CN104813918A - Method for begonia crossbreeding - Google Patents
Method for begonia crossbreeding Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104813918A CN104813918A CN201510187021.3A CN201510187021A CN104813918A CN 104813918 A CN104813918 A CN 104813918A CN 201510187021 A CN201510187021 A CN 201510187021A CN 104813918 A CN104813918 A CN 104813918A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- begonia
- pollination
- crossbreeding
- filial generation
- parent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for begonia crossbreeding. By means of multi-generation crossbreeding of four species, the problems about parents can be greatly solved, the breeding time is greatly shortened, a part of advantages of hybrid of an original hybrid variety can be maintained in new hybrid variety by means of bred varieties, and excellent characteristics that the parents are free of are achieved and include vigorous plant growth, thick leaves, bright flower colors, long flowering phase, resistance to diseases, cold and barren condition, high stress resistance and the like.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of plant breeding, be specifically related to a kind of method of begonia crossbreeding.
Background technology
Begonia spp is perennial herb or woody.Stem is green, and succulence is expanded in joint portion.What have has rhizome, and what have has shape stem tuber.Leaf alternate, what have circle or both sides not etc. is tiltedly heart-shaped, and some blade-shaped seemingly resemble ear, and look red is or green, or adularescent speckle, and the back side is red, and some blades have projection.Hua Dingsheng or armpit life, cyme, Hua Youbai, powder, red isochrome.Begonia spp has more than 400 kinds, and garden-variety nearly thousand.Divide Begonia tuberhybrida, rhizome begonia and fibrous-rooted begonia three major types.Major part kind is obtained by Crossing system, and some varietal character is unstable, occurs variation after several generations, is difficult to keep merit.Some does not give full play of father's merit originally.
Summary of the invention
For present situation, the invention provides a kind of method of begonia crossbreeding, fully keeping the excellent Hybrid of various proterties is hybridized to it in the basis of parent's merit.
To achieve these goals, the invention provides following technical scheme:
A method for begonia crossbreeding, comprises the steps:
(1) with the four seasons begonia for female parent, floral leaf begonia is male parent, first carries out hybridization and obtains first filial generation, and first filial generation backcrossed with floral leaf begonia for 5 generations again, namely obtains backcross hybrid A;
(2) using backcross hybrid A as female parent, then hybridize as male parent with Begonia rex, namely obtain first-filial generation B;
(3) with first-filial generation B as female parent, be that male parent is hybridized with Begonia argenteo-guttata, namely obtain that plant is tall and big, flower great Ye is fertile, the florescence is long, disease-resistant, cold-resistant, the filial generation C of impoverishment tolerant, strong stress resistance;
(4) in sowing time, using described first-filial generation B as maternal be that male parent is sowed with filial generation C;
(5) after planting 25 ~ 35 days, by the Seeding planting of step (4) described female parent and male parent in seed farm, vernalization of surviving the winter under natural low temperature in the winter time;
(6), during the plant blossom of next spring after field planting, regulate the Parent florescence consistent, female parent is pollinated;
(7), after the florescence terminates, the paternal plant in seed farm is pulled out;
(8) after seed maturity from the seed that maternal plant gathers, be the seed that filial generation obtains.
In the method for aforementioned begonia crossbreeding, the ratio of the seedling of female parent and male parent to seed farm of the field planting described in step (5) is 2 ~ 3:1.
In the method for aforementioned begonia crossbreeding, described seed farm will be isolated with all the other begonia planting sites, and described isolation distance is greater than 1000m.
In the method for aforementioned begonia crossbreeding, the pollination described in step (6) is spontaneous pollination, supplementary pollination or artificial pollination.
In the method for aforementioned begonia crossbreeding, described supplementary pollination realizes by putting into 1-2 case honeybee in every mu of seed farm.
In the method for aforementioned begonia crossbreeding, described artificial pollination blooms to carry out artificial emasculation to female parent noon before that day, measures in flowering stage and have pollen viability and column cap pollination property; Then gather male parent male flower and collect pollen, first both hands are cleaned before pollination, and carry out surface sterilization with 75% cotton ball soaked in alcohol, flower is caught with the thumb of a hand and forefinger, middle finger impacts calyx portion gently by pollen abate, collect pollen with the thumb lid of another hand, during pollination, gynoecium is directly dipped in gently on the pollen collected; After emasculation in 1 ~ 7 day, artificial pollination 5 ~ 7 times, pollination time controls at 14:00 ~ 16:30 point, and the temperature of pollination controls at 15 ~ 20 DEG C.
