CN105248074A - Organic plantation method of Yao medicine Herba Piperis Tonkinensis - Google Patents
Organic plantation method of Yao medicine Herba Piperis Tonkinensis Download PDFInfo
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- CN105248074A CN105248074A CN201510610330.7A CN201510610330A CN105248074A CN 105248074 A CN105248074 A CN 105248074A CN 201510610330 A CN201510610330 A CN 201510610330A CN 105248074 A CN105248074 A CN 105248074A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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Abstract
The present invention discloses an organic plantation method of Yao medicine Herba Piperis Tonkinensis, and is characterized in that the organic plantation method comprises the steps of soil preparation, seedling cultivation, field planting, training and pruning, nutrient and water management, field management and pest control; and fertilizer and pest control technologies such as biological organic bacteria fertilizer, organic fertilizer, water-retaining agent, innocuous plant insect resist agent and innocuous bactericide and the like are utilized during the plantation process. The Herba Piperis Tonkinensis obtained by the organic plantation method is prevented from being polluted by pesticide, hormone and chemical medicines, and is natural, safe and reliable, thereby facilitating environmental protection and sustainable development of Chinese herbs planting industry. The pesticide residue problem during the Herba Piperis Tonkinensis plantation can be effectively solved, and competitiveness of the Herba Piperis Tonkinensis in the market can be improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivation method of middle medicinal herbs, particularly the organic grow method of the Guangxi Yao nationality classical medication large intestine wind.
Background technology
The rich experiences that the Yao Yaoshi Yao nationality people accumulate in long-term prescription process, be summarized as " five tigers ", " nine Ns ", " 18 bore ", " 72 wind ", totally 104 kinds of tradition commonly use precious jade medicine, and the classification for medicine has the national characteristic of its uniqueness.Precious jade doctor in conjunction with long-term clinical practice, to concrete a certain medicine, except be divided into temperature, heat, cold, cool, levelling by its property except, is also divided into wind medicine and laxative by efficacy of drugs according to pharmaceutical properties.The large intestine wind wind belonged in old class medicine sprays medicine of holding concurrently mutually.Large intestine wind, [latin name]
herbaPiperisTonkinensis, another name: tonkin pepper herb, stone barriness, Piperaceae plant optical axis ramie leaf Betel
piPerboehmeriaefolium (Miq) C.DC.var.tonkinenseC.DC. complete stool, under being born in thick forest, moistening place, small stream limit.Originate in Guiping, Guangxi, the Lingshan, Binyang, upper woods, Wuming, Longan, Ningming, Napo County, Tianyang County, reach the clouds, Tiane, Luo Cheng, melt water, Rong'an, the counties and cities such as Jin Xiu; Be distributed in the province such as Guangdong and Yunnan.Large intestine local flavor is pungent, warm in nature, has expelling wind and clearing away cold, blood stasis removing analgesic, activating blood to promote menstruation, effect of detumescence; Be used for the treatment of the diseases such as cold cough, stomach cold pain, stomachache, vomiting and diarrhoea, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, leukorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, rheumatalgia, traumatic injury, venomous snake bite, centipde-bite.In large intestine wind, content has 6 more than 5%, and namely d-cubebene, (-)-B-elemene, caryophyllene, (+)-p-selinene, 1,5,5-trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene, spathulenol, be mainly alkene class and alcohols, account for total composition 66.65%.Also containing caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, spathulenol, trans-nerolidol, α-cubebene, (-)-13-elemene, (+) – B-selinene, 1,5,5-trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene.At present, more to the research of its chemical composition, pharmacologically active, clinical practice, the plantation research for it have not been reported.Large intestine wind has very high medical value, and medicinal material is mainly derived from wild resource, and because excessively excavating utilization, some distributed points has been difficult to the trace seeing large intestine wind.
The evergreen undershrub of large intestine wind or woody climber, stem, branch are without hair.Single leaf alternate, papery, without hair, has transparent gland point, be often black after dry, oval or ovum shape Long Circle, and anisopleual, long 10 ~ 16 centimetres, wide 4 ~ 6 centimetres, top is gradually sharp, base portion deflection, on suddenly sharp, downside is slightly circular.Flower unisexuality, dioecism, without perianth, spike and leaf are to life, and rhachis is without hair, and total bennet is about 1 centimetre, and long 10 ~ 22 centimetres of male inflorescence, without hair; Long 8 ~ 11 centimetres of female inflorescence.Berry is spherical, 2 ~ May of florescence.
