CN105121188B - 具有垂直起飞和固定翼巡航能力的组合的飞行/行驶车辆 - Google Patents

具有垂直起飞和固定翼巡航能力的组合的飞行/行驶车辆 Download PDF

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CN105121188B
CN105121188B CN201480021624.XA CN201480021624A CN105121188B CN 105121188 B CN105121188 B CN 105121188B CN 201480021624 A CN201480021624 A CN 201480021624A CN 105121188 B CN105121188 B CN 105121188B
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CN105121188A (zh
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C·C·迪特里希
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Terrafugia Inc
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60FVEHICLES FOR USE BOTH ON RAIL AND ON ROAD; AMPHIBIOUS OR LIKE VEHICLES; CONVERTIBLE VEHICLES
    • B60F5/00Other convertible vehicles, i.e. vehicles capable of travelling in or on different media
    • B60F5/02Other convertible vehicles, i.e. vehicles capable of travelling in or on different media convertible into aircraft
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64CAEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C11/00Propellers, e.g. of ducted type; Features common to propellers and rotors for rotorcraft
    • B64C11/001Shrouded propellers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64CAEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C29/00Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B64C29/0008Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
    • B64C29/0016Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers
    • B64C29/0033Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers the propellers being tiltable relative to the fuselage
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64CAEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C3/00Wings
    • B64C3/38Adjustment of complete wings or parts thereof
    • B64C3/56Folding or collapsing to reduce overall dimensions of aircraft
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64CAEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C37/00Convertible aircraft
