CN105392580B - Cu芯球 - Google Patents

Cu芯球 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105392580B
CN105392580B CN201380077610.5A CN201380077610A CN105392580B CN 105392580 B CN105392580 B CN 105392580B CN 201380077610 A CN201380077610 A CN 201380077610A CN 105392580 B CN105392580 B CN 105392580B
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Prior art keywords
balls
cores
covered
plating film
soft solder
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CN201380077610.5A
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CN105392580A (zh
Inventor
川崎浩由
桥本知彦
池田笃史
六本木贵弘
相马大辅
佐藤勇
川又勇司
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Senju Metal Industry Co Ltd
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Senju Metal Industry Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/10Bump connectors ; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/12Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process
    • H01L24/13Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual bump connector
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/17Metallic particles coated with metal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/26Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/26Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
    • B23K35/262Sn as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
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    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302Cu as the principal constituent
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    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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    • C23C28/02Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
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Abstract

提供能够抑制软错误、降低连接不良的Cu芯球。在Cu球的表面形成的软钎料镀覆膜由Sn软钎料镀覆膜或以Sn作为主要成分的无铅软钎料合金形成,U的含量为5ppb以下,Th的含量为5ppb以下,该Cu球的纯度为99.9%以上且99.995%以下,Pb和/或Bi的含量的总量为1ppm以上,球形度为0.95以上,所得Cu芯球的α射线量为0.0200cph/cm2以下。

Description

Cu芯球
技术领域
本发明涉及α射线量少的Cu芯球。
背景技术
近年来,由于小型信息设备的发展,所搭载的电子部件正在进行急速的小型化。对电子部件而言,为了应对小型化的要求所带来的连接端子的狭小化、安装面积的缩小化,采用了将电极设置于背面的球栅阵列封装(以下称为“BGA”)。
