CN103827455A - 废气净化装置 - Google Patents

废气净化装置 Download PDF

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CN103827455A
CN103827455A CN201180073115.8A CN201180073115A CN103827455A CN 103827455 A CN103827455 A CN 103827455A CN 201180073115 A CN201180073115 A CN 201180073115A CN 103827455 A CN103827455 A CN 103827455A
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exhaust
evaporating pipe
connecting tube
waste gas
exhaust manifold
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CN103827455B (zh
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马场真二
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Hitachi Zosen Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2892—Exhaust flow directors or the like, e.g. upstream of catalytic device
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/36—Arrangements for supply of additional fuel
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    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
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    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
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    • F01N13/004—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 specially adapted for marine propulsion, i.e. for receiving simultaneously engine exhaust gases and engine cooling water
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    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/20—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a flow director or deflector
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    • F01N2340/06—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the arrangement of the exhaust apparatus relative to the turbine of a turbocharger
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    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
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Abstract

使装置的尺寸小型化，并且即使在燃料中含有较多硫的情况下，也能够防止由硫酸氢铵等的中间生成物的吸附导致的脱硝催化装置的性能下降。废气净化装置（1）具有：排气歧管（6），将从排气连通管（3）排出的废气集中起来导入涡轮增压器（4）的涡轮（4a）上游侧的排气通道（5），其中，排气连通管（3）连接在发动机（2）的排气孔（2a）上；脱硝催化装置（7），设置在排气通道（5）中。在排气歧管（6）的内部设置有蒸发管（8），其一端（8a）与排气通道（5）连接，另一开口端（8b）向排气歧管（6）内开口。进一步设置有喷嘴（9），可对经过蒸发管（8）内的废气喷射尿素水（9a）。通过刚从排气连通管（3）排出的高温废气对设置在排气歧管（6）内部的蒸发管（8）的壁面进行加热，实现空间节约化并防止中间生成物的产生。

Description

废气净化装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种废气净化装置，使从内燃机排出的废气中的氮氧化物（以下称作“NOx”）在例如SCR（Selective Catalytic Reduction：选择性催化还原）等的脱硝催化剂下与还原剂反应从而被还原除去。
背景技术
以往，利用了如下技术：例如在柴油发动机的排气管下游设置使用了SCR催化剂的脱硝反应器，并在该脱硝反应器的上游侧设置喷嘴，该喷嘴用于将含有高浓度尿素和低浓度氨的还原剂组成物的水溶液喷向废气中，利用脱硝反应器将废气中的NOx分解成氮和水而使其无害化（例如专利文献1的图1）。
还有，以往，在如图6所示的四缸船用柴油发动机101上安装有排气歧管102，用于将从排气孔101a、101b、101c、101d排出的废气集中起来导入至排气管103。
而且，在该排气歧管102与涡轮增压器107的涡轮107a之间的排气管103上设置有：喷嘴104，向废气中喷射并供给氨等还原剂的水溶液或尿素等还原剂前驱体的水溶液；蒸发管105，将从该喷嘴104喷射的还原剂或还原剂前驱体的水溶液进行气化或加水分解，产生氨气等的还原剂；SCR催化剂106，使废气中的NOx选择性地与还原剂进行还原反应，从而实现净化。
将SCR催化剂106设置在涡轮107a的上游侧的理由是，涡轮107a的下游侧废气的温度低，从催化剂的性能上看是不利的。
然而，在柴油发动机101的排气系统中，排气歧管102占据了较大的体积，并且当在涡轮增压器107的涡轮107a的上游侧设置SCR催化剂106的情况下，需要进一步设置蒸发管105和SCR催化剂106。由此，这些装置在内燃室占有相当大的体积，所以存在空间效率差的问题。
还有，当燃料中含有硫时，则废气中产生SO2，当从喷嘴104喷射氨、尿素等的水溶液时，蒸发管105的温度较低的情况下，例如产生硫酸铵（（NH4）2SO4）或硫酸氢铵（（NH4HSO4）等的中间生成物，该中间生成物吸附在SCR催化剂上，导致催化剂性能下降的问题。
特别是，在船用柴油发动机中，使用比汽油含有更多的硫的轻油或重油等燃料，所以容易产生由中间生成物的吸附导致SCR催化剂的性能下降问题。
在先技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本特开2003-260331号公报
发明内容
本发明所要解决的问题为，现有的废气净化装置中，排气歧管与蒸发管占据了较大体积，因而空间效率差的问题；以及当燃料中含有硫时，产生硫酸铵或硫酸氢铵等的中间生成物并吸附在SCR（选择性催化还原）催化剂上，从而导致催化性能下降的问题。
本发明的废气净化装置，其主要特征在于，
具备：排气歧管，将从排气连通管排出的废气集中起来导入涡轮增压器的涡轮上游侧的排气通道，其中，所述排气连通管连接在发动机的排气孔上；脱硝催化装置，设置在所述排气通道中；
在所述排气歧管的内部设置有蒸发管，所述蒸发管的一端与所述排气通道连接，另一开口端向所述排气歧管内开口；并且，设置有喷嘴，可对经过所述蒸发管内的废气喷射含有还原剂和还原剂前驱体中的两者或任一者的水溶液。