But along with the development of modern agricultural production, the pollution that the continuous use of the chemical substances such as chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and hormone causes, has impacted field woodland ecosystems, has caused destruction to agroecological environment, cause product quality decline, production marketing price declines, medicinal herb grower's income reduces.The step such as the general planting method of large intestine wind generally comprises wholely, fertilising, field management, beta pruning, damage by disease and insect are prevented and kill off, but due to current peasants conveniently and fast, mostly use agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer and weed killer herbicide, when applying chemical fertilizer and when having sprayed the agricultural chemicals or weed killer herbicide that there are residual toxin, time large intestine wind is brought and is concocted Chinese medicine, will cause having the agricultural chemicals of residual toxin or weed killer herbicide to the harm of our health, so, advocate full ecological technique and plant organic large intestine wind and just become extremely important.
Summary of the invention
The object of invention is to provide a kind of without agricultural chemicals, pollute without hormone with without chemicals; pure natural; often safe and reliable precious jade medicine large intestine wind organic grow method; this implantation methods is not only conducive to the sustainable development of environmental protection and Chinese medicine grass planting industry; and the Pesticide Residue that can effectively solve in the middle of the plantation of large intestine wind, improve large intestine wind competitiveness commercially.
The organic grow method of precious jade medicine large intestine wind of the present invention comprises the following steps:
(1) wholely: select humus many, both easily draining, again can under the sparse woods of water conservation, under thick forest or moistening place, small stream limit, the area plantation that height above sea level is 500 ~ 1200 meters, by ground deep ploughing 15 ~ 20cm, picks up deadwood, stone and grass roots;
(2) nursery: by large intestine wind plant lignification stem, be cut into long 10 ~ 12cm, the cuttings that upper end is concordant, lower end is the horse degree of lip-rounding, the size of cuttings ear stem is 13 ~ 15mm, then cuttings put into concentration be 400 ~ 500mg/L methyl α-naphthyl acetate soak 2 hours, again the cuttings after immersion being inserted husky bed insertion depth is 2/3 of cuttings, after cuttage rooting, get final product in good time field planting;
(3) field planting: dig cave field planting according to the specification of spacing in the rows 30cm × 40cm, every cave length and width are 30cm × 30cm × 15cm deeply; First the table soil dug out first is put into plant hole before field planting and add base manure again, base manure is mixed evenly with table soil and is added a small amount of earth again, and expanded to surrounding by seedling fibrous root during field planting, with fine earth, Baconic treads, and a little higher than ground of last earthing, waters after plantation, then earth up;
(4) pruning: after the field planting of large intestine wind survives, top can be cut in trunk 30 ~ 40cm eminence, every strain large intestine wind stays first order branch 2 ~ 3 row culture trunk branch of different directions, after major branch is formed, retain major branch 50 ~ 60cm short branch again, to cultivate secondary scaffold branch, when young sprout grows to 15 ~ 25cm, pluck the short branch in top later; Branch for depauperation, overstocked, downward or interior life is wiped out;
(5) rich water quality management: the base manure executed in the hole, cave dug before field planting is biological organic fungi-manure 1 ~ 2kg and uses 100 ~ 200 grams of water-loss reducers; Start to topdress after 2 years in plant field planting, topdress every year 2 ~ 3 times, manure use when topdressing;
(6) field management: control shoot grows, and the riotous growth phase topdresses in time, the weeding in time in early stage of large intestine wind plant strain growth, weeding uses artificial weeding, does not use weed killer herbicide; Timely draining is irrigated, and accomplishes not flooded not non-irrigated; Find that there is and be short of seedling, should reseed in time, the plant reseeded will be strengthened management;
(7) extermination of disease and insect pest described in uses the insect pest of botanical insect-proof agent control large intestine wind; Use harmless bactericidal agent for preventing and treating large intestine wind disease.
Material composition and the parts by weight of above-described biological organic fungi-manure are: organic matter 30 ~ 60 parts, crops straw 15 ~ 20 parts, 15 ~ 20 parts, pineapple waste residue, human faecal mass 5 ~ 10 parts, waste residue of Chinese herbs 5 ~ 10 parts, compound amino acid 5 ~ 10 parts, humus 5 ~ 10 parts, moderate-element 0.5 ~ 1.0 part, beneficial bacterium 0.1 ~ 0.5 part and somatomedin 0 ~ 0.1 part.
