CN1055626A - 在阳极上形成保护性固体电解质阻挡层的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池及其制备方法 - Google Patents

在阳极上形成保护性固体电解质阻挡层的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1055626A
CN1055626A CN90103614A CN90103614A CN1055626A CN 1055626 A CN1055626 A CN 1055626A CN 90103614 A CN90103614 A CN 90103614A CN 90103614 A CN90103614 A CN 90103614A CN 1055626 A CN1055626 A CN 1055626A
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路特盖德·C·D·琼革
史蒂文·J·维斯科
刘美琳
凯瑟琳·C·迈尔赫
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Abstract

公开了一种锂/有机硫氧化还原电池,包含一个 固体锂阳极,一个液体有机硫阴极以及一层朝向阴极 一侧的锂阳极表面上的阻挡层,该阻挡层由锂阳极与 有机硫阴极的反应产物组成。阴极材料的化学式(R (S)y)n,其中y=1-6,n=2-20,而R为含有1-20 个碳原子的一个或多个不同的脂族或芳族有机基团, 当R含有一个脂族链时,R还可以含有与所说脂族 链相连结的一个或多个氧、硫、氮或氟原子,其中的线 形链可以是直链或支链的,也可以是饱和的或不饱和 的,其中的脂族链或芳族环皆可带有取代基。