应用BGA的电子部件例如有半导体封装体。半导体封装体中,具有电极的半导体芯片被树脂所密封。在半导体芯片的电极上形成有焊料凸块。该焊料凸块通过将焊料球接合于半导体芯片的电极而形成。应用BGA的半导体封装体通过利用加热而熔融的焊料凸块与印刷基板的导电性焊盘接合从而搭载于印刷基板。另外,为了应对进一步的高密度安装的要求,研究了半导体封装体在高度方向上堆叠的三维高密度安装。
然而,在进行了三维高密度安装的半导体封装体中应用BGA时,由于半导体封装体的自重,焊料球有时会被压碎。也可以认为,如果发生这样的情况,则软钎料从电极露出,使电极间连接,从而发生短路。
因此,研究了由与电子部件的电极接合的Cu芯球形成的焊料凸块。Cu芯球是指,在Cu球的表面形成有软钎料覆膜的球。使用Cu芯球而形成的焊料凸块在将电子部件安装于印刷基板时,即使半导体封装体的重量施加于焊料凸块,也可以利用在软钎料的熔点下不熔融的Cu球支撑半导体封装体。因此,不会由于半导体封装体的自重而压碎焊料凸块。作为相关技术,例如可以举出专利文献1。
专利文献1中公开球形度高的Cu球的发明,还记载了在Cu球上形成有软钎料覆膜的Cu芯球。该文献中示例了构成元素包含Pb和Sn的Pb-Sn软钎料。另外,该文献中,作为覆膜的形成方法,镀覆法、熔接法、硬钎焊法等作为等价的方法被公开。其中,作为镀覆法,公开了转筒滚镀等电镀法。
然而,电子部件的小型化虽然使高密度安装成为可能,但高密度安装会引起软错误(soft error)之类的问题。软错误是指:存在α射线进入半导体集成电路(以下,称为“IC”)的存储单元中而改写存储内容的可能性。认为α射线是通过软钎料合金中的U、Th、210Po等放射性元素进行α衰变而放射的。因此,近年来,正在进行降低了放射性元素的含量的低α射线的软钎料材料的开发。作为相关文献,例如可以列举出专利文献2。
专利文献2中公开了α射线量低的Sn锭的发明,记载了,为了降低α射线量,不仅单纯地进行电解精炼,而且通过将吸附剂悬浮于电解液来吸附Pb、Bi从而降低α射线量。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:国际公开第95/24113号
专利文献2:日本特许第4472752号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
本发明的问题在于,提供抑制软错误的发生的Cu芯球,具体而言,提供α射线量少的Cu芯球。
然而,专利文献1中完全没有考虑降低Cu芯球的α射线量的问题。另外,该文献中,对于构成软钎料覆膜的软钎料合金,仅仅作为背景技术的说明而唯一公开了Pb-Sn合金。关于α射线,在Sn中作为杂质而含有的Pb的同位素210Pb在以210Pb→210Bi→210Po→206Pb进行衰变的过程中,自210Po放射α射线。该文献中唯一公开的Pb-Sn软钎料合金由于大量含有Pb而被认为还含有放射性元素210Pb。因此,即使将该软钎料合金用于Cu芯球的软钎料覆膜,专利文献1中也完全没有考虑降低α射线量的问题,因此,无论如何也不会想到该文献中公开的Cu芯球显示出低的α射线量。
专利文献2中记载了,如前述那样,通过在电解液、电极静止的状态下进行的电解精炼,去除Sn锭中的Pb、Bi而降低α射线量。然而,该文献中,关于对Cu球进行Sn镀覆、在Cu球和电解液流动的状态下进行电镀,没有任何公开。另外,该文献所述的电解精炼中,电解析出面限定于单向,因此,无法对Cu球这样的微小工件形成膜厚均匀的镀覆膜。
进而,根据专利文献2,Pb、Bi的标准电极电位与Sn接近,因此,若仅仅通过一般的电解精炼而使Sn向平板电极上进行电解析出,则难以降低α射线量。假设将专利文献2中记载的电解精炼应用于Cu球的镀覆膜的形成,使吸附剂悬浮于镀液并进行转筒滚镀时,镀液、工件被搅拌,同时吸附剂也被搅拌。上述情况下,存在吸附于吸附剂的Pb离子、Bi离子成为载体,与吸附剂一起被引入到软钎料覆膜内的可能性。引入了吸附剂的软钎料覆膜放射较高的α射线。另外,吸附剂的粒径为亚微米水平,非常小,因此认为边使镀液流动边将悬浮后的吸附剂分离/回收是困难的。因此,难以使吸附有Pb、Bi的吸附剂不被引入到覆膜中。
此外,专利文献1中虽然公开了Pb-Sn软钎料合金,但是公开了镀覆法、熔接法、硬钎焊法等作为等价的方法,因此反而记载了否定降低α射线量的内容。专利文献1的课题在于制造球形度高的Cu芯球。另一方面,专利文献2中公开了为了解决降低α射线量的课题而在电解精炼中尽量去除Sn中的Pb。因此,知晓专利文献1的本领域技术人员不会想到专利文献2中公开的降低Cu芯球的α射线量这样的课题,而且软钎料的组成也截然相反,因此可以认为,如果想要想到降低α射线量的课题,进而想到从无数存在的软钎料合金中采用Sn系软钎料来代替构成软钎料覆膜的Pb-Sn软钎料合金,则需要无限次的反复试验。
如此,对于本领域技术人员而言也无法将专利文献1和专利文献2组合。进一步说,即使对于本领域技术人员而言,使用专利文献2中公开的α射线量低的Sn锭制作镀液,利用专利文献1中公开的镀覆法形成Cu芯球也是极其困难的。
