CN104640856B - 作为隐花色素调节剂的含有咔唑的磺酰胺类 - Google Patents
作为隐花色素调节剂的含有咔唑的磺酰胺类 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104640856B CN104640856B CN201380036733.4A CN201380036733A CN104640856B CN 104640856 B CN104640856 B CN 104640856B CN 201380036733 A CN201380036733 A CN 201380036733A CN 104640856 B CN104640856 B CN 104640856B
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- circle heterocycles
- heterocycles base
- alkyl
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Classifications
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Abstract
本文的主题涉及结构式I的含有咔唑的磺酰胺衍生物及其药学上可接受的盐或水合物,其中相应地描述了变量R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、a和b。还提供包含式I化合物的药物组合物以治疗Cry介导的疾病或病症,例如糖尿病、肥胖症、代谢综合征、库欣综合征和青光眼。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2012年5月11日提交的美国临时申请号61/645,918和2013年3月12日提交的美国临时申请号61/778,176的优先权和权益,所述申请的内容以其整体结合到本文中。
通过引用结合
本文中引用的每个申请和专利以及每个申请和专利中引用的每个文献或参考文献(包括在各已公布专利的审查期间;“申请引述的文献”),以及对应于和/或要求这些申请和专利中任一个的优先权的各个美国和外国的申请或专利,以及所述各个申请引述的文献中引述或引用的各个文献,都通过引用明确结合到本文中。更概括地讲,在本文中(在权利要求书前的参考文献表中或在正文本身中)引用了文献和参考文献;并且这些文献或参考文献(“本文引述的参考文献”)的每一个,以及本文引述的参考文献中引述的每个文献或参考文献(包括任何生产商说明书、用法说明等),均通过引用明确结合到本文中。通过引用结合到本文中的文献可用于本发明的实践中。
技术领域
本文公开的主题尤其涉及含有咔唑的磺酰胺衍生物、含有这些化合物的药物组合物、其用于治疗隐花色素介导的疾病或病症的方法及其生产方法。还提供诊断、检测或监测接受本文公开的化合物和组合物的受试者的隐花色素依赖性疾病的进展的方法。
发明背景
昼夜节律钟是一种控制许多生理过程的每日节律的内在计时机制,所述生理过程例如睡眠/唤醒行为、体温、激素分泌和代谢(Takahashi, J. S.等, Nat. Rev. Genet.2008, 9, 764;Green, C. B.等, Cell, 2008, 134, 728;Zhang, E. E.等, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2010, 11, 764)。昼夜节律以细胞自主性方式通过时钟基因的转录调节网产生。在核心反馈环中,转录因子CLOCK和BMAL1激活Period (Per1和Per2)和隐花色素(Cry1和Cry2)基因的表达。在翻译和核定位后,PER和CRY蛋白抑制CLOCK-BMAL1的功能,导致持续的节律基因表达。许多生理途径在昼夜节律钟的控制下(Panda, S.等, Cell,2002, 109, 307),包括许多肝过程的直接调节(Rey, G.等, PLoS Biol. 2011, 9,e1000595;Bugge, A.等, Genes Dev. 2012, 26, 657)。
昼夜节律去同步化与胰岛素敏感性受损(Spiegel, K.等, J. Appl. Physiol.2005, 99, 2008;Spiegel, K.等, Lancet, 1999, 354, 1435)、瘦蛋白水平降低有关并导致高血糖症、高胰岛素血症和相当于前驱糖尿病状态的葡萄糖反应的餐后葡萄糖反应(Scheer, F. A.等, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106, 4453)。数个全基因组关联研究发现,Cry2在哺乳动物葡萄糖水平的调节中可能是重要的(Dupuis, J.等, Nat. Genet. 2010, 42, 105;Liu, C.等, PLoS One, 2011, 6, e21464;Barker, A.等,Diabetes, 2011, 60, 1805)。
由于内分泌性胰腺的胰岛素敏感性和胰岛素分泌能力的改变,血液中的葡萄糖浓度是高度节律性的(Polonsky, K. S.等, N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 318, 1231)。ClockΔ19突变型小鼠发生年龄依赖性高血糖症,并且这些动物还发生对饮食诱导的肥胖易感,具有不适当低的胰岛素浓度(Turek, F. W.等, Science, 2005, 308, 1043),并且血糖在响应用胰岛素治疗时显示更急剧的下降,这就表明这些动物的胰岛素敏感性提高,因而掩蔽了其β-细胞缺乏(Marcheva, B.等, Nature, 2010, 466, 627)。小鼠中Bmal1的肝特异性缺失导致葡萄糖耐量受损和胰岛素敏感性提高(Lamia, K. A.等, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, 105, 15172)。患有2型糖尿病的个体,甚至他们的尚未患有该病的直系亲属,都显示葡萄糖耐量的节律性发生改变(Boden, G.等, Diabetes, 1999, 48, 2182)。此外,与无2型糖尿病的人相比,在患有该病的人中,Per2、Per3和Cry2表达显著较低(Stamenkovich, J. A.等, Metabolism, 2012, 61, 978)。糖异生基因烯醇丙酮酸磷酸羧激酶(Pck1)和葡萄糖6-磷酸酶(G6pc)受CRY和Bmal1基因调节物REV-ERB控制(Zhang, E.E.等, Nat. Med. 2010, 16, 1152;Lamia, K. A.等, Nature, 2011, 480, 552;Yin, L.等, Science, 2007, 318, 1786)。糖异生受多个信号转导机制的严密控制,此外,小鼠中的研究显示Cry1和Cry2的调节可干扰糖异生并调节血糖水平(Zhang, E. E.等, Nat. Med. 2010, 16, 1152)。
在单一疗法或组合疗法的情况下,新的和已确立的口服抗糖尿病药具有不一致的有限疗效。口服抗糖尿病疗法遭受血糖控制差或有限,或由不能接受的副作用(例如水肿、体重增加或甚至更严重的并发症如低血糖症)引起的患者顺应性差。二甲双胍,一种取代的双胍,会引起腹泻和胃肠不适。最后,水肿、体重增加以及在某些情况下的肝脏毒性和心脏毒性,与给予某些噻唑烷-2,4-二酮抗糖尿病药(例如罗格列酮和吡格列酮)有关。使用上述药剂的两种或更多种的组合疗法是普遍的,但一般只导致血糖控制逐渐增加的改善。
Cry1和Cry2还与糖皮质激素受体(GR)相互作用以全面改变对糖皮质激素的转录反应(Lamia, K. A.等, Nature, 2011, 480, 552)。Cry1和/或Cry2的丧失导致葡萄糖耐受不良和组成型高水平的循环皮质酮,这表明了与肝中糖皮质激素反式激活增加相关的下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴抑制的降低。在基因组上,Cry1和Cry2以激素依赖性方式与Pck1启动子中的糖皮质激素反应元件缔合,并且地塞米松诱导的Pck1基因转录在隐花色素缺陷型肝中显著增加。这就表明用于抑制炎症的糖皮质激素的非期望的代谢副作用(例如高血糖症、胰岛素抵抗和肾上腺功能抑制)可通过将其与可稳定Cry1和/或Cry2的药剂组合来减少。
发明简述
本文的主题涉及隐花色素(Cry)调节化合物、包含Cry调节化合物的药物组合物和通过给予Cry调节化合物治疗以下Cry相关疾病或病症的方法:例如糖尿病、肥胖症、代谢综合征、库欣综合征(Cushing’s syndrome)和青光眼。
一方面,本文公开的主题涉及下式I的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或水合物:
其中:
A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自独立地为N或C;
当A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H为C时,R1和R2各自独立选自H、卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、羟基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-O-(C=O)-R8、-NR8(C=O)-R10、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-NR8R9、-NR8OR9、-S(O)cNR8R9、-S(O)d(C1-C8)烷基、-O-SO2-R8、NR8-S(O)c、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R3和R5各自独立选自H、氰基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-S(O)cNR8R9、-S(O)d(C1-C8)烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
其中R3基团的每一个任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
其中R5基团的每一个任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
R4为H、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R6为H、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
其中R5和R6任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-NR8(C=O)-R10、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-NR8R9、-NR8OR9、-NR8-S(O)c、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
其中R6和R7任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
R8、R9和R10各自独立选自H、(C1-C6)烷基、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)g(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR11R12)g(4-10)元杂环基;
前述R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15和R16的(C1-C6)烷基、(3-10)元环烷基、(C6-C10)芳基和(4-10)元杂环基的任何碳原子独立地被1-3个各自独立选自以下的R14取代基任选取代:卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、羟基、-O-R15、-(CR8R9)e(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-R15、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-O-R15、-O-(C=O)-R11、-O-(C=O)-R15、-NR11(C=O)-R13、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-(C=O)-NR11R15、-NR11R12、-NR11R15、-NR11OR12、-NR11OR15、-S(O)cNR11R12、-S(O)cNR11R15、-S(O)d(C1-C6)烷基、-S(O)dR15、-O-SO2-R11、-O-SO2-R15、-NR11-S(O)c、-NR15-S(O)c、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)eO(CR11R12)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)eO(CR11R12)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)fS(O)d(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR11R12)fS(O)d(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
前述R14的(C1-C6)烷基、(3-10)元环烷基、(C6-C10)芳基和(4-10)元杂环基的任何碳原子独立地被1-3个各自独立选自以下的R16取代基任选取代:卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、(CH2)eOH、(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-R15、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-O-R15、-O-(C=O)-R11、-O-(C=O)-R15、-NR11(C=O)-R13、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-NR11R12和-NR11R15;
前述R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R14和R15的(4-10)元杂环基的任何氮原子独立地被以下取代基任选取代:(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基或-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R11、R12和R13各自独立地为H或(C1-C6)烷基;
R15为-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基或-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
a和b各自独立地为1、2、3或4;
c为1或2;
d为0、1或2;和
e、f和g各自独立地为0、1、2、3、4或5。
在一些实施方案中,A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在其它实施方案中,A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6和R7彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在其它实施方案中,A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和一个R5为H;一个R5和R6彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在一些实施方案中,式I化合物是在C-3带有(S)-构型或(R)-构型的单对映体,其中A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在本文公开的主题的其它实施方案中,式I化合物是在C-3带有(S)-构型或(R)-构型的单对映体,其中A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6和R7彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
本文公开的主题的其它实施方案是选自以下的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或水合物:
(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷(thiazinane)-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-异噻唑烷(isothiazolidine)-1,1-二氧化物;
(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-5-氟-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷(thiadiazinane)-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-N-(1-甲基环戊基)甲烷磺酰胺;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-2,3-二氢苯并[d]异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(2,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物。
另一方面,本文所述化合物调节Cry1或Cry2。Cry1或Cry2的调节包括以下的任一种:与Cry1或Cry2结合;抑制Cry1或Cry2的修饰;改变Cry1或Cry2定位;提高或降低Cry1或Cry2稳定性;提高或降低Cry1或Cry2与靶之间的结合;提高或降低Cry1或Cry2活性;和提高或降低Cry1或Cry2靶的活性。Cry1和/或Cry2的靶包括但不限于Per1、Per2、糖皮质激素受体(GR)、CLOCK、BMAL1或CLOCK-BMAL1启动子序列。
另一方面,本文所述主题提供包含权利要求1的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或水合物和药学上可接受的载体、辅助剂或稀释剂的药物组合物。在一些实施方案中,药物组合物还包含一种或多种其它的治疗剂。
在其它方面,提供治疗受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的方法,所述方法包括给予受试者治疗有效量的本文所述药物组合物。又一方面,本发明提供用于减轻受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的症状的方法,所述方法包括给予受试者治疗有效量的本文所述药物组合物。所述疾病或病症可选自糖尿病、代谢综合征、胰岛素抵抗综合征、肥胖症、青光眼、库欣综合征、精神病性抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease)、神经性疼痛、药物滥用、骨质疏松症、癌症、黄斑变性和肌病。在一些实施方案中,所述方法还包括给予受试者一种或多种其它的治疗剂。
另一方面,提供监测受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的进展或预后的方法,所述方法包括测量在第一时段得自受试者的第一样品中一种或多种隐花色素的有效量;测量在第二时段得自受试者的第二样品中一种或多种隐花色素的有效量;将第一样品中检测到的一种或多种隐花色素的量与第二样品中检测的一种或多种隐花色素的量或与参比值进行比较。在一些实施方案中,监测包括评价受试者中发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险的变化。
受试者可包括针对Cry介导的疾病或病症之前已进行过治疗的受试者、针对Cry介导的疾病或病症之前未进行过治疗的受试者或之前未诊断患有Cry介导的疾病或病症的受试者。样品可以是全血、血清、血浆、血细胞、内皮细胞、组织活检、淋巴液、腹水液、间质液、骨髓、脑脊液(CSF)、精液、唾液、粘液、痰、汗或尿液。
在一些实施方案中,第一样品在针对Cry介导的疾病或病症进行治疗之前自受试者中获取,第二样品在针对Cry介导的疾病或病症进行治疗之后自受试者中获取。在其它实施方案中,受试者用包含本文公开的式I化合物的药物组合物治疗。在某些实施方案中,监测还包含针对受试者选择治疗和/或监测针对Cry介导的疾病或病症进行治疗的疗效,其中针对Cry介导的疾病或病症的治疗包括手术干预、单独或与一种或多种其它的治疗剂组合给予本文定义的药物组合物、在给予本文提供的药物组合物之后或之前或与一种或多种其它的治疗剂组合进行手术干预,或不采取进一步行动。
