CN105188891A - 包括可溶性聚合物涂层的复合聚酰胺膜 - Google Patents

包括可溶性聚合物涂层的复合聚酰胺膜 Download PDF

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CN105188891A
CN105188891A CN201480011335.1A CN201480011335A CN105188891A CN 105188891 A CN105188891 A CN 105188891A CN 201480011335 A CN201480011335 A CN 201480011335A CN 105188891 A CN105188891 A CN 105188891A
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CN105188891B (zh
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T·N·海恩斯
A·R·马什三世
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Abstract

一种薄膜复合膜,其包括安置在多孔载体与外涂层之间的薄膜聚酰胺层,以及保湿剂;其中当在25℃下用纯水以25l/m2hr测试一小时时,所述膜的A值是至少8l/m2hr/巴,并且其中所述外涂层包含覆盖率为至少10mg/m2的可溶性纤维素聚合物,其在25l/m2hr和25℃下连续交叉水流一小时后实质上从所述膜溶解。

Description

包括可溶性聚合物涂层的复合聚酰胺膜
技术领域
本发明涉及薄膜复合膜。
背景技术
复合膜用于多种流体分离。一种类型是“薄膜复合”(TFC)膜,其包括提供于下面的多孔载体上的薄膜区别层。薄膜层可以通过由不混溶溶液依次涂布在载体上的多官能胺(例如间苯二胺)与多官能酰基卤(例如均苯三甲酰氯)单体之间的界面缩聚反应形成。实例描述于US4277344和US6878278中。可以涂覆聚合物涂层以改变膜的表面性质,例如以改良耐污性。实例描述于以下各者中:US8002120(聚噁唑啉)、US6280853、US7918349、US7815987、US7905361、US2011/0259817以及US2011/0220569(聚烷醚、掺合物以及衍生物)。还参见US617701和US2010/0133172(纤维素材料、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸)。在每种情况下,聚合物涂层结合、粘着或以其它方式粘附到膜表面并且需要其在所述表面上有保持力以维持效果。因为涂层通常会减小膜通量,所以其典型地不与经设计用于高通量应用的膜(例如A值大于8l/m2hr/巴的膜)一起使用。
薄膜复合膜通常湿润储存(例如包装在任选地包括缓冲液、杀生物剂、防腐剂等的水溶液中,参见例如US3744642、US4293420、US4830885以及US7156997以及其中所描述的参考文献)或干燥储存(例如用保湿剂包装并且水含量低于5g/m2),参见例如US4830885和US4983291。干燥储存的未经涂布的膜的性能特征随时间改变。对于较高A值的膜来说,这一问题尤为突出,因为难以在不会不利地影响较高A值的情况下提供缓和储存问题的涂层。
发明内容
本发明包括经设计用于高通量应用的薄膜复合膜。所述膜即使在干燥储存几天或几周后再次润湿时也保持其大部分的初始性能特征。在一个实施例中,薄膜复合膜包括安置在多孔载体与外涂层之间的薄膜聚酰胺层,其包含间苯二胺(mPD)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的反应产物;以及保湿剂。当在25℃下用纯水以25l/m2hr测试一小时时,膜的水含量低于5g/m2并且A值是至少8l/m2hr/巴。外涂层包括覆盖率为至少10mg/m2的可溶性聚合物,其在25l/m2hr和25℃下的连续交叉水流一小时后实质上从所述膜溶解。在另一个实施例中,本发明包括一种保持薄膜复合膜处于干燥状态的方法,其包括以下步骤:
i)将保湿剂添加到所述膜上,
ii)用覆盖率为至少10mg/m2的可溶性聚合物涂布所述膜的薄膜聚酰胺层,所述可溶性聚合物在25l/m2hr和25℃下的连续交叉水流一小时后实质上从所述膜溶解,
iii)以及干燥所述膜以使得其水含量低于5g/m2
描述许多额外实施例,包括此类膜的应用。
具体实施方式
