CN104716302B - 用于制造用于锂电池的功能层的方法 - Google Patents
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
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- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RJEIKIOYHOOKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[La] Chemical compound [Li].[La] RJEIKIOYHOOKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000664 lithium aluminum titanium phosphates (LATP) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims 2
- QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2-prop-2-enylphenol Chemical group C1=C(CC=C)C(O)=CC=C1C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=C(O)C(CC=C)=C1 QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 241001597008 Nomeidae Species 0.000 claims 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;titanium Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ti] UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- -1 aluminium germanium Chemical compound 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005387 chalcogenide glass Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XPDWGBQVDMORPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoromethane acid Natural products FC(F)F XPDWGBQVDMORPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910006664 Li—La—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTJOIXXDCCFVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[O] Chemical compound [Li].[O] QTJOIXXDCCFVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[S] Chemical compound [Li].[S] JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 2
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- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- PHDNGVHIVIYFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Zr].[La].[Li] Chemical compound [Zr].[La].[Li] PHDNGVHIVIYFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于制造用于锂电池(28)的功能层(20)、尤其是用于锂金属阳极(30)的保护层(20)的方法,其中所述功能层(20)是锂离子导电的并且具有至少一种无机材料、尤其是陶瓷材料的颗粒(14),其中至少一种无机材料的颗粒(14)通过沉积被施加到载体(18)上。本发明此外涉及一种用于锂电池的功能层(20)、尤其是阳极保护层(20)以及包括所述功能层的锂电池或锂电池组,其中所述功能层通过前面所描述的方法来制造。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造用于锂电池的功能层、尤其是用于锂金属阳极或锂金属阴极的保护层的方法、一种用于锂电池的功能层以及包括该功能层的锂电池或锂电池组。
背景技术
在不同类型的锂(Li)电池组、尤其是所谓的后锂离子电池组、诸如锂硫电池组或锂氧电池组中,金属锂阳极被用作阳极。该锂阳极尤其具有以下问题,即在该锂阳极上发生与电解质或包含在电解质中的物质(例如在LiS电池的情况下多硫化物)的寄生反应。由此不仅电解质而且锂本身被耗尽。为了防止这一点,在金属锂阳极上需要保护层,该保护层防止金属锂和电解质之间的直接接触并且同时具有足够高的锂离子导电性。
