CN105143239B - 用于非对映选择性制备钌络合物的方法 - Google Patents
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- 239000012327 Ruthenium complex Substances 0.000 title description 5
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- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- DHCWLIOIJZJFJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichlororuthenium Chemical compound Cl[Ru]Cl DHCWLIOIJZJFJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 25
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- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
- C07F15/0053—Ruthenium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
- B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
- B01J31/2409—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
- B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
- B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
- B01J2231/643—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes of R2C=O or R2C=NR (R= C, H)
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/821—Ruthenium
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- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Quinoline Compounds (AREA)
- Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制备具有化学式(I)的化合物的方法,其中X是‑CH2‑、‑CH2‑CH2‑、‑CH2‑CH2‑CH2‑或‑CH2‑CH2‑CH2‑CH2‑;Y1是‑CH2‑;‑CH2‑CH2‑或‑NH‑;Y2是NHR7或SH;其中R7是氢、C1‑C4烷基或苯基;R‑1和R2彼此独立地表示脂肪族或芳香族基团;R3和R4彼此独立地表示脂肪族或芳香族基团;R5和R6各自是氢或与它们所键合的碳原子一起表示苯基环;该方法包括使具有化学式II的化合物[RuCI2(R8)n]m(II),其中如果R8是包含两个以配位点‑2配位模式与该金属配位的烯烃或炔烃部分的分子,则n是1并且m>1,这表示聚合物结构;或者如果R8是含氮、氧或硫的分子,其中所述氮、氧或硫与该金属配位,则n是4并且m是1;在沸点从112℃至165℃的惰性溶剂的存在下与具有化学式(III)的化合物,其中R5、R6、Y1以及Y2如在化学式I下所定义,和具有化学式IV的磷烷R3R4P‑X‑PR1R2(iv),其中R1、R2、R3、R4以及X如在化学式I下所定义,发生反应。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于非对映选择性制备钌络合物的方法以及它们在氢化C=N和C=O双键以及在氧化合成酰胺或酯中作为催化剂的用途。
已知某些钌(II)络合物的顺式形式(例如具有化学式Ia的RuCl2[PPh2(CH2)4PPh2][2-(H2NCH2)C5H4N])
作为具高活性的氢化催化剂是有用的。所述络合物、其制备以及作为催化剂的用途描述于例如WO 2005/105819和Crabtree(克拉布特里)等人Organometallics(有机金属化合物)2011,30,4174-4179中。该催化剂可以相对于氯配体采用顺式或反式构型。此络合物的顺式形式是尤其优选的,因为它在上述氢化反应中显示出高得多的反应性(Baratta(巴拉塔)等人,Organometallics(有机金属化合物)2005,24,1660-1669)。因此非常希望选择性地制备所述络合物的顺式形式。
Clarke(克拉克)和同事报道了一种通过在甲基-THF中将配体连续加成到前体[RuCl2(Py)2(NBD)]上而提供结构相关络合物的程序(克拉克等人Dalton Trans.(道尔顿汇刊)2012,41,10136)。然而,甲基-THF的沸点不足够高以允许形成具高活性的顺式-络合物(空间重排需要较高的反应温度,例如沸腾的甲苯)。他们的程序的另一个显著缺点是使用的催化剂前体非常昂贵并且不能以工业规模获得。另外,由Clarke(克拉克)和同事报道的程序包括产生两个当量的有毒吡啶。