本发明不特别局限于特定类型、构造或形状的复合膜或应用。举例来说,本发明适用于多种应用中所适用的平板、管状和中空纤维聚酰胺膜,包括正向渗透(FO)、反向渗透(RO)、纳米过滤(NF)、超滤(UF)、微滤(MF)以及压力延迟流体分离。然而,本发明尤其适用于经设计用于RO和NF分离(统称为“高过滤”)的膜。RO复合膜相对不可渗透几乎全部溶解的盐并且典型地阻挡超过约95%的单价离子盐,如氯化钠。RO复合膜还典型地阻挡超过约95%的无机分子以及分子量大于约100道尔顿的有机分子。NF复合膜比RO复合膜更可渗透并且典型地阻挡小于约95%的单价离子盐,同时阻挡大于约50%(并且常常大于90%)的二价离子盐,取决于二价离子的种类。NF复合膜还典型地阻挡在纳米范围内的粒子以及分子量大于约200到500道尔顿的有机分子。
复合聚酰胺膜的实例包括膜技术公司(FilmTecCorporation)FT-30TM型膜,即包含非织造背衬网(例如PET纱布)的底层(背侧)、具有约25-125μm典型厚度的多孔载体的中间层以及包含厚度典型地小于约1微米(例如0.01微米到1微米,但更通常约0.01到0.1μm)的薄膜聚酰胺层的顶层(前侧)的平板复合膜。多孔载体典型地是具有一定孔径的聚合材料,所述孔径具有足以准许渗透物基本上不受限制通过的尺寸,但并未大到足以干扰上面形成的薄膜聚酰胺层的桥接。举例来说,载体的孔径优选地在约0.001到0.5μm范围内。多孔载体的非限制性实例包括由以下制成的多孔载体:聚砜、聚醚砜、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺、聚醚酰亚胺、聚丙烯腈、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚乙烯、聚丙烯以及各种卤化聚合物(如聚偏二氟乙烯)。对于高过滤应用来说,多孔载体提供强度,但由于其相对较高的孔隙度而几乎无流体流动阻力。
由于其相对较薄,聚酰胺层常常依据其在多孔载体上的涂布覆盖率或负载量加以描述,例如每平方米多孔载体表面积约2到5000mg聚酰胺并且更优选的是约50到500mg/m2。聚酰胺层优选地通过多孔载体表面上多官能胺单体(例如间苯二胺(mPD))与多官能酰基卤单体(均苯三甲酰氯(TMC))之间的界面缩聚反应来制备,如US4277344和US6878278中所描述。更确切地说,聚酰胺膜层可以通过在多孔载体的至少一个表面上多官能胺单体与多官能酰基卤单体(其中每一术语意图指代使用单一物质或多个物质)的界面聚合而制备。如本文所用,术语“聚酰胺”是指酰胺键(-C(O)NH-)沿着分子链存在的聚合物。多官能胺和多官能酰基卤单体最常借助于涂布步骤由溶液涂覆到多孔载体,其中所述多官能胺单体典型地由水基或极性溶液涂布并且所述多官能酰基卤由有机基或非极性溶液涂布。尽管涂布步骤无需遵循特定顺序,但多官能胺单体优选地首先涂布在多孔载体上,继而涂布多官能酰基卤。涂布可以通过喷雾、涂膜、辊涂或经由在其它涂布技术当中使用浸渍槽而实现。可以通过空气刀、干燥器、烘箱等等从载体去除过量溶液。
多官能胺单体可以极性溶液形式涂覆到多孔载体。极性溶液可以含有约0.1到约10wt%并且更优选地约1到约6wt%多官能胺单体。在一组实施例中,极性溶液包括至少2.5wt%(例如2.5到6wt%)多官能胺单体。一旦涂布在多孔载体上,可以任选地去除过量溶液。
多官能酰基卤可以溶解于约0.01到10wt%,优选地0.05到3%wt%范围内的非极性溶剂中,并且可以作为连续涂布操作的一部分提供。在多官能胺单体浓度小于3wt%的一组实施例中,多官能酰基卤小于0.3wt%。代表性实例包括适合的非极性溶剂,包括石蜡(例如己烷、环己烷、庚烷、辛烷、十二烷)以及异烷烃(例如ISOPARTML)。非极性溶液可以包括额外成分,包括共溶剂、相转移剂、增溶剂、络合剂以及除酸剂,其中个别添加剂可以提供多个功能。代表性共溶剂包括:苯、甲苯、二甲苯、均三甲苯、乙苯、二乙二醇二甲醚、环己酮、乙酸乙酯、丁基carbitolTM乙酸酯、月桂酸甲酯以及丙酮。代表性除酸剂包括N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)。非极性溶液还可以包括少量水或其它极性添加剂,但浓度优选地低于其在非极性溶液中的溶解度极限。
一旦彼此接触,多官能酰基卤单体和多官能胺单体在其表面界面处反应以形成聚酰胺层或膜。这一层常常称为聚酰胺“区别层”或“薄膜层”,给复合膜提供其用于使溶质(例如盐)与溶剂(例如水性馈料)分离的主要构件。
多官能酰基卤和多官能胺单体的反应时间可以小于一秒,但接触时间典型地在约1到60秒范围内。可以通过空气吹扫或用水冲洗所述膜并且继而在例如约40℃到约120℃的高温下干燥来去除过量溶剂。
保湿剂经由所述膜的至少一部分分散。保湿剂可以经由多种方法涂覆到所述膜,包括将所述膜浸渍或浸没于含有保湿剂的浴中或借助于用含有保湿剂的溶液涂布所述膜。所述膜优选地具有至少0.1、0.5并且在一些实施例中至少1g/m2的保湿剂覆盖率。代表性保湿剂包括丙三醇、山梨糖醇以及蔗糖。
