望回放的资产包括(但不限于)与特定用户无关的语言的内容、具有与回放装置(这里，视频资产与具有与装置的显示纵横比相同的纵横比的内容相关联)的显示纵横比不同的纵横比的视频资产、以超出回放装置的显示器的分辨率的分辨率编码的内容、和/或以超过回放装置的网络连接的最大数据速率的最大比特率编码的内容。虽然以上讨论了特定的过滤器，但由回放服务器用于过滤(98)资产的初始列表以产生用于包括于顶级索引文件中的资产的列表的准则仅由特定的自适应比特率流传输系统的要求而限制。
一旦过滤被应用到资产列表，则过滤的资产列表可被返回(100)并用于产生顶级索引文件。在示出的实施例中，经过滤的资产列表与回放服务器允许回放装置访问的内容流对应。
虽然在图5中示出了特定的处理，但是，根据本发明的实施例，各种处理中的任何一种可根据特定应用的要求被用来检索和过滤将包括于顶级索引文件中的资产。
产生顶级索引SMIL文件
在若干实施例中，由回放服务器响应于来自回放装置的请求而产生的顶级索引文件是SMIL文件，SMIL文件是包括对流中的每个和包含流的容器文件进行描述的URI的列表的XML文件。URI可包括诸如包含于流内的流的“系统比特率”和关于容器文件内的特定数据段的位置的信息之类的信息。
SMIL文件的基本结构涉及提供XML声明和SMIL元素。SMIL元素限定可用于回放装置的流或资产，并且包括通常被留空的HEAD元素和通常仅包含PAR(并行)元素的BODY元素。PAR元素描述可被同时播放的流(即，包括可被同时呈现的媒体)。
SMIL规范对PAR元素限定了可被用来规定可用于自适应比特率流传输中的流的若干子元素。VIDEO、AUDIO和TEXTSTAREAM元素可被用于限定特定的视频、音频或字幕流。VIDEO、AUDIO和TEXTSTAREAM元素可被统称为媒体对象。媒体对象的基本属性是规定到包含相关的流的容器文件的全路径或URI的SRC属性，和包含3字母语言代码的XML:LANG属性。关于媒体对象的附加信息可通过使用PARAM元素被规定。PARAM元素是SMIL格式内用于提供通用名称值对的标准方式。在本发明的若干实施例中，限定了在自适应比特率流传输期间使用的特定的PARAM元素。
在许多实施例中，限定了规定包含流的容器文件的头部的尺寸的“header-request”PARAM元素。“header-request”PARAM元素的值通常规定文件的开始与文件内经编码的媒体的开始之间的字节的数量。在许多实施例中，头包含关于媒体被编码的方式的信息，并且，为了能够配置用于回放经编码的媒体的解码器，回放装置在回放经编码的媒体之前检索头。“header-request”PARAM元素的例子如下：
<param
name＝″header-request″
value＝″1026″
valuetype＝″data″/>
若干实施例中，限定了规定流的MIME类型的“mime”PARAM元素。将流识别为H.264流(即，根据MPEG-4先进视频编解码(Advanced Video Codec)标准被编码的流)的“mime”PARAM元素如下：
<param
name＝″mime″
value＝″V_MPEG4/ISO/AVC″
valuetype＝″data″/>
流的MIME类型可根据特定流(例如AAC音频或UTF-8文本流)的编码通过使用“mime”PARAM元素而被规定。
当媒体对象是VIDEO元素时，附加的属性可在SMIL文件格式规范内被限定，这些属性包括规定由VIDEO元素识别的容器文件中的流的比特率的systemBitrate属性和以像素规定经编码的视频的大小的宽度和高度属性。附加的属性也可通过使用PARAM元素被限定。在几个实施例中，限定了以字节规定视频流的VBV缓冲器尺寸的“vbv”PARAM元素。视频缓冲验证器(VBV)是用于确保经编码的视频流可在解码器装置处正确地被缓冲并回放的MPEG视频缓冲器理论模型。规定1000字节的VBV尺寸的“vbv”PARAM元素的例子如下：
<param
name＝″vbv″
value＝″1000″
valuetype＝″data″/>
包括以上讨论的属性的VIDEO元素的例子如下：
根据本发明的实施例的自适应比特率流传输系统可支持可用来提供贯穿被编码用于自适应比特率流传输的源内容的平滑可视搜索的特技播放流。特技播放流可被编码成在被回放时看起来是贯穿源媒体的加速可视搜索，而实际上特技播放流只是以较低的帧速率编码源媒体的单独的轨道。在系统的许多实施例中，引用特技播放流的VIDEO元素由VIDEO元素的systemBaseProfile属性指示。在其它的实施例中，各种技术中的任何一种可被用来在顶级索引文件内表示特定的流是特技播放流。根据本发明的实施例的特技播放流VIDEO元素的例子如下：