可见,采用专利文献1、专利文献2中记载的现有技术制造的Cu芯球被用于接头的形成时,Cu芯球的软钎料覆膜中存在的放射性元素向接头的电极扩散并释放α射线的可能性高。因此,即使将现有技术组合,也无法降低Cu芯球的α射线量,从而无法避免因高密度安装而成为新问题的软错误。
用于解决问题的方案
本发明人等首先对Cu芯球中使用的Cu球进行选择。其结果发现,如果Cu球中不含有一定量的Pb和/或Bi,则Cu球的球形度降低,进行软钎料镀覆时,对Cu球的软钎料镀覆变得不均匀,结果所得Cu芯球的球形度降低。
接着,为了降低构成Cu芯球的软钎料覆膜的α射线量,着眼于使用镀覆法形成软钎料镀覆膜的方面进行了深入研究。本发明人等为了减少镀液中的Pb、Bi、由这些元素的衰变而生成的Po而边使Cu球、镀液流动边在Cu球上形成镀覆膜时,预料之外地发现,即使不使吸附剂悬浮,这些Pb、Bi、Po元素也形成了盐。由此得到以下见解:由于该盐为电中性,所以这些元素不会被引入到镀覆膜中,构成Cu芯球的镀覆膜的α射线量降低。
此处,本发明如下所述。
(1)一种Cu芯球,其特征在于,具备Cu球和覆盖该Cu球的表面的软钎料镀覆膜,
前述软钎料镀覆膜为Sn软钎料镀覆膜或由以Sn作为主要成分的无铅软钎料合金形成的软钎料镀覆膜,U的含量为5ppb以下,Th的含量为5ppb以下,
该Cu球的纯度为99.9%以上且99.995%以下,Pb和/或Bi的含量的总量为1ppm以上,球形度为0.95以上,并且,
Cu芯球的α射线量为0.0200cph/cm2以下。
此处,“以Sn作为主要成分”是指,软钎料镀覆膜中的Sn的含量相对于覆膜质量为40质量%以上。因此,构成本发明的软钎料镀覆膜包括Sn软钎料镀覆膜。
(2)根据上述(1)所述的Cu芯球,其中,前述Cu芯球的α射线量为0.0020cph/cm2以下。
(3)根据上述(1)所述的Cu芯球,其中,前述Cu芯球的α射线量为0.0010cph/cm2以下。
(4)根据上述(1)~上述(3)中任一项所述的Cu芯球,其中,前述Cu球中的Pb和Bi的含量总计为1ppm以上。
(5)根据上述(1)~上述(4)中任一项所述的Cu芯球,其直径为1~1000μm。
(6)根据上述(1)~上述(5)中任一项所述的Cu芯球,其中,前述Cu球在利用前述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
(7)根据上述(1)~上述(6)中的任一项所述的Cu芯球,其中,前述Cu芯球的球形度为0.95以上。
(8)一种钎焊接头,其是使用上述(1)~上述(7)中任一项所述的Cu芯球而形成的。
附图说明
图1为使用纯度为99.9%的Cu颗粒制造的Cu球的SEM照片。
图2为使用纯度为99.995%以下的Cu线制造的Cu球的SEM照片。
图3为使用纯度超过99.995%的Cu板制造的Cu球的SEM照片。
具体实施方式
以下更详细地说明本发明。在本说明书中,与Cu芯球的软钎料覆膜的组成相关的单位(ppm、ppb和%)只要没有特别指定就表示相对于软钎料覆膜的质量的比例(质量ppm、质量ppb和质量%)。另外,与Cu球的组成相关的单位(ppm、ppb、和%)只要没有特别指定就表示相对于Cu球的质量的比例(质量ppm、质量ppb和质量%)。
本发明的Cu芯球具备Cu球和覆盖该Cu球的表面的软钎料镀覆膜。本发明的软钎料镀覆膜主要使作为工件的Cu球、镀液流动而形成。通过镀液的流动,在镀液中Pb、Bi、Po元素形成盐并沉淀。一旦形成作为盐的析出物,则稳定地存在于镀液中。因此,对于本发明的Cu芯球而言,析出物不会被引入到软钎料覆膜中,由此可以降低软钎料覆膜中所含的放射性元素的含量,可以降低Cu芯球自身的α射线量。
以下,对作为Cu芯球的构成要素的软钎料镀覆膜和Cu球进行详述。
1.软钎料镀覆膜
·软钎料镀覆膜的组成
软钎料镀覆膜的组成为合金的情况下,只要为以Sn作为主要成分的无铅软钎料合金的合金组成,就没有特别限定。另外,作为软钎料镀覆膜,可以为Sn镀覆膜。例如可以举出:Sn、Sn-Ag合金、Sn-Cu合金、Sn-Ag-Cu合金、Sn-In合金以及在它们中添加了规定的合金元素而成的合金。它们的Sn的含量均为40质量%以上。作为添加的合金元素,例如有Ag、Cu、In、Ni、Co、Sb、Ge、P、Fe等。其中,软钎料镀覆膜的合金组成从落下冲击特性的观点出发,优选为Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu合金。
软钎料镀覆膜的厚度没有特别限制,优选可以为100μm(单侧)以下,是充分的。一般来说可以为20~50μm。
·U:5ppb以下、Th:5ppb以下
U和Th为放射性元素,为了抑制软错误,必须抑制它们的含量。为了使软钎料镀覆膜的α射线量为0.0200cph/cm2以下,U和Th的含量必须分别为5ppb以下。另外,从抑制目前或将来的高密度安装中的软错误的观点出发,U和Th的含量优选分别为2ppb以下。
·α射线量:0.0200cph/cm2以下
