CN1058451A - 大型柴油发动机 - Google Patents

大型柴油发动机 Download PDF

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CN1058451A
CN1058451A CN91104948A CN91104948A CN1058451A CN 1058451 A CN1058451 A CN 1058451A CN 91104948 A CN91104948 A CN 91104948A CN 91104948 A CN91104948 A CN 91104948A CN 1058451 A CN1058451 A CN 1058451A
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motor
ring
discharge manifold
catalyzer
exhaust
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雅各·福伦维德
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Sulzer AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M27/00Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
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    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431Processes characterised by a specific device
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F02B37/12Control of the pumps
    • F02B37/18Control of the pumps by bypassing exhaust from the inlet to the outlet of turbine or to the atmosphere
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/206Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00Other engines
    • F02B75/02Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
    • F02B2075/022Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
    • F02B2075/025Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle two
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02FCYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F7/00Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
    • F02F2007/0097Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames for large diesel engines
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

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Abstract

为了去除排气中的氮的氧化物,将一个静态混合 器形式的催化剂放在排气岐管中,将一定供给量的还 原剂,放入排气进入催化剂前的排气流中。

Description

本发明涉及一种大型柴油发动机,该发动机有若干个气缸和一个与之相连的排气岐管。
由于全世界的环境保护法例中的规定日趋严厉,甚至例如作为油船推进用的大型柴油发动机,也必须经过改装,以减少污染物的排放,特别是氮的氧化物的排放。有一种主要为清除燃烧炉排气中的氮的方法,称为“选择性催化还原法”(SCR),用氨或一种氨载体,将氮的氧化物催化还原为氮及水。SCR法的一个严重问题,是需要大量的空间来装市售的催化剂。因此,当将SCR法应用于大型柴油发动机时,除发动机所占据空间外,催化剂还需占据空间,这就使包括发动机的安装复杂化并产生不少问题,尤其在船舶应用的情况下。
本发明的目的是为了改进前面所述那种大型柴油发动机,以便使氮的氧化物大量还原,而除了发动机所需空间外,催化剂不需要占据任何空间。
为此,本发明中,为了消除气缸排气中的氮的氧化物,将一种以静态混合器形式的催化剂,放在排气岐管中,并将一定量的还原剂,放在排气进入催化剂处的前方。由于使用了一种静态混合器形式的催化剂,故催化剂要求的空间很小,足以放在排气岐管中。这就避免了使发动机复杂化,而且并不减小其周围的可利用空间。
本发明的一个实施方案,在下文中将参照附图叙述,附图如下:
图1为大型柴油发动机的示意侧视图;
图2为图1中大型柴油机上部的示意前视图;
图3为通过排气岐管及该岐管中的催化剂的水平剖视图;
图4为图3中支承环区域的放大比例的详细视图;
图5为图4的局部视图;
图6为带有还原剂供给器的支承环的局部视图;
图7示出图6中还原剂供给器的喷咀;
图8为图6及7中还原剂供给器的一种改型的轴向剖视图。