本发明的废气净化装置在排气歧管的内部设置有蒸发管，因此能够实现装置尺寸的小型化。除此之外，在本发明的废气净化装置中，蒸发管的壁面被刚从排气连通管排出的高温废气充分加热，所以即使在燃料中含有较多硫的情况下，废气也不会在蒸发管的壁面上冷却，能够防止产生硫酸铵或硫酸氢铵等的中间生成物。因此，根据本发明，能够防止中间生成物吸附于脱硝催化装置，从而较好地保持催化剂性能。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的废气净化装置的全体构成的概略图。
图2是表示图1中安装有蒸发管的排气歧管和发动机的汽缸盖附近的纵剖面的概略图。
图3是其它实施例的说明图，是使蒸发管不位于将排气连通管配设在排气连通管向废气的排出方向延长的范围内的方向上，（a）和（b）是表示将排气连通管的排气口朝向上方配设时的构成的图，（c）是表示使蒸发管的中心位置向排气连通管的中心位置的下方错开，并且排气连通管以水平方向配设时的构成的图。
图4是表示将排气连通管配设成自蒸发管的长度方向所正交的方向向开口端侧倾斜的其它实施例的说明图，（a）是表示使排气连通管位于蒸发管侧方时的构成的图，（b）是表示使排气连通管的排气口位于蒸发管的上方时的构成的图。
图5是具有在无需进行脱硝处理时不向脱硝催化装置排气而进行旁流所需的转换阀的其它实施例的构成的图。
图6是表示现有的船用柴油发动机的构成的概略图。
附图标记：
1：废气净化装置
2：发动机
2a：排气孔
3：排气连通管
4：涡轮增压器
4a：涡轮
5：排气通道
6：排气歧管
7：脱硝催化装置
8：蒸发管
8a：一端
8b：开口端
9：喷嘴
9a：尿素水
具体实施方式
本发明目的在于在发动机的废气净化装置中实现空间节约化，并且即使燃料中含有硫的情况下，也要防止硫酸铵或硫酸氢铵等的中间生成物的吸附导致脱硝催化装置的性能下降，为实现该目的，采用如下构成。
该构成具备：排气歧管，将从排气连通管排出的废气集中起来导入涡轮增压器的涡轮上游侧的排气通道，其中，排气连通管连接在发动机的排气孔上；脱硝催化装置，设置在所述排气通道中；
并且该构成在所述排气歧管的内部设置有蒸发管，其一端与所述排气通道连接，另一开口端向所述排气歧管内开口；并设置有喷嘴，可对通过所述蒸发管内的废气喷射含有还原剂和还原剂前驱体中的两者或任一者的水溶液。
在所述本发明的废气净化装置中，优选的是，
当向废气的排出方向延长的范围内不存在所述蒸发管的方向配设所述排气连通管时，
从排气连通管排出的高温废气不会直接排到蒸发管而是沿蒸发管的圆周方向在排气歧管内流动，所以能够有效地加热蒸发管的外周整体，而不是从面向排气连通管的排气口的一侧对蒸发管进行加热。
还有，在所述本发明的废气净化装置中，优选的是，
当所述排气连通管配设成从与所述蒸发管的长度方向所正交的方向向所述开口端侧倾斜时，
从排气连通管排出的高温废气沿蒸发管的外侧向开口端侧流动，所以排气歧管内的排气一边流动一边对蒸发管的长度方向整体加热。
进一步，在所述本发明的废气净化装置中，最优选的是，
当将所述排气连通管配设在使所述蒸发管不位于向废气的排出方向延长的范围内的方向上，并且配设成从与所述蒸发管的长度方向正交的方向向所述开口端侧倾斜时，
从排气歧管排出的高温废气向蒸发管的开口端侧以螺旋状流动在蒸发管的外周，所以能够有效地对整个蒸发管的外周以及长度方向进行加热，并且排气歧管内的排气的流动也进一步变好。
以下，使用图1～图5详细说明用于实施本发明的各种方式。图1中，1是将本发明应用于四缸的船用柴油发动机的废气净化装置，具备：排气歧管6，将从排气连通管3排出的废气集中起来导入涡轮增压器4的涡轮4a上游侧的排气通道5，其中，排气连通管3分别连接在设置于发动机2的各汽缸盖的排气孔2a上；脱硝催化装置7，设置在排气通道5中。另外，5a表示涡轮4a下游侧的排气通道，4b表示用于压缩从供气通道12a供给的空气的涡轮增压器4的压缩机。还有，10表示供气歧管，将从供气通道12送进的压缩空气通过供气连接管11分配到发动机2的各汽缸的供气孔2b。
排气歧管6的内部设置有蒸发管8，其一端8a与排气通道5连接，另一开口端8b向排气歧管6内开口。而且，在所述蒸发管8的开口端8b附近的能够对从排气连通管3的排气口排出且通过所述蒸发管8内的废气喷射尿素水9a的位置设置有喷嘴9。
脱硝催化装置7中，安装有对NOx进行选择性地还原除去的SCR催化剂，其中，NOx包含于从发动机2排出的废气中，且会引起酸雨或光化学烟雾等环境污染。SCR催化剂能够使用例如氧化铝、氧化锆、氧化钒/二氧化钛等金属氧化物类催化剂或沸石类催化剂等预期的催化剂，也可以组合这些催化剂。而且，SCR催化剂既可以承载于具有蜂窝状构造的催化剂载体，也可以装入圆柱体以形成套件。