Description

本发明是产生于美国能源部和加利福尼亚大学之间的合同No.DE-ACO3-76SF00098期间的。
本发明涉及锂/有机硫氧化还原电池,更具体地说是涉及一种可在室温下工作并且在锂阳极表面上形成具有固体电解质阻挡层的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池。
有相当多的研究工作一直在致力于研制一种具有高功率/重量比的电池。一种碱金属电池正在研究中并且其性能已经有了改进。然而,这类电池通常是在提高的温度下工作,该电池使用一种液态阳极(例如液态钠)并使用一种特殊隔离层以达到必要的离子迁移速率。但是,为满足这些条件,又伴随着要求在高于环境的温度下工作,这就增加了对该系统的腐蚀速率,并且这种电池还要求使用一种昂贵的保持液态阳极的成份,例如钠β氧化铝,这也增加了该系统的重量。
例如,授予Weddigen的美国专利US4,237,200公开了使用一种β-氧化铝陶瓷材料作为电池材料,这种陶瓷材料既被用作容纳液态金属阳极,又提供了一层将阳极材料与阴极材料隔开的固体电解质阻挡层。
已知还有一些其他形式的固体电解质阻挡层。例如,授予Akrige的美国专利US4,465,745公开了一种含有各种摩尔比的SiS2和Li2S的固体电解质。该专利权人指出,Li、Ag、Na、K和Rb这几种阳极材料都可同固体电解质配合使用,而合适的阴极材料包括:聚(N-乙烯吡咯烷酮)、PVP+I、PVP+I+TiS2、FeS2、Sb2S3、TiS2、MnO2以及带有卤原子的有机电荷转移复合物。
已知有以涂层的形式形成这类电解质阻挡层的方法,即将其作为涂层直接用于固体锂阳极上。例如,重新授予Sekido等人的美国专利US31,489公开了一种锂-碘电池,这种电池由一个锂阳极及一个含有一种由碘与1-n-烷基吡啶鎓碘化物所组成的电荷转移复合物的阴极所组成。所述的阳极表面可以涂覆一层LiOH或Li3N,以减少在电池贮藏期间由于碘通过电解质层扩散而引起的电池内部自放电。授于Mead等人的美国专利US3,957,533提出了这样一种锂-碘电池,该电池的锂阳极涂覆了一种有机的电子给予体材料,这种材料最好含有2-乙烯吡啶鎓,并且在涂覆时可先将2-乙烯吡啶鎓溶解于苯中制成溶液,然后将此溶液涂刷在锂阳极的表面上。
授予Joshi等人的美国专利US4,317,874介绍了就地形成某种材料的电子绝缘层的方法,而这种电子绝缘层又在某种程度上起一种电解质导体的作用。这种绝缘层是在阴极材料与活性金属(包括Li、Na、K等)阳极发生接触时形成的。在与金属阳极接触时所形成的上述电子绝缘层的阴极材料包括一种电荷转移复合物,这种复合物包含选自硼或磷的硫化物、卤氧化物或溴氧化物中的一种或多种化合物。在电子转移复合物中用的聚合物最好是聚-2-乙烯吡啶。
最近发现了一种新型的有机物阴极材料,这种阴极材料在DeJonghe等人的共同待批的美国专利申请中作了介绍并被作为权利要求提出,该专利申请的申请号为NO.175,782,其代理人即为本发明的代理人,上述的阴极材料包含一种有机硫液体,这种阴极材料允许使用一种诸如Li等的固体轻型阳极材料,并借此形成一种可在室温下工作的电池。然而,在固体阳极与液体有机物阴极材料之间必须有一层阻挡层,以便使阳极与阴极材料之间进行电绝缘。
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供一种改进的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池。这种电池具有一层在固体锂阳极表面上形成的阻挡层,这种阻挡层可在阳极与有机硫阴极材料之间起电绝缘作用。
本发明的另一个目的是提供另一种改进的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池,这种电池具有一层在固体锂阳极表面上形成的电学性质稳定的阻挡层,这种阻挡层可在阳极与有机硫阴极材料之间起电绝缘作用,这种阻挡层是通过将固体阳极浸没在一种有机硫阴极材料的溶液中而在固体阳极上形成的。
本发明再有一个目的是提供这样一种改进的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池,这种电池具有一层在固体锂阳极表面上形成的阻挡层,该阻挡层可在阳极与有机硫阴极材料之间起电子绝缘作用,而所说的阻挡层是借助于使用一种多孔性隔离层将该固体阳极与含有有机硫阴极材料的一种毡状材料隔离开的方法而在固体阳极上形成的。这种多孔隔离层是让固体阳极与有机硫溶液直接反应而使得在阳极表面上形成一种保护性的阻挡层。
本发明还有一个目的是提供制造这样一种具有一层在固体锂阳极表面上形成的保护性阻挡层的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池的方法。
本发明的这些目的和其它目的可从下面的叙述及附图而清楚地看出。
图1是本发明的一种电池装置的立剖图,其中的保护性电解质阻挡层是在电池完成组装之前于固体锂阳极表面上形成的。
图2是本发明的另一种电池装置的立剖图,该电池设置有一层多孔的隔离层,该隔离层紧靠于朝向有机硫阴极一侧的固体阳极表面上,借此通过将固体锂阳极与有机硫溶液直接反应而生成一层保护性的阻挡层。
图2A是图2的局部放大图,其中示出了形成于多孔隔离层的至少一侧表面上的阻挡层。
图3是一个曲线图,该曲线示出由本发明构成的电池,其充电和放电时电池的电压与时间的关系。
图4也是一个曲线图,该曲线示出,使用根据本发明构成的电池,在经过多次充电/放电循环次数后,其充电/放电的性能是稳定的。
图5是一个解释本发明方法的流程图。
