CN105453308B - 用于锂-硫电池的阴极及其制备方法 - Google Patents
用于锂-硫电池的阴极及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105453308B CN105453308B CN201480045005.4A CN201480045005A CN105453308B CN 105453308 B CN105453308 B CN 105453308B CN 201480045005 A CN201480045005 A CN 201480045005A CN 105453308 B CN105453308 B CN 105453308B
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- cathode
- sulfur cell
- sulphur
- activity portion
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- JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[S] Chemical compound [Li].[S] JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[S] Chemical compound [C].[S] GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000006121 base glass Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910020343 SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- YFKPABFAJKUPTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Ge] YFKPABFAJKUPTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910019483 (LiAlTiP)xOy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001148 Al-Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FCVHBUFELUXTLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[AlH3] Chemical compound [Li].[AlH3] FCVHBUFELUXTLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018413 LixAlyTiz(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910016838 LixGeyPzSw Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910016983 LixLayTiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910014694 LixTiy(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MKGYHFFYERNDHK-UHFFFAOYSA-K P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Ti+4].[Li+] MKGYHFFYERNDHK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910020213 PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910020210 Pb(Mg3Nb2/3)O3—PbTiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910020351 Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910020345 Pb1−xLaxZr1−yTiyO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002370 SrTiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Hf]=O CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910020294 Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007607 die coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910014900 LixPySz Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910014627 LixSiySz Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium titanium Chemical compound [Li].[Ti] SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002927 oxygen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 15
- -1 sulphur compound Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 7