复合膜进一步包括位于薄膜聚酰胺层上的外涂层(与多孔载体相对)。外涂层包含至少10mg/m2可溶性纤维素聚合物,其优选地在25℃下可溶于水。可溶性纤维素聚合物在25l/m2hr和25℃下连续交叉水流一小时后实质上从所述膜溶解。术语“实质上溶解”意指在所述膜在水中在25℃下浸泡一小时后少于10%可溶性纤维素聚合物保留在所述膜上。为了表征聚合物的初始覆盖率,膜的已知区域可以浸没在沸水中持续一小时。水中溶解的聚合物可以经浓缩(例如通过蒸发)并且通过HPLC进行定量。当在1.0ml/min下流动时,通过PLAuagel-OH柱(8μm×300mm)的滞留时间是约10分钟。类似地,预浸泡膜(即在水中在25℃下持续一小时)上的可溶性纤维素聚合物的量可以通过使所述膜浸没在沸水中一小时来测定并且经由HPLC分析残余水。另一种适合的技术描述于以下中:H.D.格雷安(H.D.Graham),测定食物产品中的羧甲基纤维素(DeterminationofCarboxymethylCelluloseinFoodProducts),食品科学杂志(JournalofFoodScience)(1971),第1052到1055页。
优选纤维素聚合物包括在25℃下可溶于水的那些纤维素聚合物。优选物质包括羧甲基纤维素,例如可购自陶氏化学公司(TheDowChemicalCompany)的华洛塞(Walocel)CRT30。
本发明进一步包括一种保持薄膜复合膜处于干燥状态,即水含量低于5g/m2的方法。所述方法包括以下步骤:
i)将保湿剂添加到所述膜上,
ii)用覆盖率为至少10mg/m2的可溶性聚合物涂布所述膜的薄膜聚酰胺层,所述可溶性聚合物在25℃下可溶于水并且在25l/m2hr和25℃下的连续交叉水流一小时后实质上从所述膜溶解,以及
iii)干燥所述膜以使得其水含量低于5g/m2
在又一个实施例中,所述方法包括通过使所述膜浸泡在水中或在具有水的交叉流体中操作所述膜来去除所述膜上至少90%可溶性聚合物涂层的额外步骤。在另一个实施例中,通过使所述膜浸泡在水中或在具有水的交叉流体中操作所述膜,所述膜上的可溶性涂层可以去除到低于1mg/m2
本发明发现尤其在经设计用于高通量应用(即具有相对较高A值的应用)的薄膜复合膜方面的效用。确切地说,本发明提供限制与此类膜的干燥储存相关的膨胀和其它有害影响的保护性外涂层,并且其随后在初次使用之前或期间溶解掉以使得所述膜保持较高A值而B值增加较小或无增加。
借助于进一步阐释,高过滤膜的溶剂通量与跨越所述膜的压力差减去馈料与渗透物溶液之间的渗透压差成正比。参见马尔德(Mulder),膜技术的基础原理(BasicPrinciplesofMembraneTechnology),第2版(克卢沃学术出版社(KluwerAcademicPublishers)(1996)。对于水性馈料来说,水通量(Jw)可以定义为:
Jw=A(Δp-Δπ)(式I)
其中:
“A”是所述膜的水渗透系数或“A值”,
“Ap”是跨越所述膜所施加的压力的差值(即馈料溶液和渗透物的压力差),以及
“Δπ”在膜表面处馈料溶液与渗透物之间的渗透压差。
本发明的复合膜优选地经设计用于高通量应用,即当在25℃下用纯水以25l/m2hr测试一小时时,所述膜的A值是至少8、8.5、9、9.5、9.8、9.9并且在一些实施例中是至少10l/m2hr/巴。
超微高过滤膜的溶质通量与跨越所述膜的溶质浓度差成正比。对于含有水性馈料的氯化钠来说,NaCl通量可以定义为:
(JNaCl)=BΔc(式II)
其中:
“B”是所述膜的NaCl渗透系数或“B值”,以及
“Δc”是在膜表面处馈料溶液与渗透物之间的溶质(NaCl)浓度差。
本发明的复合膜优选地具有未因在25℃下干燥储存80天而提高超过12%并且更优选地10%的B值。在更优选实施例中,在25℃下干燥储存历经30天之后,所述膜的B值提高超过10%。
实例
样品薄膜复合膜制备和测试如下。将聚砜载体浇注在二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中并且随后浸泡在间苯二胺(mPD)水溶液中。所得载体接着以恒定速度拉过反应台,同时施加一层均一的薄非极性涂布溶液。非极性涂布溶液包括异烷烃溶剂(ISOPARL)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)。去除过量非极性溶液并且使所得复合膜依次通过水性丙三醇槽、水冲洗槽、干燥烘箱,并且接着用如以下表1中所鉴别的各种聚合涂层涂布。用2000ppmNaCl,在25℃、pH8以及所选压力下测试膜试片以产生大致30gfd的膜通量。基于已知所施加的压力和所测量的通量和盐通过率,使用式I和II计算水渗透性(A值)和NaCl渗透性(B值)(表示为l/m2h/巴)。所述膜接着在室温下干燥储存(水含量低于5g/m2)数个月,所述时间后再次测量A值B值。如表1中所概述的结果所示,涂布有可溶于水纤维素聚合物的膜的B值增加较小或无增加。
表1:
*PEG/PEOX是指聚乙二醇与聚噁唑啉的聚合物掺合物,如US8002120中所描述。
**PEG/PAM是指聚乙二醇与聚丙烯酰胺的聚合物掺合物,如US7815987中所描述。
实例中所使用的羧甲基纤维素为华洛塞CRT30。