现在参照图1,图1中以数码2表示的是本发明的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池的最简单形式,该电池由一个锂阳极(或称负极)20和一个含液体有机硫的阴极(或称正极)40组成。在朝向阴极40一侧的阳极20的表面上,介于阴极和阳极之间夹插着一层电解质阻挡层30,下文还要对该阻挡层作较详细的叙述。
阳极20、电解质阻挡层30以及阴极40皆被安装在同一个壳体内,按照所示意装置的简化形式,该壳体包括:与阳极20发生物理接触的第一金属薄片10、与阴极40发生物理接触的第二金属薄片12、在第一金属薄片的一端到第二金属薄片的同一端之间延伸的第一绝缘盖14以及在第一金属薄片10和第二金属薄片12上与上述方向相反的两端之间延伸的第二绝缘盖16。
在上述的简化装置中,金属薄片10和12既被用作氧化还原电池的器壁,又被分别地用作该电池的阳极和阴极的电极触头,虽然在图中所示的电池呈平板形,但也可以将其制成绕卷形(或称胶卷形),在此情况下,合适的绝缘层需放置处于两层金属薄片集流元件之间,而两个电极接头将分别连接到金属薄片10和12的两端上或其两个边缘上。
必须理解此氧化还原电池2可以按串联和/或并联的形式把多个单独的电池连接起来以构成一个电池组,在此情况下,包壳材料10、12、14和16的形式需作适当的改变,这一点为本领域的普通技术人员所熟知。
固体锂阳极20可为一种锂的或为锂基合金,这种合金在电池的工作温度下(即在约-40℃至约+150℃之间)呈固体状态。可用作这种固体阳极材料的锂基合金(锂的重量百分含量超过50%)包括锂/铝合金、锂/硅合金以及锂和任何其他金属所形成的合金,只要在该合金中锂的比例超过50%(重量)而且该合金能在约-40℃至约+150℃的范围内呈固体状态即可。
有机硫阴极40所包含的有机硫阴极材料在De Jonghe等人申请的美国专利申请系列号为NO.175,782的共同待批专利申请中有所介绍,该申请的题目为“具有改进电极的金属-硫型电池”(Metal-Sulfur Type Cell Having Improved Electrode),此处将其列出,以作参考。正如该申请中所详细介绍的那样,所用有机硫阴极材料的化学通式可写成〔R(S)yn,其中的y=1至6,n=2至20,R为1个或多个不同的具有1至20个碳原子的脂族或芳族有机基团,其中可以含有一个或多个与链相连接的氧、硫、氮或氟原子,当R含一个脂族链时,其中的线状链可以是直链的或带支链的,也可以是饱和的或不饱和的,而且其中的脂族链或芳族环可以带有取代基。
另外还如此申请中所述,有机硫活性材料可以弥散在一种石墨纤维毡之类的物品中,该石墨毡就起到一种使电流分布均匀的薄层或基体的作用。
根据本发明,为了形成图1所示装置中的电解质阻挡层30,可以按下述方法将此阻挡层在固体锂阳极20的表面上形成,即在组装氧化还原电池2之前或在组装该电池之后,将此阳极20浸没于含液体有机硫阴极材料的溶液中约1至3分钟,所用溶液的温度约为20℃至60℃,以使该阴极材料与锂阳极反应而生成所需的阻挡层,结果在锂阳极的表面上形成了一层致密的物质。其中所述的液体有机硫阴极材料在DeJonghe等人的系列申请No.175,782中有所说明。继而,这种形成于固体锂阳极表面上的致密的阻挡层可以阻止固体锂阳极与液体有机硫阴极材料之间发生任何进一步的可以用肉眼观察到的反应。当然也可采用较长的反应时间,但无必要。
现在转看图2,其中数码2′表示本发明的另一个装置。在该装置中,对相同的部分用相同的数码表示。在该装置中的主要区别是设置有一层多孔隔离层36,该隔离层处于阳极20与有机硫阴极40相接触的阳极表面上,或者至少是在面向有机硫阴极40一侧的阳极表面上。
多孔隔离层36可以是任何普通的电惰性材料,但这种材料中的小孔的平均孔径应足以小到可以防止石墨纤维穿入这些小孔(小孔中的石墨纤维可使电池发生短路),但也应足以大到可以允许有机硫溶液通过小孔并与固体锂阳极20接触以便使锂阳极20与液体阴极溶液中的有机硫反应,就地在锂阳极上生成所需的阻挡层30′。可以用作多孔性隔离层36的材料的一个例子是一种平均孔径为0.02μm的Celgard  3401微孔薄膜。
所说的反应可以在室温下通过组装电池的方式进行,也可以通过将有机硫注射入阴极室中的方式进行。这样在数分钟之内即可形成致密的阻挡层,由于此阻挡层的形成而使得反应中止,因为这种阻挡层基本上是无孔的,因而无进一步的反应气体能通过该阻挡层而到达阳极的表面。
将所获的阻挡层30′以局部放大的方式示于图2A中,此图示出,该阻挡层材料在至少多孔性隔离层36的至少一个侧面上形成。因此在阳极20与阴极40之间就产生了一层能够阻止电子通过但却允许电解质交换或离子迁移的电子阻挡层30′。
为了进一步解释本发明,组装了一种锂/有机硫电池,该电池具有固体锂阳极和四乙基二硫化秋兰姆(TETD)溶解于二甲基亚砜中的溶液所形成的液体阴极,在朝向液体阴极一侧的锂阳极表面上有一层由Celgard 3401微孔薄膜形成的隔离层,以使得可在该隔离层的外表面上就地形成一层阻挡层。这时候该电池就算组装成了,然后在室温下(约20℃)进行测试,测定该电池在充放电这两个循环过程中的开路和闭路电压,在20℃下充放电的速率为16μA/cm2。如图3所示,该电池的开路电压与闭路电压随测试时间的延续显得非常稳定,这说明其中的阻挡层的质量高,寿命长。图4还示出了在许多充电和放电的过程中,峰值电压是稳定的。
因此本发明提供了一种新颖的锂/有机硫电池,在该电池内朝向液体有机硫阴极一侧的固体锂阳极表面上有一层电子阻挡层,这层电子阻挡层是以固体锂阳极作为反应物直接形成于固体锂阳极表面上的。
虽然上面所解释和叙述的是本发明的锂/有机硫电池的几种特定的装置及制造这些装置的方法,但是对所述的电池结构及对所述电池的制造方法(包括工艺参数和材料等)进行的各种改进和变化对本领域的普通技术人员来说都是显而易见的,并且所有这些在本发明范围内的改进和变化都被包括在本申请的权利要求书之内。