在其它实施方案中,参比值包括给定值、得自一种或多种Cry介导的疾病或病症风险预测算法的值、得自未患有Cry介导的疾病或病症的受试者的值或得自诊断患有Cry介导的疾病或病症的受试者的值。在一些实施方案中,测量包括检测一种或多种隐花色素存在与否、定量测定一种或多种隐花色素的量、测定一种或多种隐花色素的类型并评价一种或多种隐花色素结合靶的能力。所述靶可以是Per1、Per2或CLOCK-BMAL1启动子序列。如本文所公开的,Cry介导的疾病或病症可选自糖尿病、肥胖症、代谢综合征、胰岛素抵抗综合征、库欣综合征、和青光眼、精神病性抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病、神经性疼痛、药物滥用、骨质疏松症、癌症、黄斑变性和肌病。
除非另有定义,否则本文所用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所属领域普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然类似于或等同于本文描述的方法与材料的那些方法与材料可用于本发明的实践,但下面描述了合适的方法与材料。所有出版物、专利申请、专利和本文提及的其它参考文献均通过引用以其整体明确予以结合。在有冲突的情况下,以本说明书(包括定义)为准。另外,本文描述的材料、方法和实施例只是说明性的,并非是限制性的。
从随附的发明详述和权利要求书来看,本发明的其它特征和优势将是显而易见的。
发明详述
整个本说明书所描述的特征、结构或特性可在一个或多个实施方案中以任何合适的方式组合。例如,整个本说明书中,短语“示例性实施方案”、“实例性实施方案”、“一些实施方案”或其它类似用语的使用是指在一个实施方案中描述的具体特征、结构或特性可包括在本文所述至少一个实施方案中的事实。因此,整个本说明书中,短语“示例性实施方案”、“实例性实施方案”、“在一些实施方案中”、“在其它实施方案中”或其它类似用语的出现,不必全是指实施方案的相同组别,并且所述特征、结构或特性可在一个或多个实施方案中以任何合适的方式组合。
为了便于理解本公开内容,下面定义了许多术语。本文定义的术语具有本文所述主题相关领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义。术语例如“a”、“an”和“the”并非是仅仅指单数实体,而且包括可用于说明的具体实例的一般类别。除权利要求书中的概述以外,本文术语用来描述本文所述主题的具体实施方案,但它们的使用不限制该主题。
本文所用术语“包含”、“包括”或“具有”以其开放式非限制性意义使用。
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“卤素”意指氟、氯、溴或碘。
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“烷基”包括具有直链或支链部分的饱和一价烃基。
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“烯基”表示含有一个或多个碳-碳双键的2-6个碳的一价直链或支链基团,其实例为乙烯基、1-丙烯基、2-丙烯基、2-甲基-1-丙烯基、1-丁烯基、2-丁烯基等。
本文所用术语“炔基”表示含有碳-碳三键的2-6个碳原子的一价直链或支链基团,其实例为乙炔基、1-丙炔基等。
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“烷氧基”包括O-烷基,其中烷基如上文定义。
术语“Me”意指甲基,“Et”意指乙基。
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“环烷基”是指本文所指的含有总共3-10个碳原子的非芳族的、饱和或部分饱和的单环或稠合、螺环或未稠合的二环或三环烃。环烷基的说明性实例源于但不限于:
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“芳基”包括来源于脱去一个氢的芳香烃的有机基,例如苯基或萘基。
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“(4-12)元杂环基”包括含有1-4个各自选自O、S和N的杂原子的芳族和非芳族杂环基,其中每个杂环基在其环系中具有4-12个原子,且前提条件是所述基团的环不含2个邻接的O或S原子。非芳族杂环基包括在其环系中只有3个原子的基团,但是芳族杂环基在其环系中必需具有至少5个原子。杂环基包括苯并稠合环系。3元杂环基的实例为氮杂环丙烷,4元环杂环基的实例为氮杂环丁烷基(源于氮杂环丁烷)。5元杂环基的实例为噻唑基,7元环的实例为氮杂基,而10元杂环基的实例为喹啉基。非芳族杂环基的实例为吡咯烷基、四氢呋喃基、二氢呋喃基、四氢噻吩基、四氢吡喃基、二氢吡喃基、四氢噻喃基、哌啶子基、吗啉代、硫代吗啉代、噻噁烷基、哌嗪基、氮杂环丁烷基、氧杂环丁烷基、硫杂环丁烷基(thietanyl)、高哌啶基、氧杂环庚烷基、硫杂环庚烷基、氧杂氮杂环庚烯基(oxazepinyl)、二氮杂环庚烯基、硫杂氮杂环庚烯基(thiazepinyl)、1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶基、2-吡咯啉基、3-吡咯啉基、二氢吲哚基、2H-吡喃基、4H-吡喃基、二氧杂环己烷基、1,3-二氧杂环戊烷基、吡唑啉基、二噻烷基、二硫杂环戊烷基、二氢吡喃基、二氢噻吩基、二氢呋喃基、吡唑烷基、咪唑啉基、咪唑烷基、3-氮杂二环[3.1.0]己烷基、3-氮杂二环[4.1.0]庚烷基、3H-吲哚基和喹嗪基。芳族杂环基的实例为吡啶基、咪唑基、嘧啶基、吡唑基、三唑基、吡嗪基、四唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、异噁唑基、噻唑基、噁唑基、异噻唑基、吡咯基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、吲哚基、苯并咪唑基、苯并呋喃基、噌啉基、吲唑基、吲嗪基、酞嗪基、哒嗪基、三嗪基(traizinyl)、异吲哚基、蝶啶基、嘌呤基、噁二唑基、噻二唑基、呋咱基、苯并呋咱基、苯并噻吩基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噁唑基、喹唑啉基、喹喔啉基、naphthridinyl和呋喃并吡啶基。如果C-连接或N-连接的是可行的,则前述基团(如来源于上述列表)可以是C-连接的或N-连接的。例如,源于吡咯的基团可为吡咯-1-基(N-连接的)或吡咯-3-基(C-连接的)。此外,源于咪唑的基团可为咪唑-1-基(N-连接的)或咪唑-3-基(C-连接的)。4-12元杂环基可在任何环碳、硫或氮原子上被每环一个或两个氧代任选取代。其中2个环原子被氧代部分取代的杂环基的实例为1,1-二氧代-硫代吗啉基。4-12元杂环基的其它说明性实例来源于但不限于:
除非另有说明,否则本文所用术语“4-12元单环或二环”表示环烷基、芳基和(4-12)元杂环基,其中环烷基、芳基和(4-12)元杂环基如上文定义。
本文所用术语“取代的”意指指定原子上的任一个或多个氢原子被来自所示基团的选定基团置换,条件是不超过指定原子的常价,且取代产生稳定的化合物。当取代基为酮(即=O)时,则该原子上的2个氢原子被置换。酮取代基不存在于芳族部分上。如本文所用,环双键是两个相邻的环原子间形成的双键(例如C=C、C=N或N=N)。所述基团的非限制性实例包括而不限于H、CH3、NO2、SO2N(CH3)2、SO2N((CH3)SO2)、COOH、COOCH3、CO(N(CH3))、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、芳烷基、环烷基、杂环基、烷基芳基、杂芳基、杂环烷基、烷氧基(即甲氧基、乙氧基等)、烷基羰基氧基、芳基羰基氧基、烷氧基羰基氧基、芳氧基羰基氧基、羧酸酯、烷基羰基、烷基氨基羰基、芳烷基氨基羰基、烯基氨基羰基、烷基羰基、芳基羰基、芳烷基羰基、烯基羰基、烷氧基羰基、氨基羰基、烷硫基羰基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基、卤素(即氯、氟、溴、碘)、氰基、硫基、酰氨基、醚、酯、羟基、羟基烷基、饱和或不饱和脂肪酸、叠氮基、膦酰基氨基(phosphonamido)、磺酰胺基、内酰胺、磷酸酯、膦酸酯基(phosphonato)、亚膦酸酯基(phosphinato)、氨基(包括烷基氨基、二烷基氨基、芳基氨基、二芳基氨基和烷基芳基氨基)、酰基氨基(包括烷基羰基氨基、芳基羰基氨基、氨甲酰基和脲基)、脒基、亚氨基、胍基、巯基、烷硫基、芳硫基、硫代羧酸酯、硫酸酯、烷基亚硫酰基、磺酸酯基(sulfonato)、氨基磺酰基、磺酰胺基、硝基、氰基、叠氮基等。
本文公开的主题提供含有咔唑的磺酰胺化合物,所述化合物调节一种或多种隐花色素分子。这些化合物具有下式I所示通用结构:
或其药学上可接受的盐或水合物,其中
A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自独立地为N或C;
当A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H为C时,R1和R2各自独立选自H、卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、羟基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-O-(C=O)-R8、-NR8(C=O)-R10、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-NR8R9、-NR8OR9、-S(O)cNR8R9、-S(O)d(C1-C8)烷基、-O-SO2-R8、NR8-S(O)c、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R3和R5各自独立选自H、氰基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-S(O)cNR8R9、-S(O)d(C1-C8)烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R3基团的每一个任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
R5基团的每一个任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
R4为H、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R6为H、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
其中R5和R6任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-NR8(C=O)-R10、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-NR8R9、-NR8OR9、-NR8-S(O)c、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
其中R6和R7任选彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;
R8、R9和R10各自独立选自H、(C1-C6)烷基、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)g(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR11R12)g(4-10)元杂环基;
前述R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15和R16的(C1-C6)烷基、(3-10)元环烷基、(C6-C10)芳基和(4-10)元杂环基的任何碳原子独立地被1-3个各自独立选自以下的R14取代基任选取代:卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、羟基、-O-R15、(C1-C6)烷氧基、-(CR8R9)e(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-R15、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-O-R15、-O-(C=O)-R11、-O-(C=O)-R15、-NR11(C=O)-R13、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-(C=O)-NR11R15、-NR11R12、-NR11R15、-NR11OR12、-NR11OR15、-S(O)cNR11R12、-S(O)cNR11R15、-S(O)d(C1-C6)烷基、-S(O)dR15、-O-SO2-R11、-O-SO2-R15、-NR11-S(O)c、-NR15-S(O)c、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)eO(CR11R12)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)eO(CR11R12)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)fS(O)d(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR11R12)fS(O)d(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
前述R14的(C1-C6)烷基、(3-10)元环烷基、(C6-C10)芳基和(4-10)元杂环基的任何碳原子独立地被1-3个各自独立选自以下的R16取代基任选取代:卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、(CH2)eOH、(C1-C6)烷氧基、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-R15、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-O-R15、-O-(C=O)-R11、-O-(C=O)-R15、-NR11(C=O)-R13、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-NR11R12和-NR11R15;
前述R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R14和R15的(4-10)元杂环基的任何氮原子独立地被以下取代基任选取代:(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基或-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R11、R12和R13各自独立地为H或(C1-C6)烷基;
R15为-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基或-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
a和b各自独立地为1、2、3或4;
c为1或2;
d为0、1或2;和
e、f和g各自独立地为0、1、2、3、4或5。
在式I化合物的示例性实施方案中,A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在一些实施方案中,A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6和R7彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在其它实施方案中,A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和一个R5为H;一个R5和R6彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在本文公开的主题的一些实施方案中,式I化合物是在C-3处带有(S)-构型或(R)-构型的单对映体,其中A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、(C1-C6)烷基、(C2-C6)烯基、(C2-C6)炔基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在其它实施方案中,式I化合物是在C-3带有(S)-构型或(R)-构型的单对映体,其中A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为C;R1和R2各自独立选自H或卤素;R4为H或(C1-C6)烷基;R3和R5为H;R6和R7彼此连接作为4-12元单环或二环;R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、a、b、c、d、e和f如本文定义。
在某些实施方案中,化合物可选自:
(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-5-氟-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-N-(1-甲基环戊基)甲烷磺酰胺;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-2,3-二氢苯并[d]异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(2,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;或其药学上可接受的盐或水合物。
本文所用术语“药学上可接受的”是指例如载体或稀释剂等材料,其不消除本文所述化合物的生物活性或性质,并且是相对无毒的,即所述材料可给予个体而不引起不良的生物作用或以有害方式与组合物中所包含的任何组分相互作用。
本文所用术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指保持指定化合物的游离酸和碱的生物有效性并且不是在生物学上或其它方面不合乎需要的盐。式I化合物的药学上可接受的盐包括其酸加成盐和碱盐。合适的酸加成盐由形成无毒盐的酸形成。实例包括乙酸盐、己二酸盐、阿半乳聚糖磺酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、碳酸氢盐/碳酸盐、硫酸氢盐/硫酸盐、硼酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、胆酸盐、柠檬酸盐、乙二磺酸盐、依托酸盐、乙磺酸盐、甲酸盐、富马酸盐、半乳糖醛酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、葡糖酸盐、葡萄糖醛酸盐、谷氨酸盐、六氟磷酸盐、海苯酸盐、马尿酸盐、盐酸盐/氯化物、氢溴酸盐/溴化物、氢碘酸盐/碘化物、3-羟基-2-萘甲酸盐、1-羟基-2-萘甲酸盐、依西酸盐、乳酸盐、乳糖酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、扁桃酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲基硫酸盐、粘酸盐、萘二磺酸盐、naphthalate、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、乳清酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、磷酸盐/磷酸氢盐/磷酸二氢盐、糖二酸盐、水杨酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、磺基水杨酸盐、酒石酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、三氟乙酸盐和色氨酸盐。
合适的碱盐由形成无毒盐的碱形成。实例包括腺嘌呤、铝、2-氨基-2-甲基丙-1-醇、精氨酸、苯乙苄胺、苄星(benzathine)、钙、胆碱、胞嘧啶、二乙胺、二乙醇胺、吡咯乙醇、特丁胺、乙二胺、氨基葡萄糖、甘氨酸、胍、鸟嘌呤、海巴明(hydrabamine)、赖氨酸、镁、葡甲胺、吗啉、烟酰胺、乙醇胺、鸟氨酸、哌嗪、钾、普鲁卡因、脯氨酸、吡哆醇、丝氨酸、银、钠、三乙醇胺、氨丁三醇、酪氨酸、缬氨酸和锌盐。有关合适盐的综述参见“Handbook ofPharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use”, Stahl和Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002)。
适当时,可通过将式I化合物的溶液和所需的酸或碱混合在一起,容易地制备式I化合物的药学上可接受的盐。盐可从溶液中沉淀,并通过过滤收集或可通过蒸发溶剂来回收。盐中的电离度可从完全电离到几乎非电离而变化。
式I化合物还可以各种晶型存在,称为多晶型物。多晶型物包括相同元素组成的化合物的不同晶格堆积排列。多晶型物可具有不同的X射线衍射图案、红外光谱、熔点、密度、硬度、晶形、光学和电学性质、稳定性、溶剂合物和溶解度。不同因素例如重结晶溶剂、结晶速率和贮存温度可引起单一晶型占主导。