In the method for aforementioned begonia crossbreeding, the male lobe of described artificial removal refers to from vexil to be the side of semicircular arc, the junction of vexil top and vexil and flower honor is clamped with tweezers, tweezers are 40 ~ 50 degree with the angle of flower lineback, then clamped by petal and all extract, the direction of exerting oneself when extracting is consistent with the direction of begonia flower growth.
The Agronomic trait of the parent material selected by the present invention is as follows:
1, four last month of autumn
malus spectabilis: have another name called melon seeds
malus spectabilis.Plant is short and small, tool fibrous root.Stem is upright, and meat is smooth.The light green light of leaf.Flower cluster, the four seasons are open.Garden-variety is a lot of, and strain shape has high shape kind and short shape kind; Flower has single-lobe and polyphyll; Pattern has red, pink, bletilla Neutral colour; Leaf has green, purplish red and dark brown isochrome.
2, the floral leaf autumn
malus spectabilis: have another name called the red arteries and veins autumn
malus spectabilis.Belong to the fibrous root class autumn
malus spectabilis.The oblique oval of leaf, emerald green, vein is red.Spend bright red or pale red.September at florescence.
3, the toad leaf autumn
malus spectabilis: leaf and floral axis send from rhizome, leaf oval, and pole seemingly resembles ear, and leaf is rich color greatly, and surperficial dirty-green has wrinkle, band metallic luster, and the irregular silvery white ring grain of tool, blade back is red, crinosity on vein.Autumn and winter bloom, and flower pale red, exceeds blade face.Garden-variety is extremely many, and blade color change is abnormal abundant.
4, the silver-colored star autumn
malus spectabilis: sub-
shrub, stem bronzing, smoothly uprightly.Blade Long Circle is to long oval, and blade face is green, and it gathers silvery white fleck, and blade back has blush.Pollen is red, and there are flower in the four seasons, and full-bloom stage is in summer.
Parent selected by the present invention is all commercially available.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
The method can be significantly cost-saving, greatly shorten breeding time, and the hybrid vigour part of former Hybrid can remain in new Hybrid by the kind selected, show as that plant growing way is strong, blade is abundant, flower color is gorgeous, the florescence long, the merit such as disease-resistant, cold-resistant, impoverishment tolerant, strong stress resistance.
Embodiment
The experimental technique used in following embodiment if no special instructions, is conventional method.
Embodiment 1
A method for begonia crossbreeding, comprises the steps:
(1) with the four seasons begonia for female parent, floral leaf begonia is male parent, first carries out hybridization and obtains first filial generation, and first filial generation backcrossed with floral leaf begonia for 5 generations again, namely obtains backcross hybrid A;
(2) using backcross hybrid A as female parent, then hybridize as male parent with Begonia rex, namely obtain first-filial generation B;
(3) with first-filial generation B as female parent, be that male parent is hybridized with Begonia argenteo-guttata, namely obtain that plant is tall and big, flower great Ye is fertile, the florescence is long, disease-resistant, cold-resistant, the filial generation C of impoverishment tolerant, strong stress resistance;
(4) in sowing time, using described first-filial generation B as maternal be that male parent is sowed with filial generation C;
(5) after planting 25 ~ 35 days, by the seedling of step (4) described female parent and male parent according to the ratio field planting of 2:1 in seed farm, vernalization of surviving the winter under natural low temperature in the winter time;
(6) during the plant blossom of next spring after field planting, regulate the Parent florescence consistent, carry out spontaneous pollination to female parent and supplementary pollination combines; In every mu of seed farm, put into 1 case honeybee supplementary pollination, seed farm will be isolated with all the other begonia planting sites, and isolation distance is greater than 1000m;
(7), after the florescence terminates, the paternal plant in seed farm is pulled out;
(8) after seed maturity from the seed that maternal plant gathers, be the seed that filial generation obtains.