如图1所示,一种已知类型的低速两冲程大型柴油发动机1,具有若干个气缸2,例如有五个直列的气缸,各个气缸通过排气管3与一个共用的排气岐管4相连。具有圆形截面的排气岐管4,其圆柱体的轴线处于水平位置,设置在气缸2上方,排气管3沿排气岐管4分布,且切向地通入该岐管。在图1中,排气岐管4的左端附近,分出一个支管5,通向直接驱动增压器7的排气涡轮6。烟道8与涡轮6及增压器7之间的涡轮壳体连接,将在涡轮6中膨胀了的气体通过烟道8排放到大气中。一个增压空气冷却器9,设置在图1中的增加器7的下方,用以将压缩的新鲜空气,送到气缸2的下端(未示)。
根据本发明,催化剂10放在排气岐管4内,填充排气岐管截面的中心,并留有环形空间11,且沿排气岐管4的很大一部分长度延伸。催化剂10的结构类似于静态混合器,如图8所示。催化剂包括若干个垂直的并用催化剂材料涂覆的金属薄板31,同时还包括平行的导向件32,该导向件与垂直线倾斜,并垂直地焊接到薄板31上。薄板31并排交替放置,以使导向件32相交。于是,沿箭头A的方向流过催化剂的排气,就被分成若干个按90°相交的分流。将若干薄板31上下叠放,并将若干个此种薄板沿气流方向一个挨一个地排列在排气岐管4中。该整套的催化剂叠垛在箭头A的方向上。具有圆形的轮廊(与图8不相同),并由一根圆柱形管12包围,而此圆柱形管12又固定在环形空间11之内。
容纳催化剂10的管12,在排气岐管4内,在沿管12的长度分布的四个地方上固定。支承环14,15放在中部的两个位置上。两个环完全相同,并且如图4及5所示,具有一个环形盘17,以及与之焊接的外环18,和与之焊接的内环19。环形盘17上形成若干圆孔20,在其表面上分布,使气体可在环形空间11中流动。外环18与岐管4焊接,而内环19可在与管12焊接的滑环上轴向移动。
在图3中的左侧,管12用形式为密闭环形的盘,例如无孔盘形式的支承环13夹持。环形盘外周缘与排气岐管4焊接,内周缘与管12焊接,从而使气体不能通过支承环13,从环形腔11流向左侧。图3中排气岐管4的左端,由以可拆卸的方式连接的盖40关闭。
管12用导向环22,固定在图3中其右端的第四位置上。导向环22与管12的右端相邻,其外侧具有若干沿周缘分布的叶片23,以抵消扭转。叶片23用适当弯曲的金属薄板制造,纵向内缘焊接在导向环22上,纵向外缘焊接在抵靠排气岐管4的环24上,环24在图3中的右端,与一个外伸的突缘结合。以这种方式,导向环22,叶片23与外环24形成一个结构单元,该单元可插入岐管4中。在图3中导向环22的左端稍伸入管12,并向内扩大,似为朝向这个端部的扩散器。图3中排气岐管4的右端,由一个盖25关闭,盖的中心上有一个导向圆锥26,向导向环22逐渐收窄。盖25用两突缘与排气岐管4作可拆卸的连接,环24的突缘被夹紧在其中。
在图6中,将一种还原剂,例如溶于水中的尿素,通过环形导管30供给,环导管30用夹具34固定在支承环15的环形盘17上。环形导管30放在环形盘17的远离气流的一侧,大致在孔20的中部延伸。环形导管30上的喷咀35,在环形盘17的圆周上均匀分布,将还原剂顺气流方向排出。在图6的实施方案中,每间隔一个孔设有一个喷咀35。
如图7所示,环形导管30有双层壁,从而具有一个环形腔36和一个内腔37。环形腔36与还原剂供源连接(未示),内腔37与冷却水供源连接(未示)。
上述装置的运转方式如下:
气缸2中的废气,通过排气管3流入排气岐管4的环形空间11。然后气体向图3中的右方折流,流向导向环22,在导向环22处由叶片22将折流抵消或校正。然后将排气在盖25圈围的腔中导向,由导向锥26辅助,进入导向环22围绕的扩散腔,然后流过催化剂10。还原剂通过支承环15上的环形导管30供给,从而将氮的氧化物按已知方法转化为氮和催化剂中的水蒸汽。基本不含有氮的氧化物的排气,通过管路5进入排气涡轮6,排气的热含量在涡轮6中按已知方式利用,向发动机1供给增压新鲜空气。
如图2及3所示,管路27与排气岐管4相连接,并通入排气涡轮6。还设有可调阀28(图3)。管路5也有一个可调阀29。利用阀28及29,可使排气绕过催化剂10,即可通过将阀28开启和将阀29关闭,使排气可以直接从环形空间11,向排气涡轮6输送。在催化剂的这个旁路运转中,可用空气或水而不是还原剂,通过环形导管30的环形腔36输送,从而防止未反应的还原剂蒸汽污染环境,并防止喷咀35堵塞。
为使排气还可以绕过图1中之涡轮6,一条带有阀39′的管路39与排气岐管4连接,并通入烟道8。因此,在没有排气涡轮的运转情况下,将阀39′开启和将两阀28及29关闭,于是,环形空间11中的排气,通过管路39,直接流入烟道8。
图9所示实施方案中,其还原剂通过放在导向锥26尖部的单个喷咀45供给。喷咀45有一个壳体46。壳体有一个圆柱形部分,放在导向锥26的孔47中和一个沿导向锥26外表面延续的锥形部。一个针状盖件49,可在放在壳体46中的插塞48的中心轴向移动。图9中的盖件49的左端为双锥形,在图示的闭合状态中,左圆锥49将壳46的外锥形表面延长,另一圆锥49″形成一个与壳46中的相应圆锥座50配合的密封表面。如图所示,为了将盖件49保持关闭状态,在远离双圆锥49的端部,设有一个螺旋弹簧51,该弹簧在固定在盖件上的板52和插塞48中的孔53之间伸展。将一种还原剂通过孔55,向螺旋弹簧51和盖件49的双锥之间的插塞48上形成的一个环形腔34供给。在盖件49上的环形腔54与双圆锥之间,形成梯形螺纹形式的凸棱56,当盖件处在开启状态时,将还原剂扭转。一个螺纹盖57旋入孔53中,螺纹盖上有中心孔58,用以排出在盖件49与插塞48导孔周围之间的任何泄漏材料。
插塞48还有一个通向环形腔54的孔59,可将诸如水之类的清洁剂通过孔59供给。这样可防止不运转时,还原剂在喷咀45的各分别的腔中结晶,从而防止将盖件49卡住。在插塞48与壳46之间设有环形空间60以供给冷却水(未示)。
当喷咀45运转时,通过孔55供给的还原剂的压力,将盖件49向开启方向推动,因此使扭转的还原剂进入由环22(图3)偏折的气流中,在混合物进入催化剂10之前,与排气混合。
上述大型柴油发动机即可用于船舶推进,也可用于在固定式柴油动力设备中驱动发电机。