Described organic matter is by waste water treatment plant's mud, Pond Silt, algae, filter mud of sugar refinery, sugarcane marrow or pig cow dung, adds the product that zymophyte obtains through pre-treatment after fermentation.
China is vast in territory, and total cultivated area occupies prostatitis, countries in the world, the various agricultural crop straw enormous amount of annual China output, and according to related data analysis, the N-P-K content of these stalks is equivalent to 25% of China's year chemical fertilizer application total amount.These crops straws that China produces every year, some is used as fuel at present, and some is for papermaking, and minority is used as animal feeding-stuff, in addition, also has nearly 200,000,000 tons of stalks not to be reasonably and effectively used.Majority is abandoned in field, and even around falling, crop straw burning causes serious environmental pollution, impacts to the existence of people and living environment.Research shows, is used as fertilizer as after stalk fermentation, can reduce the bulk density of soil, increase soil porosity, thus improve the physics and chemistry situation of topsoil soils, is more conducive to upgrading soil humus composition, maintains soil organic matter balance, improve Soil fertility,
Described pineapple waste residue refers to the useless pineapple that the pineapple peel, the pineapple processing that produce in cannery's processing pineapple process produce, by pineapple peel, useless pineapple extruding, filter after namely obtain pineapple waste residue.Pineapple waste residue contains a large amount of fructose, glucose, Cobastab, C, phosphorus, the material such as citric acid and protease.Every 100 grams of pineapple moisture contents 87.1 grams, 0.5 gram, protein, 0.1 gram, fat, fiber 1.2 grams, niacin 0.1 milligram, 126 milligrams, potassium, 1.2 milligrams, sodium, 0.08 milligram, zinc, 8.5 grams, carbohydrate, calcium 20 milligrams, 6 milligrams, phosphorus, iron 0.2 milligram, carotin 0.08 milligram, thiamine 0.03 milligram, 0.02 milligram, vitamin b3, vitamin C 8 ~ 30 milligrams, ash content 0.3 gram, another containing multiple organic acid and bromelain etc., be natural excellent fertilizer material.
The fermentation process of described human faecal mass puts into storage pool after being collected by human faecal mass, and stirring is refined into pasty state in storage pool, filter cleaner, again human faecal mass is sent in fermenting cellar, it is spontaneous fermentation slaking 5 ~ 7 days under the condition of 35 ~ 40 DEG C in temperature, carry out ultraviolet sterilization simultaneously, get product.
Described compound amino acid adopts animal skin, feather meal and peanut meal, bean dregs are raw material, and pulverize, add water making beating, first adjustment pH to 6.8 ~ 7.2, adds neutral proteinase and papain and water, constant temperature 45 ~ 55 DEG C, enzymolysis 4 hours; Regulate pH to 9.5 ~ 10.5 again, add alkali protease, constant temperature 50 ~ 60 DEG C, be incubated 6 hours, obtain hydrolyzate, dry rear pulverizing and get final product; Interpolation neutral proteinase and papain ratio are 1:1, and addition is 0.3 ~ 0.6%, and alkali protease addition is 0.3 ~ 0.9%.
The above beneficial bacterium is two or more in saccharomycete, bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, Trichoderma, actinomycetes.
Above-described fertilizer is after saccharomyces cerevisiae, microbial fermentation inoculum, general calcium being mixed, add water and stir, convert into mother liquor, then add in mother liquor chicken manure, filter mud, marine alga, humic acid, manioc waste to stir soak, ferment 5 ~ 10 days, to obtain final product.
Above-described water-loss reducer is one or more in acrylamide, hydroxy-ethyl acrylate, ferrous sulfate, acrylic acid, bentonite, ferrous sulfate or zeolite.
The material composition of above-described botanical insect-proof agent and parts by weight are: print chinaberry 30 ~ 40 parts, Sophora alopecuroide 15 ~ 20 parts, 10 ~ 15 parts, hair osmanthus, smartweed 5 ~ 10 parts, wash one's hands fruit soak 0.5 part, using method is smashed by above-mentioned material, adds 5 ~ 10 times of water, boil half an hour, get filtrate sprinkling.
Above-described harmless bactericide is one or more in allicin, Magnolia cortex P.E, extract from pine needles, wintergreen, turpentine oil.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the large intestine wind that obtains of organic grow method of the present invention is without agricultural chemicals, pollute without hormone with without chemicals, and pure natural, often safe and reliable, same large intestine wind facies exceeds a grade for the variety and quality of general planting, substantially increases economic benefit.