根据WO 2005/105819、Crabtree(克拉布特里)等人Organometallics(有机金属化合物)2011,30,4174-4179和Baratta(巴拉塔)等人,Organometallics(有机金属化合物)2005,24,1660-1669合成具有化学式Ia的化合物是基于两步程序。另外,较长的反应时间(20小时)描述于WO 2005/105819的制备实例5和6中。此外,所有这些程序都从包含作为配体的三苯基膦的催化剂前体开始。所述催化剂前体具有化学式RuCl2(PPh3)n(其中n=3.0、3.1、3.2、3.3、3.4、3.5、3.6、3.7、3.8、3.9以及4.0)(Caulton(考尔顿)等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc.(美国化学学会杂志)1975,4221-4228)。它可以衍生自所述催化剂前体的化学式,因为它包含大量的三苯基膦配体,该配体必须在下一步中进行交换。从经济和环保角度来看,这种交换是非常有问题的,因为每当量的催化剂产生至少三当量的磷废物。
因此,本发明的目标在于提供一种用于以经济上有利的方式非对映选择性产生收率高且质量好的具有化学式I的RuCl2络合物的顺式形式的新颖、稳健的方法。
因此,根据本发明,提供了一种用于制备具有式I的化合物的方法
其中
X是-CH2-、-CH2-CH2-、-CH2-CH2-CH2-或-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-;
Y1是-CH2-;-CH2-CH2-或-NH-;
Y2是NHR7或SH;其中R7是氢、C1-C4烷基或苯基;
R1和R2彼此独立地表示脂肪族或芳香族基团;
R3和R4彼此独立地表示脂肪族或芳香族基团;
R5和R6各自是氢或与它们所键合的碳原子一起表示苯基环;该方法包括使具有II化学式的化合物
[RuCl2(R8)n]m (II)
其中如果R8是包含两个以配位点-2(hapto-2)配位模式与该金属配位的烯烃或炔烃部分的分子,则n是1并且m>1,这表示聚合物结构;
或者如果R8是含氮、氧或硫的分子,其中所述氮、氧或硫与该金属配位,则n是4并且m是1;
在沸点从112℃至165℃的惰性溶剂的存在下与具有化学式III的化合物
其中R5、R6、Y1以及Y2如在化学式I下所定义,和具有化学式IV的磷烷
R3R4P-X-PR1R2 (IV)
其中R1、R2、R3、R4以及X如在化学式I下所定义,发生反应。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,
X优选地是-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-。
在本发明的所述优选实施例中,
如果n是1并且m>1,则R8优选地是顺式,顺式-环辛-1,5二烯(环辛二烯或缩写为COD)或二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯(降冰片二烯或缩写为NBD);或者如果n是4并且m是1,则优选地R8是形成作为前体的RuCl2(dmso-κORuCl2(dmso-κS)3(dmso-κO)或RuCl2(dmso-κS)4的二甲亚砜,但是特别是顺式,顺式-环辛-1,5二烯或二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯。
在本发明的所述优选实施例中,
R1、R2、R3以及R4优选地是苯基并且
R5和R6优选地是氢或与它们所键合的碳原子一起表示苯基环;
Y1优选地是-CH2-,并且
Y2优选地是NH2。
在1023.25hPa的大气压下给出根据本发明的方法的惰性溶剂的沸点。为了达到经济上有利的反应时间,在高于112℃(1023.25hPa的压力下的温度)的温度下进行反应。优选的惰性溶剂是沸点从112℃至165℃(1023.25hPa的压力下的温度)的酮(优选环己酮)、酯(优选丁酸乙酯)和芳香族溶剂或芳香族溶剂的混合物(优选二甲苯和卤化的芳香族化合物(优选氯苯))。
在本发明的所述优选实施例中,惰性溶剂优选地是环己酮、丁酸乙酯、二甲苯或氯苯。
用于根据本发明的方法的优选的具有化学式III的化合物选自下组,该组由以下化学式组成
其中这些基团象征甲基。在上述本发明的所述优选实施例中使用所述优选的具有化学式III-1至III-10的化合物也是尤其优选的。
根据本发明的方法的一个优选实施例由以下表征:使具有化学式IIa的化合物
[RuCl2(COD)]m (IIa),
其中(m>1);
与1.225当量的双齿胺配体(优选2-吡啶甲基胺)或化合物(III-2)在从125℃至135℃的反应温度下,在惰性溶剂(像环己酮)中,在1当量的双齿膦配体(优选1,4-双(二苯基膦基)丁烷)的存在下发生反应。
根据本发明的方法尤其有用于制备具有化学式Ia和Ib的催化剂
具有化学式Ib的催化剂是新颖的并且表示本发明的一个另外的目的。具有化学式Ib的催化剂在后续纯化过程中更迅速结晶;从而使得过滤时间可以更快并且底物溶液中的残余催化剂可以更低。这对于大规模生产催化剂而言是特别重要的。
优选地以一锅法程序进行该方法。一锅法程序的优点特别是对于大规模制造而言是反应时间显著减少。另外,与描述于WO 2005/105819中的现有技术方法相比,含磷烷的废物明显减少。