Claims (10)

1、一种锂/有机硫氧化还原电池,该电池包括:
(a)一种固体锂阳极,它是由选自元素锂和一种或多种锂基合金或它们的混合物这类材料组成为;
(b)一种液体有机硫阳极,以及
(c)一种形成在所述固体锂阳极表面上的阻挡层,该阻挡层由所述固体锂阳极与所述液体有机硫阴极材料的反应产物所组成。
2、权利要求1的电池,其中所说的有机硫阴极材料的化学通式为〔R(S)yn,其中y=1~6,n=2~20,而R是一个或多个含有1~20个碳原子的不同的脂族或芳族有机基团,当R包含一个脂族链时,它上面可以含有一个或多个与此脂族链相连接的氧、硫、氮或氟原子,并且其中的线形链可以是直链的或支链的,也可以是饱和的或不饱和的,而且其中的脂族链或芳族环皆可以带有取代基。
3、权利要求2的电池,其中所说的阻挡层是通过将所述碱金属阳极浸入一种含有所述有机硫阴极材料的溶液中之后所生成的反应产物。
4、权利要求1中的电池,其中所述的氧化还原电极还包含一层处于所述锂阳极和所述有机硫阴极之间并且紧贴于所述阳极表面的多孔隔离层,另外其中所说的阻挡层是通过将所述金属阳极的表面与透过所述多孔层小孔的有机硫阴极材料相接触而形成的。
5、一种可在环境温度下工作的锂/有机硫氧化还原电池,该电池包括:
(a)一个固体锂阳极,其由选自元素锂和一种或多种锂基合金或它们的混合物这类材料组成的;
(b)一个液体有机硫阴极,其组成材料的化学通式为〔R(S)yn,其中y=1~6,n=2~20,而R是一个或多个含有1~20个碳原子的不同的脂族或芳族有机基团,当R含有一个脂族链时,它上面可含有一个或多个与此脂族链相连结的氧、硫、氮或氟原子,并且其中的线形链可以是直链的或支链的,也可以是饱和的或不饱和的,而且其中的脂族链或芳香环皆可带有取代基,以及
(c)一层紧靠着所说固体锂阳极表面生成的阻挡层,该阻挡层是由所说固体锂阳极与所说液体有机硫阴极的反应产物组成。
6、权利要求5的电池,其中所说的氧化还原电池还含有一层多孔的隔离层,该多孔隔离层紧靠在朝向所说液体有机硫阴极一侧的固体锂阳极表面上。
7、一种制造锂/有机硫氧化还原电池的方法,所说的电池具有一个固体锂阳极和一个液体有机硫阴极,并且在朝向所说阴极一侧的固体阳极表面上紧贴表面地形成了一层阻挡层,该方法包括下列步骤:
(a)准备一个固体锂阳极;
(b)准备一个液体有机硫阴极,以及
(c)将所述固体锂阳极与所说液体有机硫阴极反应,使得在朝向液体有机硫阴极一侧的固体锂阳极表面上紧贴表面地形成一层阻挡层。
8、权利要求7的方法,其中所说的接触步骤还包括将所述锂阳极与所述液体有机硫阴极接触1~3分钟,并且在接触时将该阴极的温度维持在约20-60℃。
9、权利要求7的方法,其中所述的准备一种液体有机硫阴极的步骤还包括准备这样一种液体有机硫阴极材料,它的化学通式为〔R(S)yn,其中y=1~6,n=2~20,而R为有1~20个碳原子的一个或多个不同的脂族或芳族的有机基团,当R含有脂族链时,它还可含有与所说脂族链相连结的一个或多个氧、硫、氮或氟原子,而且其中的线形链可以是直链的或者是支链的,也可以是饱和的或不饱和的,并且其中的脂族链或芳族环皆可带有取代基。
10、权利要求7的方法,其中还包括在朝向所说液体有机硫阴极一侧的固体锂阳极表面上紧贴表面地设置一层多孔隔离层的步骤,而且其中所述的将所说的锂阳极与所说液体有机硫阴极材料反应的步骤还包括将所说锂阳极与渗透过所说多孔性隔离层的液体有机硫阴极材料反应以形成所说的阻挡层。
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CN1050449C (zh) * 1996-12-26 2000-03-15 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 新型全固态锂电池正极材料的制备
CN100359721C (zh) * 2002-09-23 2008-01-02 三星Sdi株式会社 锂电池的负极及包含它的锂电池
CN105098140A (zh) * 2014-08-06 2015-11-25 中国科学院物理研究所 液态金属负极材料和室温液态金属电池、制备方法和用途
CN105098140B (zh) * 2014-08-06 2016-08-24 中国科学院物理研究所 液态金属负极材料和室温液态金属电池、制备方法和用途

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CA2050886A1 (en) 1990-11-01

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