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D27/00Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/02Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/026Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants comprising different types of power plants, e.g. combination of a piston engine and a gas-turbine
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D35/00Transmitting power from power plants to propellers or rotors; Arrangements of transmissions
    • B64D35/02Transmitting power from power plants to propellers or rotors; Arrangements of transmissions specially adapted for specific power plants
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D35/00Transmitting power from power plants to propellers or rotors; Arrangements of transmissions
    • B64D35/02Transmitting power from power plants to propellers or rotors; Arrangements of transmissions specially adapted for specific power plants
    • B64D35/021Transmitting power from power plants to propellers or rotors; Arrangements of transmissions specially adapted for specific power plants for electric power plants
    • B64D35/022Transmitting power from power plants to propellers or rotors; Arrangements of transmissions specially adapted for specific power plants for electric power plants of hybrid-electric type
    • B64D35/024Transmitting power from power plants to propellers or rotors; Arrangements of transmissions specially adapted for specific power plants for electric power plants of hybrid-electric type of series type
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Automatic Cycles, And Cycles In General (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)

Abstract

一种组合的飞行‑行驶车辆,其具有独特的混合动力推进系统架构,所述独特的混合动力推进系统架构向用户提供了非常高水平的可靠性和功能性。

Description

具有垂直起飞和固定翼巡航能力的组合的飞行/行驶车辆
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求在2013年3月15日提交的临时专利申请号61/790,763的权益,其全部内容通过引入结合在此。
技术领域
本发明整体上涉及一种组合的飞行/行驶车辆,也称作飞行汽车,并且更具体地涉及一种这样的飞行汽车,所述飞行汽车具有可折叠翼和可旋转的推进装置并且能够垂直起降(VTOL)。
背景技术
人们已经发明了一种飞行汽车,所述飞行汽车成功实现了飞行和行驶两个目的。例如,本发明人名下并且Terrafugia,Inc.拥有的美国专利号7,938,358公开了一种飞行和行驶车辆,其包括使用复杂折叠机构安装到机身的可折叠主翼和用于行驶和飞行的独立推进系统。美国专利号7,857,253描述了涵道风扇车辆,其能够垂直起降(VTOL),但是在法律上却不允许这种车辆在道路上行驶。尽管美国专利号8,162,253旨在描述一种具有垂直起降能力的水陆空三栖车辆,但是本领域普通技术人员应当理解,设计的复杂性和由这种设计预期引发的空气动力学问题将面临巨大挑战。