Embodiment 2
A method for begonia crossbreeding, comprises the steps:
(1) with the four seasons begonia for female parent, floral leaf begonia is male parent, first carries out hybridization and obtains first filial generation, and first filial generation backcrossed with floral leaf begonia for 5 generations again, namely obtains backcross hybrid A;
(2) using backcross hybrid A as female parent, then hybridize as male parent with Begonia rex, namely obtain first-filial generation B;
(3) with first-filial generation B as female parent, be that male parent is hybridized with Begonia argenteo-guttata, namely obtain that plant is tall and big, flower great Ye is fertile, the florescence is long, disease-resistant, cold-resistant, the filial generation C of impoverishment tolerant, strong stress resistance;
(4) in sowing time, using described first-filial generation B as maternal be that male parent is sowed with filial generation C;
(5) after planting 25 ~ 35 days, by the seedling of step (4) described female parent and male parent according to the ratio field planting of 3:1 in seed farm, seed farm will be isolated with all the other begonia planting sites, and isolation distance is 1500m; To survive the winter under natural low temperature in the winter time vernalization;
(6), during the plant blossom of next spring after field planting, regulate the Parent florescence consistent, carry out artificial pollination to female parent; One afternoon artificial emasculation is carried out to female parent before flowering, measure in flowering stage and there is pollen viability and column cap pollination property; Then gather male parent male flower and collect pollen, first both hands are cleaned before pollination, and carry out surface sterilization with 75% cotton ball soaked in alcohol, flower is caught with the thumb of a hand and forefinger, middle finger impacts calyx portion gently by pollen abate, collect pollen with the thumb lid of another hand, during pollination, gynoecium is directly dipped in gently on the pollen collected; After emasculation in 1 ~ 7 day, artificial pollination 7 times, pollination time controls at 14:00 ~ 16:30 point, and the temperature of pollination controls at 15 ~ 20 DEG C; The flower of artificial emasculation is carried out to the mensuration of Pollen Activity, adopt TTC solution-dyed, within every 3 hours, sample once from field 8:00 from morning, get the pollen mixing of 3 flowers, microscopy after the 1h that dyes under normal temperature condition, is dyed to peony and thinks to have vitality at every turn, count 5 visuals field, average.The vigor percentage of pollen is represented with rate of dyeing.
After measured, the Pollen Activity of begonia used of the present invention is 96%.
Adopt aniline blue-hydrogenperoxide steam generator (1% aniline blue: 3% hydrogen peroxide: distilled water is 4:11:22) dyeing, within every 3 hours, sample once from field 8:00 from morning, get 3 flowers at every turn, get 12 flowers altogether, if the mastoid process on column cap is dyed to blueness very soon, and produce with a large amount of bubbles, illustrate that column cap has Enumerable infinite set, otherwise, then Enumerable infinite set is not had.
After measured, the Enumerable infinite set of begonia used of the present invention is 92%.
(7), after the florescence terminates, the paternal plant in seed farm is pulled out;
(8) after seed maturity from the seed that maternal plant gathers, be the seed that filial generation obtains.
The Agronomic trait of the hybrid new breed that mother plant selected in the present invention and the present invention obtain is in table 1, and result shows, kind plant height of the present invention increases, flower amount obviously increases, florescence is long, and color presents red, powder, color alternate in vain, and ornamental value is higher.
Table 1 Agronomic trait
| Kind | Plant height (cm) | Leaf look | Florescence (my god) | Full-bloom stage (season) |
| The four seasons begonia | 25 | Red | 165 | Qiu Mo |
| Floral leaf begonia | 32 | Yellow | 40 | Autumn |
| Begonia rex | 18 | Pale red | 80 | Autumn, |
| Begonia argenteo-guttata | 100 | Pink | 200 | Summer |
| Kind of the present invention | 150 | Red, powder, alternate in vain | 10.3 | Summer, spring |
The Major Diseases of begonia is stem rot, leaf spot, mosaic disease, powdery mildew etc., and be easily subject to the harm of aphid, powder shell and two spotted spider mite, now the incidence of disease of kind of the present invention and parent is compared, specifically in table 2 and table 3, from comparing result, the probability of the diseases such as new varieties generation stem rot of the present invention, leaf spot, mosaic disease, powdery mildew reduces greatly, and the extent of injury of the insect pests such as aphid, powder shell and two spotted spider mite also reduces.