“溶剂合物”意指指定化合物的药学上可接受的溶剂合物,其保持所述化合物的生物有效性。溶剂合物的实例包括本发明的化合物与水、异丙醇、乙醇、甲醇、二甲亚砜、乙酸乙酯、乙酸或乙醇胺的结合。术语“水合物”是指所述溶剂是水的溶剂合物。术语“醇化物”是指其中所述溶剂是醇的溶剂合物。水合物由水的一个或多个分子与物质的一个分子结合而形成,其中水保持其H2O的分子状态。水合物的非限制性实例包括一水合物、二水合物等。
本发明的化合物包括本文所定义的式I化合物、其多晶型物、前药和异构体(包括光学、几何和互变异构体)以及同位素标记的式I化合物。
本发明的化合物可作为前药给予。因此当给予机体中或机体上时,式I化合物的某些衍生物(其本身可能几乎没有或没有药理活性)可例如通过水解裂解转化为具有所需活性的式I化合物。所述衍生物称为“前药”。前药使用的更多信息可见于“Pro-drugs asNovel Delivery Systems, 第14卷, ACS专题研讨会系列丛书(T. Higuchi和W. Stella)及“Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design”, Pergamon Press, 1987 (编辑E. B.Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association)。可按例如“Design of Prodrugs”, H.Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985)中所述,将例如存在于式I化合物中的合适官能团用本领域技术人员已知为‘前药部分’的某些部分置换,来产生前药。
所述前药的一些实例包括其中式I化合物含有羧酸官能团(-CO2H)、其酯(例如氢被(C1-C8)烷基置换);其中式I化合物含有醇官能团(-OH)、其醚(例如氢被(C1-C8)烷酰氧基甲基置换);或其中式I化合物含有仲氨基官能团(-NHR,其中R不是H)、其酰胺(例如一个氢被(C1-C10)烷酰基置换)。根据前述实例和其它前药类型的实例,置换基团的其它实例是本领域普通技术人员已知的。
式I化合物含有一个或多个不对称碳原子。要理解,对应于式I化合物的所有对映体和/或非对映体可通过类似方法制备。式I化合物的所有旋光异构体和立体异构体及其混合物都被视为属于本发明的范围。就式I化合物而言,本发明包括外消旋体、一种或多种对映体形式、一种或多种非对映体形式或其混合物的使用。式I化合物还可作为互变异构体存在。本发明涉及所有这样的互变异构体及其混合物的使用。
本发明的化合物所包含的某些官能团可替换成生物等排基团,也就是说具有与母体基团类似的空间或电子规格,但显示不同或改进的物理化学或其它性质的基团。合适的实例为本领域技术人员所熟知,包括但不限于描述于以下的部分:Patini等, Chem Rev.1996, 96, 3147-3176和其中引用的参考文献。
所要求保护的式I化合物的范围包括药学上可接受的酸加成盐或碱盐,其中反荷离子是旋光性的(例如D-乳酸盐或L-赖氨酸),或外消旋的(例如DL-酒石酸盐或DL-精氨酸)。可通过本领域技术人员熟知的常规技术,例如色谱法和分级结晶,来分离顺/反式异构体。用于制备/分离各个对映体的常规技术包括自合适的旋光纯的前体手性合成或使用例如手性高压液相色谱法(HPLC)的外消旋体(或盐或衍生物的外消旋体)的拆分。
或者,外消旋体(或外消旋体的前体)可与合适的旋光化合物(例如醇)反应或在其中式I化合物含有酸性或碱性部分的情况下,与酸或碱(例如酒石酸或1-苯乙胺)反应。所得非对映体的混合物可通过色谱法和/或分级结晶分离,非对映体通过技术人员熟知的方法转化为相应的纯的对映体和/或非对映体。可采用色谱法(通常为HPLC),在不对称树脂上,用由含有0-50%异丙醇(通常2-20%)和0-5%烷基胺(通常0.1%二乙胺)的烃(通常为庚烷或己烷)组成的流动相,获得呈富对映体形式和/或富非对映体形式的本发明的手性化合物(及其手性前体)。洗脱液的浓缩提供富集的混合物。对映体和/或非对映体的混合物可通过本领域技术人员已知的常规技术分离。参见例如“Stereochemistry of OrganicCompounds”, E. L. Eliel (Wiley, New York, 1994)。
式I化合物可以是同位素标记的,其中一个或多个原子被具有相同原子序数,但原子质量或质量数不同于通常存在于自然界的原子质量或质量数的原子置换。适于纳入本发明化合物的同位素的实例包括氢的同位素,例如2H和3H;碳,例如11C、13C和14C;氯,例如36Cl;氟,例如18F;碘,例如123I和125I;氮,例如13N和15N,氧,例如15O、17O和18O;磷,例如32P;以及硫,例如35S。某些同位素标记的式I化合物,例如掺入放射性同位素的式I化合物,可用于药物和/或底物组织分布研究。放射性同位素氚(即3H)和碳-14 (即14C)鉴于其容易掺入和现成的检测方法,特别可用于这个目的。用较重同位素例如氘(即2H)取代,可提供产生于较大代谢稳定性的某些治疗益处,例如体内半寿期延长或剂量规格降低,因此在某些情况下可能是优选的。用正电子发射同位素(例如11C、18F、15O和13N)的取代,可用于正电子发射成像术(PET)研究用于检查底物受体占据。一般可通过本领域技术人员已知的常规技术或通过类似于随附实施例和制备中描述的方法,使用合适的同位素标记的试剂替换之前所用的非标记的试剂,来制备同位素标记的式I化合物。
本发明的化合物调节Cry1和/或Cry2。如本文所用,“调节”是指提高、降低或改变Cry1和Cry2功能、活性或内在特征。Cry1或Cry2的调节包括以下的任一种:与Cry1或Cry2结合;抑制Cry1或Cry2的修饰;改变Cry1或Cry2定位;提高或降低Cry1或Cry2稳定性;提高或降低Cry1或Cry2与靶之间的结合;提高或降低Cry1或Cry2活性;以及提高或降低Cry1或Cry2靶的活性,或其任何组合。Cry1或Cry2的靶包括但不限于Per1、Per2、糖皮质激素受体(GR)、CLOCK、BMAL1或CLOCK-BMAL1启动子序列。
Cry1和Cry2的调节包括:本发明的化合物通过直接相互作用或间接相互作用与Cry1和/或Cry2结合。在一些方面,本发明的化合物可与含有Cry1和/或Cry2的复合物结合。用于检测小分子和蛋白质间的相互作用的方法是本领域已知的,例如免疫沉淀技术、色谱法和各种阵列形式。
Cry1和Cry2的内在特性,例如翻译后修饰、稳定性或定位,可通过本发明的化合物改变。Cry1和Cry2的翻译后修饰可在测定Cry1和Cry2的活性、稳定性或细胞定位中起关键作用。一些研究表明,磷酸化可改变Cry1和Cry2稳定性。本发明的化合物可阻止或增加Cry1和Cry2的翻译后修饰,例如磷酸化、遍在蛋白化、乙酰化、糖基化、核糖基化或苏素化。本领域的技术人员可容易地进行用于检测Cry1或Cry2的翻译后修饰的方法。所述检测方法包括蛋白质印迹和放射免疫测定法。在特定条件下,例如在与Per1和Per2异源二聚化时,Cry1和Cry2定位于核。一旦进入核内,Cry1和Cry2便起以下作用:自开始转录起,扰乱核CLOCK-BMAL1复合物,从而减量调节负反馈环中的昼夜节律基因,所述负反馈环对维持昼夜摆动是决定性的。本领域人员可通过例如免疫荧光、亚细胞分级分离和蛋白质印迹测定法,容易地测定蛋白质的定位。Cry1和Cry2的减量调节对于昼夜摆动也是决定性的,并在转录和蛋白质水平上受介导。Cry1和Cry2稳定性可通过本领域已知方法以及实施例5-8中提供的方法测量。
本文所用,Cry1和Cry2活性,包括Cry1或Cry2间与靶的结合和下游Cry1或Cry2靶的活性。本发明的化合物可提高或降低Cry1或Cry2与靶之间的结合。与Cry1和/或Cry2结合的靶是本领域已知的,包括Per1、Per2、糖皮质激素受体、CLOCK-BMAL1启动子序列和VEGF启动子序列。本文提及的Cry1和Cry2靶还包括尚在鉴定中的那些靶。可通过例如免疫沉淀法、酵母双杂交、亲和色谱法,来测定Cry1或Cry2和靶间的结合。Cry1或Cry2靶的下游活性包括CLOCK-BMAL1介导的转录、Cry1或Cry2与CLOCK-BMAL-1启动子的结合、Cry1或Cry2与VEGF启动子的结合、Per1或Per2定位或稳定性、CLOCK-BMAL1二聚化、CLOCK-BMAL1靶基因例如Cry1、Cry2、Per1、Per2、Rev-erb α和β、Rora、TIM蛋白和VEGF的表达。可通过染色质免疫沉淀法、电泳迁移率变动分析或实施例3和4所述启动子-萤光素酶测定法,来测定用于检测启动子活性的方法。用于测定靶基因表达的方法包括本领域普通技术人员可容易地进行的基因表达分析和微阵列。
在本文公开的主题的其它方面,提供包含式I化合物和药学上可接受的载体、辅助剂或稀释剂的药物组合物。制备具有特定量的活性化合物的各种药物组合物的方法是已知的,或对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。另外,本领域的普通技术人员熟悉制剂和给药技术。所述专题论述于例如Goodman和Gilman的“The Pharmaceutical Basis ofTherapeutics”,现行版,Pergamon Press;以及“Remington’s PharmaceuticalSciences”,现行版,Mack Publishing, Co., Easton, PA。这些技术可应用于本文所述方法和组合物的合适方面和实施方案。药物组合物优选在GMP条件下制备。提供下列实施例仅用于说明目的,不意味着用来限制本发明。
因为本文所述化合物意欲用于药物组合物,所以容易理解它们优选各以基本纯的形式提供,例如纯度至少50%、纯度至少55%、纯度至少60%、纯度至少65%、纯度至少70%、纯度至少75%、纯度至少80%、纯度至少85%、至少90%、纯度至少95%、纯度至少96%、纯度至少97%、纯度至少98%或纯度至少99%。本文提供的百分比以重量基础计。含杂质的化合物的制备物可用于制备用于药物组合物的更纯的形式;这些不太纯的化合物的制备物应含有至少1%、更适宜至少5%的式I化合物,例如10-49%的式I化合物。
式I化合物可以合适的局部、口服、经鼻、眼、粘膜、直肠、阴道和胃肠外药物制剂提供用于治疗Cry介导的疾病。可作为片剂或胶囊剂、作为油性或水性混悬剂、锭剂、糖锭剂、散剂、颗粒剂、乳剂、糖浆剂或酏剂口服给予本发明的化合物。口服使用的组合物可包括用于矫味、增甜、着色和保存的一种或多种作用剂,以产生药学上精致的和适口的制剂。片剂可含有药学上可接受的赋形剂、载体、稀释剂和辅助剂作为制备所述片剂的辅料。正如是本领域常规的,这些片剂可用药学上可接受的肠溶衣(例如单硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯)包衣,以延迟在胃肠道的崩解和吸收,在较长的时间内提供持续作用。可通过使用喷雾干燥的分散体,例如Takeuchi,H.等, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1987, 39, 769-773所描述的分散体,来提高水溶性差的化合物的溶解速率。
口服用制剂可为硬明胶胶囊剂的形式,其中将活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂(例如碳酸钙、磷酸钙或高岭土)混合。它们还可为软明胶胶囊剂的形式,其中将活性成分与水或油介质(例如花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油)混合。
水性混悬剂通常含有与适于制备水性混悬剂的赋形剂混合的活性成分。所述赋形剂可为助悬剂,例如Kolliphor、羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、藻酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、西黄蓍胶和合金欢树胶(gum acacia);分散剂或润湿剂,其可为天然存在的磷脂(例如卵磷脂)、环氧乙烷和长链脂肪酸的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯)、环氧乙烷和长链脂族醇的缩合产物(例如十七碳亚乙基氧基十六醇)、环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇的偏酯的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯山梨醇单油酸酯)或脂肪酸己糖醇酐(例如聚氧乙稀山梨醇酐单油酸酯)。
药物组合物可为无菌注射用水性或油性混悬剂的形式。该混悬剂可按照已知方法作为水性等渗溶液剂或混悬剂制备,并且可自脂肪性乳剂或混悬剂制备栓剂。组合物可被灭菌和/或含有辅助剂,例如防腐剂、稳定剂、润湿剂或乳化剂、溶液促进剂、用于调节渗透压的盐和/或缓冲剂。另外,它们还可含有其它治疗上有价值的物质。还可在无毒的胃肠外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中制备无菌注射用制剂作为混悬剂,例如作为1,3-丁二醇中的溶液剂。在可采用的可接受的溶媒和溶剂中为水、林格氏液和等渗氯化钠溶液。为此,可使用任何温和的固定油,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。此外,脂肪酸(例如油酸)应用于注射剂的制备。
式I化合物还可以栓剂形式给予用于直肠给药。这些组合物可通过将药物与合适的无刺激性的赋形剂混合来制备,所述赋形剂在约25℃下是固体,但在直肠温度下是液体因此将在直肠中融化释放药物。所述材料包括可可脂和其它甘油酯。
对于局部或经皮使用制剂,例如使用含有本发明化合物的乳膏剂、软膏剂、胶冻剂、溶液剂或混悬剂。用于经皮施用的合适制剂包括有效量的本发明的化合物与载体。载体可包括可吸收的药理学上可接受的溶剂以有助于穿过宿主的皮肤。例如,经皮装置为以下形式:包含衬垫(backing member)的绷带、含有化合物(任选具有载体)的贮库、任选速率控制屏障以在延长的时间内按受控和预定的速率将化合物递送到宿主皮肤和将所述装置固定在皮肤上的工具。还可使用基质经皮制剂(matrix transdermal formulation)和离子透入装置。用于局部应用于例如皮肤和眼的合适制剂优选为本领域众所周知的水性溶液剂、软膏剂、乳膏剂或凝胶剂。所述制剂可含有增溶剂、稳定剂、张度增强剂、缓冲剂和防腐剂。
活性化合物可与药学上可接受的载体一起制备,所述载体将保护化合物免于从机体快速清除,例如控释制剂,包括植入剂和微囊化递送系统。可使用可生物降解的生物相容性聚合物,例如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚酐、聚乙醇酸、胶原、聚原酸酯和聚乳酸。用于制备所述制剂的方法对本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的。
还可以脂质体递送系统的形式(例如小单层囊泡、大单层囊泡和多层囊泡),来制备式I化合物。脂质体可自磷脂例如胆固醇、硬脂酰胺或磷脂酰胆碱构成。
任一种活性药物成分或两种的合适的延时释放形式可以是基质片剂或胶囊剂组合物。合适的基质形成材料包括例如蜡(例如巴西棕榈蜡、蜂蜡、石蜡、地蜡、虫胶蜡、脂肪酸和脂肪醇)、油、硬化油或脂肪(例如硬化菜子油、蓖麻油、牛脂、棕榈油和大豆油)和聚合物(例如羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟基丙基甲基纤维素和聚乙二醇)。其它合适的基质压片材料为含其它载体和填充剂的微晶纤维素、粉状纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、乙基纤维素。片剂还可含有颗粒剂、包衣散剂或小丸剂。片剂还可以是多层的。当活性成分具有显著不同的药代动力学特征时,多层片剂是特别优选的。任选最终的片剂可以是包衣的或未包衣的。
包衣组合物通常含有不溶性基质聚合物(以包衣组合物的重量计约15-85%)和水溶性材料(例如以包衣组合物的重量计约15-85%)。任选可使用或包含肠溶聚合物(以包衣组合物的重量计约1-99%)。合适的水溶性材料包括聚合物例如聚乙二醇、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇和单体材料例如糖(例如乳糖、蔗糖、果糖、甘露糖醇等)、盐(例如氯化钠、氯化钾等)、有机酸(例如富马酸、琥珀酸、乳酸和酒石酸)及其混合物。合适的肠溶聚合物包括羟丙基甲基纤维素、醋酸琥珀酸酯、羟丙基甲基纤维素、邻苯二甲酸酯、聚醋酸乙烯邻苯二甲酸酯、醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、醋酸偏苯三酸纤维素、虫胶、玉米醇溶蛋白和含有羧基的聚甲基丙烯酸酯。
可根据包衣共混物的性质(例如主要组分或组分混合物的玻璃化转变温度)或用于施用包衣组合物的溶剂使包衣组合物增塑。合适的增塑剂以包衣组合物的重量计可添加0-50%,并包括例如邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、柠檬酸酯、聚乙二醇、甘油、乙酰化甘油酯、乙酰化柠檬酸酯、癸二酸二丁酯和蓖麻油。如有需要,包衣组合物可包括填充剂。以包衣组合物的总重量计,填充剂的量可为1%-约99%,并且可以是不溶性材料,例如二氧化硅、二氧化钛、滑石、高岭土、氧化铝、淀粉、粉状纤维素、MCC或聚克立林钾。包衣组合物可作为作为有机溶剂或水性溶剂或其混合物中的溶液或乳胶施用。如果使用溶液,则溶剂以所溶解的固体的总重量计以大约25-99% (重量)的量存在。合适的溶剂为水、低级醇、低级氯化烃、酮或其混合物。如果使用乳胶,则溶剂以乳胶中聚合物材料的量计以约25-97% (重量)的量存在。溶剂可主要为水。本发明化合物的剂量水平为约0.5 mg/kg体重-约100 mg/kg体重的数量级或中间的任何增量。优选的剂量率介于约30 mg/kg体重-约100 mg/kg体重之间。总日剂量可以单剂量或分剂量给予。式I化合物合适治疗剂量的范围可为1微克(μg)-1000毫克(mg)/千克接受者体重/天和中间的任何增量,例如1、2、3、5、10、25、50、75、100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900或1000 μg (1 mg);2、3、5、10、25、50、75、100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900或1000 mg。然而,应理解,对于任何特定患者的具体剂量水平将取决于多个因素,包括待给予的特定化合物的活性、年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别、饮食、给药时间、给药途径、排泄率、药物组合和进行治疗的特定疾病的严重程度。
可调节剂量方案以提供最佳所需反应。例如,可给予单次推注,可随时间推移给予数次分剂量或可按治疗情况的急迫性所指示按比例增加或降低剂量。特别有益的是以剂量单位形式配制胃肠外组合物以易于剂量的给予和一致性。本文所用剂量单位形式是指适于作为用于待治疗的哺乳动物受试者的单位剂量的物理分散单位;每个单位含有与所需药物载体组合的、经计算产生所需治疗效果的预定量的活性化合物。本发明的剂量单位形式的规格受制于和直接取决于(a)治疗剂的独特性质和待实现的特定治疗或预防效果,和(b)对于治疗的个体敏感性配制所述活性化合物的领域内的内在限制。因此,技术人员将意识到,根据本文提供的公开内容,按照治疗领域众所周知的方法调节剂量和给药方案。也就是说,可容易地确立最大耐受剂量,并且还可确定向患者提供可检测的治疗益处的有效量,因为可以是临时规格用于给予各药剂以向患者提供可检测的治疗益处。因此,虽然在本文以某些剂量和给药方案为例予以说明,但这些实例决不限制在实施本发明时可向患者提供的剂量和给药方案。
本文公开的主题的另一方面,提供治疗Cry介导的疾病或病症的方法,所述方法包括给予治疗有效量的上文中前述实施方案中任一个所描述的式I化合物。本发明的优选实施方案是前述实施方案的方法,其中特征在于Cry水平异常的疾病或病症选自糖尿病、代谢综合征、胰岛素抵抗综合征、肥胖症、青光眼、库欣综合征、精神病性抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病、神经性疼痛、药物滥用、骨质疏松症、癌症、黄斑变性和肌病。又一个优选的实施方案是前述实施方案的方法,其中Cry介导的疾病或病症是糖尿病、代谢综合征、胰岛素抵抗综合征、肥胖症、库欣综合征、青光眼、精神病性抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病、神经性疼痛、药物滥用、骨质疏松症、癌症、黄斑变性或肌病。特别优选的癌症为实体瘤癌症或上皮癌,包括但不限于:肺癌、脑癌、胰腺癌、头颈癌(例如鳞状细胞癌)、乳腺癌、结肠直肠癌、肝癌、胃癌、肾癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌或腺癌。其它优选的癌症是VEGF表达增加、血管生成增加的癌症或缺氧肿瘤。
本文所用术语“给予”、“给药”等,是指可用来能够递送化合物或组合物至所需生物作用的部位的方法。这些方法包括但不限于口服、胃肠外、局部、粘膜、眼、经眼、阴道和直肠给药。本领域技术人员熟悉可应用于本文所述化合物和方法的给药技术,例如论述于以下的给药技术:Goodman和Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 现行版;Pergamon;以及Remington's, Pharmaceutical Sciences (现行版), MackPublishing Co., Easton, Pa。如本文所用,药物组合物的“胃肠外给药”包括特征在于受试者组织的物理破坏(physical breaching)和通过组织破坏给予药物组合物的任何给药途径。胃肠外给药因此包括但不限于通过注射组合物、通过经由外科切口施用组合物、通过经由组织穿刺的非外科创伤施用组合物等给予药物组合物。具体地讲,考虑胃肠外给药包括但不限于皮下、腹膜内、肌内和胸骨内注射以及肾透析输注技术。