因此,理想的是提供一种能够路面上合法运行、能够垂直起降以及能够固定翼巡航的车辆。这在受到高度管制的工业诸如航空和汽车工业中尤为重要,因为如果其能够在现有规定结构中进行工作,则新型车辆发明将具有很大的价值。
发明内容
在此描述的实施例与现有技术的不同之处在于独特的构造和系统架构,所述独特的构造和系统架构除了实现新能力之外还实现了非常高的安全性和可靠性的运输模式。
本发明的一个目的是通过在一个实施例中产生插电式混合动力的、垂直起降(“VTOL”)的组合的飞行-行驶车辆来提供改进的个人交通工具,其能够:承载四个人、在地面上像汽车一样高速安全行驶、停放在标准结构的单车车库中、使用飞行时固定但可折叠的翼在空中高速安全飞行、以及只是简单利用来自操作者的高水平方向就垂直或基本垂直起降。
根据第一方面,本发明涉及一种组合的飞行-行驶车辆。在一些实施例中,组合的飞行-行驶车辆包括:车身,所述车身具有乘客舱,所述乘客舱具有前端和后端,其中,车身沿着其长度限定了纵向轴线,所述纵向轴线基本平行于车辆沿着其长度的优选运动方向;多个车轮,所述车轮联接到车身并且构造成将车身支撑在地面上;涵道风扇,其邻近车身的后端安装,其中,涵道风扇限定了基本平行于纵向轴线的风扇轴线;至少两个折叠翼,所述至少两个折叠翼联接到车身,其中,所述折叠翼适于折叠在翼折叠轴线周围,所述翼折叠轴线基本平行于纵向轴线,并且其中,折叠翼适于在飞行期间将升力传送给车身而在折叠时提供较小的升力;多个吊舱,例如,至少一个电动马达,所述多个吊舱可枢转地安装到折叠翼;和多个螺旋桨叶片,其可枢转地安装到吊舱。在一个变形方案中,每个螺旋桨叶片均安装在基本平行于叶片的翼根弦的轴线的周围。
在本实施例的变形方案中,可以在飞行期间将车轮收回到车身中;方向盘可以适于使车辆转向;加速器踏板可以适于使车辆加速;和/或制动踏板可以适于使车辆减速。在其它变形方案中,组合的飞行-行驶车辆还包括:电动马达和碳氢燃料发动机中的至少一个,其可以向涵道风扇提供动力和/或为电池再充电以向一个或多个电动马达提供电力;以及吊舱门可以设置在车身的侧部上,以便在翼被折叠时封闭吊舱。在一些实施方案中,吊舱适于围绕邻近车身的竖直纵向重心的枢轴位置枢转。方向盘、加速器和/或制动踏板可以用于以飞行和行驶两种模式操作车辆。
在其它变形方案中,组合的飞行-行驶车辆还包括至少一个数字计算机和至少一个电源,所述至少一个数字计算机和至少一个电源适于稳定和控制车辆。在一个实施方案中,所述至少一个数字计算机无线网络连接到数据源,所述数据源包括关于实时交通、天气和空域中的至少一个的数据。在另一个实施方案中,数字计算机适于解释来自操作者的高级命令,以基本自动地操作车辆。
根据第二方面,本发明涉及一种组合的飞行-行驶车辆。在一些实施例中,组合的飞行-行驶车辆包括:车身,所述车身具有乘客舱和存储舱,所述车身具有纵向轴线,所述纵向轴线基本平行于车辆的优选运动方向;一对翼,所述一对翼安装到车身,其中,所述一对翼中的每一个设置在车身的第一侧部或相对的第二侧部上,并且其中,翼构造并布置成在飞行期间将升力传送给车辆而在行驶期间将较小的升力传送给车辆;翼配置机构,所述翼配置机构构造成将翼配置在存储位置和飞行位置中的一个,其中,翼配置机构包括用于使翼在存储位置和飞行位置之间旋转的致动器和用于使翼固定在存储位置或飞行位置中的一个的锁定机构;多个车轮,所述多个车轮构造成将车辆支撑在地面上;第一推进系统,所述第一推进系统构造成向地面上的车辆提供原动力,并且其中第一推进系统适于向多个车轮中的至少一个提供转矩;第二推进系统,所述第二推进系统构造成提供用于在飞行时推进车身的原动力,其中第二推进系统包括用于沿着平行于或基本平行于纵向轴线的方向加速气流的平行气流加速设备;和第三推进系统,所述第三推进系统构造成提供用于推进车辆的原动力,其中第三推进系统包括用于沿着垂直或基本垂直于纵向轴线的方向加速气流以在翼处于飞行位置时使车辆沿着竖直或基本竖直方向运动的垂直气流加速设备。在其它变形方案中,组合的飞行-行驶车辆还可以包括:至少一个独立机器,其机械联接到第二推进系统,用于产生电力;多个电池组,其用于向推进系统中的任意一个提供电力;电力调节器,所述电力调节器用于调节所述多个电池组和所述独立机器之间的电力;和/或控制器,其用于管理由推进系统中的任意一个所产生的电力和机械动力。
在实施例的一些变形方案中,第一推进系统是机械发动机,例如,由燃料电池提供动力的马达和/或由碳氢燃料提供动力的发动机,所述机械发动机适于使驱动轴旋转。可替代地,第一推进系统包括至少一个轮内电动马达,所述至少一个轮内电动马达中的每一个机械附接到所述多个车轮中的对应车轮。独立机器还可以机械联接到驱动轴,用于由机械动力产生电力或者用于由电力产生机械动力。