Table 2 Major Diseases contrast situation
| Kind | The stem rot incidence of disease/% | The leaf spot incidence of disease/% | The mosaic disease incidence of disease/% | The powdery mildew incidence of disease/% |
| The four seasons begonia | 23.2 | 34.5 | 21.0 | 21.4 |
| Floral leaf begonia | 32.1 | 32.1 | 34.2 | 23.1 |
| Begonia rex | 34.1 | 45.8 | 13.6 | 15.4 |
| Begonia argenteo-guttata | 12.4 | 23.1 | 41.2 | 35.2 |
| Kind of the present invention | 8.6 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 10.2 |
Table 3 Major Pests contrast situation
| Kind | The aphid incidence of disease/% | The powder shell incidence of disease/% | The two spotted spider mite incidence of disease/% |
| The four seasons begonia | 22.1 | 15.6 | 34.5 |
| Floral leaf begonia | 32.8 | 28.7 | 15.6 |
| Begonia rex | 13.7 | 35.8 | 21.5 |
| Begonia argenteo-guttata | 16.8 | 45.2 | 16.4 |
| Kind of the present invention | 6.5 | 18.9 | 8.9 |
Claims (7)
1. a method for begonia crossbreeding, is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
(1) with the four seasons begonia for female parent, floral leaf begonia is male parent, first carries out hybridization and obtains first filial generation, and first filial generation backcrossed with floral leaf begonia for 5 generations again, namely obtains backcross hybrid A;
(2) using backcross hybrid A as female parent, then hybridize as male parent with Begonia rex, namely obtain first-filial generation B;
(3) with first-filial generation B as female parent, be that male parent is hybridized with Begonia argenteo-guttata, namely obtain that plant is tall and big, flower great Ye is fertile, the florescence is long, disease-resistant, cold-resistant, the filial generation C of impoverishment tolerant, strong stress resistance;
(4) in sowing time, using described first-filial generation B as maternal be that male parent is sowed with filial generation C;
(5) after planting 25 ~ 35 days, by the Seeding planting of step (4) described female parent and male parent in seed farm, vernalization of surviving the winter under natural low temperature in the winter time;
(6), during the plant blossom of next spring after field planting, regulate the Parent florescence consistent, female parent is pollinated;
(7), after the florescence terminates, the paternal plant in seed farm is pulled out;
(8) after seed maturity from the seed that maternal plant gathers, be the seed that filial generation obtains.
2. the method for a kind of begonia crossbreeding as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the ratio of the seedling of female parent and male parent to seed farm of the field planting described in step (5) is 2 ~ 3:1.
3. the method for a kind of begonia crossbreeding as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described seed farm will be isolated with all the other begonia planting sites, and described isolation distance is greater than 1000m.
4. the method for a kind of begonia crossbreeding as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the pollination described in step (6) is spontaneous pollination, supplementary pollination or artificial pollination.
5. the method for a kind of begonia crossbreeding as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, described supplementary pollination realizes by putting into 1-2 case honeybee in every mu of seed farm.
6. the method for a kind of begonia crossbreeding as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, described artificial pollination blooms to carry out artificial emasculation to female parent noon before that day, measures in flowering stage and has pollen viability and column cap pollination property; Then gather male parent male flower and collect pollen, first both hands are cleaned before pollination, and carry out surface sterilization with 75% cotton ball soaked in alcohol, flower is caught with the thumb of a hand and forefinger, middle finger impacts calyx portion gently by pollen abate, collect pollen with the thumb lid of another hand, during pollination, gynoecium is directly dipped in gently on the pollen collected; After emasculation in 1 ~ 7 day, artificial pollination 5 ~ 7 times, pollination time controls at 14:00 ~ 16:30 point, and the temperature of pollination controls at 15 ~ 20 DEG C.
7. the method for a kind of begonia crossbreeding as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that, the male lobe of described artificial removal refers to from vexil to be the side of semicircular arc, the junction of vexil top and vexil and flower honor is clamped with tweezers, tweezers are 40 ~ 50 degree with the angle of flower lineback, then clamped by petal and all extract, the direction of exerting oneself when extracting is consistent with the direction of begonia flower growth.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510187021.3A CN104813918B (en) | 2015-04-20 | 2015-04-20 | A kind of method of Flos Begoniae Evansianae cross-breeding |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510187021.3A CN104813918B (en) | 2015-04-20 | 2015-04-20 | A kind of method of Flos Begoniae Evansianae cross-breeding |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104813918A true CN104813918A (en) | 2015-08-05 |
| CN104813918B CN104813918B (en) | 2016-11-30 |
Family
ID=53724630
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510187021.3A Expired - Fee Related CN104813918B (en) | 2015-04-20 | 2015-04-20 | A kind of method of Flos Begoniae Evansianae cross-breeding |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN104813918B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107494256A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2017-12-22 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | The cultivation of ' strong wing ' begonia and cultural method |