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- IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitride Chemical compound [Li]N([Li])[Li] IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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Classifications
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Abstract
本申请涉及一种用于锂‑硫电池的阴极及其制备方法。根据本申请的一个实施方案的锂‑硫电池的阴极包括:包含硫‑碳复合物的阴极活性部;和设置在阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上且包含无机氧化物的阴极涂层。
Description
技术领域
本申请要求2013年8月16日在KIPO提交的韩国专利申请第10-2013-0097328号的优先权,其公开内容通过引用整体并入本文。
本申请涉及用于锂-硫电池的阴极及其制备方法。
背景技术
近年来对开发使用锂作负电极的高能量密度的电池有相当大的兴趣。锂金属作为电化学电池的阳极活性材料是特别有吸引力的,原因是该金属例如与嵌锂碳负电极(其作为非电活性的材料而增加了负电极的重量和体积,从而减小电池的能量密度)和具有镍电极或镉电极的其他电化学体系相比,重量轻并且能量密度高。锂金属负电极或主要包括锂金属的负电极提供了构成与例如锂离子电池、镍氢电池或镍镉电池的电池相比重量更轻并且具有更高能量密度的电池的机会。这些特性对于保费以低加权值支付的用于便携式电子装置例如移动电话和手提电脑的电池是高度期望的。
用于锂电池的这些类型的阴极活性材料是公知的,并且包括含有硫-硫键的含硫阴极活性材料,其中高能量容量和可再充电性由硫-硫键的电化学裂解(还原)和再形成(氧化)来实现。
如上所述,锂和碱金属用作阳极活性材料且硫用作阴极活性材料的锂-硫电池具有2800Wh/kg(1,675mAh)的理论能量密度,该理论能量密度比其他电池体系的理论能量密度高得多,并且近来锂-硫电池由于硫作为自然资源丰富、廉价且环境友好的优点而成为用于便携式电子装置的关注焦点。
相关领域中的锂示意性地示于下图1中。
然而,由于用作锂-硫电池的阴极活性材料的硫为非集电体,所以问题在于:由电化学反应产生的电子难以移动,在氧化-还原反应期间硫泄漏到电解质中使得电池的使用寿命劣化,此外,当未选择适合的电解液时,锂多硫化物(其为硫的还原材料)被溶出,使得锂多硫化物可能不再参与电化学反应。
因此,为了使溶解到电解液中的锂多硫化物的量降至最低,并且对为非集电体的硫电极赋予导电特性,已开发了其中碳和硫的复合物用作阴极的技术,但锂多硫化物的溶出问题仍然不能解决。
因此,对于通过在锂-硫电池的放电期间有效阻断锂多硫化物泄漏到电解质中来提高循环特性的技术有高度需求。
发明内容
技术问题
本申请致力于提供一种通过在锂-硫电池的放电期间有效阻断锂多硫化物泄漏到电解质中来提高循环特性的技术。
技术方案
本发明的一个示例性实施方案提供了一种用于锂-硫电池的阴极,
所述阴极包括:
含有硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部;和
设置在阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上且包含无机氧化物的阴极涂层。
本发明的另一个示例性实施方案提供了一种锂-硫电池,
所述电池包括:
含有锂金属或锂合金作为阳极活性材料的阳极;
用于锂-硫电池的阴极;
位于阴极和阳极之间的隔膜;以及
浸渍阳极、阴极和隔膜并包含锂盐和有机溶剂的电解质。
本发明的又一个示例性实施方案提供了一种用于锂-硫电池的阴极,
所述阴极包括:
形成含有硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部;以及
在阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上形成包含无机氧化物的阴极涂层。
有利效果
根据本申请,包含无机氧化物的外涂层可设置在包含硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上,以抑制无机氧化物与在放电期间产生的锂多硫化物结合以及锂多硫化物泄漏到电解质中的现象,从而提高锂-硫电池的循环特性。
附图说明
图1为示意性地示出相关领域中的锂-硫电池的视图。
图2为示意性地示出根据本申请的一个示例性实施方案的锂-硫电池的视图。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将更详细地描述本申请。
根据本申请一个示例性实施方案的用于锂-硫电池的阴极包括:含有硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部;以及设置在阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上且包含无机氧化物的阴极涂层。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,该无机氧化物为亲水性无机氧化物。
该亲水性无机氧化物包含在阴极活性部中,并且与放电期间产生的锂多硫化物的亲水性部分结合,从而抑制锂多硫化物(其中包含在阴极活性部中的硫-碳复合物的硫与锂离子结合)泄漏到电解质中的现象。