在其它变形方案中,第二推进系统是涵道风扇,所述涵道风扇设置在车辆的后端附近,其中风扇轴线基本平行于纵向轴线。在一些实施方案中,涵道风扇机械联接到与第一推进系统相联的驱动轴。
在又其它变形方案中,第三推进系统包括:第一吊舱安装式马达,其可枢转安装到位于车身的第一侧部上的第一翼;和第二吊舱安装式马达,其可枢转安装到位于车身的第二侧部上的第二翼;和多个螺旋桨叶片,所述多个螺旋桨叶片围绕基本平行于螺旋桨叶片的翼根弦的轴线可枢转地安装到所述第一和第二吊舱安装式马达中的每一个。在一些实施例中,吊舱安装式马达适于围绕邻近车辆的竖直纵向重心的枢轴位置枢转。在其它实施方案中,吊舱安装式马达适于在翼保持在飞行位置时围绕枢轴位置枢转。吊舱的枢轴位置可以邻近车辆的竖直纵向重心定位。吊舱的重心可以邻近吊舱的枢转轴线定位。
多个螺旋桨叶片中的每一个均可以由至少一个独立控制的电动马达提供动力。而且,独立控制的电动马达中的每一个均电联接到电池组并且可以电子联接到马达控制器。有利地,当处于存储位置时,第三推进系统适于由吊舱门封闭在车身内,所述吊舱门位于车身的第一和第二侧部上。
在一些实施例中,车轮能够收回到车身内以便飞行。在一些实施例中,翼安装到车身的上部分。在一些实施例中,可以用加速器踏板加速车辆并且可以用制动踏板使车辆减速或停止。带有至少一个电源的一个或多个数字计算机可以用于稳定和控制车辆。数字计算机可以无线网络连接到关于实时交通、天气和空域的数据的数据源。在一些实施例中,计算机可以解释操作者的高级命令,从而使车辆能够成为无人行驶的空中的士。
附图说明
附图并不必按比例绘制。在附图中,各图中示出的每个相同或近似相同的部件均用相同的附图标记表示。为了清晰,不必在每个图中标记每个部件。在附图中:
图1是根据本发明一个实施例的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的示意性侧视图,其中翼配置在飞行位置;
图2是根据本发明一个实施例的图1的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的示意性俯视图,其中翼配置在飞行位置;
图3是根据本发明一个实施例的图1的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的示意性前端视图,其中翼配置在飞行位置;
图4是根据本发明一个实施例的图1的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的示意性仰视图,其中翼配置在飞行位置;
图5是根据本发明一个实施例的图1的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的示意性前轴测图,其中翼配置在飞行位置;
图6是根据本发明一个实施例的图1的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的示意性前视图,其中翼配置在存储位置;
图7是根据本发明一个实施例的具有螺旋桨叶片的吊舱安装式马达的示意性侧视图;
图8是根据本发明一个实施例的图1的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的示意性侧视图,其中翼配置在飞行位置并且图7的吊舱安装式马达旋转以便垂直起降;
图9是根据本发明一个实施例的用于图8中示出的组合的飞行-行驶车辆的多个推进系统的示意性半透明侧视图;
图10是根据本发明一个实施例的包括独立控制的电动马达和电池组的图7的吊舱安装式马达的示意性俯视横截面;
图11是根据本发明一个实施例的动力和控制管理系统的方块图;
图12是根据本发明一个实施例的乘客舱的示意性内部前视图,所述乘客舱具有方向盘、加速踏板和制动踏板,用于操作图1的组合的飞行-行驶车辆。
具体实施方式
结合附图参照以下详细描述可以更好地理解本发明。本发明的各个实施例涉及一种组合的飞行-行驶车辆。通过在此的教导,其它构造和变形方案对于本领域技术人员将是显而易见的。
本发明的一个实施例是如图所示的车辆,其中,所述车辆具有机身/车身、位于后端处的涵道风扇和位于车身的任一侧部上的折叠翼,折叠翼带有吊舱安装式翼尖电动马达或“吊舱”。翼(例如,一对翼)可以设置在车身的上部分上,而且,翼中的每一个均可以构造并布置成沿着车身的侧部向下折叠,这允许车辆适配单车车库内部并且还合法地适配在单车道上行驶。在翼位于存储位置即处于汽车或行驶构造的情况下,通过在车辆的车身上滑动门而保护吊舱安装式马达或吊舱免受路面碎屑和其它原因损坏。
组合的飞行-行驶车辆
参照图1至图5,显示了组合的飞行-行驶车辆的说明性实施例,其中翼配置用于飞行操作模式。车辆100包括具有前端26和后端27的细长的机身/车身1。该细长的车身1具有纵向轴线25,所述纵向轴线平行于或基本平行于车辆100的优选运动方向29。多个车轮7能够在地面操作模式期间(即,行驶期间)向车辆100提供推进力。车轮7可以由轮内电动马达和/或机械驱动的驱动轴驱动。有利地,车轮7还可以提供前进牵引控制并且与防抱死制动系统(“ABS”)一起使用。参照图12,可以使用标准方向盘30使车辆100转向。可以使用加速器踏板32控制加速,可以使用制动踏板31控制减速和停车功能。