本发明的Cu芯球的α射线量为0.0200cph/cm2以下。该数值为在电子部件的高密度安装中软错误不会成为问题的程度的α射线量。本发明的Cu芯球的α射线量通过构成Cu芯球的软钎料镀覆膜的α射线量为0.0200cph/cm2以下来达成。本发明的软钎料镀覆膜最高在100℃下形成,因此,很难认为通过U、Th、210Po、Bi和Pb等放射性元素的气化而使放射性元素的含量降低。然而,边使镀液、Cu球流动边进行镀覆时,U、Th、Pb、Bi和210Po在镀液中形成盐并沉淀。沉淀出的盐为电中性,即使镀液流动也不会混入到软钎料镀覆膜中。软钎料镀覆膜中的它们的含量明显降低。因此,本发明的Cu芯球由于用这样的软钎料镀覆膜进行了覆盖,因此显示出低的α射线量。α射线量从进一步抑制高密度安装中的软错误的观点出发,优选为0.0020cph/cm2以下、更优选为0.0010cph/cm2以下。
构成本发明的软钎料镀覆膜的纯度越高、即杂质的含量越少,放射性元素的含量越降低,α射线量越降低,因此,杂质量的下限值没有特别限定。另一方面,上限值从降低α射线量的观点出发,优选为150ppm以下、更优选为100ppm以下、进一步优选为50ppm以下、特别优选为10ppm以下。
需要说明的是,软钎料镀覆膜为Sn软钎料时,软钎料镀覆膜的纯度为软钎料镀覆膜中的除Sn以外的杂质的总含量。另外,软钎料镀覆膜为Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu的软钎料合金时,软钎料镀覆膜的纯度为软钎料镀覆膜中的除Sn、Ag和Cu以外的杂质的含量的总和。
作为软钎料镀覆膜中所含的杂质,Sn软钎料镀覆膜的情况下,可以举出:Ag、Ni、Pb、Au、U、Th等。由Sn-Ag-Cu合金形成的软钎料镀覆膜的情况下,可以举出:Sb、Fe、As、In、Ni、Pb、Au、U、Th等。杂质中,特别优选Bi的含量少。一般来说,Bi的原料中包含微量的放射性同位素210Bi。因此认为,通过降低Bi的含量,可以显著降低软钎料镀覆膜的α射线量。Bi的含量优选为15ppm以下、更优选为10ppm以下、特别优选为0ppm。
2.Cu球
接着,对构成本发明的Cu球进行详述。
对于构成本发明的Cu球,在Cu芯球用于焊料凸块时,在软钎焊的温度下不会熔融,因此,可以抑制钎焊接头的高度偏差。因此,优选的是,Cu球的球形度高、直径的偏差少。另外,如前述那样,优选Cu球的α射线量也与软钎料覆膜同样地低。以下,记载Cu球的优选方案。
·Cu球的纯度:99.9%以上且99.995%以下
构成本发明的Cu球的纯度优选为99.9%以上且99.995%以下。Cu球的纯度为该范围时,可以在熔融Cu中确保用于提高Cu球的球形度的充分的量的晶核。提高球形度的理由如以下那样详述。
制造Cu球时,形成为规定形状的小片的Cu材料通过加热而熔融,熔融Cu因表面张力而成为球形,其发生凝固形成Cu球。熔融Cu自液体状态发生凝固的过程中,晶粒在球形的熔融Cu中生长。此时,如果杂质元素多,则该杂质元素成为晶核,抑制晶粒的生长。因此,球形的熔融Cu利用生长受到抑制的微细晶粒而形成球形度高的Cu球。另一方面,如果杂质元素少,则相对地成为晶核的杂质元素少,颗粒生长不受抑制地具有一定方向性地生长。其结果,球形的熔融Cu的表面的一部分突出地发生凝固。这样的Cu球的球形度低。作为杂质元素,可以考虑Sn、Sb、Bi、Zn、As、Ag、Cd、Ni、Pb、Au、P、S、U、Th等。
纯度的下限值没有特别限定,从抑制α射线量、抑制由纯度的降低导致的Cu球的电导率、热导率的劣化的观点出发,优选为99.9%以上。
此处,对于软钎料镀覆膜,纯度高时,可以降低α射线量,而对于Cu球,即使不将纯度提高至必要以上,也可以使α射线量降低。Cu的熔点高于Sn,Cu在制造时的加热温度更高。本发明中,制造Cu球时,如后述那样,对Cu材料进行以往不会进行的加热处理,因此,210Pb、210Bi等放射性元素挥发。另一方面,使用以Sn作为主要成分的软钎料形成软钎料镀覆膜时,软钎料合金仅被加热至100℃左右的温度。软钎料镀覆处理中,前述放射性元素基本不挥发而残留在镀液中,因此必须降低Pb、Bi等的杂质浓度,提高软钎料镀覆膜的纯度。
·α射线量:0.0200cph/cm2以下
构成本发明的Cu球的α射线量优选为0.0200cph/cm2以下。该数值为在电子部件的高密度安装中软错误不会成为问题的程度的α射线量。本发明中,在为了制造Cu球而通常进行的工序的基础上再次实施加热处理。因此,少量残留在Cu的原材料中的210Po挥发,与Cu的原材料相比,Cu球显示出更低的α射线量。α射线量从进一步抑制高密度安装中的软错误的观点出发,优选为0.0020cph/cm2以下、更优选为0.0010cph/cm2以下。
·Pb和Bi的含量总计为1ppm以上
构成本发明的Cu球含有Sn、Sb、Bi、Zn、As、Ag、Cd、Ni、Pb、Au、P、S、U、Th等作为杂质元素,特别优选以Pb和/或Bi的含量总计为1ppm以上的方式含有。本发明中,即使在形成钎焊接头时Cu球露出的情况下,在降低α射线量的基础上,也无需将Cu球的Pb和/或Bi的含量降低至极限。其基于以下理由。