2, organic grow method of the present invention adopts the fertilizer such as biological organic fungi-manure, fertilizer, water-loss reducer, botanical insect-proof agent, harmless bactericide and prevents insect pest technology, not only effectively improve soil property environment, soil with organic matter content is increased greatly, and while guarantee nutrition, also serve good insecticidal effect, significantly reduce the cost of labor of plantation large intestine wind.
3, botanical insect-proof agent of the present invention and harmless bactericide adopt the insecticide active substance contained by plant to make; the advantage such as there is efficient, specially effect, nontoxic, easy degraded, noresidue, free from environmental pollution, insect pest disease not easily develops immunity to drugs; not only be conducive to the sustainable development of environmental protection and Chinese medicine grass planting industry; and the Pesticide Residue that can effectively solve in the middle of the plantation of large intestine wind, improve large intestine wind competitiveness commercially.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
(1) wholely: select humus many, both easily draining, again can under the sparse woods of water conservation, under thick forest or moistening place, small stream limit, the area plantation that height above sea level is 500 ~ 1200 meters, by ground deep ploughing 15 ~ 20cm, picks up deadwood, stone and grass roots;
(2) nursery: by large intestine wind plant lignification stem, be cut into long 10 ~ 12cm, the cuttings that upper end is concordant, lower end is the horse degree of lip-rounding, the size of cuttings ear stem is 13 ~ 15mm, then cuttings put into concentration be 400 ~ 500mg/L methyl α-naphthyl acetate soak 2 hours, again the cuttings after immersion being inserted husky bed insertion depth is 2/3 of cuttings, after cuttage rooting, get final product in good time field planting;
(3) field planting: dig cave field planting according to the specification of spacing in the rows 30cm × 40cm, every cave length and width are 30cm × 30cm × 15cm deeply; First the table soil dug out first is put into plant hole before field planting and add base manure again, base manure is mixed evenly with table soil and is added a small amount of earth again, and expanded to surrounding by seedling fibrous root during field planting, with fine earth, Baconic treads, and a little higher than ground of last earthing, waters after plantation, then earth up;
(4) pruning: after the field planting of large intestine wind survives, top can be cut in trunk 30 ~ 40cm eminence, every strain large intestine wind stays first order branch 2 ~ 3 row culture trunk branch of different directions, after major branch is formed, retain major branch 50 ~ 60cm short branch again, to cultivate secondary scaffold branch, when young sprout grows to 15 ~ 25cm, pluck the short branch in top later; Branch for depauperation, overstocked, downward or interior life is wiped out;
(5) rich water quality management: the base manure executed in the hole, cave dug before field planting is biological organic fungi-manure 1 ~ 2kg and uses 100 ~ 200 grams of water-loss reducers; Start to topdress after 2 years in plant field planting, topdress every year 2 ~ 3 times, manure use when topdressing;
(6) field management: control shoot grows, and the riotous growth phase topdresses in time, the weeding in time in early stage of large intestine wind plant strain growth, weeding uses artificial weeding, does not use weed killer herbicide; Timely draining is irrigated, and accomplishes not flooded not non-irrigated; Find that there is and be short of seedling, should reseed in time, the plant reseeded will be strengthened management;
(7) extermination of disease and insect pest described in uses the insect pest of botanical insect-proof agent control large intestine wind; Use harmless bactericidal agent for preventing and treating large intestine wind disease.
The control efficiency of table 1 large intestine wind in the different bearing stage to disease and insect pest
The dispenser phase | Spraying times | Diseased plant rate | Insect pest rate | Severity |
Young sprout germination period | 1 | 0 | 0 | Slightly |
Vegetative period | 3 | 8.2% | 10.1% | Gently |
Initial bloom stage | 2 | 9.0% | 10.2% | Gently |
CK | 0 | 65.8% | 67.4% | Heavy |
Note: disease generation severity divide do not occur, slightly, gently, in, heavily etc. 5 grades.