目前,大多数的构思以相对于枝晶生长稳定的层为出发点,该层阻止生长的枝晶穿过该层生长。为此需要高的机械稳定性。该稳定性例如可以通过陶瓷材料实现,所述陶瓷材料然而由于其脆性而不能单独被使用。
发明内容
在该背景下,利用本发明根据独立权利要求介绍一种用于制造用于锂电池的功能层的方法、一种用于锂电池或锂电池组的功能层以及一种包括该功能层的锂电池或锂电池组。有利的设计方案由相应的从属权利要求和随后的描述得出。
根据本发明的方法提供以下优点,即可以制造用于锂电池的功能层、尤其是用于锂金属阳极或锂金属阴极的功能层,该功能层不仅对于锂离子是灵活的而且相对于枝晶是稳定的。
锂电池尤其是可以被理解为电化学电池,该电化学电池的阳极(负电极)包括锂。例如在此可以涉及锂金属电池、具有由金属锂或锂合金构成的阳极(负电极)的电池、或必要时涉及锂离子电池、其阳极包括夹入材料、例如石墨的电池,锂可以可逆地插入到该夹入材料中并且从该夹入材料中移出。
有利的是,气溶胶沉积方法(ADM方法)被用于将至少一种无机材料的颗粒和聚合物粘合剂沉积到载体上。用于气溶胶沉积的沉积参数例如可以如下:
-原始粉末的粉末分布:50nm-5μm(d50=1-3μm)
-用于气溶胶产生的振动频率:80-800rpm
-喷嘴开口:0.5*10mm2
-喷嘴类型:拉瓦尔喷嘴
-载气流:1.5-6l/min
-载气类型:氩气、氨气、氮气
-(沉积腔和气溶胶发生器之间的)压力差:80-180mbar
-到衬底的喷嘴间距:3-15mm
-扫描速度(摆渡速度):0.1-3mm/s
-摆渡次数:1-60
-层厚度:0.5-20μm。
通过ADM方法,至少一种无机材料的颗粒可以碾碎地作为层被沉积到载体上,由此可以实现很低的、例如在小于或等于10%、尤其是小于或等于2%的范围内的、特别是0%的孔隙度。该措施用于具有阳极保护层的电池中的阳极和电解质的完全分离或具有阴极保护层的电池中的阴极和电解质的完全分离(枝晶生长,电解质分解)。
此外,有利的是,至少一种无机材料的颗粒和聚合物粘合剂的沉积同时或交替地进行。由此该功能层获得高的灵活性,因为形成一种合成物,在该合成物中聚合物链作为用于陶瓷颗粒的粘合剂起作用。
此外,有利的是,功能层在没有附加的退火步骤的情况下构成。即,换句话说,舍弃在常规的陶瓷材料、例如锂镧钛氧化物(LLTO)、磷酸锂镧钛(LATP)、石榴石、如锂镧锆氧化物的情况下在制造用于构造颗粒接触的层之后为了减小从一个颗粒到下一个颗粒的过渡电阻并且因此为了保证足够高的锂导电性所需的事后的退火或再烧结。这又能够实现在较低的温度下、尤其是在玻璃熔化温度之上、但是在聚合物的熔化温度之下的温度下、典型地在大约150℃的情况下制造功能层。在此情况下的优点是,可以实现聚合物的无定形区域的重新定向并且所使用的聚合物粘合剂不被耗尽,由此改进功能层的机械稳定性并且提高功能层的柔韧性。
此外,有利的是,压缩功能层。该压缩尤其是可以借助压延过程来实现。压缩例如可以借助压缩机、例如借助压延机来实现。通过压缩过程,可以以有利的方式制造紧密的功能层并且尤其是封闭可能以前形成的孔。此外,可以通过该压缩以有利的方式改进各个颗粒之间的接触。这又导致过渡电阻被最小化以及锂导电性和比能量密度被提高。
此外,有利的是,聚合物粘合剂是锂离子导电的和/或无机材料的颗粒在功能层的厚度方向上构造连续的锂离子导电路径和/或功能层具有至少一种锂导电盐。可以从由六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4)、双乙二酸硼酸锂、硫化电解质、硫银锗矿、富锂反钙钛矿、锂镧钙钛矿和其混合物组成的组中选择该锂导电盐。由此进一步提高功能层针对锂离子的导电性。
此外,有利的是,锂导电盐与至少一种无机材料的颗粒和聚合物粘合剂一起通过沉积被施加到载体上。由此可以以快速并且成本低的方式和方法将锂导电盐与至少一种无机材料的颗粒和聚合物粘合剂一起作为第三组分借助ADM施加到载体上。
替代地,也可以在至少一种无机材料的颗粒和聚合物粘合剂沉积之后将锂导电盐引入到功能层中。
此外,有利的是,载体具有锂并且尤其是被构造为锂薄膜。由此可以以有利的方式舍弃用于将功能层施加到锂上的另一个过程步骤或另外的过程步骤。替代地,然而也可以将载体构造为载体衬底,功能层尤其是借助再层压(Umlaminier)或蚀刻过程从该载体衬底被去除。随后,功能层于是例如借助压延过程被施加到锂薄膜上。
附图说明
以下借助附图示例性地进一步解释本发明。
图1示出根据本发明的一个实施例的方法的示意图;和
图2示出根据本发明的锂电池的一种实施方式的示意性横截面。
在本发明的优选的实施例的随后的描述中,对于在不同的图中所示出的并且相似地起作用的元件使用相同或相似的附图标记,其中舍弃对这些元件的重复描述。
具体实施方式
在图1中描绘了气溶胶涂覆装置10,通过该气溶胶涂覆装置可以实施根据本发明的方法或产生根据本发明的功能层。该气溶胶涂覆装置10具有喷嘴12,该喷嘴例如可以被构造为拉瓦尔喷嘴。喷嘴12的喷嘴开口例如可以为0.5*10mm2。气溶胶涂覆装置10尤其是可以被构造用于实现用于气溶胶沉积的前面所提到的沉积参数。
按照所示出的根据本发明的方法,首先至少一种无机材料、尤其是陶瓷材料的颗粒14和至少一种聚合物粘合剂16通过沉积被施加在载体18上。沉积在此情况下是气溶胶沉积。至少一种无机材料、尤其是陶瓷材料的颗粒14和聚合物粘合剂在此可以借助气溶胶涂覆装置10同时或交替地被沉积。如从图1可以看出,颗粒14和粘合剂16在载体18上构成合成物,由此构造功能层20。