折叠或可折叠翼3(例如一对翼)可以设置在车身1的任一侧部上,例如,设置在车身1的上部分上。致动器28设置成使翼3围绕平行于车辆100的纵向轴线25的轴线旋转,以将翼3放置于存储位置或飞行位置。锁定机构24设置成将翼3中的每一个牢固地固定在存储位置或飞行位置。包含在吊舱9中的马达16(例如,如图10所示的电动马达)可以邻近翼3中的每一个上的翼尖设置,用以在飞行操作模式期间提供垂直起降(VTOL)能力以及在飞行操作模式期间提供一定的水平推进力。翼尖吊舱9中的每一个均可以包括螺旋桨风扇23,所述螺旋桨风扇具有多个可折叠的螺旋桨叶片10。在一变形方案中,每个螺旋桨叶片10均安装/铰接在基本平行于螺旋桨叶片10的翼根弦33的轴线周围。每个螺旋桨叶片10均可以回弹至折叠位置。设置在车辆100的后端27处的涵道风扇2可以在飞行操作模式期间提供水平推进力。
行驶(翼存储位置)操作模式
参照图6,显示了处于行驶操作模式的车辆100的说明性实施例。当处于行驶模式时,翼3被牢固地锁定在存储位置。这种行驶构造允许车辆100适配单车车库内部并且当行驶时合法地在单车道上运行。在一个实施例中,为了将车辆100置于行驶操作模式,首先,打开位于车身1的两侧部5上的吊舱门6。可以手动或电致动吊舱门6以打开和关闭。在门6打开的情况下,可以在脱开将翼3保持在飞行位置的锁定机构24之后例如使用致动器28使一对翼3中的每一个翼单独旋转,以沿着车身1的相对的侧部5向下折叠。为了保持车辆100稳定并且防止车辆100倾覆,可以同时旋转翼3。一旦将翼3配置在存储位置,就可以重新接合锁定机构24,以将翼3牢固地固定在存储位置。一旦锁定就位,就可以关闭吊舱门6。在吊舱门6关闭并且翼3处于存储位置的情况下,吊舱门6覆盖吊舱9、马达16和螺旋桨叶片10,所述螺旋桨叶片10可以收放在吊舱9和马达16的旁边。当处于存储位置时,滑动门6保护吊舱9、马达16和螺旋桨叶片10免受路面碎屑及其它原因损坏。
飞行(翼飞行位置)操作模式
将车辆100从前面描述的翼存储/行驶操作模式改变为飞行位置/飞行操作模式的过程基本与上述存储过程相反。首先,打开吊舱门6。接着可以脱开锁定机构24,从而允许致动器28使翼3旋转,以将它们配置到飞行位置,在该位置,重新接合锁定机构24。为了减小飞行时的空气动力阻力,一旦配置吊舱9和翼3,就可以再次关闭吊舱门6。参照图7,优选地,翼3延伸到使吊舱马达枢轴位置25与车辆100的重心对准的位置。吊舱9可以在其枢轴位置25附近平衡,以在吊舱9从水平定向(图1)运动到成竖直定向(图8)时最小化对车辆重心的改变。当翼尖上的吊舱安装式马达16沿着基本竖直方向枢转时(图8),吊舱安装式马达提供了垂直起降能力。在水平或基本水平位置(图1),吊舱安装式马达16适于在空中加速车辆100至巡航速度。
每个电动马达16均可以适于使具有多个叶片(例如,六个叶片)的、可调节螺距的折叠螺旋桨风扇23旋转。如图7所示,螺旋桨叶片10可以被偏压向折叠或收放位置11,在所述折叠或收放位置,螺旋桨叶片10沿着马达16和吊舱9的长度向后折叠。因马达16的旋转加速引起的离心负荷能够致使螺旋桨叶片10自动展开到展开位置12。在巡航飞行期间,如果马达16没有产生转矩,则螺旋桨叶片10可能会自动折叠在吊舱9上,以减小空气动力阻力(例如,利用诸如弹簧的偏压元件)。吊舱9可以在枢轴位置25前方延伸足够远,以允许螺旋桨叶片10向后折叠而不接触枢轴或安装机构。
水平飞行操作模式
参照图9,位于车辆100的后端27处的涵道风扇2提供了水平巡航推力的主要来源。涵道风扇2能够由驱动轴18机械驱动,所述驱动轴18主要由碳氢燃料发动机或燃料电池提供动力的马达19提供动力,所述碳氢燃料发动机或燃料电池提供动力的马达19可以与燃料箱31相联接。作为辅助,可以设置电联接到多个电池组17的多个机器22(例如,马达/发电机),以将电池组17的电力经由驱动轴18转换成机械动力。
参照图1,在水平飞行操作模式期间,主要俯仰控制和主要偏航控制可以分别通过致动的叶片13和14实现,所述叶片设置在涵道风扇2的下游处。主要侧倾控制可以通过翼3的尾缘上的升降副翼15实现。辅助侧倾控制可以通过吊舱9的独立倾斜致动实现。可以通过俯仰叶片13上的冗余致动器实现辅助俯仰控制,并且通过升降副翼15和/或吊舱9实现第三级俯仰控制,所述冗余致动器能够后驱动主致动器13。辅助偏航控制可以通过独立限制吊舱9中的电动马达16而实现。
车辆飞行操作模式