无机氧化物可包括选自以下的一种或更多种:SrTiO3、SnO2、CeO2、MgO、NiO、CaO、ZnO、ZrO2、Y2O3、Al2O3、TiO2、SiC、BaTiO3、HfO2、Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT)、Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3(PLZT、0≤x≤1、0≤y≤1)和PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3(PMN-PT),但并不限于此。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,该无机氧化物为具有锂离子传输能力的无机氧化物。
当使用具有锂离子传输能力的无机氧化物时,可增加电化学设备中的离子传导性以提高其性能,因此优选的是离子传导性尽可能高。此外,当无机颗粒具有高密度时,问题在于在涂覆期间难以使无机颗粒分散并且在电池的制造期间重量也增加,因此,优选的是密度尽可能小。
此外,具有锂离子传输能力的无机氧化物为亲水性,因此也具有上述亲水性无机氧化物的效果。
具有锂离子传输能力的无机氧化物可包括选自以下的一种或更多种:磷酸锂(Li3PO4)、磷酸钛锂(LixTiy(PO4)3,0<x<2,0<y<1,0<z<3)、磷酸钛铝锂(LixAlyTiz(PO4)3,0<x<2,0<y<1,0<z<3)、(LiAlTiP)xOy-基玻璃(0<x<4,0<y<13)、钛酸镧锂(LixLayTiO3,0<x<2,0<y<3)、硫代磷酸锗锂(LixGeyPzSw,0<x<4,0<y<1,0<z<1,0<w<5)、氮化锂(LixNy,0<x<4,0<y<2)、SiS2(LixSiySz,0<x<3,0<y<2,0<z<4)基玻璃和P2S5(LixPySz,0<x<3,0<y<3,0<z<7)基玻璃,但并不限于此。
(LiAlTiP)xOy基玻璃可为14Li2O-9Al2O3-38TiO2-39P2O5,硫代磷酸锗锂可为25Ge0.25P0.75S4,氮化锂可为Li3N,SiS2基玻璃可为Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2,P2S5基玻璃可为LiI-Li2S-P2S5。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,无机氧化物可包括选自以下的一种或更多种:SrTiO3、SnO2、CeO2、MgO、NiO、CaO、ZnO、ZrO2、Y2O3、Al2O3、TiO2、SiC、BaTiO3、HfO2、Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT)、Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3(PLZT,0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1)、PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3(PMN-PT)、磷酸锂(Li3PO4)、磷酸钛锂(LixTiy(PO4)3,0<x<2,0<y<1,0<z<3)、磷酸钛铝锂(LixAlyTiz(PO4)3,0<x<2,0<y<1,0<z<3)、(LiAlTiP)xOy基玻璃(0<x<4,0<y<13)、钛酸镧锂(LixLayTiO3,0<x<2,0<y<3)、硫代磷酸锗锂(LixGeyPzSw,0<x<4,0<y<1,0<z<1,0<w<5)、氮化锂(LixNy,0<x<4,0<y<2)、SiS2(LixSiySz,0<x<3,0<y<2,0<z<4)基玻璃和P2S5(LixPySz,0<x<3,0<y<3,0<z<7)基玻璃,但并不限于此。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,硫-碳复合物可通过将硫颗粒施加在多孔性碳上而形成。
此外,在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,硫-碳复合物可通过使硫颗粒熔融并将该颗粒与碳混合而形成。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,硫-碳复合物的碳:硫的重量比可为1:20或更大和1:1或更小。
碳可为晶体碳或无定形碳,并且没有限制,只要该碳为导电碳即可,并且其可为,例如,石墨、碳黑、活性碳纤维、非活性碳纳米纤维、碳纳米管、碳织物等等。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,阴极涂层可包括孔。
所述孔可为平均直径为0.5μm至10μm的孔。
当阴极涂层的孔的平均直径为0.5μm或更大时,包含在阴极涂层中的无机氧化物(其吸引在锂-硫电池的放电期间从包含在阴极活性部中的硫-碳复合物溶出的锂多硫化物)的面积足以使得锂硫电池的特性和容量增加,当阴极涂层的孔的平均直径为10μm或更小时,在锂-硫电池的充电期间锂离子容易向阴极移动,从而减少充电时间。
基于用于锂-硫电池的阴极的总体积,阴极涂层的孔隙率可为20%至70%。更特别地,基于用于锂-硫电池的阴极的总体积,阴极涂层的孔隙率可为50%至70%。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,阴极活性部的厚度可为20μm至100μm,但并不限于此。此外,阴极涂层的厚度可为0.01μm至20μm和0.1μm至5μm,但并不限于此。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,阴极涂层可设置在阴极活性部的整个表面上。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,用于锂-硫电池的阴极的形式可为板型或棒型。
当用于锂-硫电池的阴极的形式为板型时,优选的是阴极涂层位于阴极活性部的一部分表面(其暴露于电解质)上。