为了使功能层20可操作并且改进各个颗粒14之间的接触,功能层20在沉积之后借助压缩机21被压缩。压缩机21在此情况下被构造为压延机21,该压延机具有第一辊22和第二辊24。如从图1进一步可以看出,第一辊22用于引导锂薄膜26,使得功能层20被施加到该锂薄膜上。与第一辊22相对地被布置的第二辊24又用于引导载体18,使得该载体从功能层20被去除。由此形成的层复合体因此具有根据本发明的功能层20以及锂层26,该锂层被构造为锂薄膜26。如前面所解释的,可替代地设想,载体18具有锂并且尤其是被构造为锂薄膜。由此可以以有利的方式舍弃再层压步骤,通过该再层压步骤从功能层20去除载体18。
图2示出一种锂电池28,该锂电池具有阳极30(负电极)和阴极32(正电极)。此外,在阳极30的外侧上布置有例如由铜构成的阳极集流器34,并且在阴极32的外侧上布置有例如由铝构成的阴极集流器36。
在阳极30和阴极32之间布置有根据本发明的功能层20,该功能层可以以有利的方式用作用于阳极30或用于阴极32的保护层20,尤其是用于避免来自阳极30的枝晶生长。保护层20因此也可以被称为阳极保护层20或阴极保护层20。此外,在图2中所示出的实施方式中功能层20用作唯一的隔离器。由此也可以有利地实现比能量密度。
阳极30也可以是锂金属阳极30、即包括金属锂或锂合金的或由金属锂或锂合金构成的阳极。阴极例如可以包括硫或是氧电极。在图2中所示出的锂电池28例如可以是锂硫电池或锂氧电池。在图2中所示出的锂电池例如可以被构造为干电池或薄层电池。
Claims (12)
1.用于制造用于锂电池(28)的功能层(20)的方法,其中所述功能层(20)
-是锂离子导电的并且
-具有至少一种陶瓷材料的颗粒(14),
其中所述至少一种陶瓷材料的颗粒(14)通过沉积被施加到载体(18)上,
其中所述功能层(20)此外具有至少一种聚合物粘合剂(16),其中所述聚合物粘合剂(16)通过沉积被施加到载体(18)上,
其中所述至少一种陶瓷材料的颗粒(14)和所述聚合物粘合剂(16)的沉积同时或交替地进行,
其中所述聚合物粘合剂(16)是锂离子导电的和/或所述至少一种陶瓷材料的颗粒(14)在所述功能层(20)的厚度方向(38)上构造连续的锂离子导电路径和/或所述功能层(20)具有至少一种锂导电盐,
其中所述锂导电盐在所述至少一种陶瓷材料的颗粒(14)和所述聚合物粘合剂(16)沉积之后被引入到所述功能层(20)中,以及
所述载体(18)是载体衬底(18),所述载体衬底从所述功能层(20)借助再层压或蚀刻过程被去除,其中所述功能层(20)随后被施加到锂薄膜(26)上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述功能层(20)是用于锂金属阳极(30)或用于锂金属阴极(32)的保护层。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,气溶胶沉积方法被用于沉积。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,从由聚环氧乙烷、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯衍生物和其混合物组成的组中选择所述聚合物粘合剂和/或从由磷酸锂铝钛(LATP)、磷酸锂铝锗(LAGP)、石榴石、硫化玻璃、硫化电解质、硫银锗矿、富锂反钙钛矿、锂镧钙钛矿和其混合物组成的组中选择所述陶瓷材料。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述功能层(20)在没有附加的退火步骤的情况下构成。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述功能层(20)被压缩。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述功能层(20)借助压延过程被压缩。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,从由六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4)、双乙二酸硼酸锂和其混合物组成的组中选择所述锂导电盐。
9.根据权利要求1或8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述锂导电盐与所述至少一种陶瓷材料的颗粒(14)和所述聚合物粘合剂(16)一起通过沉积被施加到所述载体(18)上。
10.用于锂电池(28)的功能层(20),通过根据权利要求1至9之一所述的方法来制造。
11.根据权利要求10所述的用于锂电池(28)的功能层(20),其特征在于,所述功能层(20)是阳极保护层或阴极保护层。
12.锂电池(28)或锂电池组,包括根据权利要求10或11所述的功能层(20)。
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US11456481B2 (en) | 2017-10-12 | 2022-09-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Ceramic-polymer composite single ion conducting thin film electrolyte |
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