在本发明的若干实施例中，可限定“reservedBandwidth”PARAM元素用于AUDIO元素。“reservedBandwidth”PARAM元素以Kbps规定音频流的比特率。根据本发明的实施例规定的AUDIO元素的例子如下：
在几个实施例中，也限定了“reservedBandwidth”PARAM元素用于TEXTSTREAM元素。根据本发明的实施例的包括“reservedBandwidth”PARAM元素的TEXTSTREAM元素的例子如下：
在其它的实施例中，各种机制中的任何一种可被用于根据特定的应用规定关于VIDEO、AUDIO和SUBTITLE元素的信息。
SWITCH元素是在SMIL文件格式规范中限定的可用来限定自适应或备选流的机制。SWITCH元素可被用来以不同的比特率规定备选视频流的方式的例子如下：
SWITCH元素规定了三个备选视频流的URL。文件名称指示了流中的每个的不同比特率。如后面进一步讨论的那样，SMIL文件格式规范提供了在根据本发明的实施例中可用来在顶级索引SMIL文件内规定关于流和其所包含于的容器文件的附加信息的机制。
在本发明的许多实施例中，EXCL(排他)元素被用于限定在回放期间不与流传输条件进行适应的备选轨道。例如，EXCL元素可被用于限定备选音频轨道或备选字幕轨道。EXCL元素可被用来规定备选的英语和法语音频流的方式的例子如下：
根据本发明的实施例的限定两个备选视频级别、音频流和字幕流的属性和参数的顶级索引SMIL文件的例子如下：
当回放装置接收到顶级索引SMIL文件时，回放装置可解析SMIL文件以识别可用的流。回放装置接着可选择初始流并可使用SMIL文件以识别要下载的容器文件部分，以获得关于特定流的编码的信息并且/或者获得对容器文件内的经编码媒体的索引。
在图6中示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于构建顶级索引SMIL文件的处理。处理110涉及产生(112)用于SMIL文件的头和产生用于视频(114)、音频(116)、字幕/子文本(118)和/或处于回放服务器正允许回放装置访问的资产的列表中的任何其它资产(例如特技播放流、元数据流)的XML字符串。此时，产生(120)最终的SMIL文件。
assetID被分配给音频和文本流以唯一地识别流。该值被向上传递到服务器，因此，服务器知晓正被播放的确切的音频、字幕流。
<param
name＝″assetID″
value＝″123456″
valuetype＝″data″/>
虽然以上描述了顶级索引SMIL文件，但是，根据本发明的实施例，各种顶级索引文件格式中的任何一种可被用来根据特定的应用自动创建用于特定的回放装置的顶级索引文件。以下进一步讨论根据本发明的实施例的使用顶级索引文件以使得能够回放通过使用自适应比特率流传输被编码的媒体。
被保护的流
与特定的内容段相关联的资产中的一些或全部可被加密或者在技术上被保护。数字版权管理(DRM)系统使得能够将密码信息传送到回放装置，使得回放装置可不受阻碍地访问被保护的流(即，以未加密的形式)。在美国专利申请系列号13/340,632中描述了可在根据本发明的实施例的自适应比特率流传输系统中使用的DRM系统。在许多实施例中，回放服务器用作DRM服务器。在几个实施例中，回放服务器被配置为从回放服务器获得密码信息。
在图7中示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于将密码信息提供给回放装置的处理。处理130包括检查(132)并发规则以确认用户当前正在其上回放内容并且/或者已经请求回放内容的权利的装置的数量小于预定的并发限制。假定并发规则得到满足，处理检索(134)使得能够对与正由回放装置访问的特定内容段相关联的被保护流进行访问的密码信息。回放服务器可产生密码信息或从DRM服务器获得密码信息。密码信息接着被提供(136)给回放装置。
在许多实施例中，回放装置包括在本地存储于回放装置上的密码信息。装置密码信息通常在回放装置第一次向回放服务器和/或DRM服务器注册时被发布给回放装置。在几个实施例中，提供给回放装置的内容密码信息被加密，使得其可通过使用回放装置的装置密码信息而被访问。在其它的实施例中，各种不同技术中的任何一种可被用来安全地向回放装置提供用于访问被保护流的密码信息。