Claims (13)

1、一种大型柴油发动机包括有多个气缸,和与该气缸相连的排气岐管,其特征在于为了去除气缸排气中的氮的氧化物,在排气岐管中放置一种静态混合器形式的催化剂,并且在排气进入催化剂处的前方设置一定供给量的还原剂。
2、如权利要求1所述的发动机,其特征在于保持排气从中通过的环形腔,在催化剂与排气岐管之间为自由空间,该环形腔的内侧由一个围绕催化剂的管子定界。
3、如权利要求2所述的发动机,其特征在于有一个导环放在排气岐管中,与围绕催化剂的管子直线排列设置。
4、如权利要求3所述的发动机,其特征在于导环向内逐渐扩大,为沿排气流方向的扩散器形式。
5、如权利要求3或4所述的发动机,其特征在于所述导环具有外叶片,该叶片将从环形腔流出的排气的扭转抵消从而使排气随后基本平行于排气岐管的纵轴线流动。
6、如权利要求5所述的发动机,其特征在于所述叶片的外部紧固在围绕该叶片的一个环上,该环与叶片及导环形成一个结构单元。
7、如权利要求3所述的发动机,其特征在于在所述导环区域中,排气岐管由一个可拆卸的盖关闭,该盖具有一个内表面,藉以将环形腔排出的气体引入导环。
8、如权利要求7所述的发动机,其特征在于在所述盖的内侧的中心,设有一个导向圆锥,该圆锥向导环逐渐收窄。
9、如权利要求2至8中任何一项权利要求所述的发动机,其特征在于在所述环形腔中设有一个在其圆周上有若干喷咀分布的用于供给还原剂的环形导管。
10、如权利要求9所述的发动机,其特征在于所述环形导管具有双层壁,环形导管中的环形腔输送还原剂,而环形导管中的内腔与冷却剂供源连接。
11、如权利要求7所述的发动机,其特征在于所述还原剂的供源设在所述盖的中心。
12、如权利要求8和11所述的发动机,其特征在于在所述盖的导向圆锥中设置一个控制还原剂供给的阀。
13、如权利要求1至12中任何一项权利要求所述的有涡轮增压器的发动机,其特征在于排气导管与催化器沿排气流向设置在涡轮增压器之前。
CN91104948A 1990-07-27 1991-07-17 大型柴油发动机 Expired - Lifetime CN1027301C (zh)

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FI912662A0 (fi) 1991-06-03
KR100229731B1 (ko) 1999-11-15
EP0468919B1 (de) 1994-04-06
NO180500B (no) 1997-01-20
KR920002921A (ko) 1992-02-28
JPH04232324A (ja) 1992-08-20
NO912925L (no) 1992-01-28
PL290802A1 (en) 1992-03-23
FI104109B1 (fi) 1999-11-15
PL167755B1 (en) 1995-10-31
FI104109B (fi) 1999-11-15
EP0468919A1 (de) 1992-01-29
FI912662A (fi) 1992-01-28
DK0468919T3 (da) 1994-05-02
NO180500C (no) 1997-04-30
CN1027301C (zh) 1995-01-04
ES2051103T3 (es) 1994-06-01
DE59101316D1 (de) 1994-05-11
JP3312739B2 (ja) 2002-08-12
NO912925D0 (no) 1991-07-26
US5209062A (en) 1993-05-11

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