利用SCR催化剂将废气中的NOx分解成氮和水而使其无害化时，需要在上游侧向废气中供给氨等还原剂，但在船内预先存储氨水是有危险的。由此，本实施例中，将作为还原剂前驱体的尿素以水溶液状态预先存储在与喷嘴9连接的容器（未图示）中，运行时将尿素水9a从喷嘴9喷射到蒸发管8内，利用蒸发管8的热量对尿素进行加水分解，从而产生氨。
蒸发管8是一种管状部件，其一端8a与排气通道5连接，另一开口端8b向排气歧管6内开口。本实施例的废气净化装置1中，在开口端8b附近设置有喷嘴9，用于喷射尿素水9a；并在所述喷嘴9的下游侧设置有整流器8c，用于对蒸发管8内的废气进行整流。进一步，本实施例的废气净化装置1，在所述整流器8c的下游侧设置有静态混合器8d，使从喷嘴9喷射的尿素水9a进行加水分解后生成的氨气和废气在蒸发管8内充分混合。
由此，图1的实施例的废气净化装置1中，在排气歧管6的内部安装有具备整流器8c以及静态混合器8d的整个蒸发管8，因此，与在涡轮4a上游侧的排气通道5中并设有排气歧管和蒸发管的现有装置相比，实现了空间节约化，以及装置尺寸的小型化。
另外，一般而言，在具备涡轮增压器4的发动机2中，在加速途中等过渡状态下涡轮增压器4有时却成为发动机2的输出增大要求的障碍，发生供气的导入滞后等，从而发生过渡响应时的控制滞后。然而，与在涡轮4a上游侧的排气通道5中并设有排气歧管和蒸发管的现有装置相比，本发明能够缩短排气到达涡轮增压器4的路径，所以容易进行排气控制。
还有，图1的实施例中，排气歧管6的内部配置有蒸发管8，其与连接在发动机2的各汽缸的排气孔2a上的排气连通管3的排气口分别对置，且蒸发管8的长度方向平行于排气连通管3的排气口的排列方向。因此，由刚从排气连通管3排出的高温废气对蒸发管8的壁面加热，所以即使应用于燃料中含有较多硫的例如船用柴油发动机的情况下，也能够减少导致脱硝催化装置7性能降低的硫酸铵或硫酸氢铵等中间生成物的产生，较好地保持SCR催化剂的NOx净化性能。
其次，对向排气歧管6内开口的排气连通管3的排气口与蒸发管8的位置关系、以及排气连通管3的配设方向进行说明。图2是表示图1的实施例中安装有蒸发管8的排气歧管6以及发动机2的汽缸附近的纵剖面的图。2d是表示具有排气孔2a和供气孔2b的汽缸盖，2c是表示具有汽缸套的汽缸体，2e是表示与曲柄2f连结的活塞。箭头11b表示从燃料喷射喷嘴11a向汽缸内直接喷射的燃料的供给方向，箭头11c表示由涡轮增压器4的压缩机4b压缩的空气的导入方向。
在图2的例子中，排气连通管3的中心与蒸发管8的中心位于相同高度，排气连通管3朝向蒸发管8的中心配设。此时，蒸发管8位于将排气连通管3向废气的排出方向延长的范围内（图中符号A表示的虚线范围内）。
由此，如图2所示的构成的情况下，如箭头B所示，从排气连通管3的排气口排出的废气直接排到蒸发管8上，之后分成上下两股流向蒸发管8的背面。
与此相对，图3的（a）和（b）所示的实施例中，排气连通管3的排气口3a朝向上方配设。此时，蒸发管8不位于将排气连通管3向废气的排出方向延长的范围内（图中符号A表示的虚线范围内）。
还有，图3的（c）所示的实施例中，使蒸发管8的中心位置向排气连通管3的中心位置的下方错开，并且排气连通管3以水平方向配设。此时，蒸发管8也不位于将排气连通管3向废气的排出方向延长的范围内（图中符号A表示的虚线范围内）。
由此，优选的是，如图3所示的构成的情况下，从排气连通管3的排气口3a排出的高温废气不会直接排到蒸发管8上，而是如箭头B所示沿蒸发管8的圆周方向流动，所以能够从蒸发管8的外周整体有效地对蒸发管8进行加热，而不仅仅是从面向排气连通管3的排气口3a的一侧的面进行加热。
另外，在图3的（a）的实施例中，排气口3a的开口端形成于与排气连通管3的长度方向所正交的方向，在（b）和（c）的例子中，将排气连通管3配设成，使排气口3a的开口端形成为相对于排气连通管3的长度方向倾斜，以防止突出到排气歧管6内的排气连通管3的前端部阻碍废气沿蒸发管8的圆周方向的流动，并且，斜切的开口端的前端位于排气歧管6的内周面侧。另外，在图3的实施例中，排气口3a的开口端例如切割成45°。
图4是说明其它实施例的构成的图，即分别将排气连通管3配设成，从与蒸发管8的长度方向所正交的方向（图中虚线C表示的方向）向蒸发管8的开口端8b侧倾斜。图4表示，仅将排气歧管6在排气歧管6上下方向的中央部位置以水平方向切开的状态。