当用于锂-硫电池的阴极的形式为棒型时,优选的是阴极涂层位于阴极活性部的整个表面上。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,基于阴极活性部的硫-碳复合物的总重量,阴极涂层的无机氧化物含量可为0.5重量%至10重量%。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,阴极活性部可另外包括一种或更多种选自以下的添加剂:过渡金属元素、第IIIA族元素、第IVA族元素、这些元素的硫化合物、以及这些元素与硫的合金。
过渡金属元素包括Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Hg等,第IIIA族元素包括Al、Ga、In、Ti等,第IVA族元素包括Ge、Sn、Pb等。
阴极活性部可另外包含阴极活性材料,或任选地连同添加剂、用于促进电子在阴极中移动的导电性传导材料、以及用于将阴极活性材料良好地连接至电流导体的粘合剂。
导电材料没有特别的限制,但可以单独使用或以混合物形式使用石墨基材料如KS6、导电材料如碳基材料(如超导碳黑(Super-P)、乙炔黑(denka black)和碳黑)或导电聚合物如聚苯胺、聚噻吩、聚乙炔和聚吡咯。
作为粘合剂,可以使用聚(乙酸乙烯酯)、聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、烷基化聚氧化乙烯、交联聚氧化乙烯、聚乙烯醚、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚六氟丙烯和聚偏二氟乙烯的共聚物(商品名:Kynar)、聚(丙烯酸乙酯)、聚四氟乙烯聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯吡啶、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯、其衍生物、共混物和共聚物等。
基于阴极活性部的总重量,粘合剂可以0.5重量%至30重量%的量添加。当粘合剂的含量小于0.5重量%时,问题在于阴极的物理性质劣化,并且阴极中的活性材料和导电材料分离,而当含量超过30重量%时,阴极处的活性材料和导电材料的比相对减小,并且电池容量可能减小,这不是优选的。
本申请提供一种包括上述用于锂-硫电池的阴极的锂-硫电池。根据本发明的一个示例性实施方案的锂-硫电池包括:含有锂金属或锂合金作为阳极活性材料的阳极;用于锂-硫电池的阴极;位于阴极和阳极之间的隔膜;以及浸渍阳极、阴极和隔膜并包含锂盐和有机溶剂的电解质。
用于锂-硫电池的阴极可存在于阴极活性部的一部分表面或整个部分的表面上,所述一部分表面或整个部分的表面是外涂层最接近包含硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部的位置。由于用于锂-硫电池的阴极的结构,抑制了放电期间通过硫与锂离子结合而由阴极活性部的硫-碳复合物产生的锂多硫化物在到达电解质之前被溶出。因此,与具有其中阴极直接暴露于电解质的结构的锂-硫电池相比,在根据本申请的锂-硫电池中,循环特性提高,从而提高了电池的使用寿命。
位于阴极和阳极之间的隔膜能够分离或隔离阴极和阳极,并且在阴极和阳极之间传输锂离子,其可由多孔性非导电或绝缘材料构成。隔膜可为独立元件例如膜,也可为添加到阴极和/或阳极的涂层。
构成隔膜的材料的实例包括聚烯烃如聚乙烯和聚丙烯、玻璃纤维滤纸和陶瓷材料,但材料不限于此,并且其厚度可为约5μm至约50μm,特别地为约5μm至约25μm。
在本申请的一个示例性实施方案中,锂盐可包括选自以下的一种或更多种:LiSCN、LiBr、LiI、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3、LiClO4、LiSO3CH3、LiB(Ph)4、LiC(SO2CF3)3和LiN(SO2CF3)2,但并不限于此。
根据各种因素如电解质溶剂混合物的确切组成、盐的溶解度、所溶解的盐的导电性、电池的充电和放电条件、工作温度和其它锂电池领域中公知的因素,锂盐的浓度可为约0.2M至约2.0M。待用于本说明书中的锂盐的实例可包括选自以下的一种或更多种:LiSCN、LiBr、LiI、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3、LiClO4、LiSO3CH3、LiB(Ph)4、LiC(SO2CF3)3和LiN(SO2CF3)2,但不限于此。
在本说明书的示例性实施方案中,作为阳极活性材料的锂合金可为锂与选自以下的金属的合金:Na、K、Rb、Cs、Fr、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ra、Al和Sn。
在本说明书的示例性实施方案中,有机溶剂可为单一溶剂或两种或更多种溶剂的混合有机溶剂。
当使用两种或更多种溶剂的混合有机溶剂时,优选的是一种或更多种溶剂选自弱极性溶剂组、强极性溶剂组和锂金属保护溶剂组中的两个或更多个组并使用。
弱极性溶剂定义为介电常数小于15的溶剂,其可使硫元素溶解基芳基化合物、双环醚和非环状碳酸酯中,强极性溶剂定义为介电常数大于15的溶剂,其可将锂多硫化物溶解在双环碳酸酯、亚砜化合物、内酯化合物、酮化合物、酯化合物、硫酸酯化合物和亚硫酸酯化合物中,锂金属保护溶剂定义为在锂金属上形成稳定的固态电解质界面(SEI)且充电-放电循环效率为至少50%的溶剂,如包括饱和醚化合物、不饱和醚化合物、或N、O、S或其组合的杂环化合物。
弱极性溶剂的特定实例包括二甲苯、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、甲苯、甲醚、乙醚、二甘醇二甲醚、四甘醇二甲醚等,但不限于此。
强极性溶剂的特定实例包括六甲基磷酸三胺、γ-丁内酯、乙腈、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、3-甲基-2-唑烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺、环丁砜、二甲基乙酰胺、二甲亚砜、硫酸二甲酯、乙二醇二乙酸酯、亚硫酸二甲酯、乙二醇亚硫酸酯等,但不限于此。
