CN105555444B - 通过图像分析监控激光束的能量密度的方法和相应装置 - Google Patents
通过图像分析监控激光束的能量密度的方法和相应装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种使用激光束(3)的参数监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),包括以下步骤:将激光束(3)定期施加到基准衬底,并在各个施加期间测量所得的光强度(S4);识别在至少两次测量之间基准衬底上的光强度变化(S6,S7,S8);并且,在光强度变化高于给定阈值时,测定激光束(3)的能量密度的不稳定参数(S8)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及通过选择性激光熔化(SLM)制造零件的领域,选择性激光熔化即能够在可控的气氛中通过大功率激光器逐渐局部地(即,选择性地)熔化金属粉末制造金属零件的增材制造的技术。
背景技术
选择性激光熔化是一种能够根据模制零件的模型的三维CAD数据通过将粉末状材料沉积成层来制造成型体(例如产品原型或组件原型)的方法。将若干层粉末依次沉积在彼此之上,使得在沉积下一层之前,通过大功率(200W~几kW)的聚焦激光束施加到与成型体的模型的给定横截面区域对应的粉末层的给定区域上,将每个粉末层加热到给定温度。按照模型的给定横向表面的CAD数据,将激光束导引到各个粉末层上面,使得各个粉末层附接到下层。通过重复提供粉末并通过激光熔化粉末能够逐渐增厚该零件并获得所需形状。
这种激光选择性熔化方法的实例尤其在文件FR 2 970 887和US 6 215 093中已有所描述。
为了获得具有冶金质量并呈现涡轮发动机领域中所特别采用公差的尺寸的零件,必要的是激光束的能量密度在制造平面(粉末床)中和在暴露于激光期间保持恒定。
能量密度取决于三个参数:激光束的功率、速度和尺寸。
目前,通过独立地测量这三个参数来间接得到激光束的能量密度的监控。不过,这种监控具有需要通过不同的设备连续进行单独测量的缺点。除了在工业中应用冗长且困难,激光束的能量密度的这种监控并不是鲁棒性的,测量经历由所使用的设备的漂移而被失真的风险。这些设备是进一步具体的并且为了使用通常需要训练和特殊技能,进一步地,这些设备昂贵、易碎和应用时间长,并且必须定时检查。最后,整个制造空间对于这些测量是不可能的。
在文件EP 1 466 718中,已经提出了一种用于通过热视觉系统(诸如红外照相机)所获取的目标区域的图像来控制目标区域(诸如粉末床)的温度的方法。然后,将由此确定的温度与所需温度进行比较,这能够提高粉末床的整体温度的控制。然而,这种方法决不允许确定激光束的能量密度是否稳定,或其所依赖的参数之一是否不稳定。事实上,问题仅仅是调节激光束的温度,以便避免粉末床的温度差异,这将有损于人们所寻求制造的部件的质量。
文件DE 103 20 085对此描述了一种用于通过选择性熔化制造零件的方法,在该方法期间调节光密度以提高该零件的最终密度。特别是通过测量待熔化的粉末的厚度的CCD照相机和测定它的温度的高温计来调节光密度的适应。因此,这个文件不涉及控制激光束的能量密度的稳定性。
最后,文件DE 10 2010 027910涉及一种通过激光熔化制造零件的方法,在其期间,定期测量激光器的功率,以便检测关于预期的功率值的可能偏差。因此,这个文件仅提出了测量对激光束的能量密度起作用的参数之一,而其它参数未被测定。
因此,这些文件都没有提出一种以简单且节约成本的方式用于检测能量密度的参数漂移的可靠且快速的方式。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提出克服现有技术的缺点的一种用于监控激光束的能量密度的方法和一种相关联的监控装置,这允许与现有技术相比以节约成本并可工业化的方式快速检测一部分参数(激光束的功率、速度和尺寸)的漂移,并且这在整个生产空间中。
为此,本发明提出了一种根据激光束的至少两个参数监控所述激光束的能量密度的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
将所述激光束定期施加到基准衬底上,并在各个施加期间测量在所述基准衬底上所得的光强度;
识别在至少两次测量之间所述基准衬底上的光强度变化;以及
在所述光强度变化大于给定阈值时,确定所述激光束的能量密度的不稳定参数。
上述监控方法的某些优选但非限定性的特征如下:
所述激光束的能量密度由三个参数监控,所述三个参数尤其包括所述激光束的功率、速度和尺寸;
施加并定期测量所述基准衬底上的光强度的步骤包括以下子步骤:
(i)施加所述激光束到基准衬底上并获取所述基准衬底上的激光束的图像,以便获得基准图像;
(ii)测定所述基准图像中的激光束的施加点处的光强度,以及
(iii)定期施加所述激光束到所述基准衬底上并获取所述基准衬底上的激光束的图像,以便获得监控图像,并且在所述监控图像中的激光束的施加点处测定所述基准衬底上的光强度,并且