在图4的（a）的实施例中，排气连通管3位于蒸发管8的侧方，蒸发管8的长度方向所正交的方向（图中虚线C表示的方向）与排气连通管3的配设方向构成的角度
Figure BDA0000470692490000071
例如为30°。
由此，优选的是，如图4的（a）所示的构成的情况下，从排气连通管3排出的高温废气，在排气歧管6内沿蒸发管8的外侧以图中箭头D所示方向朝开口端8b侧流动，因此排气在排气歧管6内流动的同时对蒸发管8的整个长度方向进行加热。
还有，当采用将排气连通管3配设成向蒸发管8的开口端8b倾斜的构成的情况下，进一步将排气连通管3配设成排气口朝向蒸发管8的上方时，或如图4的（b）所示将排气连通管3延伸至蒸发管8的上方的位置时，也兼具如下构成，即将排气连通管3配设于在向废气的排出方向延长的范围内不存在蒸发管8的方向。
由此，如图4的（b）所示的构成的情况下，当开启设置在发动机2的各汽缸的排气孔2a上的排气阀时，从排气连通管3排出到排气歧管6内的高温废气，沿蒸发管8的外周以螺旋状被导入开口端8b侧，因此能够有效地对整个蒸发管8的外周以及长度方向进行加热，并且排气在排气歧管6内的流动也变得顺畅。
如上所述，与现有装置相比，本发明的废气净化装置能够实现空间节约化。这是因为，在涡轮增压器的涡轮上游侧的排气通道中设置有脱硝催化装置的废气净化装置中，排气歧管的内部设置有蒸发管，其一端与排气通道连接，另一开口端向排气歧管内开口；并且具有可对通过蒸发管内的废气喷射还原剂前驱体等的水溶液的喷嘴。除此之外，本发明的废气净化装置通过采用上述构成，蒸发管不会出现低温现象，所以即使燃料中含有较多硫时，也能够防止由中间生成物的吸附导致的脱硝催化装置的性能降低。
本发明并不限于所述实施例，当然可在各权利要求所述的技术思想范围内变更适当的实施方式。
例如，在所述实施例中，表示了将从排气连通管3排出到排气歧管6内的废气送到脱硝催化装置7进行脱硝处理的构成，但如图5所示，也可以采用如下构成，即，设置有：旁通路径14，当不需要SCR催化剂所进行的脱硝处理时，不通过脱硝催化装置7直接向涡轮增压器4的涡轮4a侧排气；转换阀13，用于转换排气的路径。
还有，在所述实施例中，公开了从喷嘴9向蒸发管8内的废气喷射作为还原剂前驱体的尿素水9a的构成，但还原剂前驱体的成分并不限于此。而且，还可以使用高浓度尿素与低浓度氨的混合水溶液或氨水。
本发明中，排气歧管6内的蒸发管8被刚从排气连通管3排出的高温废气加热至高温，所以从喷嘴9喷射的含有还原剂和还原剂前驱体中的两者或任一者的水溶液，无论采用什么成分，在通过蒸发管8期间都会可靠地被气化或被加水分解。还有，能够将蒸发管8内产生的氨气等的气化状态下的还原剂与含有NOx的废气一起以高温状态供给到脱硝催化装置7。
还有，所述实施例中，公开了将喷嘴9设置在蒸发管8的开口端8b附近的例子，但喷嘴9的位置并不限于此，例如还可以设置在蒸发管8的中央。
但是，将喷嘴9设置在蒸发管8的开口端8b附近，有利于可确保所喷射的尿素水9a通过高温蒸发管8内的时间。而且，将喷嘴9设置在蒸发管8的开口端8b附近，也容易确保用于设置整流器8c和静态混合器8d的空间。
产业上的可利用性
本发明的废气净化装置不仅可应用于船用柴油发动机，还可应用于汽车用柴油发动机的排气系统。

Claims (3)

1.一种废气净化装置，其特征在于，
具备：排气歧管，将从排气连通管排出的废气集中起来导入涡轮增压器的涡轮上游侧的排气通道，其中，所述排气连通管连接在发动机的排气孔上；脱硝催化装置，设置在所述排气通道中；
在所述排气歧管的内部设置有蒸发管，其一端与所述排气通道连接，另一开口端向所述排气歧管内开口；
并具有喷嘴，可对经过所述蒸发管内的废气喷射含有还原剂和还原剂前驱体中的两者或任一者的水溶液。
2.根据权利要求1所述的废气净化装置，其特征在于，
所述排气连通管配设于，使所述蒸发管不位于将所述排气连通管向废气的排出方向延长时的范围内的方向上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的废气净化装置，其特征在于，
所述排气连通管配设成，从与所述蒸发管的长度方向正交的方向向所述开口端侧倾斜。
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