Claims (6)

1.一种薄膜复合膜,其包含安置在多孔载体与外涂层之间的薄膜聚酰胺层,所述薄膜聚酰胺层包含间苯二胺(mPD)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的反应产物;以及保湿剂;
其中所述膜的水含量低于5g/m2,并且当在25℃下用纯水以25l/m2hr测试一小时时,A值是至少8l/m2hr/巴,并且
其中所述外涂层包含覆盖率为至少10mg/m2的可溶性纤维素聚合物,其在25l/m2hr和25℃下的连续交叉水流一小时后实质上从所述膜溶解。
2.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其中所述可溶性聚合物包含羧甲基纤维素。
3.根据权利要求2所述的膜,其中所述羧甲基纤维素在25℃下可溶于水。
4.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其进一步包含至少0.1g/m2的保湿剂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的膜,其中所述保湿剂是丙三醇。
6.一种保持薄膜复合膜处于干燥状态的方法,其中所述膜包含安置在多孔载体之间的薄膜聚酰胺层,所述薄膜聚酰胺层包含间苯二胺(mPD)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的反应产物,其中所述方法包含以下步骤:
i)将保湿剂添加到所述膜上,
ii)用以覆盖率为至少10mg/m2的可溶性聚合物涂布所述膜的薄膜聚酰胺层,所述可溶性聚合物在25l/m2hr和25℃下的连续交叉水流一小时后实质上从所述膜溶解,
iii)以及干燥所述膜以使得其水含量低于5g/m2
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