尽管其也可以用于水平飞行,但是翼尖处的吊舱安装式马达16的主要功能是提供垂直起降能力。例如,如图10和11所示,每个吊舱9可以包括电动马达16,具有多个(例如16个)独立的无刷直流(BLDC)电动马达16,每个所述独立的无刷直流电动马达具有其自己的计算机控制的马达控制器26a、26b。多个电池组17(例如32个独立的锂聚合物(LiPo)电池组(每个具有大约100个3.7伏电池)可以构造并布置成驱动32个无刷直流电动马达16,这32个无刷直流电动马达16带动两个安装在翼尖处的风扇23旋转。有利地,电池组17能够在在巡航飞行期间或者在地面行驶期间由多个(例如16个)独立的马达/发电机22充电,所述多个独立的马达/发电机22分接位于发动机19和涵道风扇2的螺旋桨20之间的主驱动轴18上的过剩机械动力并且产生能够存储在电池组17中的电力。当车辆100在地面上运行时,可以在行驶或停止时例如使用离合器使涵道风扇2与驱动轴18脱离接合,以允许马达/发电机22为电池组17充电,而风扇螺旋桨20不旋转。另外,当在地面上静止不动时,还可以使用插电式外接电源或者通过谐振耦合(例如,由WiTricity Corp.(Watertown,MA)研发)为电池组17充电。
在垂直飞行操作模式期间,主要俯仰控制和主要偏航控制仍然可以分别通过设置在涵道风扇2的下游处的致动的叶片13和14实现。在在叶片13和14上提供气流用于方向控制的同时,通过使推进器23略微朝向车辆的后端27倾斜,能够抵消由涵道风扇2产生的沿着向前方向29的推力,以防止车辆起飞时不希望地向前运动,同时保持控制车辆俯仰和偏航。主要侧倾控制能够由来自车辆的相对侧部上的吊舱9中的马达16的推力差实现。辅助偏航控制可以通过吊舱9的独立倾斜致动来实现。辅助俯仰控制可以通过俯仰叶片13上的冗余致动器实现,所述冗余致动器能够后驱动主致动器13。
高并行化的混合动力电气架构不仅提供了极其高水平的系统冗余和可靠性,而且还利用了各种推进技术的长处。更具体地,可以分别由电池组17和马达/发动机19例如碳氢燃料发动机或者燃料电池提供动力的马达提供主要电力和机械动力。该系统构造成使得能够将由马达/发动机19产生的过剩机械动力转换成电力以便为电池组17充电。在碳氢燃料发动机19发生故障的情况下,电池组17能够向电动马达/发电机22提供电力,所述电动马达/发电机机械联接到驱动轴18以向车辆100提供动力安全着陆。
如前所述,每个吊舱9均可以包括马达16,例如,介于大约450kW和550kW之间的电风扇马达(不过高于以及低于这个范围的马达也是可行的),包括460kW马达并且包括多个(例如16个或32个)独立的无刷直流电动马达16a、16b,所述独立的无刷直流电动马达中的每一个可以具有其自己的计算机控制的马达控制器26a、26b。马达控制器26a、26b中的每一个可以电联接到对应的多个(例如16个或32个)独立的锂聚合物电池组17中的一个,所述锂聚合物电池组每个均具有大约100个3.7伏电池,这些电池适于驱动多个(例如16个或32个)无刷直流电动马达16a、16b,所述无刷直流电动马达产生用于使安装在翼尖上的转子23(例如,两个转子23)旋转的转矩。
马达/发动机19例如400马力碳氢燃料发动机或燃料电池提供动力的马达能够向传动系(例如,驱动轴18)提供机械动力,用于使车辆100的车轮7旋转以便道路操作和/或用于在飞行期间使涵道风扇2的推进器20旋转。马达/发动机19和驱动轴18机械联接到多个(例如16个)独立机器22(例如,在100-300kW范围内的马达发电机(不过高于以及低于这个范围的马达发电机也是可行的),包括200kW马达发电机),所述多个独立的机器22可以适于分接位于马达/发动机19和涵道风扇2之间的主驱动轴18上的过剩机械动力和/或分接来自电池组17的过剩电力。因此,在运行期间,机器22可以作为发电机,由所产生的任何过剩机械动力产生电力,任何过剩的电力都存储在电池组17中,或者机器22可以作为马达,能够将来自电池组17的电力转换成机械动力,用于驱动涵道风扇2的推进器20和驱动轴18。无论机器22是作为马达还是作为发电机,均能够设置电力调节器/马达控制器38来确保电流不会损坏电池组17或机器22。电力调节器/马达控制器38还可以经由电源输出端21电联接到外部电源39,例如,私有或公共电网,用于为电池组17充电。因此,如上所述,在车辆100在地面上静止不动时通过插电式输出端21或者通过谐振耦合能够为电池组17充电。
主控制器37可以是可商业获得的处理器(诸如,Intel Core、Motorola PowerPC、MIPS、UltraSPARC、或Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC处理器)或者任何类型的处理器或控制器(如多种其它处理器、微处理器、ASIC),并且可获得控制器。控制器37构造并布置成执行一系列指令,例如,应用、算法、驱动程序等等,所述一系列指令产生操控数据去控制电力调节器/马达控制器38以及多个(例如16个或者32个)计算机控制的马达控制器26a、26b中的每一个的操作。