| CN107494255A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2017-12-22 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | The cultivation of ' silver is beautiful ' begonia and cultural method |
| CN107535351A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2018-01-05 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | The cultivation of ' three split ' begonia and cultural method |
| CN109349100A (en) * | 2018-11-24 | 2019-02-19 | 云南省农业科学院花卉研究所 | A kind of helical-blade begonia breeding method |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20010003215A1 (en) * | 1998-03-13 | 2001-06-07 | Btc Bio Chemical Technologies | Begonia plant named 'BCT9801BEG' |
| CN102422809A (en) * | 2011-10-06 | 2012-04-25 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | Begonia cultivating and planting method |
| CN102428866A (en) * | 2011-10-06 | 2012-05-02 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | Method for breeding and planting begonia evansiania 'Kaiyun' |
-
2015
- 2015-04-20 CN CN201510187021.3A patent/CN104813918B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20010003215A1 (en) * | 1998-03-13 | 2001-06-07 | Btc Bio Chemical Technologies | Begonia plant named 'BCT9801BEG' |
| CN102422809A (en) * | 2011-10-06 | 2012-04-25 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | Begonia cultivating and planting method |
| CN102428866A (en) * | 2011-10-06 | 2012-05-02 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | Method for breeding and planting begonia evansiania 'Kaiyun' |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| YEN-MING CHEN AND MASAHIRO MII: "Inter-sectional hybrids obtained from reciprocal crosses between Begonia semperflorens (section Begonia) and B. ‘Orange Rubra’ (section Gaerdita × section Pritzelia)", 《BREEDING SCIENCE》 * |
| YEN-MING CHEN, MASAHIRO MII: "Interspecific hybridization of Begonia semperflorens (section Begonia) with B. pearcei (section Eupetalum) for introducing yellow flower color", 《PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY》 * |
| 李景秀等: "云南秋海棠属植物有性杂交特性", 《广西植物》 * |
| 李景秀等: "秋海棠抗性育种初探", 《云南植物研究》 * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107494256A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2017-12-22 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | The cultivation of ' strong wing ' begonia and cultural method |
| CN107494255A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2017-12-22 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | The cultivation of ' silver is beautiful ' begonia and cultural method |
| CN107535351A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2018-01-05 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | The cultivation of ' three split ' begonia and cultural method |
| CN107494256B (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2019-06-21 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | ' cultivation of strong wing ' begonia and cultural method |
| CN109349100A (en) * | 2018-11-24 | 2019-02-19 | 云南省农业科学院花卉研究所 | A kind of helical-blade begonia breeding method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN104813918B (en) | 2016-11-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Jiménez et al. | Biology of the papaya plant | |
| Parthiban et al. | Hybrid progenies in Jatropha–a new development | |
| CN113100055B (en) | Breeding method of cold-resistant cut flower type water lily across subgenus Australia | |
| CN104054570A (en) | Breeding method of hybrid rice two-line sterile line with leaves carrying white midribs | |
| CN104813918B (en) | A kind of method of Flos Begoniae Evansianae cross-breeding | |
| Chiappetta et al. | Botanical description | |
| CN111480570A (en) | Crossbreeding method between wild buckwheat rhizome and tartary buckwheat rhizome and application | |
| CN103975848B (en) | Breeding and cultivating method for early-matured and disease-resistant brassica oleracea | |
| CN103583246A (en) | Method for fast improving survival rate for hybridization of longan and litchi | |
| CN109392697B (en) | Method for cultivating new purple Chinese cabbage germplasm by utilizing distant hybridization technology | |
| CN104054571B (en) | A kind of blade carries the selection of the hybrid rice CMS line of White midrib | |
| CN109329043B (en) | Breeding method of small-seed type pumpkin rootstock variety | |
| CN114831021B (en) | Ornamental rape variety cultivation method suitable for miniature bonsai | |
| CN103766212A (en) | Method for improving cabbage type rape by use of cabbage | |
| CN104813916A (en) | Ranunculus asiaticus cross-breeding method | |
| Chessa et al. | Investigations on variability in the genus Opuntia as fruit crop for genetic improvement | |
| CN111011206A (en) | Method for cultivating new pepper variety by distant hybridization grafting | |
| CN103535271A (en) | Camellia changii variety breeding method | |
| Shilpa et al. | Pomegranate Genetic Resources: Conservation and Utilization | |
| Rajamani et al. | Glory lily (Gloriosa superba): A phytochemical crop of commercial significance | |
| CN108243949A (en) | A kind of selection of portable temperature-sensitive sterile line | |
| Venugopal et al. | Chapter-6 Genetics and Breeding of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.) | |
| CN103039352A (en) | Method for cross breeding of paddy and bamboo | |
| CN107295967A (en) | A kind of gumbo combined hybrid method | |
| Zeng et al. | A new flowering crabapple cultivar named Malus ‘Juan Zhulian’ |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| EXSB | Decision made by sipo to initiate substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20161130 Termination date: 20180420 |