210Pb和210Bi因β衰变而变为210Po。为了降低α射线量,优选的是,作为杂质元素的Pb和Bi的含量也尽量低。
然而,Pb和Bi中所含的210Pb、210Bi的含有比低。认为,如果将Pb、Bi的含量降低某种程度,则210Pb、210Bi基本被去除。构成本发明的Cu球通过将Cu的溶解温度设定为比以往稍高、或对Cu材料和/或造粒后的Cu球实施加热处理来制造。即使在该温度低于Pb、Bi的沸点的情况下也发生气化,因此杂质元素量降低。另外,为了提高Cu球的球形度,杂质元素的含量高较好。因此,构成本发明的Cu球的Pb和/或Bi的含量合计为1ppm以上。包含Pb和Bi两者时,Pb和Bi的总含量为1ppm以上。
如此,Pb和/或Bi在制造Cu球后也残留一定程度的量,因此,含量的测定误差少。进而,如前述那样,Bi和Pb在Cu球的制造工序中的熔融时成为晶核,因此,通过添加一定量的Bi、Pb,可以制造球形度高的Cu球。因此,Pb、Bi是用于推断杂质元素的含量的重要的元素。从这样的观点出发,优选Pb和/或Bi的含量合计为1ppm以上。更优选Pb和/或Bi的含量合计为10ppm以上。上限值没有特别限定,从抑制Cu球的电导率的劣化的观点出发,更优选Pb和/或Bi的含量合计小于1000ppm,进一步优选为100ppm以下。Pb的含量更优选为10ppm~50ppm,Bi的含量更优选为10ppm~50ppm。
·Cu球的球形度:0.95以上
构成本发明的Cu球从控制焊点高度(stand-off height)的观点出发,球形度为0.95以上。如果Cu球的球形度小于0.95,则Cu球成为不规则形状,因此凸块形成时会形成高度不均匀的凸块,发生接合不良的可能性变高。进一步对Cu球进行的软钎料镀覆变得不均匀,将Cu芯球搭载于电极并进行回流焊时,Cu芯球发生位置偏差,自对准性(self-alignment property)也会恶化。球形度更优选为0.990以上。本发明中,球形度表示与完美球形的差距。球形度例如可以通过最小二乘中心法(LSC法)、最小区域中心法(MZC法)、最大内切中心法(MIC法)、最小外切中心法(MCC法)等各种方法来求出。
·Cu球的直径:1~1000μm
构成本发明的Cu球的直径优选为1~1000μm。处于该范围时,可以稳定地制造球状的Cu球,而且可以抑制端子间为窄间距的情况下的连接短路。
此处,例如,本发明的Cu芯球的直径为1~300μm左右时,“Cu芯球”的集合体也可以称为“Cu芯球粉末”。此处,“Cu芯球粉末”为具备上述特性的各个Cu芯球的、大量Cu芯球的集合体。例如,以焊膏中的粉末的形式配混等与单一的Cu芯球在使用形态上加以区别。同样地,用于焊料凸块的形成时,通常以集合体的形式来处理,因此以这样的形态使用的“Cu芯球粉末”可以与单一的Cu芯球加以区别。
本发明的Cu芯球可以在形成软钎料镀覆膜前预先用其他金属的镀层覆盖Cu球的表面。特别是,在Cu球表面预先覆盖有Ni镀层、Co镀层等时,可以降低Cu向软钎料镀覆膜中的溶出,因此,可以抑制Cu球的Cu侵蚀。另外,镀层中使用的金属不限定于单一金属,也可以使用从Ni、Co等中组合两种元素以上而成的合金。
另外,本发明的Cu芯球的球形度优选为0.95以上。Cu芯球的球形度低的情况下,将Cu芯球搭载于电极进行回流焊时,Cu芯球会发生位置偏差,自对准性也恶化。球形度更优选为0.990以上。
进而,本发明的Cu芯球也可以用于形成将电子部件的端子彼此接合的钎焊接头。
说明本发明的Cu芯球的制造方法的一例。
将作为材料的Cu材料放置于陶瓷这样的耐热性的板(以下称为“耐热板”),与耐热板一起在炉中被加热。在耐热板上设有底部成为半球状的多个圆形的槽。槽的直径、深度根据Cu球的粒径适当设定,例如直径为0.8mm,深度为0.88mm。另外,将切断Cu细线而得到的碎片形状的Cu材料(以下称为“碎片材料”)逐个投入到耐热板的槽内。对于在槽内投入了碎片材料的耐热板,在填充有氨分解气体的炉内升温至1100~1300℃,进行30~60分钟的加热处理。此时炉内温度成为Cu的熔点以上时,碎片材料熔融而成为球状。之后,使炉内冷却,Cu球在耐热板的槽内成形。冷却后,成形的Cu球在低于Cu的熔点的温度即800~1000℃下再次进行加热处理。
另外,作为其他方法,有以下的方法:将熔融Cu的液滴自设置于坩埚的底部的孔口滴下,将该液滴冷却,对Cu球进行造粒的雾化法;利用热等离子体,将Cu切割金属加热至1000℃以上进行造粒的方法。可以对如此造粒而成的Cu球分别在800~1000℃的温度下实施30~60分钟的再加热处理。
本发明的Cu芯球的制造方法中,也可以在对Cu球造粒前将作为Cu球的原料的Cu材料在800~1000℃下进行加热处理。
作为Cu球的原料的Cu材料,可以使用颗粒、线、柱等。Cu材料的纯度从不过度降低Cu球的纯度的观点出发,可以为99.9~99.99%。