“受试者”在本发明的情况下优选为哺乳动物。哺乳动物可以是人、非人灵长类动物、小鼠、大鼠、狗、猫、马或牛,但不限于这些实例。人以外的哺乳动物可有利地用作代表Cry介导的疾病或病症的动物模型(例如ob/ob小鼠)的受试者。受试者可为雄性或雌性。受试者可以是之前诊断或鉴定为患有Cry介导的疾病或病症,并且任选针对所述疾病或病症已进行或正在进行治疗干预或治疗的受试者。或者,受试者也可以是之前未诊断患有Cry介导的疾病或病症的受试者。例如,受试者可以是显示Cry介导的疾病或病症的一个或多个风险因子的受试者,或不显示Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险因子的受试者,或对于Cry介导的疾病或病症是无症状的受试者。受试者还可以是患有Cry介导的疾病或病症或有发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险的受试者,或者患有Cry介导的疾病或病症复发或有发生Cry介导的疾病或病症复发的风险的受试者。受试者还可以是针对Cry介导的疾病或病症之前进行过治疗的受试者,不论是通过单独或与其它治疗剂、手术组合还是前述的任何组合给予本文公开的化合物和组合物。
“Cry介导的疾病或病症”可包括而不限于糖尿病(包括而不限于胰岛素依赖性“I型”糖尿病、非胰岛素依赖性“II型”糖尿病、妊娠糖尿病和糖尿病相关并发症如糖尿病性神经病、糖尿病性视网膜病、糖尿病心肌病、糖尿病性肾病、牙周病和糖尿病酮症酸中毒)、代谢综合征、胰岛素抵抗综合征、肥胖症、青光眼、库欣综合征、精神病性抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病、神经性疼痛、药物滥用、骨质疏松症、癌症、黄斑变性和肌病。
本文所用术语“治疗”、“医治”或“疗法”包括预防性(例如预防的)、治标性、辅助性和治愈性治疗。例如,本文所用2型糖尿病的治疗意指患有2型糖尿病或有患2型糖尿病的风险的患者可按照本文所述方法治疗。对于进行预防性治疗的患者,进行预防性治疗所引起的疾病状态的发生率的降低是预防性治疗的可测量的结果。
本文所用术语“减轻”或“缓解”描述疾病的病征或症状的严重程度藉此被降低、减弱或抑制的方法。重要的是,症状可被缓解但不被消除。在优选的实施方案中,给予本发明的药物组合物导致症状消除,然而,消除不是必须的。预期本文所述治疗有效量的化合物或药物组合物降低症状的严重程度。
本文所用术语“症状”定义为疾病、病症、损伤或机体某种不适的指征。症状被遭受所述症状的个体所感知或注意到,但其他人不容易注意到。其他人定义为卫生保健或临床专业人员。
本文所用术语“代谢综合征”,除非另有说明否则意指银屑病、糖尿病、伤口愈合、炎症、神经变性疾病、半乳糖血症、槭糖尿病、苯丙酮酸尿、高肌氨酸血症、胸腺嘧啶尿嘧啶尿症、sulfinuria、异戊酸血症、酵母氨酸尿症、4-羟基丁酸尿症、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症和丙酮酸脱氢酶缺乏症。
本文所用术语“肥胖症”或“肥胖”一般是指就他/她的年龄、性别和身高而言超过平均体重至少约20-30%的个体。严密地来说,“肥胖”对于男性定义为其体重指数大于27.8kg/m2的个体,对于女性定义为其体重指数大于27.3 kg/m2的个体。本领域技术人员容易认识到本发明方法不限于落入上述标准内的那些。实际上,落入这些传统标准以外的个体,例如可能易于肥胖的个体,也可有利地实施本发明的方法。
本文所用术语“炎性病症”是指以下病症:例如类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、银屑病性关节炎、银屑病、软骨钙质沉着病、痛风、炎性肠病、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease)、纤维肌痛和恶病质。
本文所用短语“治疗有效量”是指将引起组织、系统、动物或人的生物或医学反应的药物或药剂的量,所述反应为研究人员、兽医、医生或其他人正在寻找的。
本文所用短语“有效降低血糖水平的量”是指足以提供足够高的循环浓度以实现所需作用的化合物的水平。所述浓度通常落入约10 nM直到2 μM的范围;范围为约100 nM直到500 nM的浓度是优选的。如前所述,由于落入上述式I定义的不同化合物的活性可发生相当的变化,并且由于各个受试者可表现症状严重程度的宽泛变化,因此确定受试者对治疗的反应和由此改变剂量就取决于从业医生。
本文所用短语“胰岛素抵抗”是指降低整个机体或各个组织(例如骨骼肌组织、心肌组织、脂肪组织或肝组织)中对胰岛素作用的敏感性。胰岛素抵抗发生在患有或未患糖尿病的许多个体中。
本文所用短语“胰岛素抵抗综合征”是指包括胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(NIDDM)、动脉性高血压、向心性(内脏)肥胖和血脂障碍的一系列现象。
本发明的化合物还可用于治疗葡萄糖利用受损和胰岛素抵抗相关的其它代谢病症,包括NIDDM的主要晚期并发症,例如糖尿病性血管病、动脉粥样硬化、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、非酒精性脂肪肝病、糖尿病性肾病、糖尿病性神经病和糖尿病性眼并发症(例如视网膜病、白内障形成和青光眼)以及与NIDDM有关的许多其它并发症,包括血脂障碍、糖皮质激素诱导的胰岛素抵抗、多囊卵巢综合征、肥胖症、高血糖症、高脂血症、高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、高胰岛素血症和高血压。这些病况的简介可获自任何医学词典,例如“Stedman’s Medical Dictionary” (第X版)。
本文公开的化合物和组合物可按治疗有效量与本文限定的一种或多种其它治疗剂组合给予。例如,可与用于治疗Cry介导的疾病或病症的其它物质一起产生协同效应。当本发明的化合物与其它疗法联合给予时,所述共同给予的化合物的剂量自然将根据所使用的联合药物的类型、所使用的具体药物、待治疗的病况等而变化。
本文所用的可互换使用的术语“组合治疗”、“组合疗法”、“联合治疗”或“组合疗法”是指用至少两种不同的治疗剂治疗个体。本文所用术语“共同给予”或“组合给予”等意指包括将选定的治疗剂给予单个受试者,并且意指包括其中不必通过相同的给药途径或在相同时间给予药剂的治疗方案。术语“药物组合”意指产生自将多于一种活性成分混合或组合的产品,并且包括活性成分的固定或非固定的组合。“固定组合”意指将活性成分(例如本文所公开的化合物)和其它治疗剂两者以单一实体或剂量的形式同时给予患者。“非固定组合”意指活性成分(例如本文所公开的化合物)和其它治疗剂两者作为独立的实体无特定时限地同时、共同或序贯给予患者,其中所述给予在患者的机体中提供治疗有效水平的2种化合物。后者还适用于鸡尾酒疗法,例如给予3种或更多种活性成分。
用于治疗糖尿病、代谢综合征、肥胖症、胰岛素抵抗综合征、糖尿病并发症或癌症的治疗剂包括而不限于:胰岛素、降血糖药、抗炎药、降脂药、抗高血压药例如钙通道阻断剂、β-肾上腺素能受体阻滞药、环氧合酶-2抑制剂、血管紧张素系统抑制剂、ACE抑制剂、肾素抑制剂、化学治疗药、放射疗法、激素调节药、免疫调节药、抗血管生成药以及其它普通风险因子调节药。
胰岛素包括快速起效形式,例如赖脯胰岛素rDNA来源:HUMALOG (1.5 mL,10 mL,Eli Lilly and Company,Indianapolis,Ind.);胰岛素注射剂(常规胰岛素)形式牛和猪(常规ILETIN I,Eli Lilly],人:rDNA:HUMULIN R (Eli Lilly)、NOVOLIN R (NovoNordisk)、半合成:VELOSULIN Human (Novo Nordisk),rDNA Human,Buffered:VELOSULINBR,猪:常规胰岛素(Novo Nordisk),精制猪:猪常规ILETIN II (Eli Lilly)、精制常规猪胰岛素(Novo Nordisk),和常规(浓缩) ILETIN II U-500 (500单位/mL,Eli Lilly);中效型例如胰岛素锌混悬液,牛和猪:LENTE ILETIN G I (Eli Lilly),人,rDNA:HUMULIN L(Eli Lilly),NOVOLIN L (Novo Nordisk),精制猪:LENTE ILETIN II (Eli Lilly),低精蛋白锌胰岛素混悬液(NPH):牛和猪:NPH ILETIN I (Eli Lilly),人,rDNA:HUMULIN N(Eli Lilly),Novolin N (Novo Nordisk),精制猪:猪NPH Iletin II (Eli Lilly),NPH-N(Novo Nordisk);和长效型例如胰岛素锌混悬液,长效(ULTRALENTE,Eli Lilly),人,rDNA:HUMULIN U (Eli Lilly)。
降血糖药包括而不限于磺脲类:醋磺己脲(Dymelor)、氯磺丙脲(Diabinese)、甲苯磺丁脲(Orinase);二代磺脲类:格列吡嗪(Glucotrol,Glucotrol XL)、格列本脲(Diabeta;Micronase;Glynase)、格列美脲(Amaryl);双胍类:二甲双胍(Glucophage);α-葡糖苷酶抑制剂:阿卡波糖(Precose)、米格列醇(Glyset);噻唑烷二酮类:罗格列酮(Avandia)、吡格列酮(Actos)、曲格列酮(Rezulin);美格列奈类:瑞格列奈(Prandin);和其它降血糖药例如阿卡波糖;丁福明;盐酸布托沙明;卡格列波糖;环格列酮;恩格列酮钠;达格列酮钠;盐酸依托福明;格列胺脲;格列波脲;格列他尼;格列齐特钠;格列氟胺;胰高血糖素;格列己脲;格列嘧啶钠;格列辛脲;格列帕脲;利诺格列;富马酸利诺格列;帕莫酸甲酯;帕莫酸钠;酒石酸吡咯格列;人胰岛素原;醋酸司格列肽;妥拉磺脲;甲苯磺吡胺;唑泊司他。
抗炎药包括阿氯芬酸;二丙酸阿氯米松;阿孕苯奈德;α-淀粉酶;安西法尔;安西非特;氨芬酸钠;盐酸氨普立糖;阿那白滞素;阿尼罗酸;阿尼扎芬;阿扎丙宗;巴柳氮二钠;苄达酸;苯噁洛芬;盐酸苄达明;菠萝蛋白酶;溴哌莫;布地奈德;卡洛芬;环洛芬;辛喷他宗;克利洛芬;丙酸氯倍他索;丁氯倍他松;氯吡酸;丙酸氯硫卡松;醋酸可米松;可托多松;地夫可特;地奈德;去羟米松;二丙酸地塞米松;双氯芬酸钾;双氯芬酸钠;双醋二氟拉松;二氟米酮钠;二氟尼柳;二氟泼尼酯;地弗他酮;二甲亚砜;羟西奈德;恩甲羟松;恩莫单抗;依诺利康钠;依匹唑;依托度酸;依托芬那酯;联苯乙酸;非那莫;芬布芬;芬氯酸;苯克洛酸;芬度柳;苯吡帕酮;芬替酸;夫拉扎酮;氟扎可特;氟芬那酸;氟咪唑;醋酸氟尼缩松;氟尼辛;氟尼辛葡甲胺;氟可丁酯;醋酸氟米龙;氟喹宗;氟比洛芬;氟瑞托芬;丙酸氟替卡松;呋喃洛芬;呋罗布芬;哈西奈德;丙酸卤倍他索;醋酸卤泼尼松;异丁芬酸;布洛芬;布洛芬铝;布洛芬吡啶甲醇;伊洛达普;吲哚美辛;吲哚美辛钠;吲哚洛芬;吲哚克索;吲四唑;醋酸异氟泼尼松;伊索克酸;伊索昔康;酮洛芬;盐酸洛非咪唑;氯诺昔康;氯替泼诺依碳酸酯;甲氯芬那酸钠;甲氯芬那酸;二丁酸甲氯松;甲芬那酸;美沙拉秦;美西拉宗;磺庚甲泼尼龙;吗尼氟酯;萘丁美酮;奈普生;奈普生钠;萘普索;尼马宗;奥沙拉秦钠;奥古蛋白;奥帕诺辛;奥沙普秦;羟布宗;盐酸瑞尼托林;戊聚硫钠;保泰松甘油酸钠;吡非尼酮;吡罗昔康;肉桂酸吡罗昔康;吡罗昔康乙醇胺;吡洛芬;泼那扎特;普立非酮;普罗度酸;普罗喹宗;普罗沙唑;枸橼酸普罗沙唑;利美索龙;氯马扎利;柳胆来司;沙那西定;双水杨酯;水杨酸酯;血根氯铵;司克拉宗;丝美辛;舒多昔康;舒林酸;舒洛芬;他美辛;他尼氟酯;他洛柳酯;特丁非隆;替尼达普;替尼达普钠;替诺昔康;替昔康;替昔米德;四氢甲吲胺;硫平酸;替可的松匹伐酯;托美丁;托美丁钠;三氯奈德;三氟米酯;齐多美辛;糖皮质激素;佐美酸钠。一个重要的抗炎药是阿司匹林。
其它抗炎药是细胞因子抑制剂,包括细胞因子拮抗剂(例如IL-6受体拮抗剂)、氮杂-烷基溶血磷脂(AALP)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)抑制剂,例如抗TNF-α抗体、可溶性TNF受体、TNF-α、反义核酸分子、多价脒基腙(CNI-1493)、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、己酮可可碱(pentoxiphylline)、己酮可可碱(oxpentifylline)、碳环核苷类似物、小分子S9a、RP55778 (一种TNF-α合成抑制剂)、地塞比诺(HU-211)、MDL 201,449A (9-[(1R,3R)-反式-环戊-3-醇]腺嘌呤和trichodimerol (BMS-182123)。其它TNF-α抑制剂包括依那西普(ENBREL,Immunex,Seattle)和英利昔单抗(REMICADE,Centocor,Malvern,Pa.)。
降脂药包括吉非贝齐、消胆胺、考来替泊、烟酸和HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂。可用于给药或与本发明的其它药剂共同给予的HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂包括但不限于辛伐他汀(美国专利号4,444,784)、洛伐他汀(美国专利号4,231,938)、普伐他汀钠(美国专利号4,346,227)、氟伐他汀(美国专利号4,739,073)、阿托伐他汀(美国专利号5,273,995)和西立伐他汀。
钙通道阻断剂包括二氢吡啶类,例如硝苯地平;苯基烷基胺类,例如维拉帕米;和苯并噻氮类,例如地尔硫。其它钙通道阻断剂包括但不限于氨力农、氨氯地平、苄环烷、非洛地平、芬地林、氟桂利嗪、伊拉地平、尼卡地平、尼莫地平、哌克昔林、戈洛帕米、噻帕米和噻帕米类似物(例如1993RO-11-2933)、苯妥英、巴比妥类和肽强啡肽、ω-食鱼螺毒素和ω-美洲蜘蛛毒素等和/或其药学上可接受的盐。
β-肾上腺素能受体阻滞药包括但不限于阿替洛尔、醋丁洛尔、阿普洛尔、苯呋洛尔、倍他洛尔、布尼洛尔、卡替洛尔、塞利洛尔、hedroxalol、茚诺洛尔、拉贝洛尔、左布诺洛尔、甲吲洛尔、美替洛尔、吲哚美辛(metindol)、美托洛尔、metrizoranolol、氧烯洛尔、吲哚洛尔、普萘洛尔、普拉洛尔、普拉洛尔、索他洛尔、纳多洛尔、替普洛尔、tomalolol、噻吗洛尔、布拉洛尔、喷布洛尔、三甲苯心安、2-(3-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-氨基-2-羟基丙氧基)-3-吡啶甲腈HCl、1-丁基氨基-3-(2,5-二氯苯氧基-)-2-丙醇、1-异丙基氨基-3-(4-(2-环丙基甲氧基乙基)苯氧基)-2-丙醇、3-异丙基氨基-1-(7-甲基茚满-4-基氧基)-2-丁醇、2-(3-叔丁基氨基-2-羟基-丙基硫基)-4-(5-氨甲酰基-2-噻吩基)噻唑、7-(2-羟基-3-叔丁基氨基丙氧基)苯酞。上文鉴定的化合物可用作异构体混合物,或以其各自的左旋形式或右旋形式使用。
多种选择性COX-2抑制剂是本领域已知的,包括但不限于描述于以下的COX-2抑制剂:美国专利号5,474,995;美国专利号5,521,213;美国专利号5,536,752;美国专利号5,550,142;美国专利号5,552,422;美国专利号5,604,253;美国专利号5,604,260;美国专利号5,639,780;美国专利号5,677,318;美国专利号5,691,374;美国专利号5,698,584;美国专利号5,710,140;美国专利号5,733,909;美国专利号5,789,413;美国专利号5,817,700;美国专利号5,849,943;美国专利号5,861,419;美国专利号5,922,742;美国专利号5,925,631和美国专利号5,643,933。多种上文鉴定的COX-2抑制剂是选择性COX-2抑制剂的前药,并包括描述于以下的那些:WO 95/00501、WO 95/18799和1995年12月12日授予专利权的美国专利号5,474,995。
血管紧张素II拮抗剂的实例包括:肽类化合物(例如沙拉新,[(San1)(Val5)(Ala8)]血管紧张素-(1-8)八肽和相关类似物);N-取代的咪唑-2-酮(美国专利号5,087,634);咪唑乙酸盐衍生物包括2-N-丁基-4-氯-1-(2-氯苯偶酰)咪唑-5-乙酸(参见Long等,J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247(1), 1-7 (1988));4,5,6,7-四氢-1H-咪唑并[4,5-c]吡啶-6-甲酸和类似衍生物(美国专利号4,816,463);N2-四唑β-葡糖苷酸类似物(美国专利号5,085,992);取代的吡咯、吡唑和三唑(美国专利号5,081,127);酚和杂环衍生物例如1,3-咪唑(美国专利号5,073,566);咪唑并稠合的7元环杂环(美国专利号5,064,825);肽(例如美国专利号4,772,684);抗血管紧张素II抗体(例如美国专利号4,302,386);和芳烷基咪唑化合物例如联苯基-甲基取代的咪唑(例如EP 253,310,1988年1月20日);ES8891 (N-吗啉代乙酰基-(-1-萘基)-L-丙氨酰基-(4-噻唑基)-L-丙氨酰基(35,45)-4-氨基-3-羟基-5-环-hexapentanoyl-N-己基酰胺,Sankyo Company,Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan);SKF108566 (E-α-2-[2-丁基-1-(羧基苯基)甲基]1H-咪唑-5-基[methylan-e]-2-噻吩丙酸,Smith KlineBeecham Pharmaceuticals,Pa.);氯沙坦(DUP753/MK954,DuPont Merck PharmaceuticalCompany);瑞米吉仑(RO42-5892,F. Hoffman LaRoche AG);A2激动剂(Marion MerrillDow)和某些非肽杂环(G. D. Searle and Company)。
血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂包括氨基酸及其衍生物、肽包括二肽和三肽及ACE的抗体,所述抗体通过抑制ACE活性从而减少或消除升高血压的物质血管紧张素II的形成来干扰肾素-血管紧张素系统。其它ACE抑制剂包括酰基巯基和巯基烷酰基脯氨酸例如卡托普利(美国专利号4,105,776)和佐芬普利(美国专利号4,316,906);羧基烷基二肽例如依那普利(美国专利号4,374,829)、赖诺普利(美国专利号4,374,829)、喹那普利(美国专利号4,344,949)、雷米普利(美国专利号4,587,258)和培哚普利(美国专利号4,508,729);羧基烷基二肽模拟物例如西拉普利(美国专利号4,512,924)和贝那普利(美国专利号4,410,520);膦基烷酰基脯氨酸例如福辛普利(美国专利号4,337,201)和群多普利。
肾素抑制剂包括氨基酸及其衍生物、肽及其衍生物和抗肾素抗体。其它肾素抑制剂包括肽的脲衍生物(美国专利号5,116,835);由非肽键连接的氨基酸(美国专利号5,114,937);二肽和三肽衍生物(美国专利号5,106,835);氨基酸及其衍生物(美国专利号5,104,869和5,095,119);二醇磺酰胺类和亚磺酰类(美国专利号5,098,924);修饰的肽(美国专利号5,095,006);肽基β-氨基酰基氨基二醇氨基甲酸酯(美国专利号5,089,471);pyrolimidazolones (美国专利号5,075,451);含有氟和氯statine或statone的肽(美国专利号5,066,643);肽基氨基二醇(美国专利号5,063,208和4,845,079);N-吗啉代衍生物(美国专利号5,055,466);抑胃酶肽衍生物(美国专利号4,980,283);N-杂环醇(美国专利号4,885,292);抗肾素的单克隆抗体(美国专利号4,780,401);及其各种的其它肽和类似物(美国专利号5,071,837、5,064,965、5,063,207、5,036,054、5,036,053、5,034,512和4,894,437)。