识别所述光强度变化的步骤包括以下子步骤:
(iv)比较由此获得的监控图像的光强度与所述基准图像的光强度,以及
(v)由此推断所述激光束的能量密度变化;
所述光强度通过测量所述基准图像的灰度级和所述监控图像的灰度级进行测定;
所述基准图像的灰度级和所述监控图像的灰度级在多个点处进行测量,使得所述光强度通过对各个图像的各个点中的强度分布求平均值进行测定;
在将所述激光束施加到基准表面上以获取所述基准图像之前,所述监控方法进一步包括初始步骤,在所述初始步骤期间,测定所述参数的初始值,并且,在所述光强度变化大于给定阈值时,所述方法进一步包括以下子步骤:测定所述激光束的参数值并比较所述激光束的参数值与所述参数的初始值,以便识别所述不稳定参数,以及调整所述激光器以便使所述不稳定参数重新稳定;
一旦调整了所述激光器,则用所述激光束再重复所述步骤(i)~(iii),以便勾勒出新的基准图像;以及
所述初始步骤也进行再重复。
本发明也提出了一种根据激光束的至少两个参数监控所述激光束的能量密度的装置,所述参数包括所述激光束的功率、速度和/或尺寸,所述装置能够监控根据如上所述的激光束的能量密度,并且,所述装置包括:
图像采集系统,被配置用于获取所述基准衬底上的激光束的图像,以及
图像处理系统,被设置用于比较由所述图像采集系统获取的不同的图像的光强度,并识别在至少两次测量之间所述基准衬底上的光强度变化,以及
数据处理机构,被设置用于由所述光强度变化确定所述激光束的至少一个参数是否不稳定。
监控装置的特定优选但非限制性特征如下:
所述基准衬底包括均匀的涂层;
所述基准衬底包括铝合金板;
所述铝合金板经阳极化处理,并且包括阳极化层;
所述阳极化层是黑色的;
所述阳极化层的厚度为所述铝合金板的厚度的0.5%~3%,优选为所述铝合金板的厚度的约1%;
所述铝合金板的厚度为约1mm,而所述阳极化层的厚度为约0.01mm。
附图说明
通过阅读下文中参考以非限定性示例给出的附图进行的详细说明,本发明的其它特征、目的和优点将更加明显,在附图中:
图1是表示根据本发明监控激光束的能量密度的方法的示例性实施方式的各个步骤的流程图;
图2是示出图像的强度分布(即,灰度级对距离(以像素计))的实例的曲线图;
图3示出了激光束的能量密度下降的实例;并且
图4示意性示出了根据本发明的一种监控激光束的能量密度的装置的实例。
具体实施方式
为了在制造平面中和在暴露到激光器功率期间监控激光束3的能量密度的恒定性,本发明提出了一种用于由激光束3的至少两个参数监控能量密度的方法S,包括以下步骤:
将所述激光束3定期施加到基准衬底7上,并在各个施加期间测量在所述基准衬底上所得的光强度S4;
识别在至少两次测量之间所述基准衬底7上的光强度变化S6,S7,S8;以及
在所述光强度变化大于给定阈值时,确定所述激光束3的能量密度的不稳定参数S8。
本发明是基于这样的事实:通过将激光束3施加到给定衬底上所获得的光强度代表这个激光器2的能量密度。因此,能够专门限制在基准衬底7上获得的光强度的测量参数的数目,然后由此推断出激光器3的能量密度变化,并因此推断其参数中的至少一个参数的不稳定性,以使得测量的数目和测量它们的难度与现有技术相比大大降低。因此,方法S的施用更快且更容易。
此外,方法S可以通过监控能量密度的装置1进行施用,包括常见设备,而不需要或几乎不需要培训或特殊技能,诸如:
图像采集系统4,被配置用于获取基准衬底7上的激光束3的图像,以及
图像处理系统5,被设置用于比较由图像采集系统4获取的不同的图像的光强度,并识别在至少两次测量之间所述基准衬底7上的光强度变化,以及
数据处理机构6,被设置用于由所述光强度变化确定所述激光束3的至少一个参数是否不稳定。
例如,图像采集系统4可以是扫描仪、照相机或另外的摄像机,而图像处理系统5可以包括图像处理软件包,并且数据处理装置6可以包括中央单元,该中央单元可选地连接到适于显示方法S的结果的界面设备6。
此外,能够监控激光束3的能量密度的激光束3的参数选自激光束3的功率、速度和尺寸。优选地,在监控方法S期间检测这三个参数。
将光强度与基准光强度比较,基准光强度对应于基准衬底7上的光强度,其代表在它的参数稳定时在相同或类似的条件下测定的激光束3的能量密度。
基准光强度可以如下进行测量。
在第一步骤S1期间,用具体的设备以常规方式测量参数(光束的功率、速度和/或尺寸)。如果所获得的测量结果不相符,则修正激光器2,并再次进行测量以检查修正后的参数的一致性。
然后,例如,在数据处理装置6中,记录所获得的测量结果。
然后确定基准光强度。
为此,将激光束3施加到基准衬底7上,并且通过图像采集系统4(例如扫描仪)获取基准衬底7上的光束的图像(步骤S2),然后获得基准图像。
然后,可以用图像处理系统5将基准图像转换成灰度级。图像处理系统5例如可以特别是通过产生在每个点处的强度分布来在几个点处测量这个基准图像中暴露于激光束3的表面的灰度级(图2)。最后,基准光强度可以通过产生暴露的表面的全部点上的灰度级的平均值Mx进行测定(步骤S3)。