进而,使用高纯度的Cu材料时,可以将熔融Cu的保持温度与目前同样地降低至1000℃左右,而不进行前述加热处理。如此,前述加热处理可以根据Cu材料的纯度、α射线量而适当省略、变更。另外,制造出α射线量高的Cu球、异形的Cu球时,这些Cu球也可以作为原料而再利用,能够进一步降低α射线量。
另外,作为使如上述那样制作的Cu球、镀液流动来在Cu球上形成镀覆膜的方法,有以下的方法等:公知的转筒滚镀等电镀法;连接于镀覆槽的泵在镀覆槽中使镀液产生高速紊流,利用镀液的紊流而在Cu球上形成镀覆膜的方法;在镀覆槽上设置振动板,以规定的频率使其振动,从而对镀液进行高速紊流搅拌,利用镀液的紊流而在Cu球上形成镀覆膜的方法。
将在直径100μm的Cu球上形成膜厚(单侧)20μm的Sn-Ag-Cu软钎料镀覆膜而形成直径约140μm的Cu芯球作为一例进行说明。
本发明的一个实施方式的含Sn-Ag-Cu镀液在以水作为主体的介质中含有磺酸类和作为金属成分的Sn、Ag和Cu作为必须成分。
金属成分在镀液中以Sn离子(Sn2+和/或Sn4+)、Ag离子(Ag+)和Cu离子(Cu+/Cu2+)的形式存在。镀液通过将主要由水和磺酸类构成的镀覆母液与金属化合物混合而得到,为了金属离子的稳定性,优选含有有机络合剂。
作为镀液中的金属化合物,例如可以列举出以下的物质。
作为Sn化合物的具体例,可以列举出:甲磺酸、乙磺酸、2-丙磺酸、对苯酚磺酸等有机磺酸的锡盐、硫酸锡、氧化锡、硝酸锡、氯化锡、溴化锡、碘化锡、磷酸锡、焦磷酸锡、乙酸锡、甲酸锡、柠檬酸锡、葡萄糖酸锡、酒石酸锡、乳酸锡、琥珀酸锡、氨基磺酸锡、硼氟化锡、硅氟化锡等亚Sn化合物。这些Sn化合物可以单独使用一种或混合两种以上使用。
作为Cu化合物,可以列举出:上述有机磺酸的铜盐、硫酸铜、氧化铜、硝酸铜、氯化铜、溴化铜、碘化铜、磷酸铜、焦磷酸铜、乙酸铜、甲酸铜、柠檬酸铜、葡萄糖酸铜、酒石酸铜、乳酸铜、琥珀酸铜、氨基磺酸铜、硼氟化铜、硅氟化铜等。这些Cu化合物可以单独使用一种或混合两种以上使用。
作为Ag化合物,可以列举出:上述有机磺酸的银盐、硫酸银、氧化银、氯化银、硝酸银、溴化银、碘化银、磷酸银、焦磷酸银、乙酸银、甲酸银、柠檬酸银、葡萄糖酸银、酒石酸银、乳酸银、琥珀酸银、氨基磺酸银、硼氟化银、硅氟化银等。这些Ag化合物可以单独使用一种或混合两种以上使用。
另外,在直径100μm的Cu球上形成膜厚(单侧)20μm的Sn-Ag-Cu软钎料镀覆膜时,需要约0.0108库伦的电量。
对于镀液中的各金属的配混量,以Sn2+计为0.21~2mol/L、优选为0.25~1mol/L,以Ag+计为0.01~0.1mol/L、优选为0.02~0.05mol/L,以Cu2+计为0.002~0.02mol/L、优选为0.003~0.01mol/L。此处,参与镀覆的是Sn2+,所以本发明中调整Sn2+的量即可。
另外,Ag离子浓度相对于Cu离子浓度(Ag/Cu摩尔比)优选为4.5~5.58的范围,如果为该范围,则可以形成Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu合金那样的熔点低的Sn-Ag-Cu镀覆膜。
需要说明的是,根据法拉第电解定律,利用下述式(1)估计期望的软钎料镀覆的析出量,算出电量,以成为算出的电量的方式使电流对镀液进行通电,边使Cu球和镀液流动边进行镀覆处理。镀覆槽的容量可以根据Cu球和镀液的总投入量确定。
w(g)=(I×t×M)/(Z×F)···式(1)
式(1)中,w为电解析出量(g),I为电流(A),t为通电时间(秒),M为析出的元素的原子量(Sn的情况下为118.71),Z为化合价(Sn的情况下为2价),F为法拉第常数(96500库仑),电量Q(A·秒)用(I×t)表示。
本发明中,边使Cu球和镀液流动边进行镀覆,但对流动的方法没有特别限定。例如,可以如筒式电镀法那样利用转筒的旋转而使Cu球和镀液流动。
在镀覆处理后,在大气中、N2气氛中进行干燥,从而可以得到本发明的Cu芯球。
另外,本发明也可以用于以Cu为核的圆柱、柱、颗粒的形态。
实施例
以下,说明本发明的实施例,但本发明不限定于此。本实施例中,制作球形度高的Cu球,在该Cu球的表面形成软钎料镀覆膜,并测定α射线量。
·Cu球的制作
调查球形度高的Cu球的制作条件。准备纯度为99.9%的Cu颗粒、纯度为99.995%以下的Cu线、以及纯度超过99.995%的Cu板。将其分别投入坩埚中,然后将坩埚的温度升温至1200℃,进行45分钟的加热处理,将熔融Cu的液滴自设置于坩埚底部的孔口滴下,将液滴冷却,从而对Cu球进行造粒。由此,制作平均粒径为250μm的Cu球。将制作好的Cu球的元素分析结果和球形度示于表1。以下,对球形度的测定方法进行详述。
·球形度
球形度利用CNC图像测定系统测定。装置为Mitutoyo Corporation制造的ULTRAQUICK VISION、ULTRA QV350-PRO。
另外,将制作好的各Cu球的SEM照片示于图1~3。图1为使用纯度为99.9%的Cu颗粒制造的Cu球的SEM照片。图2为使用纯度为99.995%以下的Cu线制造的Cu球的SEM照片。图3为使用纯度超过99.995%的Cu板制造的Cu球的SEM照片。SEM照片的倍率为100倍。