可用于治疗糖尿病和相关病症的其它治疗剂包括但不限于脂肪酶抑制剂例如西替司他(ATL-962);合成的胰岛淀粉样多肽(amylin)类似物例如含或不含重组瘦蛋白的Symlin普兰林肽;钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2 (SGLT2)抑制剂像sergliflozin (869682;KGT-1251)、YM543、dapagliflozin、GlaxoSmithKline分子189075和Sanofi-Aventis分子AVE2268;双重脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶和PI3激酶激活物像Adyvia (ID 1101);神经肽Y2、Y4和Y5受体拮抗剂像Nastech分子PYY3-36、人激素的合成类似物PYY3-36和胰腺多肽(7TM分子TM30338);Shionogi分子S-2367;大麻素CB1受体拮抗剂例如利莫纳班(Acomplia)、taranabant、CP-945,598、Solvay分子SLV319、Vernalis分子V24343;激素像油酰雌酮;5-羟色胺、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的抑制剂(本领域亦称为三重单胺重摄取抑制剂)像替索芬辛(Neurosearch分子NS2330);去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺重摄取抑制剂像Contrave (丁氨苯丙酮加阿片样物质拮抗剂纳曲酮)和Excalia (丁氨苯丙酮加抗惊厥药唑尼沙胺);11b-羟基类固醇脱氢酶1型(11b-HSD1)抑制剂像Incyte分子INCB13739;皮质醇合成抑制剂例如酮康唑(DiObex分子DIO-902);糖异生抑制剂例如Metabasis/Daiichi分子CS-917;葡糖激酶激活物像Roche分子R1440;蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶-1B反义抑制剂例如ISIS 113715;以及其它药剂像NicOx分子NCX 4016;促胃液素和表皮生长因子(EGF)类似物注射剂例如IsletNeogenesis Therapy (E1-I. N.T.);倍他司汀(Obecure分子OBE101);胆汁酸多价螯合剂(例如消胆胺和考来替泊)、维生素B3 (亦称为烟酸(nicotinic acid或niacin))、维生素B6(吡哆醇)、维生素B12 (氰钴胺)、fibric acid衍生物(例如吉非贝齐、氯贝丁酯、非诺贝特和苯扎贝特)、普罗布考、硝酸甘油和胆固醇吸收抑制剂(例如β-谷甾醇和酰基CoA-胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT)抑制剂例如亚油甲苄胺)、HMG-CoA合酶抑制剂、角鲨烯环氧酶抑制剂和角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂。
常用于治疗疼痛(包括神经性疼痛)的镇痛药的实例包括而不限于阿片样物质或非阿片样物质镇痛药。合适的阿片样物质镇痛药包括但不限于吗啡、海洛因、氢吗啡酮、氢可酮、羟吗啡酮、羟考酮、美托酮、阿扑吗啡、去甲吗啡、埃托啡、丁丙诺啡、麦啶、洛哌丁胺(lopermide)、阿尼利定、依索庚嗪、匹米诺定(piminidine)、倍他罗定、地芬诺酯、芬太尼(fentanil)、舒芬太尼、阿芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、左啡诺、右美沙芬、非那佐辛、喷他佐辛、环佐辛、美沙酮、异美沙酮和右丙氧芬。合适的非阿片样物质镇痛药包括但不限于阿司匹林、塞来考昔、罗非考昔、双氯芬酸(diclofinac)、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、非诺洛芬、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、酮洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮咯酸、甲氯芬那酸、甲芬那酸(mefanamic acid)、萘丁美酮、奈普生、吡罗昔康和舒林酸。
常用于治疗青光眼的治疗剂的实例包括胆碱能激动剂(例如匹罗卡品和卡巴胆碱)、胆碱酯酶抑制剂(例如毒扁豆碱、新斯的明、demacarium、碘依可酯和异氟磷)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(例如乙酰唑胺、双氯非那胺、醋甲唑胺、依索唑胺和多佐胺)、非选择性肾上腺素能激动剂(例如肾上腺素和地匹福林)、α2-选择性肾上腺素能激动剂(例如阿可乐定和溴莫尼定)、β-阻断剂(例如噻吗洛尔、betazolol、左布诺洛尔、卡替洛尔和美替洛尔)、前列腺素类似物(例如拉坦前列素)和渗压性利尿药(例如甘油、甘露糖醇和异山梨醇);皮质甾类例如倍氯米松、甲泼尼龙、倍他米松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、地塞米松、氟替卡松和氢化可的松;及皮质甾类类似物例如布地奈德。
常用于治疗阿尔茨海默病的治疗剂的实例包括β-分泌酶抑制剂或γ-分泌酶抑制剂;甘氨酸转运抑制剂,tau磷酸化抑制剂;Aβ寡聚体形成阻断剂;p25/CDK5抑制剂;HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂;PPARγ激动剂,例如吡格列酮和罗格列酮;NK1/NK3受体拮抗剂;NSAID包括布洛芬;维生素E;抗淀粉样蛋白抗体,包括抗淀粉样蛋白人源化单克隆抗体;COX-2抑制剂;抗炎化合物,例如(R)-氟比洛芬;CB-1受体拮抗剂或CB-1受体反激动剂;抗生素例如多西环素和利福平;N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸盐(NMDA)受体拮抗剂,例如美金刚和奈拉美生;NR2B拮抗剂;雄激素受体调节剂;乙酰基胆碱酯酶抑制剂例如加兰他敏、利凡斯的明、多奈哌齐和他克林;mGluR5调节剂;生长激素促分泌素例如依布莫仑、甲磺酸依布莫仑和卡莫瑞林;组胺H3拮抗剂;AMPA激动剂;PDE IV抑制剂;GABAA反激动剂;GABAA α5受体配体;GABAB受体配体;钾通道阻断剂;神经元烟酸激动剂;P-450抑制剂,例如利托那韦。
常用于治疗情感障碍(例如抑郁症)的治疗剂的实例包括而不限于阿米替林、氧阿米替林、地昔帕明、二苯西平、度硫平、多塞平、氯丙咪嗪、丙米嗪、去甲替林、米安色林、马普替林、曲米帕明、CP-122721、艾扎索南、PD-171729、MK-869、DOV-216303、DOV-21947、利卡西平、安非他酮、雷达法辛、维拉佐酮、GSK-679769、GW-597599、NS-2359、GSK-876008、普拉克索、度洛西汀、阿托西汀、LY-628535、地文拉法辛、依他普仑、LU-AA21004、沙瑞度坦、SR-58611、SSR-149415、SSR-146977、吗氯贝胺、R-673、R-1204、BMS-469458、DPC-368、Org-34517、Org-34850、CRH受体抑制剂、ONO-2333Ms、NBI-876008、AAG-561、NBI-34041、DPC-368、PD-171729、SSR-125543、维洛沙秦、曲唑酮、萘法唑酮、米氮平、文拉法辛、瑞波西汀、反苯环丙胺、溴法罗明、吗氯贝胺、西酞普兰、依他普仑、帕罗西汀、氟西汀、氟伏沙明、舍曲林、Hypericum (圣约翰草(St. John's Wort))、阿普唑仑、氯硝西泮、地西泮、劳拉西泮、哈拉西泮、氯氮和其它药物例如丁螺环酮、可乐定、帕戈隆、利培酮、奥氮平、喹硫平、齐拉西酮、塞来考昔、吡罗昔康、帕瑞考昔、伐地考昔、PMI-001、PH-686464、SC-58236、艾托考昔、罗非考昔、L-776967、芦米考昔、GW-406381、GW-644784、美洛昔康、SVT-2016、PAC-10649、CS-706、LAS-34475、西米考昔、A-183827.0或尼美舒利。
常用于治疗瘾癖和药物滥用的治疗剂的实例包括而不限于苯乙肼、苯基烷基肼(美国专利号4,786,653)、戒酒硫(“Antabuse”)、2-亚氨基-5-苯基-4-噁唑烷酮、α-甲基-对酪氨酸或镰孢菌酸、哌嗪衍生物(美国专利号4,325,952)、与三环抗抑郁药物联合的可乐定(美国专利号4,788,189)、γ-吡喃酮例如麦芽酚或乙基麦芽酚(美国专利号4,276,890)、阿坎酸、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸、巴氯芬、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、nocaine、莫达非尼(modanafil)、帕罗西汀、丁氨苯丙酮、米氮平、托吡酯、昂丹司琼、伐尼克兰、阿片样物质受体拮抗剂例如纳曲酮、纳洛酮、那美芬(nalmephine)、antaxone、L-α-乙酰基地美庚醇、喷他佐辛、布托啡诺、纳布啡、丁丙诺啡和美沙酮。
常用于骨质疏松症治疗,并可调节骨矿物含量的治疗剂的实例包括但不限于二膦酸盐类例如阿伦膦酸盐(Fosamax®)、利塞膦酸盐(Actonel®)、依替膦酸盐(Didronel®)、帕米膦酸盐、替鲁膦酸盐(Skelid®)、氯膦酸盐(Bonefos®;Loron®)、奈立膦酸盐、奥帕膦酸盐、唑来膦酸盐(Zometa®)和伊班膦酸盐(Boniva®);选择性雌激素-受体调节剂(SERM)例如雷洛昔芬(Evista®)、阿佐昔芬、氯米芬、巴多昔芬、拉索昔芬、奥美昔芬、他莫昔芬和托瑞米芬(toremifine);合成代谢疗法(anabolic therapies)例如特立帕肽(Forteo®;重组甲状旁腺激素)和雷奈酸锶;和甲状旁腺激素重组肽片段、雌激素/黄体酮置换疗法、单克隆抗体;核因子kB配体(RANKL)的受体激活物抑制剂例如地舒单抗、护骨蛋白和抑胃酶肽A;组织蛋白酶K抑制剂例如但不限于OST-4077 (呋喃-2-甲酸-(1-{1-[4-氟-2-(2-氧代-吡咯烷-1-基)-苯基]-3-氧代-哌啶-3-基氨甲酰基}-环己基)-酰胺)、亮抑酶肽、Cbz-Phe-Ala-CHN2、Cbz-Leu-Leu-Leu-甲醛、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、不可逆半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂像肽卤代甲基酮类、肽重氮基甲基酮类和环氧化物、静息的不可逆半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂例如酰氧基甲基酮类、氮杂肽、Michael接纳体像肽乙烯基酯、砜类和磺酸酯类、可逆半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂例如肽醛类、a-酮酯类和a-酮酰胺类、肽甲基酮类及其羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、烷硫基和芳基硫基衍生物、1,3-双(酰基氨基)-2-丙酮类、1,3-双(酰基肼基)-羰基类、酰基氨基-吡唑啉酮类、哌啶酮类和thiazone-羰基-酰肼类、整联蛋白Avb3 (本领域亦称为玻连蛋白)拮抗剂、解钙化合物(增加PTH分泌的Ca2+受体拮抗剂)、降钙素(MiacalcinÒ);硝酸盐包括但不限于单硝酸异山梨酯(ISMO)或硝酸甘油软膏(NTG);以及膳食补充剂例如钙和维生素D,及其组合。
本发明的其它实施方案是根据测量取自受试者样品中的时钟基因(例如Cry1和Cry2)表达水平来鉴定需要治疗的患者的方法(Bjarnason, G. A.等, Am. J. Pathol. 2001, 158, 1793;Akashi, M.等, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2010, 107, 15643)。在得自受试者的样品中所测量的人时钟基因(包括Cry1和Cry2)的节律性mRNA表达谱,表明昼夜节律钟存在于外周组织中(Mohawk, J. A.等, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 2012,印刷前的电子出版物)。已证实这些样品中昼夜节律钟相关基因的表达在一天时间内变化。此外,在人中,外周血单核细胞中的时钟基因(例如Cry1和Cry2)表达模式因疾病(例如肥胖症)而变化(Tahira, K.等, Arch. Med. Sci. 2011, 7, 933)。外周单核血细胞中时钟基因(例如Cry1和Cry2)表达的改变可能与血清瘦蛋白、脂连蛋白、胰岛素和hsCRP水平、血浆脂质、葡萄糖、褪黑激素和皮质醇水平有关,而在动物中,时钟基因(例如Cry1和Cry2)在包括肝、脂肪、胰腺和骨骼肌在内的组织中表达。通过接触取自用式I化合物治疗的受试者的样品,并测量节律性mRNA或蛋白质表达谱,可鉴定需要治疗的患者,并可对药理活性进行评价。在其它实施方案中,可评价一种或多种隐花色素的活性,例如,隐花色素与靶例如Per1、Per2、糖皮质激素受体(GR)或含有Cry识别位点的启动子序列(例如CLOCK-BMAL1启动子)结合的能力。
因此,本文公开的主题的一个方面涉及监测受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的进展或预后的方法,所述方法包括测量在第一时段得自受试者的第一样品中一种或多种隐花色素的有效量;测量在第二时段得自受试者的第二样品中一种或多种隐花色素的有效量;将第一样品中检测到的一种或多种隐花色素的量与第二样品中检测的一种或多种隐花色素的量或与参比值进行比较。
“诊断”、“做出诊断”、“做出预后”或“预后”不限于个体患有疾病的确定性或接近确定性的确定,而是还包括确定个体与健康个体或与普通人群相比,具有增加的患有或发生疾病的可能性。
如本文所用,“表达”和“表达水平”包括但不限于以下的一种或多种:基因转录为前体mRNA;前体mRNA的剪接和其它加工以产生成熟mRNA;mRNA稳定性;成熟mRNA翻译为蛋白质(包括密码子使用和tRNA可用性);以及如需要适当表达和功能的话,翻译产物的糖基化和/或其它修饰。
“公式”、“算法”或“模型”是采取一个或多个连续或范畴输入(本文称为“参数”)并计算输出值(有时亦称“指数”或“给定值”)的任何数学方程式、算法、分析或编程方法或统计技术。“算法”的非限制性实例包括求和、比率和回归算子例如系数或指数、数值转化和归一化(包括而不限于以临床参数(例如性别、年龄、体重指数或种族)、规程和准则、统计分类模型和以历史人群训练的神经网络为基础的那些归一化流程。如本文定义,测量Cry中特别有用的是线性和非线性方程和统计分类分析以使受试者样品中检测的Cry水平与受试者有发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险之间的关系相互关联。
“测定”或“测量”意指评价临床或受试者来源的样品中给定物质的存在、不存在、数量或量(可为有效量),包括所述物质的定性或定量浓度水平的推导,或以别的方式评价受试者临床参数的值或归类。测量或测定还可包括定性测定类型或鉴定物质。测量或测定还可包括一种或多种Cry与靶结合的能力,其中所述靶可以是周期基因或蛋白质Per1和Per2、糖皮质激素受体(GR)或CLOCK-BMAL1基因的启动子区。Cry的测量可用于诊断、检测或鉴定受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症,监测受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的进展或预后,预测受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的复发,或将受试者归类为有发生Cry介导的疾病或病症或Cry介导的疾病或病症复发的低风险或高风险。
“风险”在本发明的情况下涉及某一事件在特定时期内将发生的概率,正如Cry介导的疾病或病症的发生一样,并且可意指受试者的“绝对”风险或“相对”风险。可参照相关时间组群的测量后实际观察资料或参照产生自相关时期后统计学上有效的历史组群的给定值,测量绝对风险。相对风险是指受试者的绝对风险与低风险组群的绝对风险或平均人群风险相比较的比率,其可因如何评价临床风险因子而变化。对于给定检验结果,通常还采用优势比(阳性事件与阴性事件的比例) (优势按照式p/(1-p),其中p为事件的概率,(1-p)为非事件的概率) to no-conversion。在本发明的情况下可评价的备选连续测量包括至发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的时间,或至Cry介导的疾病或病症的不同阶段的进程,包括Cry介导的疾病或病症的进展或发展和治疗转化风险降低率。
“风险评价”或“风险的评价”在本文公开的主题的情况下包括对以下做出预测:某一事件或疾病状态可能发生的概率、优势或似然性;事件发生或从一种疾病状态向另一种的转变(即从“正常”状况转变为处于发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险的状况,或从风险状况转变为Cry介导的疾病或病症,或发生复发性疾病或病症)的速率。风险评价还可包括以有关之前测量的群体的绝对或相对项,预测Cry介导的疾病或病症的其它指数。本发明的方法可用于对转变成Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险进行连续测量或范畴测量,从而诊断和界定被确定为有发生疾病或病症风险的受试者类别的风险范围。在范畴的情况下,本发明可用来区分正常和有风险受试者组群。在其它实施方案中,可采用本发明,从而将有风险状况与疾病状况区分开来,或将疾病状况与正常区分开来。
本文所用“样品”是自受试者分离的生物样品,举例来说可包括但不限于全血、血清、血浆、血细胞、内皮细胞、组织活检、淋巴液、腹水液、间质液(亦称为“细胞外液”并包括存在于细胞之间的空间中的流体,特别包括龈沟液)、骨髓、精液、脑脊液(CSF)、唾液、粘液、痰、汗、尿液或任何其它分泌物、排泄物或其它体液。
所谓“统计显著的”,是指变化大于只是偶然发生(其可能是“假阳性”)所预期的。统计显著性可通过本领域已知的任何方法测定。显著性的常用度量包括p-值,P值代表了获得至少与给定数据点一样极端的结果的概率,假设所述数据点只是偶然结果。在p-值为0.05或以下的结果时常被视为十分显著。
可通过测量样品(例如受试者来源的样品)中一种或多种隐花色素的“有效量”,并将有效量与参比值进行比较,常常运用数学算法或公式以将来自多个个体的结果的信息结合到单次测量中,来检测Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险。任选可选择鉴定为Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险增加的受试者接受治疗方案或治疗干预,例如作为单一疗法或与一种或多种其它的治疗剂组合给予本文所定义的式I化合物,或实施手术干预(其可在给予式I化合物之后或之前、单独或与其它治疗剂或其它疗法组合进行)。
用于检测样品中这些隐花色素的方法具有许多应用。例如,可测量一种或多种隐花色素以辅助Cry介导的疾病或病症的诊断或预后。在另一个实例中,用于检测隐花色素的方法可用来监测受试者对Cry介导的疾病或病症的治疗的反应。在另一个实例中,该方法可用于测定并鉴定体内或体外调节隐花色素表达的化合物。
本发明可用于对转变成Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险进行连续测量或范畴测量,从而诊断和界定确定为有发生所述疾病或病症的风险的一类受试者的风险范围。在范畴的情况下,本发明的方法可用来区分正常受试者组群和有风险受试者组群。在其它实施方案中,可采用本发明使得将有风险与疾病或将疾病与正常区分开来。所述不同用途可能需要各个组或特征、数学算法和/或截止点的不同组合,但是隶属相同的用于预期用途的前述准确性测量。
鉴定有风险受试者使得能够选择并开始不同的治疗干预或治疗方案,以延缓、减轻或防止受试者转变成Cry介导的疾病或病症。有效量的隐花色素蛋白质、核酸、多态性、代谢物或其它分析物的水平还允许监测治疗进程。在该方法中,可自进行Cry介导的疾病或病症的治疗方案(例如治疗性治疗)的受试者中获得生物样品。所述治疗方案可包括但不限于手术干预和用用于诊断或鉴定患有Cry介导的疾病或病症的受试者的治疗剂(例如本文所述式I化合物)治疗。如有需要,在治疗之前、期间或之后的不同时间点从受试者中获得生物样品。例如,通过比较受试者的隐花色素概况与参比隐花色素概况以确定疾病状态可重复不止一次,其中受试者的概况可获自每次重复所述方法时采集的各个样品。可在确定的时间间隔例如4小时、8小时、12小时、24小时、48小时、72小时或本领域技术人员可能进行的任何合适的时间间隔,从受试者中采集样品。
受试者基因组成的差异可导致其代谢不同药物的相对能力的差异,所述药物调节Cry介导的疾病或病症的症状或风险因子。患有Cry介导的疾病或病症或有发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险的受试者可随年龄、种族和其它参数而变化。因此,测量单独和与用于药物代谢的已知遗传因子组合的有效量的一种或多种上文定义的隐花色素,允许预定水平的以下可预测性:在选定的受试者中待测试的推定治疗药或预防药将适用于治疗或预防受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症。
为了鉴定对特定受试者是适当的治疗剂或药物,得自受试者的试验样品还可暴露于治疗剂或药物,并可测定隐花色素蛋白质、核酸、多态性、剪接变体、代谢物或其它分析物的一种或多种的水平或活性。还可测量受影响或与一种或多种隐花色素(例如Per1、Per2、GR、CLOCK-BMAL1启动子等)直接或间接结合的其它基因或蛋白质。可在针对Cry介导的疾病或病症进行受试者管理(例如治疗剂或药物的治疗或暴露)之前和之后,比较源于受试者的样品的一种或多种隐花色素的水平,或可以比较源于由于所述治疗或暴露显示在风险因子方面改善的源于一个或多个受试者的样品。