虽然在图7中示出了用于将密码信息提供给回放装置的特定处理，但是，根据本发明的实施例，可以使用各种处理中的任何一种。另外，回放装置可在与回放服务器和/或顶级索引文件的自动产生完全独立的处理中从DRM服务器获得密码信息。一旦回放装置具有回放被保护的内容流所必要的密码信息，回放装置就可开始回放。在回放期间，回放装置可将周期性的播放事件报告提供给回放服务器。以下进一步讨论根据本发明的实施例的播放事件报告的产生和处理。
播放事件报告
根据本发明的实施例的回放装置可周期性地或者响应于诸如(但不限于)接收到用户指令(例如播放、停止、暂停命令)的特定事件而产生播放事件报告。可包括于事件报告中的信息通常包括正由回放装置访问的流和流中的一个或多个中的当前回放位置。在几个实施例中，事件报告包括(但不限于)时间、音频、和/或字幕assetID、和/或带宽测量。回放位置可被用来恢复内容的回放。服务器可利用播放事件以执行各种各样的功能，包括(但不限于)使得回放能够从一个装置转换到另一装置。当用户开始在第一装置上播放内容并接着开始在第二装置上回放同一内容时，回放服务器可向第二回放装置提供来自第一装置的最近的播放事件报告的当前回放位置。第二回放装置可接着使用回放位置信息以恢复内容的回放。以这种方式，用户可无缝地从在第一回放装置上观看内容转换到在第二回放装置上观看内容。
在图8中示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于处理播放事件报告的处理。处理150包括接收(152)播放事件报告和确定适当的响应。在存在并发限制的实施例中，对播放事件报告的响应可以是指示回放装置响应于超过预定的并发限制的另一装置上的回放内容请求而“停止”内容回放。在内容被租用的情况下，回放可能超过租用期，回放服务器可指示回放装置“停止”回放。回放服务器也可指示回放装置从备选流请求内容或者切换为访问一不同的内容分发网络上的内容，这可能涉及传送新的顶级索引文件。在几个实施例中，回放服务器可指示回放装置显示错误消息或字符串。然而，通常，响应是指示回放装置继续播放内容。基于特定应用的要求确定在其下回放服务器将暂停回放或者允许回放继续的特定条件。响应被发送(156)到回放装置，回放装置相应地管理回放。
虽然在图8中示出了用于处理播放事件报告的特定处理，但是，根据本发明的实施例，用于根据特定应用的要求而处理播放事件报告的各种处理中的任何一种可被使用。
自适应流传输期间的通信
以上描述了用于响应于来自回放装置的要访问内容的请求而自动产生顶级索引文件的处理。在图9中示出了定时图，该定时图示出了根据本发明的实施例的在自适应比特率流传输内容期间回放装置、回放服务器与内容分发网络之间的通信。该定时图示出了回放装置12从回放服务器18请求索引文件。回放服务器通过使用与以上概述的处理类似的处理产生顶级索引文件以对请求进行响应。回放服务器18将顶级索引文件提供给回放装置12，回放装置12接着向回放服务器发送回放请求。回放服务器检查并发规则并检索使得能够回放被保护的流的密码信息。密码信息被提供给回放装置12。回放装置接着可使用顶级索引文件以从内容分发网络14请求内容。在许多实施例中，回放装置利用自适应比特率流传输以从内容分发网络服务器(一个或多个)获得内容。回放装置12可利用从回放服务器18接收到的密码信息以不受阻碍地访问被保护的内容流并回放内容。在回放期间，回放装置12将回放事件报告发送给回放服务器。回放服务器18处理播放事件报告并将向回放装置12发送响应，这可导致回放装置执行包括(但不限于)暂停内容回放的各种功能中的任何一个。
虽然在图9中示出了通信的特定次序，但是，根据本发明的实施例，回放装置、回放服务器和内容分发网络可根据特定应用以各种方式中的任何一种进行通信。
虽然已经以某些特定的方面描述了本发明，但是，对于本领域技术人员来说，许多附加的修改和变型是明显的。因此可以理解，在不偏离本发明的范围和精神的情况下，本发明可以通过不同于所具体描述的方式被实施，包括实现上的各种变型，诸如利用这样的编码器和解码器——其所支持的特征超出了在其所遵循的特定标准内规定的特征。因此，本发明的实施例在所有方面均应被视为解释性的，而非限制性的。

Claims (29)

1.一种产生顶级索引文件的方法，包括：
在回放服务器系统处接收来自回放装置的请求，其中该请求(i)识别内容段并且(ii)包括产品标识符；
通过使用回放服务器系统检索(i)与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表以及(ii)基于该产品标识符的至少一个装置能力，其中每个资产是与内容段相关联的不同的流；