α射线量的测定方法如以下所述。
·α射线量
α射线量的测定使用气流正比计数器的α射线测定装置。测定样品是将Cu球铺满于300mm×300mm的平面浅底容器。将该测定样品放入α射线测定装置内,在PR-10气流下放置24小时,然后测定α射线量。
需要说明的是,测定中使用的PR-10气体(氩气90%-甲烷10%)是将PR-10气体填充于储气瓶中后经过了3周以上的气体。使用经过了3周以上的储气瓶是为了遵守JEDEC(Joint Electron Device Engineering Council;电子器件工程联合委员会)中规定的α射线测定方法的指南,使得不会因进入到气体储气瓶的大气中的氡而产生α射线。
将制作好的Cu球的元素分析结果、α射线量示于表1。
[表1]
如表1、图1和图2所示那样,使用纯度为99.9%的Cu颗粒得到的Cu球和使用纯度为99.995%以下的Cu线得到的Cu球均显示出球形度为0.990以上。另一方面,如表1和图3所示那样,使用纯度超过99.995%的Cu板得到的Cu球的球形度低于0.95。因此,以下所示的实施例和比较例中,均使用利用99.9%的Cu颗粒制造的Cu球来制作Cu芯球。
实施例1
对于利用纯度99.9%的Cu颗粒制造的Cu球,在以下的条件下,形成Sn软钎料镀覆膜,从而制作Cu芯球。
对于Cu芯球,以在直径250μm的Cu球上覆盖膜厚(单侧)为50μm的软钎料镀覆的方式,将电量设为约0.17库仑,使用以下的镀液进行镀覆处理。通过SEM照片观察用软钎料镀覆膜覆盖的Cu芯球的截面,结果膜厚约为50μm。
处理后,在大气中进行干燥,得到Cu芯球。
软钎料镀液如以下制成。
在搅拌容器中,在调制镀液所需的水的1/3中加入全部的54重量%的甲磺酸水溶液,制成基液。接着,加入作为络合剂的硫醇化合物的一例即乙酰半胱氨酸,确认其溶解后,加入作为其他络合剂的芳香族氨基化合物的一例即2,2’-二硫代二苯胺。形成较淡的浅蓝色的凝胶状的液体后迅速加入甲磺酸亚锡。接着,加入镀液所需的水的2/3,最后加入表面活性剂的一例即α-萘酚聚氧乙烯醚(EO10摩尔)3g/L,镀液的调制结束。制成了镀液中的甲磺酸的浓度为2.64mol/L、锡离子浓度为0.337mol/L的镀液。
本例中使用的甲磺酸亚锡是以下述Sn片材作为原料制备而成的。
关于作为软钎料镀液的原料的Sn片材的元素分析、以及形成于Cu芯球的表面的软钎料镀覆膜的元素分析,对于U和Th,通过高频电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS分析)来进行,对于其他元素,通过高频电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES分析)来进行。对于Sn片材的α射线量,除了将Sn片材铺满于300mm×300mm的平面浅底容器之外,与Cu球同样地测定。Cu芯球的α射线量与前述Cu球同样地测定。另外,对于Cu芯球的球形度,也在与Cu球相同的条件下进行测定。将这些测定结果示于表2。
实施例2
对于使用纯度99.9%的Cu颗粒制造的Cu球,形成膜厚(单侧)为50μm的Sn-Ag-Cu软钎料镀覆膜,从而制作Cu芯球。
实施例2中,软钎料镀液如下制成。
在搅拌容器中加入调制镀液所需的水的1/3、以及全部的54重量%的甲磺酸水溶液,制成基液。接着,边搅拌边加入全部的所需量的氧化银,确认变得透明而完全没有黑色沉淀后迅速加入全部的氢氧化铜,完全溶解后,加入作为络合剂的硫醇化合物的一例即乙酰半胱氨酸,确认其溶解后,加入作为其他络合剂的芳香族氨基化合物的一例即2,2’-二硫代二苯胺。形成较淡的浅蓝色的凝胶状的液体后迅速加入甲磺酸亚锡。液体变为黄色透明。接着,加入镀液所需的水的2/3,最后加入表面活性剂的一例即α-萘酚聚氧乙烯醚(EO10摩尔)3g/L,镀液的调制结束。制成了镀液中的甲磺酸的浓度为2.64mol/L、锡离子浓度为0.337mol/L、铜离子浓度为0.005mol/L、银离子浓度为0.0237mol/L的镀液。
如此制作镀液后,使用实施例1中使用的α射线量为0.203cph/cm2的Sn片材、α射线量<0.0010cph/cm2且纯度为6N的Cu板材、以及α射线量<0.0010cph/cm2且纯度为5N的Ag碎片材料,除此之外,与实施例1同样地制作镀液,制作Cu芯球,进行元素分析和α射线量、球形度的测定。将测定结果示于表2。
本例中,锡离子来自于上述Sn片材,对于银离子、铜离子,也分别来自于上述Ag碎片材料、Cu板材。
比较例1
对于利用纯度99.9%的Cu颗粒制造的Cu球,使用熔接法,在以下的条件下形成Sn软钎料覆膜,从而制作Cu芯球。具体而言,在难以软钎焊的铝板的规定的位置设置多个研钵状的凹陷部。另外,使用前述Sn片材,通过公知的雾化法,预先制作直径为300μm的Sn球。在设置于铝基板的各凹陷部中逐个放入Cu球和Sn球,喷雾助焊剂。之后,将铝板在加热炉中加热至270℃,使Sn球熔融。熔融Sn在Cu球周围浸润,利用表面张力覆盖Cu球。如此制作比较例1的Cu芯球。软钎料覆膜的膜厚(单侧)为50μm。对于制作好的Cu芯球,与实施例1同样地,测定元素分析和α射线量、球形度。将测定结果示于表2。