本领域技术人员可以遵循描述于以下项中的程序完成这些前体的合成:针对RuCl2(环辛烷二烯)的Albers(阿尔伯斯)等人Inorg.Synth.(无机合成)1989,26,68-77和针对RuCl2(二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯)的阿尔伯斯等人无机合成1989,26,249-258或者针对[RuCl2(dmso-κS)3(dmso-κO)]的Castellano(卡斯泰拉诺)等人Inorg.Chim.Acta.(无机化学学报)2009,363,283-287以及针对RuCl2(dmso-κS)4的Riant(里安特)等人Chem.Eur.J.(欧洲化学杂志)2009,15,6267-6268。
催化剂前体RuCl2(环辛烷二烯)和RuCl2(二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯)显示出聚合物结构(通过定义m>1说明)。在这些情况下,这些分子式更准确地由[RuCl2(环辛烷二烯)]m和[RuCl2(二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯)]m(其中m>1)表示。此事实还描述于上述文献引文中。
优选地使用具有最高金属含量和纯度的前体
-对于[RuCl2(环辛烷二烯)]m而言,典型地是29-37重量百分比的钌,
-对于[RuCl2(二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯]m而言,是31-39重量百分比的钌并且
-对于[RuCl2(dmso-κS)3(dmso-κO)]和对于RuCl2(dmso-κS)4而言,是16-21重量百分比的钌。
由[RuCl2(COD)]m作为前体制备具有化学式Ia的催化剂的效率与由[RuCl2(PPh3)n]作为前体制备具有化学式Ia的催化剂的效率相当,两者都是在氢气氛下进行还原并且进行转移氢化。
表1在氢气氛下在钌络合物的存在下将苯乙酮催化还原为1-苯乙醇
表2在钌络合物的存在下将苯乙酮催化还原为1-苯乙醇
制备实例:
实例P1:具有化学式Ia的RuCl2[PPh2(CH2)4PPh2][2-H2NCH2)C5H4N]的制备
将催化剂前体(优选[RuCl2(COD)]m)(1当量)(COD=顺式,顺式-环辛-1,5二烯)、1,4-双(二苯基膦基)丁烷(1.0-1.2当量,优选1.0当量)和2-吡啶甲基胺(1.0-1.4当量,优选1.225当量)溶解于上述溶剂之一(优选甲基异丁基酮)(10-20ml/g Ru-前体,优选20ml/g)中。将该混合物加热至回流持续3-5小时并且然后冷却至环境温度。将固体沉淀物滤掉并用与用于该反应的相同的溶剂洗涤。本领域技术人员可以通过NMR确定顺/反异构体之比。由此方法产生的非对映异构体之比通常是针对顺式异构体的d.r.(非对映异构体之比)在>98%的范围内。可以用[RuCl2(dmso-κS)3(dmso-κO)]、[RuCl2(dmso-κS)4]或[RuCl2(二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯)]m作为前体开始实现相同的结果。
实例P2:具有化学式Ib的RuCl2[PPh2(CH2)4PPh2][2-H2NCH2)C9H6N]的制备
将催化剂前体(优选[RuCl2(COD)]m)(1当量)、1,4-双(二苯基膦基)丁烷(1.0-1.2当量,优选1.0当量)和2-喹啉基甲基胺(1.0-1.4当量,优选1.225当量)溶解于上述溶剂之一(优选环己酮)(10-20ml/g Ru-前体,优选20ml/g)中。将该混合物在130℃下加热1小时并且然后冷却至环境温度。将固体沉淀物滤掉并用与用于该反应的相同的溶剂洗涤。本领域技术人员可以通过NMR确定顺/反异构体之比。由此方法产生的非对映异构体之比通常是针对顺式异构体的d.r.(非对映异构体之比)在>98%的范围内。可以用[RuCl2(dmso-κS)3(dmso-κO)],[RuCl2(dmso-κS)4]或[RuCl2(二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯)]m作为前体开始实现相同的结果。
Claims (1)
1.一种用于制备具有以下化学式(Ia)或(Ib)的化合物的方法
该方法包括使具有II化学式的化合物
[RuCl2(R8)n]m (II),
其中如果n是1并且m>1,则R8是顺式,顺式-环辛-1,5二烯或二环[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯;
或者如果n是4并且m是1,则R8是二甲亚砜;
在沸点为112℃至165℃的惰性溶剂的存在下,其中所述惰性溶剂选自环己酮、丁酸乙酯、二甲苯和氯苯,与具有化学式III的化合物
其中R5和R6各自为氢或与它们所键合的碳原子一起形成苯基环,Y1是-CH2-并且Y2是NH2,和具有化学式IV的磷烷
R3R4P-X-PR1R2 (IV),
其中R1、R2、R3以及R4是苯基并且X是-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-,发生反应,并且所述的方法作为一锅法程序进行。
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