可以许多本领域技术人员已知的方式,例如提取方法,包括例如溶剂提取、亲和纯化和离心,从样品中获得核酸。选择沉淀也可纯化核酸。还可利用色谱方法,包括凝胶过滤、离子交换、选择吸附或亲和结合。核酸可为例如RNA、DNA,或合成为cDNA。可采本领域众所周知的微阵列技术,例如Affymetrix阵列接着多维排列技术,来检测核酸。参见R. Ekins, R.和Chu, F.W. (1999) Trends Biotechnol. 17: 217-218;D. D. Shoemaker等(2001)Nature 409(6822): 922-927和美国专利号5,750,015。
如有需要,可通过例如初步分级,制备样品以提高一种或多种隐花色素的检测能力。初步分级的方法包括例如Cibacron蓝琼脂糖色谱法、大小排阻色谱法、离子交换色谱法、肝素色谱法、凝集素色谱法、亲和色谱法、单链DNA亲和色谱法、循序提取、凝胶电泳和液相色谱法。还可在检测前修饰分析物。可通过除去大量存在的或可干扰样品中目标分子检测的蛋白质,对样品初步分级。例如,在血清样品中,血清白蛋白大量存在,并可掩盖一种或多种隐花色素的分析。因此,可使用例如包含特异性结合血清白蛋白的吸附剂的基质除去血清白蛋白,对血清样品初步分级,可以使用亲和柱或抗血清白蛋白抗体。
在其它实施方案中,可通过高分辨电泳,例如一维或二维凝胶电泳,分离样品中的目标分子。级分可被分离,并通过气相离子光谱法进一步分析。优选采用二维凝胶电泳产生包括一种或多种隐花色素的各点的二维阵列。参见例如Jungblut和Thiede,(1997) MassSpectr. Rev. 16: 145-162。二维凝胶电泳可采用本领域已知方法进行。参见例如Deutscher编辑,Methods in Enzymology, 第182卷。通常样品可通过例如等电聚焦分离,在等电聚焦期间,样品中的一种或多种隐花色素按pH梯度分离,直到它们达到其净电荷为零的点(即等电点)上。该第一分离步骤产生一维阵列。采用基本不同于第一分离步骤的技术,进一步分离一维阵列中的分子。例如,在第二维度中,使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,例如在十二烷基硫酸钠存在下的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),进一步分离通过等电聚焦分离的目标分子。SDS-PAGE凝胶允许据分子量进一步分离。通常,二维凝胶电泳可化学分离复杂混合物内分子量范围为1000-200,000 Da的不同的目标分子。
二维阵列中的目标分子可采用本领域已知的任何合适方法检测。例如,凝胶中的目标分子可被标记或染色(例如考马斯蓝或银染)。如果凝胶电泳产生对应于本发明的一种或多种隐花色素的分子量的点,则可切取该点,并通过例如气相离子光谱法、质谱法或高效液相色谱法进一步分析。或者,可通过施加电场将含有目标分子的凝胶转移到惰性膜上。然后,可通过例如气相离子光谱法、质谱法或HPLC,分析膜上的大致相当于目标分子的分子量的点。
任选在分析前,可修饰目标分子以提高其分辨率或测定其特性。例如,在分析前,可对样品进行蛋白水解消化。可以使用任何蛋白酶。可能将蛋白质切割成多个分离的片段的蛋白酶(例如胰蛋白酶)是特别有用的。产生于消化的片段可用作目标分子的指纹,从而使得它们能够间接检测。当存在具有相似分子量的目标分子(其可能与优选的分子即所述隐花色素混淆)时,这是特别有用的。此外,蛋白水解片段化可用于高分子量分子,因为通过质谱法更容易解析较小的分子。在另一个实例中,可以修饰分子以提高检测分辨率。例如,可使用神经氨酸酶从糖蛋白中除去末端唾液酸残基以改进与阴离子吸附剂(例如阳离子交换阵列)的结合,并提高检测分辨率。在另一个实例中,可通过连接特异性结合其它分子实体的特定分子量的标签来修饰分子,进一步区分它们。任选在检测所述修饰的目标分子后,可通过匹配蛋白质数据库(例如SwissProt)中改进形式的理化特性,进一步确定分子特性。
一旦俘获在基质(例如生物芯片或抗体)上,可采用任何合适的方法,例如本文描述的方法以及本领域已知的其它方法,测量样品中的一种或多种隐花色素。可采用本领域已知的任何方法测量所述分子的水平或量的实际量。这些方法包括而不限于质谱法(例如激光解吸/电离质谱法)、荧光(例如夹心免疫沉淀法)、表面等离振子共振、椭圆光度法和原子力显微镜术。方法还可包括以下的一种或多种:微阵列、PCR方法、质谱法(例如包括而不限于ESI-MS、ESI-MS/MS、ESI-MS/(MS)n、基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱法(MALDI-TOF-MS)、表面增强激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱法(SELDI-TOF-MS)、硅面解吸/电离(DIOS)、次级离子质谱法(SIMS)、四极飞行时间(Q-TOF)、大气压化学电离质谱法(APCI-MS)、APCI-MS/MS、APCI-(MS)n、大气压光电离质谱法(APPI-MS)、APPI-MS/MS和APPI-(MS)n、四极质谱法、傅里叶变换质谱法(FTMS)、离子阱质谱法)、核酸芯片、RNA印迹杂交、TMA、SDA、NASBA、PCR、实时PCR、逆转录酶PCR、实时逆转录酶PCR、原位PCR、色谱分离质谱法联用、使用固定化抗体或通过传统免疫测定的蛋白质俘获。参见例如美国专利号5,723,591、5,801,155和6,084,102及Higuchi,1992和1993。可在例如多孔板形式或芯片例如BioTrove OPEN阵列芯片(BioTrove,Woburn,MA)上进行PCR测定法。
例如,在特异性(优选定量)扩增特定核酸序列的RNA印迹杂交分析或方法中,可使用对应于隐花色素的序列数据库条目内的序列,构建检测RNA序列的探针。举例来说,可使用所述序列来构建引物,所述引物与隐花色素序列特异性或选择性杂交,并且使用所述引物在例如基于扩增的检测方法例如逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),例如定量实时RT-PCR中,扩增所述序列。当基因表达中的改变与基因扩增、缺失、多态性和突变相关时,可通过比较受试者和参比细胞群中所检查的DNA序列的相对量,来进行试验群体和参比群体中的序列比较。本文所用术语“特异性(或选择性)杂交”当提及核酸时,是指测定异源核酸群中核酸的存在情况的结合反应。因此,在指定的实验条件下,特定的核酸探针(包括抑制性核酸)可至少两倍于背景地与特定的目标核酸结合或杂交,并且基本上不与样品中存在的其它核酸大量结合或杂交。
还可通过免疫测定法测定隐花色素的水平。抗体可以是如本文描述的单克隆、多克隆、嵌合抗体或前述抗体的片段,并且可用任何合适的免疫沉淀法进行检测反应产物的步骤。短语“特异性(或选择性)结合”抗体或“与……有特异性(或选择性)免疫反应性”当提及蛋白质或肽时,是指测定异源蛋白质和其它生物成分(biologies)群中蛋白质的存在情况的结合反应。因此,在指定的免疫测定条件下,特定抗体至少两倍于背景地与特定的蛋白质结合,并且基本上不与样品中存在的其它蛋白质大量结合。在所述条件下与抗体的特异性结合可能需要选择对特定蛋白质有其特异性的抗体。例如,可选择从特定物种(例如大鼠、小鼠或人)中针对隐花色素产生的多克隆抗体,以获得除隐花色素的多态变体和等位基因以外,仅与该隐花色素有特异性免疫反应性而与其它蛋白质无特异性免疫反应性的那些多克隆抗体。通过减除与来自其它物种有隐花色素交叉反应的抗体,来实现这种选择。
按照本发明进行的免疫沉淀法可以是均质测定法或异质测定法。在均质测定法中,免疫反应通常包括特异性抗体(例如抗隐花色素蛋白质抗体)、标记的分析物和目标样品。在抗体与标记的分析物结合时,产生自标记的信号被直接或间接地改变。免疫反应及其程度的检测两者可在均质溶液中进行。可使用的免疫化学标记包括自由基、放射性同位素、荧光染料、酶、噬菌体或辅酶。
在异质测定法中,试剂通常为样品、抗体和用于产生可检测信号的方法。可使用上述样品。可将抗体固定在支持体(例如珠粒(例如蛋白A和蛋白G琼脂糖珠粒)、板或载玻片)上,并与液相中疑似含有抗原的样本接触。然后将支持体与液相分开,检查支持体相或液相的可检测信号应用方法用于产生所述信号。信号与样品中分析物的存在有关。用于产生可检测信号的方法包括使用可检测标记。示例性的可检测标记包括已知技术的磁珠(例如DYNABEADS™)、荧光染料、酶(例如辣根过氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和常用于ELISA的其它酶)、放射性标记(例如35S、125I、131I)和荧光标记(例如荧光素、Alexa、绿色荧光蛋白、罗丹明)和比色标记例如胶态金或有色玻璃或塑料珠。
或者,可采用间接测定法(其中例如使用第二标记抗体检测结合的隐花色素特异性抗体)和/或在竞争或抑制测定法(其中例如将与隐花色素的不同表位结合的单克隆抗体与混合物同时温育)中,检测样品中的目标分子。例如,如果待检测的抗原含有第二结合部位,则在分离步骤之前,可将与该部位结合的抗体与可检测基团缀合并加入液相反应溶液中。固体支持体上可检测标记的存在表明试验样品中抗原的存在。用于测量抗体-抗原复合物的量或存在的方法包括例如荧光、发光、化学发光、吸光度、反射比、透射比、双折射或折射率的检测(例如表面等离振子共振、椭圆光度法、共振镜方法、光栅耦合器波导方法或干涉量度法)。光学方法包括显微术(共焦和非共焦两种)、成像方法和非成像方法。电化学方法包括伏安法和电流测定法。射频方法包括多极共振波谱法。合适的免疫测定法的实例包括但不限于免疫印迹法(例如蛋白质印迹法、条形斑点测定法)、免疫沉淀法、免疫荧光方法、化学发光方法、电化学发光(ECL)或酶联免疫沉淀法,例如酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)和放射免疫沉淀法(RIA)。一般参见E. Maggio, Enzyme-Immunoassay, (1980) (CRCPress, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.);另参见美国专利号4,727,022、4,659,678、4,376,110、4,275,149、4,233,402和4,230,767。这些方法还描述于例如Methods in Cell Biology:Antibodies in Cell Biology, 第37卷(Asai编辑. 1993);Basic and ClinicalImmunology (Stites和Terr编辑, 第7版. 1991);以及Harlow和Lane, 同上。所有这些均通过引用结合到本文中。
可采用免疫测定法以测定样品中一种或多种隐花色素存在与否以及在样品中的量。可通过与标准品比较,来测定抗体-标志物复合物的量。标准品可以是例如已知的化合物或已知存在于样品的另一种蛋白质。如上所述,不必测量一种或多种隐花色素的绝对单位的试验量,只要测量单位可与对照比较。
蛋白质通常以大量不同的形式存在于样品中,所述形式的特征在于可检测的不同质量。这些形式可产生于翻译前修饰和翻译后修饰的任一种或两种。翻译前修饰形式包括等位变异体、剪接变异体和RNA编辑形式。翻译后修饰形式包括产生自蛋白水解切割(例如母体蛋白质的片段)、糖基化、磷酸化、脂化、氧化、甲基化、胱氨酸化、磺化和乙酰化的形式。抗体还可用于检测蛋白质、多肽、突变和多态性的翻译后修饰,例如酪氨酸磷酸化、苏氨酸磷酸化、丝氨酸磷酸化、糖基化(例如O-GlcNAc)。所述抗体特异性检测一种或多种目标蛋白质中的磷酸化氨基酸,并且可用于本文所述免疫印迹法、免疫荧光和ELISA测定法。这些抗体是本领域技术人员熟知的和市售的。还可在反射器基质辅助激光解吸电离时间飞行质谱法(MALDI-TOF)中使用亚稳离子,测定翻译后修饰(Wirth,U.等(2002) Proteomics 2(10):1445-51)。蛋白质系列(包括特定蛋白质及其全部修饰形式)在本文称为“蛋白质簇(protein cluster)”。特定蛋白质的所有修饰形式的系列,不包括特定蛋白质本身,在本文称为“修饰的蛋白质簇”。在本文公开的方法中,还可使用任何隐花色素的修饰形式本身。在某些情况下,与本文提供的特定形式相比,修饰形式在诊断中可显示更好的辨识能力。可通过本发明已知的任何方法,初步检测修饰形式。
或者,可测量隐花色素蛋白和核酸代谢物。术语“代谢物”包括代谢过程的任何化学或生物化学产物,例如通过生物分子(例如蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物或脂质)的加工、切割或消耗所产生的任何化合物。可以本领域技术人员已知的多种方式检测代谢物,包括折射率光谱法(RI)、紫外线光谱法(UV)、荧光分析、放射化学分析、近红外光谱法(近IR)、核磁共振光谱法(NMR)、光散射分析(LS)、质谱法、热解质谱法、比浊法、色散型拉曼光谱法、气相色谱法-质谱法联用、与质谱法联用的液相色谱法(包括高效液相色谱法(HPLC))、基质辅助激光解吸电离时间飞行(MALDI-TOF)-质谱法联用、离子喷雾光谱法-质谱法联用、毛细管电泳、离子迁移光谱法、表面增强激光解吸/电离(SELDI)、光学方法、电化学方法、原子力显微术、射频方法、表面等离振子共振、椭圆光度法、NMR和IR检测。(参见国际申请公布号WO 04/056456和WO 04/088309,所述文献的每一个均通过引用以其实体结合到本文中)。在这一方面,可采用上述检测方法或技术人员已知的其它方法,测量其它分析物。例如,可使用荧光染料例如Fluo系列,尤其包括Fura-2A、Rhod-2,检测样品中的循环钙离子(Ca2+)。还可使用特别设计或定制的检测所述代谢物的试剂,类似地检测其它代谢物。
Cry介导的疾病或病症可涉及一种或多种隐花色素的活性或一种或多种隐花色素与靶结合的能力的改变。虽然不希望受理论的束缚,但认为隐花色素蛋白与周期蛋白Per 1和/或Per2结合作为异二聚体,该异二聚体然后与CLOCK-BMAL1基因的启动子区结合,以在可对多个代谢过程起作用的反馈环中促进转录抑制。因此,按照本发明的方法测量有效量的一种或多种隐花色素可包括评价CRY蛋白与Per1和/或Per2、与糖皮质激素受体(GR)或本领域技术人员已知的Cry的任何其它结合靶结合的能力的提高或降低。可通过本领域已知的任何方法促进蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的测量,所述方法包括免疫共沉淀法、酵母双杂交测定法、表面等离振子共振、双分子荧光互补、随机亲和纯化、噬菌体展示、荧光偏振/各向异性、双偏振干涉量度法、荧光相关光谱法、荧光共振能量转移等。
还可通过与DNA序列(即CLOCK-BMAL1基因的启动子区)或含有被一种或多种隐花色素识别的结合部位的其它基因结合的能力的提高或降低,测量一种或多种隐花色素的活性。“启动子”、“启动子序列”或“启动子区”是指这样的DNA序列,其能够结合细胞中的RNA聚合酶,启动下游(3’方向)编码序列的转录,从而控制其表达。为了限定本发明的目的,启动子序列在其3'端通过转录起始位点结合,并延伸到上游(5'方向)以包括以高出背景的可检测水平启动转录所必需的最小数目的碱基或元件。在启动子序列内,可发现转录起始位点(通过例如用核酸酶S1作图适宜界定)以及负责RNA聚合酶结合的蛋白质结合结构域(共有序列)。启动子可以其整体源于天然基因,或由源于存在于自然界的不同启动子的不同元件组成,或甚至包含合成的DNA区段。在大多数情况下,不能完全界定调节序列的确切边界,不同长度的DNA片段可具有相同的启动子活性。
CLOCK-BMAL1启动子(或含有Cry的结合或识别位点的任何其它启动子区)可与报道基因“有效连接”。术语“有效连接”是指单一核酸片段上核酸序列的缔合使得一个的功能受另一个的影响。例如,当启动子能够影响编码序列的表达时,启动子与该编码序列有效连接(即所述编码序列在启动子转录控制下)。编码序列可以有义或反义取向与调节序列有效连接。术语“报道基因”意指编码根据报道基因的作用能够被鉴定的鉴定因子的核酸,其中所述作用用来追踪目标核酸的遗传,鉴定遗传了目标核酸的细胞或生物,和/或测量基因表达诱导或转录。本领域已知和使用的报道基因的实例包括:萤光素酶(Luc)、绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、氯霉素乙酰基转移酶(CAT)、β-半乳糖苷酶(LacZ)、β-葡糖醛酸糖苷酶(Gus)等。选择性标志物基因也可视为报道基因。启动子-报道基因构建体可包含在被转移或转染至细胞中的质粒或表达载体中。可通过测定基因产物的活性,例如在使用上文例举的报道基因的情况下为酶活性,来检测报道基因的表达。
术语“质粒”是指染色体外元件,其常携带不是细胞中心代谢的组成部分的基因,并且常常呈环状双链DNA分子。所述元件可以是源于任何来源的自主复制序列、基因组整合序列、噬菌体或核苷酸序列、线性、环状或超螺旋的单链或双链DNA或RNA,其中多个核苷酸序列连接或重组成为能够将启动子片段和所选基因产物的DNA序列以及合适的3'非翻译序列导入细胞的独特构建体。术语“表达载体”意指经设计能够在转化进入宿主之后表达所插入的核酸序列的载体、质粒或媒介物。可通过本领域已知方法,例如转染、电穿孔、显微注射、转导、细胞融合、DEAE葡聚糖、磷酸钙沉淀、脂转染(溶酶体融合)、基因枪的使用或DNA载体转运物,将载体导入所需的宿主细胞中。任何细胞都可用于进行报道基因测定法,例如原核细胞或真核细胞。优选细胞可为细菌细胞、真菌细胞、酵母细胞、线虫细胞、昆虫细胞、鱼细胞、植物细胞、鸟类细胞、动物细胞和哺乳动物细胞。细胞可以是原代细胞或可作为细胞系连续传代。示例性的细胞和细胞系是本领域技术人员已知的。
测量一种或多种隐花色素与DNA序列结合的活性或能力的其它方法包括染色质免疫沉淀测定法、电泳迁移率变动分析、DNA pull-down测定法、微量板俘获和检测等。
然后可测定有效量的隐花色素蛋白、核酸、多态性、代谢物或其它分析物的水平,或隐花色素蛋白或与隐花色素蛋白直接或间接结合的靶的活性,并与参比值(例如其疾病状态是已知的对照受试者或群体)或给定值或基线值进行比较。参比样品或给定值或基线值可取自或源于一个或多个已暴露于治疗的受试者,或可取自或源于一个或多个有发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的低风险的受试者,或可取自或源于显示因暴露于治疗而疾病风险因子改进的受试者。或者,参比样品或给定值或基线值可取自或源于一个或多个未暴露于治疗的受试者。例如,可从已接受针对Cry介导的疾病或病症进行初步治疗和针对所述疾病或病症进行后续治疗以监测治疗进程的受试者收集样品。在一些实施方案中,第一样品可在第一时段取自受试者,第一时段例如在用本文所述式I化合物单独或与一种或多种其它的治疗剂组合治疗前,接着如本文所述测量或检测一种或多种隐花色素(或隐花色素靶)。此后,第二样品可在第二时段取自受试者,第二时段例如在用本文所述式I化合物单独或与一种或多种其它的治疗剂组合治疗后,并测量一种或多种隐花色素或隐花色素靶。在整个疗程中,可以任何时间间隔获取多个样品以评价其效果。
参比值可还包括源于来自人口研究的风险预测算法或计算指数的值,例如本文所公开的。在这种情况下,类似术语是“对照”,其可以是例如在正常受试者中或在例如其中未检出Cry介导的疾病或病症的无疾病受试者中存在与正常受试者的可比较样品中的隐花色素的平均量或中值量。在与测量试验量相同或基本上相同的实验条件下,测量对照量。相关性可考虑试验样品中隐花色素存在与否和对照中相同分子的检测频率。相关性可考虑所述这两个因素以促进疾病状态的测定。
还可按照本文公开的方法,制备未患Cry介导的疾病或病症并且预期不会发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的那些受试者的参比概况。还可利用一种或多种隐花色素的测量结果产生取自患有Cry介导的疾病或病症的受试者的“受试者概况”。可将受试者概况与参比概况进行比较以诊断或鉴定有发生Cry介导的疾病或病症的风险的受试者、监测疾病进程以及疾病进程的速度,并监测治疗方式或受试者管理的效果。
本发明的参比概况和受试概况者可包括在机器可读介质中,所述机器可读介质例如但不限于模拟磁带或数字磁带,尤其像通过VCR、CD-ROM、DVD-ROM、USB flash media可读取的那些。所述机器可读介质还可含有其它检验结果,例如而不限于临床参数和传统实验室风险因子的测量结果。或者或另外地,机器可读介质还可包含受试者信息,例如病史和任何相关家族史。机器可读介质还可含有与其它风险算法和计算指数相关的信息,例如本文描述的那些。
在本文公开的方法的任一种中,得自样品的数据可从检测装置直接传送到装有诊断算法的计算机中。或者,可用手或通过自动化装置将所得数据传送到装有诊断算法的各计算机中。因此,本发明的实施方案包括涉及将隐花色素的检测与Cry介导的疾病或病症的可能诊断相关联的方法。相关性可考虑与对照量相比样品中一种或多种隐花色素的量(隐花色素的增量调节或减量调节) (例如在未检出Cry介导的疾病或病症的正常受试者中)。相关性可考虑试验样品中隐花色素存在与否和对照中相同分子的检测频率。相关性可考虑这两种因素以有助于受试者是否患有Cry介导的疾病或病症的确定。
数据分析可包括测定所检测的标志物的信号强度(例如峰高)和排除“离群值”(偏离预定统计分布的数据)的步骤。可将所观察到的峰值归一化,一种籍此计算相对于某种参比的各峰高度的方法。例如,参比可以是由在定标中设置为零的仪器和化学品(例如能量吸收分子)产生的背景噪音。针对各个目标分子所检测的信号强度可在所需标度(例如100)中以相对强度的形式显示。或者,样品内可容纳标准品(例如血清蛋白质),使得得自标准品的峰值可用作参比以计算针对所检测的各个目标分子所观察到的信号的相对强度。