锂保护溶剂的特定实例包括四氢呋喃、氧化乙烯、二氧戊环、3,5-二甲基异唑、呋喃、2-甲基呋喃、1,4-烷、4-甲基二氧戊环等,但不限于此。
根据一个示例性实施方案的锂-硫电池示意性地示于下图2中。根据本申请,包含无机氧化物的外涂层可设置在包含硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上以抑制无机氧化物与放电期间产生的锂多硫化物结合以及锂多硫化物泄漏到电解质中的现象,从而提高锂-硫电池的循环特性。
本申请提供一种包括锂-硫电池作为单体电池的电池模块。
该电池模块可以具体地用作电动车、混合电动车、插入式混合电动车或电力存储装置的电源。
本申请提供一种制备用于锂-硫电池的阴极的方法。根据本申请一个示例性实施方案的制备用于锂-硫电池的电极的方法包括:形成包含硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部;以及在该阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上形成包含无机氧化物的阴极涂层。
根据本申请的一个示例性实施方案,阴极活性部的形成可使用球磨法或熔融混合法。
在包含硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部的形成中,在将导电碳与硫混合之后,可制备向其中添加溶剂的阴极活性材料浆料,并且可使用阴极活性材料浆料形成阴极活性部。在此情况下,可将阴极活性材料浆料涂覆在集电体上以形成阴极活性部。
溶剂可为N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,并且没有限制,只要该溶剂可溶解无机氧化物和粘合剂即可。
根据本申请的一个示例性实施方案,浸涂、模涂、逗号刮刀涂布(comma coating)、凹版涂布或棒涂的方法可用于形成阴极涂层,但方法并不限于此。
在阴极涂层的形成中,可制备包含无机氧化物、粘合剂和溶剂的涂料浆料,并且可使用该涂料浆料将阴极涂层部分涂覆在阴极活性部的表面上,从而形成阴极涂层。
溶剂可为N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,并且没有限制,只要该溶剂可溶解无机氧化物和粘合剂即可。
根据本申请的一个示例性实施方案,基于硫-碳复合物的总重量,无机氧化物的含量可为0.5重量%至10重量%。
最佳模式
在下文中,将参照本申请的实施例描述本申请,但以下实施例仅为举例说明本申请而提供,并且本申请的范围不仅限于实施例。
<实施例>
<实施例1>
通过使具有导电性的导电碳与硫以30:70的重量比混合并且使混合物经历球磨法来制备碳与硫的复合物。相对于阴极活性材料浆料的总重量,制备阴极活性材料浆料以使其具有这样的组成:70.0g包含复合物的阴极活性材料、作为导电材料的20.0g超导碳黑、作为粘合剂的10.0g聚偏二氟乙烯、和作为溶剂的500g N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,然后将浆料涂覆在铝集电体上以制备阴极活性部。
相对于涂料浆料的总重量,制备涂料浆料以使其具有这样的组成:作为无机氧化物的80.0g尺寸为50nm的Al2O3、作为粘合剂的10.0g聚偏二氟乙烯、和作为溶剂的500g N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,然后将该涂料浆料涂覆在阴极活性部的表面上以形成阴极涂层,从而制备阴极。
在此情况下,基于阴极的总重量,阴极中Al2O3的含量为1重量%,并且阴极涂层的厚度为0.5μm。
使用厚度为约150μm的锂箔作为伴随阴极的阳极,将其中溶解有浓度为1M的LiN(CF3SO2)2的二甲氧基乙烷与二氧戊环以5:4的体积比混合作为电解质以制备电解质,使用厚度为16μm的聚烯烃作为隔膜,从而制备锂-硫电池。
<实施例2>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制备锂-硫电池,不同之处在于将在实施例1中阴极中的Al2O3含量调整至基于阴极总重量的5重量%,并且将阴极涂层的厚度调整至2.5μm。
<实施例3>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制备锂-硫电池,不同之处在于将在实施例1中阴极中的Al2O3含量调整至基于阴极总重量的10重量%,并且将阴极涂层的厚度调整至5μm。
<比较例1>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制备锂-硫电池,不同之处在于省略了实例1中包含Al2O3作为无机氧化物的阴极涂层部分的涂覆。
<实验例1>
对于实施例1至3和比较例1中所制备的锂-硫电池,使用充电和放电测量设备测试充电和放电特性的改变。对于所获得的电池,电容维持率(%)通过分别以0.1C/0.1C的充电/放电和0.5C/0.5C的充电/放电重复100次充电和放电循环在达到100次循环时与初始容量相比而测量,结果示于下表1中。
[表1]
如结果中所示,根据本申请,包含无机氧化物的外涂层可设置在包含硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上以抑制无机氧化物与放电期间产生的锂多硫化物结合以及锂多硫化物泄漏到电解质中的现象,从而提高锂-硫电池的循环特性。
Claims (25)
1.一种用于锂-硫电池的阴极,包含:
阴极活性部,所述阴极活性部包含硫-碳复合物;以及
阴极涂层,所述阴极涂层设置在所述阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上并包含无机氧化物,