通过使用回放服务器系统，使用所述至少一个装置能力过滤资产列表，其中回放服务器系统保持产品标识符和相关联的装置能力的数据库；
通过使用回放服务器系统产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；和
通过使用回放服务器系统将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置，其中所述顶级索引文件由回放装置用来确定请求哪些资产以便在装置上回放。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，进一步包括基于以下中的至少一项过滤资产列表：回放装置的地理位置、与回放装置相关联的语言、一个或多个用户偏好以及内容所有者的一个或多个要求。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述至少一个装置能力是以下中的至少一项：显示纵横比、预计的最大网络连接数据速率、装置输出、所支持的格式、装置缓冲器尺寸、装置分辨率、装置区域和装置语言。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，回放服务器系统保持与特定的内容段相关联的资产的数据库。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，顶级索引文件至少描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的比特率并识别资产在经过滤的资产列表中的位置。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中，顶级索引文件是SMIL文件。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，还包括产生包括对用于自适应比特率流传输的备选流进行描述的SWITCH元素的XML字符串。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法，还包括产生包括对用于常规流传输的备选流进行描述的EXCL元素的XML字符串。
9.根据权利要求6所述的方法，还包括产生包括用于每个资产的URI的XML字符串，其中URI引用容器文件，并且用于每个资产的XML字符串包括限定容器文件的头部的尺寸的元素。
10.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，XML字符串包括识别资产的编码的元素。
11.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，视频资产的XML字符串包括选自由以下元素构成的组的至少一个元素：
描述视频的最大比特率的元素；
描述视频的宽度和高度的元素；和
描述视频的视频缓冲器验证器尺寸的元素。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，每个资产是与内容段相关联的不同的备选流，并且每个备选流以不同的最大比特率编码该内容段。
13.一种回放服务器系统，包括：
存储与特定内容段相关联的资产的描述的数据库；
存储多个产品标识符和相关联的装置能力的数据库；
通过使用回放管理应用被配置的处理器；
其中，回放管理应用配置处理器进行以下操作：
接收来自回放装置的请求，其中该请求(i)识别内容段并且(ii)包括产品标识符；
检索(i)与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表以及(ii)基于该产品标识符的至少一个装置能力，其中每个资产是与内容段相关联的不同的流；
使用所述至少一个装置能力过滤资产列表；
产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；和
将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置，其中所述顶级索引文件由回放装置用来确定请求哪些资产以便在装置上回放。
14.根据权利要求13所述的回放服务器系统，其中，回放管理应用进一步配置处理器以基于以下中的至少一项过滤资产列表：回放装置的地理位置、与回放装置相关联的语言、一个或多个用户偏好以及内容所有者的一个或多个要求。