然后,数据处理装置6可以记录与基准光束的参数的测量相关的基准光强度。
然后,通过将激光束3定期施加到基准衬底7上,并且通过在这个基准衬底7上的激光束3的落点处监控在与基准光强度相同的条件下测量并测定的光强度随时间的变化,以快速、容易且不太昂贵的方式,可以定期进行激光束3的能量密度的监控。事实上,足以例如周期性定期重复光强度的测量。
为此,在给定时间之后,将激光器的光束施加到相同的基准衬底7上,或者至少施加到相同或类似的基准衬底7上。优选地,在相同条件(相对于基准衬底7的高度、位置和倾斜度等)下,施加激光束以产生基准图像。
通过图像采集系统4(例如扫描仪)获取基准衬底7上的光束的图像(步骤S4),然后获得监控图像。
然后,以与基准图像相似的方式处理监控图像,以获得易于比较的数据。因此,可以通过图像处理系统5将监控图像转换成灰度级,图像处理系统5尤其是通过产生在各个点处的强度分布来测量在几个点处这个图像中的暴露于激光束3中的表面的灰度级。最后,监控图像的光强度可以通过暴露表面的全部点上的灰度级的平均值Mx进行测定(步骤S5)。
然后,将监控图像的光强度与基准光强度进行比较,在数据处理装置6(步骤S6)中预先确定并记录这种激光束3的基准光强度。
在监控图像中的光强度和基准光强度之间的差值小于给定阈值时,能量密度被认为是稳定的。因此,激光器2未被调整,并且可以根据监控激光束3的能量密度所选择的周期性来计划下一次监控(步骤S7)。
例如,通过模拟光束的能量密度下降到可接受的限值并通过测量基准衬底7上光束的这种能量密度的所得光强度,可以实验设置给定的阈值。
因此,在下一个监控期间,用数据处理装置6中记录的基准光强度的值和参数值重复步骤S4~S6。
另一方面,在监控图像的光强度和基准光强度之间的差值达到或超过给定阈值时,能量密度降低(图3)。在这种情况下,通过用具体设备以常规方式测量每个参数,人们然后搜索不稳定的能量密度的参数(步骤S8)。
一旦确定了不稳定参数,则可以修正激光器2(S9)。
然后,根据上述步骤S1~S3,可以进行基准光强度的新测量并记录新的参数值,然后通过继续监控激光束3的能量密度可以重复进行方法S。当然,应理解的是,这种监控是通过比较监控图像的光强度与新的基准强进行的,以便将激光器2的调整考虑在内。
或者,也能够保留基准光强度而无需再次进行新的测量,在这种情况下,监控通过比较监控图像的光强度与最初确定的基准光强度进行的。
基准衬底7优选包括具有对接受到的能量敏感的均匀涂层的表面。这尤其可以是阳极化的铝合金板,阳极化层尤其可以是黑色的。因此,这样的阳极化的铝合金板7允许通过均匀涂层来提高监控的质量。事实上,在将激光施加到包含阳极化层的铝合金板7上时,激光局部地熔化阳极化层。在激光束的能量密度充足时,然后获得金属光辉,因此在获取图像时获得最大的光强度(S2,S4)。另一方面,在束的能量密度降低时,获得了灰色色调。
在一个实施方式中,铝合金板7的厚度为约0.5mm~约2mm,通常为约1mm,并且被具有给定阳极化厚度的阳极化层覆盖。例如,阳极化层的厚度可以为铝板的厚度的0.5%~3%,优选为铝板的厚度的约1%~2%,通常为铝板的厚度的1%。如果必要的话,可对阳极化厚度的值以及其质量进行历时监控,以便保证基准衬底7的鲁棒性。
当然,可以使用其它基准衬底7,只要它们允许在足够的精度下检测光强度变化。
此外,进行监控能量密度所根据的频率可以是恒定的,或者根据监控图像的光强度和基准光强度之间的差异而变化。
Claims (16)
1.一种根据激光束(3)的至少两个参数监控所述激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),所述方法(S)包括以下步骤:
将所述激光束(3)定期施加到基准衬底(7)上,并在各个施加期间测量在所述基准衬底上所得的光强度(S4);
识别在至少两次测量之间所述基准衬底(7)上的光强度变化(S6,S7,S8);以及
在所述光强度变化大于给定阈值时,确定所述激光束(3)的能量密度的不稳定参数(S8)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),其中,所述激光束(3)的能量密度由三个参数监控,所述三个参数尤其包括所述激光束(3)的功率、速度和尺寸。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),其中,施加并定期测量所述基准衬底(7)上的光强度的步骤包括以下子步骤:
(i)将所述激光束(3)施加到基准衬底上并获取所述基准衬底上的激光束(3)的图像,以便获得基准图像(S2);
(ii)在所述基准图像中的激光束(3)的施加点处测定光强度(S3),以及
(iii)将所述激光束(3)定期施加到所述基准衬底(7)上并获取所述基准衬底(7)上的激光束(3)的图像,以便获得监控图像(S4),并且在所述监控图像中的激光束(3)的施加点处测定所述基准衬底(7)上的光强度(S5),并且