Claims (7)
1. an organic grow method for precious jade medicine large intestine wind, is characterized in that: comprise wholely, nursery, field planting, trimming and finishing, rich water quality management, field management and the extermination of disease and insect pest step:
Described is wholely: select humus many, both easily draining, again can under the sparse woods of water conservation, under thick forest or moistening place, small stream limit, the area plantation that height above sea level is 500 ~ 1200 meters, by ground deep ploughing 15 ~ 20cm, picks up deadwood, stone and grass roots;
Described nursery is: by large intestine wind plant lignification stem, be cut into long 10 ~ 12cm, the cuttings that upper end is concordant, lower end is the horse degree of lip-rounding, the size of cuttings ear stem is 13 ~ 15mm, then cuttings put into concentration be 400 ~ 500mg/L methyl α-naphthyl acetate soak 2 hours, again the cuttings after immersion being inserted husky bed insertion depth is 2/3 of cuttings, after cuttage rooting, get final product in good time field planting;
Described field planting is: dig cave field planting according to the specification of spacing in the rows 30cm × 40cm, and every cave length and width are 30cm × 30cm × 15cm deeply; First the table soil dug out first is put into plant hole before field planting and add base manure again, base manure is mixed evenly with table soil and is added a small amount of earth again, and expanded to surrounding by seedling fibrous root during field planting, with fine earth, Baconic treads, and a little higher than ground of last earthing, waters after plantation, then earth up;
Described pruning is: after the field planting of large intestine wind survives, top can be cut in trunk 30 ~ 40cm eminence, every strain large intestine wind stays first order branch 2 ~ 3 row culture trunk branch of different directions, after major branch is formed, retain major branch 50 ~ 60cm short branch again, to cultivate secondary scaffold branch, when young sprout grows to 15 ~ 25cm, pluck the short branch in top later; Branch for depauperation, overstocked, downward or interior life is wiped out;
Described rich water quality management is: the base manure executed in the hole, cave dug before field planting is biological organic fungi-manure 1 ~ 2kg and uses 100 ~ 200 grams of water-loss reducers; Start to topdress after 2 years in plant field planting, topdress every year 2 ~ 3 times, manure use when topdressing;
Described field management is: control shoot grows, and the riotous growth phase topdresses in time, the weeding in time in early stage of large intestine wind plant strain growth, and weeding uses artificial weeding, does not use weed killer herbicide; Timely draining is irrigated, and accomplishes not flooded not non-irrigated; Find that there is and be short of seedling, should reseed in time, the plant reseeded will be strengthened management;
The described extermination of disease and insect pest uses the insect pest of botanical insect-proof agent control large intestine wind; Use harmless bactericidal agent for preventing and treating large intestine wind disease.
2. the organic grow method of precious jade medicine large intestine wind according to claim 1, is characterized in that: material composition and the parts by weight of described biological organic fungi-manure are: organic matter 30 ~ 60 parts, crops straw 15 ~ 20 parts, 15 ~ 20 parts, pineapple waste residue, human faecal mass 5 ~ 10 parts, waste residue of Chinese herbs 5 ~ 10 parts, compound amino acid 5 ~ 10 parts, humus 5 ~ 10 parts, moderate-element 0.5 ~ 1.0 part, beneficial bacterium 0.1 ~ 0.5 part and somatomedin 0 ~ 0.1 part.
3. the organic grow method of precious jade medicine large intestine wind according to claim 2, is characterized in that: described beneficial bacterium is two or more in saccharomycete, bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, Trichoderma, actinomycetes.
4. the organic grow method of precious jade medicine large intestine wind according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described fertilizer is after saccharomyces cerevisiae, microbial fermentation inoculum, general calcium being mixed, add water and stir, convert into mother liquor, then add in mother liquor chicken manure, filter mud, marine alga, humic acid, manioc waste to stir soak, ferment 5 ~ 10 days, to obtain final product.
5. the organic grow method of precious jade medicine large intestine wind according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described water-loss reducer is one or more in acrylamide, hydroxy-ethyl acrylate, ferrous sulfate, acrylic acid, bentonite, ferrous sulfate or zeolite.
6. the organic grow method of precious jade medicine large intestine wind according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the material composition of described botanical insect-proof agent and parts by weight are: print chinaberry 30 ~ 40 parts, Sophora alopecuroide 15 ~ 20 parts, hair 10 ~ 15 parts, osmanthus, smartweed 5 ~ 10 parts, wash one's hands fruit soak 0.5 part, using method is smashed by above-mentioned material, adds 5 ~ 10 times of water, boil half an hour, get filtrate sprinkling.
7. the organic grow method of precious jade medicine large intestine wind according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described harmless bactericide is one or more in allicin, Magnolia cortex P.E, extract from pine needles, wintergreen, turpentine oil.
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109601047A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-04-12 | 西藏俊富环境恢复有限公司 | A kind of soil-ripening method |
CN112021055A (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2020-12-04 | 广西农业职业技术学院 | Comprehensive planting method for preventing diseases and insect pests of Yao medicine |
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