15.根据权利要求13所述的回放服务器系统，其中，所述至少一个装置能力是以下中的至少一项：显示纵横比、预计的最大网络连接数据速率、装置输出、所支持的格式、装置缓冲器尺寸、装置分辨率、装置区域和装置语言。
16.根据权利要求13所述的回放服务器系统，其中，顶级索引文件至少描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的比特率并识别资产在经过滤的资产列表中的位置。
17.根据权利要求16所述的回放服务器系统，其中，顶级索引文件是SMIL文件，该SMIL文件是包括对与内容段相关联的不同的流中的每个流和包含流的容器文件进行描述的URI的列表的XML文件。
18.根据权利要求13所述的回放服务器系统，其中，每个资产是与内容段相关联的不同的备选流，并且每个备选流以不同的最大比特率编码该内容段。
19.一种用于授权内容的回放的方法，包括：
在回放服务器处接收来自回放装置的内容请求，其中该请求包括产品标识符；
基于产品标识符识别多个装置能力，所述多个装置能力包括装置类型和指示在装置上实现的自适应流传输软件组件的版本号的装置软件版本；
检索与所识别的内容段相关联的资产的列表并且基于所述多个装置能力过滤资产列表，其中每个资产是与内容段相关联的不同的流；
产生描述经过滤的资产列表中的每个资产的顶级索引文件；和
将顶级索引文件发送到回放装置。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，来自回放装置的内容请求进一步包括与正在用于请求内容的回放装置上的网络浏览器有关的信息。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，来自回放装置的内容请求进一步包括与回放装置的操作系统有关的信息。
22.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，请求是在网络上经由超文本传输协议(HTTP)做出的。
23.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，包括信息的请求包括(i)描述回放装置的类型的信息以及(ii)与网络带宽有关的信息。
24.根据权利要求19所述的方法，进一步包括基于请求内容的回放装置上的网络浏览器的版本过滤资产列表。
25.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，顶级索引文件是SMIL文件。
26.一种回放装置，包括：
包含用来识别回放装置的能力的信息的存储器；和
通过客户端应用被配置的处理器；
其中，客户端应用配置处理器进行以下操作：
从回放服务器请求顶级索引文件，其中该请求识别内容段并且包括指示在装置上实现的自适应流传输软件组件的版本号的软件版本；
从回放服务器接收顶级索引文件，其中该顶级索引文件识别与所识别的内容段相关联并且能够由回放装置访问的多个不同的备选流的位置；
从所述多个不同的备选流中选择初始流；和
从在顶级索引文件中识别的位置检索初始流的至少一部分。
27.根据权利要求26的回放装置，其中，顶级索引文件至少描述与所识别的内容段相关联并且能够由回放装置访问的所述多个不同的备选流中的每个备选流的比特率。
28.根据权利要求26的回放装置，其中，回放装置的能力中的至少一个选自由以下各项构成的组：显示纵横比、预计的最大网络连接数据速率、装置输出、所支持的格式、装置缓冲器尺寸、装置分辨率、装置区域和装置语言。
29.一种用于在回放装置处流传输内容段的方法，所述方法包括：
通过使用回放装置在网络上经由超文本传输协议(HTTP)从回放服务器请求顶级索引文件，其中该请求识别内容段并且包括(i)对回放装置的类型进行描述的信息和(ii)与网络带宽有关的信息；
通过使用回放装置从回放服务器接收顶级索引文件，其中该顶级索引文件包括对与所识别的内容段相关联的多个不同的备选流的索引，其中每个备选流以不同的比特率对内容段编码，其中该顶级索引文件基于回放装置的类型和与网络带宽有关的信息至少提供与内容段相关联并且能够由回放装置访问的每个备选流的统一资源标识别符(URI)和最大比特率；
通过使用回放装置从在顶级索引文件中提供的所述多个不同的备选流中选择初始流；和
通过使用回放装置，使用与包含用于初始流的一部分的编码视频的容器文件相对应的HTTP字节范围请求，从在顶级索引文件中识别的URI位置请求初始流的至少一部分；和
接收初始流的所请求的一部分以供回放装置回放。
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