车载接口计算机37可以接收由车内操作者发出的高级的口头命令和触摸屏输入命令,诸如“请带我去马塞诸塞州坎布里奇马塞诸塞大道77号”、“现在起飞”和“在此着陆”。车载计算机37可以依靠操作者来核实近地面操作的安全性,而且还能够使车辆100在操作者选定的位置着陆。车载计算机37能够例如经由无线电和/或数字数据链路系统与航空交通管制(ATC)通讯,并且能够从广播式自动相关监视(ADS-B)接收关于其它航空交通和天气模式的信息,所述信息允许计算机37标绘四维轨迹,提交飞行计划,并执行飞行,所有这些都不需要操作者了解机场、航空交通或天气限制。在飞行中能够经由冗余计算机驱动的反馈控制环路稳定车辆100。
已经结合特殊性详细描述了本发明的各个实施例和特征。本领域技术人员能够理解其功用。应当强调的是本发明的上述实施例仅仅描述了实施本发明的包括最佳模式的某些示例,以便清楚理解本发明的原理。在不背离本发明的原理的精神和范围的前提下,可以对在此描述的实施例和基本概念作出多种改动、变形和修改。所有这种变形方案和修改方案均旨在包括在如在此陈述的本发明的范围内。本发明的范围将由权利要求限定,而非由多个优选和替代实施例的前述描述限定。因此,专利证书所期望获得的是在权利要求中限定和区分的发明及其等同。

Claims (12)

1.一种组合的飞行-行驶车辆,其包括:
车身,所述车身包括乘客舱,所述乘客舱包括前端和后端,其中,所述车身沿着其长度限定了纵向轴线,所述纵向轴线基本平行于车辆沿其长度的运动方向;
至少一个马达;
多个车轮,所述多个车轮联接到所述车身并且以驱动模式联接到所述至少一个马达,所述多个车轮构造成在地面行驶期间向所述车辆提供推进力;
涵道风扇,所述涵道风扇邻近所述车身的后端安装并且构造和布置成在飞行期间提供水平推进力,其中,所述涵道风扇限定了基本平行于所述纵向轴线的风扇轴线;
联接到所述车身的至少两个折叠翼,其中,所述折叠翼适于折叠在翼折叠轴线周围,所述翼折叠轴线基本平行于所述纵向轴线,并且其中,所述折叠翼适于在飞行期间将升力传送给所述车身而在折叠期间提供较小的升力,其中,所述折叠翼设置在所述车身的第一侧部和第二侧部上,并且每个折叠翼构造和布置成沿着所述车身的所述第一侧部和第二侧部之一折叠;
多个吊舱,所述多个吊舱能够枢转地安装到所述折叠翼;和
多个可折叠的螺旋桨叶片,所述多个可折叠的螺旋桨叶片能够枢转地安装到所述多个吊舱并且构造成当处于收放位置时折叠在吊舱上,
其中,所述吊舱适于围绕邻近车辆的竖直纵向重心的枢轴位置枢转。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,其中,所述车轮适于在飞行期间收回到所述车身中。
3.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,其中,每个吊舱包括至少一个电动马达。
4.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,还包括电动马达和碳氢燃料发动机中的至少一个,其适于为所述涵道风扇提供动力。
5.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,还包括适于使车辆转向的方向盘。
6.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,还包括适于使车辆加速的加速器踏板。
7.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,还包括适于使所述车辆减速的制动踏板。
8.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,还包括具有至少一个电源的至少一个数字计算机,所述数字计算机适于稳定和控制车辆。
9.根据权利要求8所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,其中,所述至少一个数字计算机无线网络连接到数据源,所述数据源包括关于实时交通、天气和空域中的至少一个的数据。
10.根据权利要求8所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,其中,所述数字计算机适于解释操作者的高级命令,以基本自动地操作车辆。
11.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,还包括位于所述车身的侧部上的吊舱门,所述吊舱门适于在折叠所述折叠翼时封闭所述吊舱。
12.根据权利要求1所述的组合的飞行-行驶车辆,其中,每个螺旋桨叶片安装在基本平行于所述螺旋桨叶片的翼根弦的轴线周围。
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US11014418B2 (en) 2021-05-25
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