其中基于所述阴极活性部的所述硫-碳复合物的总重量,所述阴极涂层的所述无机氧化物的含量为0.5重量%至10重量%,其中所述阴极涂层包含平均直径为0.5μm至10μm的孔,并且其中基于所述用于锂-硫电池的阴极的总体积,所述阴极涂层的孔隙率为20%至70%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述无机氧化物为亲水性无机氧化物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述亲水性无机氧化物包含选自以下的一种或更多种:SrTiO3;SnO2;CeO2;MgO;NiO;CaO;ZnO;ZrO2;Y2O3;Al2O3;TiO2;SiC;BaTiO3;HfO2;Pb(Zr,Ti)O3;Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3,其中0≤x≤1,并且0≤y≤1;和PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述无机氧化物为具有锂离子传输能力的无机氧化物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述具有锂离子传输能力的无机氧化物包含选自以下的一种或更多种:磷酸锂;磷酸钛锂;磷酸钛铝锂;(LiAlTiP)xOy基玻璃,其中0<x<4,并且0<y<13;钛酸镧锂;硫代磷酸锗锂;氮化锂;SiS2基玻璃和P2S5基玻璃。
6.根据权利要求5所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述磷酸钛锂为LixTiy(PO4)3,其中0<x<2,并且0<y<1。
7.根据权利要求5所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述磷酸钛铝锂为LixAlyTiz(PO4)3,其中0<x<2,0<y<1,并且0<z<3。
8.根据权利要求5所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述钛酸镧锂为LixLayTiO3,其中0<x<2,并且0<y<3。
9.根据权利要求5所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述硫代磷酸锗锂为LixGeyPzSw,其中0<x<4,0<y<1,0<z<1,并且0<w<5。
10.根据权利要求5所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述氮化锂为LixNy,其中0<x<4,并且0<y<2。
11.根据权利要求5所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述SiS2基玻璃为LixSiySz基玻璃,其中0<x<3,0<y<2,并且0<z<4。
12.根据权利要求5所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述P2S5基玻璃为LixPySz基玻璃,其中0<x<3,0<y<3,并且0<z<7。
13.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述阴极活性部的厚度为20μm至100μm。
14.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述阴极涂层的厚度为0.01μm至20μm。
15.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述阴极涂层设置在所述阴极活性部的整个表面上。
16.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述硫-碳复合物通过将硫颗粒施加在多孔性碳上而形成。
17.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述硫-碳复合物通过使硫颗粒溶解并使所述硫颗粒与碳混合而形成。
18.根据权利要求1所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极,其中所述阴极活性部还包含一种或更多种选自以下的添加剂:过渡金属元素、第IIIA族元素、第IVA族元素、这些元素的硫化合物、以及这些元素与硫的合金。
19.一种锂-硫电池,包含:
阳极,所述阳极包含锂金属或锂合金作为阳极活性材料;
根据权利要求1至18中任一项所述的用于锂-硫电池的阴极;
隔膜,所述隔膜位于所述阴极和所述阳极之间;以及
电解质,所述电解质浸渍所述阳极、所述阴极和所述隔膜并包含锂盐和有机溶剂。
20.根据权利要求19所述的锂-硫电池,其中所述锂盐包含选自以下的一种或更多种:LiSCN、LiBr、LiI、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3、LiClO4、LiSO3CH3、LiB(Ph)4、LiC(SO2CF3)3和LiN(SO2CF3)2。
21.根据权利要求19所述的锂-硫电池,其中锂合金为锂与选自以下的金属的合金:Na、K、Rb、Cs、Fr、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ra、Al和Sn。
22.根据权利要求19所述的锂-硫电池,其中所述有机溶剂为单一溶剂,或者两种或更多种溶剂的混合有机溶剂。
23.一种电池模块,包含根据权利要求19所述的锂-硫电池作为单体电池。
24.一种制备锂-硫电池的方法,所述方法包括:
形成包含硫-碳复合物的阴极活性部;以及
在所述阴极活性部的至少一部分表面上形成包含无机氧化物的阴极涂层,
其中基于所述阴极活性部的所述硫-碳复合物的总重量,所述阴极涂层的所述无机氧化物的含量为0.5重量%至10重量%,其中所述阴极涂层包含平均直径为0.5μm至10μm的孔,并且其中基于用于锂-硫电池的阴极的总体积,所述阴极涂层的孔隙率为20%至70%。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中使用浸涂、模涂、逗号刮刀涂布、凹版涂布或棒涂的方法形成所述涂层。
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