所得数据可转化或转换成各种形式予以显示。在称为“光谱视图(spectrum view)或滞留物图”的一种形式中,可显示标准品光谱视图,其中所述视图描述各个特定分子量的分子到达检测器的量。在称为“峰值图”的另一种形式中,只保留来自光谱视图的峰高和质量信息,产生更清晰的图像,并且能够使具有几乎相同分子量的目标分子更容易观察到。在称为“凝胶示图”的又一种形式中,来自峰值视图的各个质量可转化成基于各峰高度的灰度图像,产生类似于电泳凝胶上的条带的外观。在称为“3-D覆盖图”的又一种形式中,数个光谱可覆盖以研究相对峰高的细微变化。在称为“差异图示”的又一种形式中,可比较两个或更多个谱,合宜地突出显示样品间增量调节或减量调节的独特的目标分子。可目视比较得自任两个样品的概况(谱)。在又一种形式中,可采用Spotfire散点图,其中所检出的目标分子作为小圆点在图中绘出,其中该图的一个轴表示所检出的隐花色素的表观分子量,另一个轴表示所检出的隐花色素的信号强度。对于各个样品,所检出的目标分子和存在于样品中的分子的量可存入计算机可读介质。然后可将该数据与对照或参比概况或参比值(例如,对照例如其中未可检出Cry介导的疾病或病症的受试者中检出的分子的概况或量)进行比较。
可使用应用分类模型的模式识别方法将用本文公开的方法产生的数据归类。在一些实施方案中,使用样品例如“已知样品”产生的数据然后可用来“训练”分类模型。“已知样品”是经预先分类的(例如疾病或无疾病)的样品。使用已知样品产生的数据然后可用于“训练”分类模型。“已知样品”是经预先分类的样品。该数据可用来形成可称为“训练数据集”的分类模型。一旦经过训练,分类模型可识别使用未知样品产生的数据的模式。然后可使用该分类模型将未知样品归到各类别。在例如预测特定生物样品是否与某种生物状况(例如患病与未患病)有关中,这可能是有用的。用来形成分类模型的训练数据集可包括原始数据或预处理数据。在一些实施方案中,原始数据可从飞行时间谱或质谱直接获得,然后可任选以任何合适的方式“预处理”。预处理步骤(例如这些步骤)可用来减少用于训练分类模型的数据的量。
可采用任何合适的统计分类(或“学习”)方法形成分类模型,所述方法试图根据数据中存在的客观参数将数据体分为各类别。分类方法可为监督或非监督的。监督和非监督分类方法的实例描述于Jain, “Statistical Pattern Recognition: A Review (统计模式识别:综述)”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and MachineIntelligence, 第22卷, 第1期, 2000年1月,其通过引用以其整体结合到本文中。在监督分类中,将含有已知类别的实例的训练数据提供给学习机制,其学习界定各个已知类别的一组或多组关系。然后可将新的数据应用于学习机制,其然后利用所学到的关系将新的数据归类。
监督分类方法的实例包括线性回归法(例如多元线性回归(MLR)、偏最小二乘(PLS)回归和主组分回归(PCR))、二元决策树(例如递归划分法例如CART-分类和回归树)、人工神经网络例如反传网络、判别分析(例如贝叶斯分类器或Fischer分析)、逻辑斯谛分类器和支持向量分类器(支持向量机)。优选的监督分类方法是递归划分法(美国专利申请公布号20020138208)。非监督分类试图根据训练数据集的相似性学习分类,而不预先分类训练数据集源自于其中的谱。非监督学习方法包括聚类分析。聚类分析试图将数据分成“聚类”或群,所述聚类或群理想地应具有彼此非常相似并且极不同于其它聚类的成员。然后采用某种距离度量测量相似性,所述距离度量测量数据项间的距离,并将彼此靠近的数据项聚类在一起。聚类技术包括MacQueen的K均值算法和Kohonen的自组织映射算法。宣称用于生物信息归类的学习算法描述于例如国际申请公布号WO 01/31580和美国专利申请公布号20020193950、20030004402和20030055615。另一种分类方法包括多变量预测模型,其使用统一最大可分性分析(Unified Maximum Separability Analysis,“USMA”)分类器的非线性形式。USMA分类器的详情描述于美国专利申请公布号20030055615。
其它分类算法和公式尤其包括但不限于主成分分析(PCA)、互相关、因子旋转、逻辑斯谛回归(LogReg)、线性判别分析(LDA)、Eigengene线性判别分析(ELDA)、随机森林(RF)、递归划分树(RPART)以及其它相关决策树分类技术、Shrunken Centroids (SC)、StepAIC、第K个最近邻法、Boosting、决策树、神经网络、贝叶斯网络、支持向量机、Leave-One-Out (LOO)、10倍交叉验证(10倍CV)和隐马尔科夫模型(Hidden Markov Model)。
一种或多种隐花色素的检测和关系还可采用任何合适的工具分析,所述工具包括软件包,例如Applied Maths、GenExplore™、2-向聚类分析、主成分分析、判别分析、自组织映射;BioDiscovery,Inc.,Los Angeles,California (ImaGene™,专门的图像处理和数据提取软件,由MatLab®驱动;GeneSight:层次聚类、人工神经网络(SOM)、主成分分析、时间序列;AutoGene™;CloneTracker™);GeneData AG (Basel,Switzerland);MIT’sWhitehead Genome Center旗下的分子模式识别网站;Rosetta Inpharmatics,Kirkland,Washington。Resolver™表达数据分析系统;Scanalytics,Inc.,Fairfax,VA。其MicroArray套件使研究人员能够获得、观测、处理和分析基因表达微阵列数据;TIGR (TheInstitute for Genome Research)提供用于阵列分析的软件工具。例如,另参见Eisen和Brown,(1999) Methods Enzymol. 303: 179-205。
在限定疾病状态的方法的某些实施方案中,所述方法还包括根据疾病或病症的状态管理或更改受试者的临床治疗。例如,如果本发明方法的结果是非决定性的或有理由必需证实状态,则医生可布置更多检验(例如CT扫描、PET扫描、MRI扫描、PET-CT扫描、X射线、活组织检查、验血)。或者,如果所述状态表明治疗是恰当的,则医生可安排受试者进行治疗。在其它情况下,受试者可接受治疗性治疗(例如单独或与一种或多种其它的治疗剂组合给予治疗剂(例如本文定义的式I化合物))以替代手术,或除手术以外可接受所述治疗性治疗。进一步的行动可能不是合理的。此外,如果结果显示治疗是成功的,则维持疗法或无进一步管理可能是必需的。
本文公开的主题还提供其中在受试者临床治疗后再次测量隐花色素的这类方法。在这些情况下,所述方法用来监测Cry介导的疾病或病症的状态,例如对治疗的反应、疾病的消退或疾病的进程。可在受试者接受每次治疗后重复所述方法,便于医生跟踪疗程的有效性。如果结果表明治疗无效,则可改变疗程。
本发明提供用于限定疾病状态和/或检测或诊断疾病的试剂盒,其中试剂盒可用于检测一种或多种隐花色素。例如,试剂盒可用于检测本文所述隐花色素的任一种或多种,所述一种或多种隐花色素差异性存在于疾病受试者和正常受试者的样品中。本发明的试剂盒具有许多应用。例如,试剂盒可用于本文所述的本发明方法的任一种,例如特别用于区分受试者是否患有Cry介导的疾病或病症或有阴性诊断,因此辅助诊断。在另一个实例中,试剂盒可通过使用Cry介导的疾病或病症的体外或体内动物模型,用于鉴定调节一种或多种隐花色素的表达的化合物、调节一种或多种隐花色素的活性(即影响一种或多种隐花色素结合靶(例如Per1、Per2、糖皮质激素受体(GR)或被隐花色素识别的启动子序列例如CLOCK-BMAL1启动子或任何其它启动子序列)的能力)的化合物。在另一个实例中,试剂盒可用于鉴定本文所述一种或多种隐花色素蛋白质的结合靶。
本发明的试剂盒可包括检测试剂,例如,因具有同源核酸序列而特异性鉴定一种或多种隐花色素核酸的核酸例如与核酸的一部分互补的寡核苷酸序列、引物或适体,或由包装在一起的核酸编码的蛋白质的抗体。寡核苷酸可以是基因的片段。寡核苷酸可以是单链或双链的。例如寡核苷酸的长度可为200、150、100、50、25、10或更少个核苷酸。或者,检测试剂可以是与一种或多种隐花色素蛋白或其靶特异性或选择性结合的一种或多种抗体。试剂盒可在单独的容器中装有核酸或抗体(已经与固体基质结合或单独包装试剂用于使之与基质结合)、对照制剂(阳性和/或阴性)和/或可检测标记,尤其例如荧光素、绿色荧光蛋白、罗丹明、花青染料、Alexa染料、萤光素酶、放射性标记等。试剂盒可包括用于进行测定和用于与疾病状态关联的使用说明(例如书面、磁带、VCR、CD-ROM等)。
例如,可将检测试剂固定在固体基质(例如多孔带材)上形成至少一个检测部位。多孔带材的测量或检测区可包括许多含有核酸的部位。试验片还可含有用于阴性和/或阳性对照的部位。或者,对照部位可位于试验片的各个条带上。任选不同的检测部位可含有不同量的固定化核酸,例如第一检测部位较高的量和随后部位较少的量。在加入试验样品时,显示可检测信号的部位数提供存在于样品中的隐花色素的量的定量指示。检测部位可以任何适宜的可检测形状配置,并用通常呈跨越试验片宽度的条形或点的形状。基质阵列可在例如固体基质上,例如描述于美国专利号5,744,305的“芯片”。或者,基质阵列可为溶液阵列,例如xMAP (Luminex,Austin,TX)、Cyvera (Illumina,San Diego,CA)、CellCard(Vitra Bioscience,Mountain View,CA)和Quantum Dots’ Mosaic (Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)。试剂盒还可含有用于扩增或分离样品DNA的试剂和/或酶。试剂盒可包括用于实时PCR的试剂(例如TaqMan探针和/或引物)和酶。
在一些实施方案中,试剂盒包含:(a)其上面包含吸附剂的基质,其中吸附剂保持或以其它方式适于结合隐花色素,和(b)通过使样品与吸附剂接触,并检测由吸附剂保持的隐花色素,来检测隐花色素的使用说明。在一些实施方案中,试剂盒可包含洗脱液(作为备选物或联合用法说明)或用于制备洗脱液的说明,其中吸附剂和洗脱液的组合允许使用气相离子光谱法检测隐花色素。
在其它实施方案中,试剂盒可包含在其上包含吸附剂的第一基质(例如用吸附剂官能化的粒子)和第一基质可定位在其上形成探针的第二基质,其可取出并插入机器(例如气相离子光谱仪)中。在其它实施方案中,试剂盒可包含单独的基质,呈为探针的形式,其中吸附剂在基质上,所述基质可取出并插入机器中。在又一个实施方案中,试剂盒还可包含初步分级自旋柱(例如Cibacron蓝琼脂糖柱、抗HSA琼脂糖柱、K-30大小排阻柱、Q-阴离子交换自旋柱、单链DNA柱、凝集素柱等)。在另一个实施方案中,试剂盒包含(a)与一种或多种隐花色素特异性结合的抗体;和(b)检测试剂。抗体可以是例如针对隐花色素基因的基因产物的抗体。
任选试剂盒还可包含标准品或对照信息,使得试验样品可与对照信息标准比较,以确定样品中所检测的一种或多种隐花色素的试验量是否是与Cry介导的疾病或病症诊断一致的诊断量。
虽然上文详细描述了少数变化,但其它修改或添加是可能的。具体地讲,除了本文提供的那些以外,可提供其它特征和/或变化。例如,上述实施可涉及所公开的特征的各种组合和亚组合和/或上文公开的数个其它特征的组合和亚组合。另外,本文所述逻辑流程不要求所显示的特定顺序或相继顺序以达到所需结果。其它实施方案可在权利要求书的范围内。
实施例
实施例1:化合物合成的反应流程
下面的反应流程,反应流程I、II和III,描述了用于式I化合物合成的方法。在制备式I化合物的通用方法中,变量R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、a和b如针对式I化合物的先前定义,除非另有说明。本文所述反应流程旨在提供用于制备许多指定实施例的方法的概述。然而,从实验部分给出的详细描述来看显而易见,所采用的制备方式比本文描述的通用方法进一步扩展。具体地讲,注意到,可进一步改进按照所述流程制备的化合物,以提供本发明范围内的新的实施例。用于以下实施例的试剂和中间体是市售的或可按照有机合成领域技术人员已知的标准文献方法制备。
下面的反应流程I,描述了式I化合物的合成。在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,在约0℃-150℃的温度范围内,将合适取代的式VI的溴化物衍生物用合适的式VII咔唑处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式V的氧杂环丙烷化合物。使式VI的溴化合物与式VII的咔唑反应得到式V化合物的优选条件包括在0℃-室温下在氢氧化钾存在时,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中进行反应达20-24小时,接着萃取处理。在约室温-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如乙醇)中,将式V化合物用合适的式IV的胺处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式III的氨基醇化合物。使式V的氧杂环丙烷化合物反应得到式III化合物的优选条件包括在40℃下在乙醇中进行反应20-24小时,接着萃取处理。或者,可在微波辐射下,在合适的溶剂(例如乙醇)中,使式V的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式IV的胺反应,得到式III化合物。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如二氯甲烷)中,将式III化合物用合适的式II磺酰氯处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式I的磺酰胺化合物。使式III的氨基醇化合物与式II的磺酰氯反应得到式I化合物的优选条件包括在0℃-室温下,在三乙胺或吡啶存在下,在二氯甲烷中进行反应1-24小时,接着萃取处理。
反应流程I
下面的反应流程II,描述了式I化合物的替代合成。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,将适当取代的式V的氧杂环丙烷衍生物用合适的式VIII的磺酰胺处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式I的磺酰胺化合物。使式V的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VIII的磺酰胺反应得到式I化合物的优选条件包括在室温-70℃下,在氢化钠存在时,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中进行反应20-24小时。或者,可在100℃下在碳酸铯存在时,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,使式V的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VIII的磺酰胺反应20-24小时。
反应流程II
下面的反应流程III,描述了式I化合物的替代合成。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如二氯甲烷)中,将式IV的胺化合物用合适的式II的磺酰氯处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式VIII的磺酰胺化合物。使式IV的胺化合物与式II的磺酰氯反应得到式VIII化合物的优选条件包括在0℃-室温下,在三乙胺或吡啶存在下,在二氯甲烷中进行反应1-24小时,接着萃取处理。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,将式VIII化合物用合适的式X溴化物处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式IX的氧杂环丙烷化合物。使式VIII的磺酰胺化合物与式X溴化物反应得到式IX化合物的优选条件包括在室温-70℃下,在氢化钠存在时,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中进行反应20-24小时。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,将式IX化合物用合适的式VII的咔唑处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式I的磺酰胺化合物。使式IX的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VII的咔唑反应得到式I化合物的优选条件包括在室温-115℃下,在碳酸铯存在时,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中进行反应1-24小时。或者,可在微波辐射下,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)中,使式IX的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VII的咔唑反应,得到式I化合物。
反应流程III
下面的反应流程IV,描述了式I化合物的替代合成。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如二氯甲烷)中,将式XIV的氨基酯化合物用合适的式II的磺酰氯处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式XIII的磺酰胺化合物。使式XIV的氨基酯化合物与式II的磺酰氯反应得到式XIII化合物的优选条件包括在0℃-室温下,在三乙胺存在时,在二氯甲烷中进行反应1-24小时,接着萃取处理。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如四氢呋喃)中,将式XIII化合物用合适的还原剂处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式XII的醇化合物。使式XIII的酯化合物还原得到式XII的化合物的优选条件包括在0℃-室温下,在氢化铝锂存在时,在四氢呋喃中进行反应1-24小时,接着萃取处理。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如二氯甲烷)中,将式XII的化合物用合适的氧化剂处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式XI的醛化合物。使式XII的醇化合物氧化得到式XI化合物的优选条件包括在0℃-室温下,在戴斯·马丁过碘烷(Dess-Martin periodinane)存在时,在二氯甲烷中进行反应24-48小时,接着过滤。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如二甲亚砜)中,将式XI化合物用碘化三甲基氧化锍处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式IX的氧杂环丙烷化合物。转化式XI的醛化合物得到式IX化合物的优选条件包括在0℃-室温下,在碘化三甲基氧化锍和氢化钠存在时,在二甲亚砜中进行反应2-24小时,接着萃取处理。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,将式IX化合物用合适的式VII的咔唑处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式I的磺酰胺化合物。使式IX的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VII的咔唑反应得到式I化合物的优选条件包括在室温-115℃下,在碳酸铯存在时,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中进行反应1-24小时。或者,可在微波辐射下,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)中,使式IX的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VII的咔唑反应,得到式I化合物。
反应流程IV
下面的反应流程V,描述了式I化合物的替代合成。在0℃-150℃的温度范围内,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,将适当取代的式XV或XVI的氧杂环丙烷衍生物用合适的式VIII的磺酰胺处理约5分钟-24小时的时间,得到相应的式I的磺酰胺化合物。使式XV或XVI的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VIII的磺酰胺反应得到式I化合物的优选条件包括在室温-70℃下,在氢化钠存在时,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中进行反应20-24小时。或者,可在100℃下,在碳酸铯存在时,在合适的溶剂(例如N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)中,使式XV或XVI的氧杂环丙烷化合物与式VIII的磺酰胺反应20-24小时。
反应流程V