[表2]
根据表2,实施例1中显示α射线量小于0.0010cph/cm2。证实了以下结论,实施例1的Cu芯球由于通过镀覆法形成软钎料镀覆膜,所以α射线量降低。
实施例2中显示,将软钎料镀覆膜的组成设为Sn-2.95Ag-0.29Cu时的软钎料α射线量小于0.0010cph/cm2。证实了以下结论,实施例2的Cu芯球与实施例1同样地通过镀覆法形成软钎料镀覆膜,从而α射线量降低。
另外,实施例1、实施例2中制成的Cu芯球的α射线量即使在制成后经过1年也没有观察到α射线上升。
另一方面,比较例1中显示,α射线量为0.183cph/cm2,显示出与Sn片材同等水平的α射线量。因此,比较例1的Cu芯球无法降低至能够避免软错误的水平的α射线量。

Claims (26)

1.一种Cu芯球,其特征在于,其具备Cu球和覆盖该Cu球的表面的软钎料镀覆膜,
所述软钎料镀覆膜为Sn软钎料镀覆膜或由以Sn作为主要成分的无铅软钎料合金形成的软钎料镀覆膜,U的含量为5ppb以下,Th的含量为5ppb以下,
该Cu球的纯度为99.9%以上且99.995%以下,Pb和/或Bi的含量的总量为1ppm以上,球形度为0.95以上,并且,
Cu芯球的α射线量为0.0200cph/cm2以下。
2.根据权利要求1所述的Cu芯球,其α射线量为0.0020cph/cm2以下。
3.根据权利要求1所述的Cu芯球,其α射线量为0.0010cph/cm2以下。
4.根据权利要求1所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球中的Pb和Bi的含量总计为1ppm以上。
5.根据权利要求2所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球中的Pb和Bi的含量总计为1ppm以上。
6.根据权利要求3所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球中的Pb和Bi的含量总计为1ppm以上。
7.根据权利要求1所述的Cu芯球,其直径为1~1000μm。
8.根据权利要求2所述的Cu芯球,其直径为1~1000μm。
9.根据权利要求3所述的Cu芯球,其直径为1~1000μm。
10.根据权利要求4所述的Cu芯球,其直径为1~1000μm。
11.根据权利要求5所述的Cu芯球,其直径为1~1000μm。
12.根据权利要求6所述的Cu芯球,其直径为1~1000μm。
13.根据权利要求1所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
14.根据权利要求2所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
15.根据权利要求3所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
16.根据权利要求4所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
17.根据权利要求5所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
18.根据权利要求6所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
19.根据权利要求7所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
20.根据权利要求8所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
21.根据权利要求9所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
22.根据权利要求10所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
23.根据权利要求11所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
24.根据权利要求12所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu球在利用所述软钎料镀覆膜进行覆盖之前预先利用由选自Ni和Co中的1种元素以上形成的镀层进行了覆盖。
25.根据权利要求1~24中的任一项所述的Cu芯球,其中,所述Cu芯球的球形度为0.95以上。
26.一种钎焊接头,其是使用权利要求1~25中的任一项所述的Cu芯球而形成的。
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