识别所述光强度变化的步骤包括以下子步骤:
(iv)比较由此获得的监控图像的光强度与所述基准图像的光强度(S6),以及
(v)由此推断所述激光束(3)的能量密度变化(S7,S8)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),其中,所述光强度通过测量所述基准图像的灰度级和所述监控图像的灰度级进行测定(S3,S5)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),其中,所述基准图像的灰度级和所述监控图像的灰度级在多个点处进行测量,使得所述光强度通过对各个图像的各个点中的强度分布求平均值进行测定。
6.根据权利要求3所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),在将所述激光束(3)施加到基准表面上以获取所述基准图像(S2)之前,所述监控方法(S)进一步包括初始步骤(S1),在所述初始步骤期间,测定所述参数的初始值,并且,在所述初始步骤中,在所述光强度变化大于给定阈值时,所述方法(S)进一步包括以下子步骤:
测定所述激光束(3)的参数值并比较所述激光束的参数值与所述参数的初始值,以便识别所述不稳定参数,以及
调整所述激光器(2)以便使所述不稳定参数重新稳定(S9)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),其中,一旦调整了所述激光器,则用所述激光束(3)再重复所述步骤(i)~(iii),以便勾勒出新的基准图像。
8.根据权利要求7所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的方法(S),其中,所述初始步骤(S1)也进行再重复。
9.一种根据激光束(3)的至少两个参数监控所述激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),所述参数包括所述激光束(3)的功率、速度和/或尺寸,其特征在于,所述装置能够监控根据权利要求1~8中任一项所述的激光束(3)的能量密度,并且,其特征在于,所述装置包括:
图像采集系统(4),被配置用于获取所述基准衬底(7)上的激光束(3)的图像,以及
图像处理系统(5),被设置用于比较由所述图像采集系统(5)获取的不同的图像的光强度,并识别在至少两次测量之间所述基准衬底(7)上的光强度变化,以及
数据处理机构(6),被设置用于由所述光强度变化确定所述激光束(3)的至少一个参数是否不稳定。
10.权利要求9所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),其中,所述基准衬底(7)包括均匀的涂层。
11.权利要求9或10所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),其中,所述基准衬底(7)包括铝合金板。
12.权利要求11所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),其中,所述铝合金板经阳极化处理,并且包括阳极化层。
13.根据权利要求12所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),其中,所述阳极化层是黑色的。
14.根据权利要求12所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),其中,所述阳极化层的厚度为所述铝合金板(7)的厚度的0.5%~3%。
15.根据权利要求14所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),其中,所述阳极化层的厚度为所述铝合金板(7)的厚度的1%。
16.根据权利要求15所述的监控激光束(3)的能量密度的装置(1),其中,所述铝合金板(7)的厚度为1mm,而所述阳极化层的厚度为0.01mm。
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BR112016005829B8 (pt) | 2021-10-26 |
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CA2923846A1 (fr) | 2015-03-26 |
BR112016005829A2 (zh) | 2017-08-01 |
US10434598B2 (en) | 2019-10-08 |
CN105555444A (zh) | 2016-05-04 |
RU2016114822A (ru) | 2017-10-20 |
JP6533789B2 (ja) | 2019-06-19 |
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