在本文所述的反应流程中,要理解可按需要,将用于制备式I化合物的中间体中的羟基用本领域技术人员已知的常规基团保护。例如,含有羟基的中间体可作为相应的叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基醚予以保护,随后通过用四正丁基氟化铵处理脱保护,得到游离的羟基衍生物。“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 第3版, T. W. Greene和P. G.M. Wuts (Wiley & Sons, 1999)中说明了合适的保护基和脱保护基的方法。
1H核磁共振(NMR)谱在所有情况下都与所给出的结构一致。特征性化学位移(δ)使用主峰命名的常规缩略语,以来自四甲基硅烷的百万分率低磁场给出:例如s,单峰;d,双峰;t,三重峰;q,四重峰;m,多重峰;br,宽峰。质谱(m/z)使用电喷雾电离(ESI)或大气压化学电离(APCI)记录。当使用薄层色谱法(TLC)时,是指使用硅胶60 F254板的硅胶TLC,Rf是TLC板中化合物移动的距离除以溶剂前缘移动的距离。HPLC是指高效液相色谱法。
包括下面的具体实施例用于说明性目的,不得解释为作为本公开内容的限制。
制备1:2-氟-N-苯基苯胺
向反应容器装入含碘苯(1.42 g,7 mmol)、乙酸钯(II)(0.079 g,0.35 mmol)、2,2'-双(二苯膦基)-1,1'-联萘(0.217 g,0.35 mmol)、碳酸铯(6.8 g,21 mmol)、2-氟苯胺(0.777 g,7 mmol)的无水甲苯(18 mL)。在氮气氛下,将混合物在115℃下加热24小时。冷却的混合物用水和乙醚稀释。有机层经分离,用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩成残余物。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-30%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为透明油状物(1.1 g,81%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.36-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.09-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.85 (m, 1H), 5.82 (br s, 1H)。ESI m/z:188.2 (M+H)。
制备2:1-氟-9H-咔唑
向反应容器装入2-氟-N-苯基苯胺(0.4 g,2.1 mmol)、二乙酸钯(0.025 g,0.1mmol)、碳酸钾(0.030 g,0.21 mmol)和新戊酸(1.8 g),置于氧气囊下,并在120℃下加热。在48小时和72小时加入另一部分的二乙酸钯(0.025 g,0.1 mmol),并将混合物加热4天。冷却的反应混合物用二氯甲烷稀释,用饱和碳酸钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),通过硅胶垫过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(5-30%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(0.181 g,46%)。1H NMR (d6-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 11.65 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.11 (dd,1H, J=0.6, 7.5 Hz), 7.94-7.91 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.50-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.07(m, 3H)。HPLC分析(C18,5-95%乙腈/H2O + 0.1%三氟乙酸,在20分钟内:保留时间,在254nm处的%面积):9.65分钟,100%。
制备3:4-氟-2-硝基-1,1'-联苯
向微波反应容器装入含2-氯-5-氟硝基苯(0.175 g,1 mmol)、苯基硼酸(0.134 g,1.1 mmol)、碳酸钠(0.317 g,3 mmol)、二乙酸钯(0.009 g,0.04 mmol)、四丁基溴化铵(0.322 g,1 mmol)的水(2 mL)。将混合物在微波反应器中加热至165℃ 7.5分钟。使反应物冷却,并倒入乙醚和0.1N氢氧化钠水溶液中。乙醚层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(5-30%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为浅黄色油状物(0.179 g,82%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.62-7.58 (dd, 1H, J=2.7, 8.1 Hz), 7.46-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 2H)。HPLC分析(C18,5-95%乙腈/H2O + 0.1%三氟乙酸,在20分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):9.95分钟,96.3%。
制备4:2-氟-9H-咔唑
将4-氟-2-硝基-1,1'-联苯(0.170 g,0.78 mmol)和三苯基膦(0.513 g,1.9mmol)的无水1,2-二氯苯(1.5 mL)溶液在微波反应器中加热至175℃ 8小时。冷却的混合物经真空浓缩,并用硅胶柱色谱法(7-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到灰白色固体(0.129 g,89%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.06 (br s, 1H), 8.03-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.39(m, 2H), 7.26-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.08 (dd, 1H, J=2.3, 9.3 Hz), 7.00-6.93 (m,1H)。HPLC分析:(C18,5-95%乙腈/H2O + 0.1%三氟乙酸,在20分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):9.67分钟,98.8%。
制备5:4-氟苯基三氟甲烷磺酸
向4-氟苯酚(1.5 g,13.3 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(44 mL)中的0℃溶液中加入吡啶(2.2 mL,27 mmol)和三氟甲烷磺酸酐(2.7 mL,16 mmol)。使溶液慢慢升温至环境温度并搅拌16小时。溶液用乙醚稀释,依次用1N盐酸水溶液(两次)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液溶液洗涤。有机溶液经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到黄褐色液体(3.2 g,99%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.28-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.11 (m, 2H)。
制备6:3-氟-9H-咔唑
将4-氟苯基三氟甲烷磺酸(0.753 g,3 mmol)、苯胺(0.307 g,3.3 mmol)、乙酸钯(0.067 g,0.3 mmol)、碳酸铯(1.17 g,3.6 mmol)和2-二环己基膦基-2′,4′,6′-三异丙基联苯(0.215 g,0.45 mmol)在无水甲苯(7.5 mL)中的混合物置于氮环境下,排气并回充入氮气两次,并在100℃下加热2小时。向冷却的反应混合物中加入乙酸(25 mL),将反应物置于氧气环境下(气囊),并在100℃下加热48小时。混合物被浓缩成残余物,溶于乙酸乙酯中,用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到所需产物,为黄褐色固体(0.1 g,18%)。1H NMR (d6-DMSO, 300MHz) δ 11.26 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.08 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.94-7.90 (dd, 1H, J=2.4,9.3 Hz), 7.47-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.10 (m, 2H)。
制备7:2-氯-3-氟-N-苯基苯胺
向反应容器装入含2-氯-3-氟苯胺(1.5 g,10.3 mmol)、乙酸钯(II)(0.140 g,0.62 mmol)、2,2'-双(二苯膦基)-1,1'-联萘(0.386 g,0.62 mmol)、碳酸铯(6.7 g,20.6mmol)和碘苯(2.1 g,10.3 mmol)的无水甲苯(28 mL)。容器用氮气吹扫,在回流下加热混合物24小时。混合物经冷却,用二氯甲烷稀释,通过二氧化硅垫过滤,浓缩,并通过硅胶柱色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为透明液体(1.24 g,54%)。1H NMR (CDCl3,300 MHz) δ 7.38-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.16-6.98 (m, 3H), 6.67-6.61(m, 1H), 6.17 (br s, 1H)。ESI m/z:222.1 (M+H)。HPLC分析:(C18,5-95%乙腈/H2O +0.1%三氟乙酸,在20分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):11.03分钟,98.6%。
制备8:4-氟-9H-咔唑
将2-氯-3-氟-N-苯基苯胺(0.300 g,1.3 mmol)、碳酸钾(0.374 g,2.7 mmol)、二乙酸钯(0.024 g,0.1 mmol)、四氟硼酸三环己基(0.079 g,0.2 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(6.7 mL)中的混合物抽真空,回充入氩气,并在150℃下加热45分钟。混合物经冷却,用乙酸乙酯和水稀释。有机层用水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(7-50%乙醚/己烷)纯化,得到灰白色固体(0.06 g,24%)。1HNMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.23-8.20 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 8.10 (br s, 1H), 7.48-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.17 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 6.95-6.89 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 9.9 Hz)。HPLC分析:(C18,5-95%乙腈/H2O + 0.1%三氟乙酸,在20分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):9.84分钟,96.5%。
制备9:9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
将粉状氢氧化钾(3.36 g,60 mmol)加入咔唑(8.36 g,50 mmol)的无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(50 mL)溶液中,在环境温度下搅拌1小时。使反应混合物在冰浴中冷却,并加入环氧溴丙烷(10.3 mL,125 mmol)。撤掉冰浴,在室温下搅拌反应物20小时。将混合物在乙酸乙酯和水之间分配。有机层依次用水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用己烷研磨,用乙酸乙酯/己烷重结晶,得到所需产物,为白色针状物(6.41 g,58%收率)。第二批晶体从母液结晶出来,得到额外产物(1.2 g,11%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300MHz) δ 8.11-8.08 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.28-7.25 (m, 2H), 4.68-4.62(dd, 1H, J= 3.1, 15.8 Hz) 4.45-4.38 (dd, 1H, J= 4.8, 15.9 Hz), 3.37 (m, 1H),2.84-2.81 (dd, 1H, J=4.2, 4.3 Hz), 2.60-2.57 (dd, 1H, J=2.5, 5.0 Hz)。HPLC分析:(C18,5-95%乙腈/H2O + 0.1%三氟乙酸,在20分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):7.83分钟,98.7%。
制备10:(S)-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
向咔唑(2.0 g,12 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(20 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾水溶液(0.95 g,14.4 mmol),并在室温下搅拌混合物1小时。使混合物在冰浴中冷却,并加入(R)-(-)-2-(氯甲基)氧杂环丙烷(2.77 g,29.9 mmol)。在室温下搅拌混合物过夜,然后在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。残余物通过用乙酸乙酯/己烷重结晶来纯化,得到所需产物,为白色晶体(0.8 g,30%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.55-7.40 (m,4H), 7.32-7.22 (m, 2H), 4.66 (dd, 1H, J=15.9, 3.3 Hz), 4.43 (dd, 1H, J=15.9,4.8 Hz), 3.38 (m, 1H), 2.83 (t, 1H, J=4.5 Hz), 2.60 (dd, 1H, J=4.8, 2.4 Hz)。
制备11:(R)-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
向咔唑(5.0 g,29.9 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(20 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾水溶液(2.171 g,32.9 mmol),并在室温下搅拌混合物1小时。使混合物在冰浴中冷却,并加入(S)-(+)-环氧氯丙烷(4.68 mL,59.8 mmol)。在室温下搅拌混合物过夜,然后在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(30%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(3.9 g,58%)。[α]D −10.4 (c 1.92, CHCl3)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (d, 2H,J=7.5 Hz), 7.60-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.35-7.20 (m, 2H), 4.64 (dd, 1H, J=15.9, 3.3Hz), 4.41 (dd, 1H, J=15.9, 4.8 Hz), 3.37 (m, 1H), 2.82 (t, 1H, J=4.2 Hz),2.59 (dd, 1H, J=4.5, 2.4 Hz)。
制备12:1-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-3-((呋喃-2-基甲基)氨基)丙-2-醇
将9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑(2.97 g,13.3 mmol)在糠胺(5.3 mL,60mmol)和乙醇(11 mL)溶液中的悬浮液在Biotage Initiator微波反应器中加热至110℃ 15分钟。所得溶液用甲醇稀释,并在冰浴中冷却以使白色固体沉淀。固体通过溶于最小体积的热甲醇中来重结晶,并慢慢冷却,得到所需产物,为细晶白色固体(2.4 g,57%)。1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.10-8.08 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.46-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.25(m, 4H), 6.29-6.27 (dd, 1H, J=1.8, 3.3 Hz), 6.11-6.10 (d, 1H, J= 3 Hz), 4.39-4.38 (d, 1H, J=2.1 Hz), 4.37 (d, 1H, J=0.9 Hz), 4.21-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s,2H), 2.85-2.79 (dd, 1H, J=3.8, 12.3 Hz), 2.69-2.62 (dd, 1H, J=8.4, 12.3 Hz),2.00 (br s, 2H)。ESI m/z:321.1 (M+H)。HPLC分析:(C18,10-90%乙腈/水+ 0.1%三氟乙酸,在10分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):6.1分钟,99.0%。
制备13:2-((叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)氧基)-3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)丙-1-胺
向1-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-3-((呋喃-2-基甲基)氨基)丙-2-醇(1.80 g,5.6 mmol)和咪唑(1.912 g,28.1 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(50 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基氯(2.117 g,14.0 mmol)。在70℃下搅拌反应混合物过夜。反应混合物用饱和氯化钠水溶液和饱和碳酸钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-40%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为粘稠油状物(2.4 g,98%)。1H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl3) δ 8.08 (d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.53-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.37 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz),7.22 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.32 (dd, 1H, J=3.3, 1.8 Hz), 6.16 (d, 1H, J=3.3 Hz),4.56 (dd, 1H, J=14.4, 6.0 Hz), 4.41-4.22 (m, 2H), 3.85和3.75 (dd, 2H, J=14.4,14.4 Hz), 2.74 (dd, 1H, J=12.0, 4.5 Hz), 2.61 (dd, 1H, J=12.0, 3.6 Hz), 1.60(br s, 2H), 0.80 (s, 9H), -0.13 (s, 3H), -0.42 (s, 3H)。ESI m/z:435.2 [M+H]。
制备14:N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺
将甲烷磺酰氯(3.2 mL,42 mmol)慢慢加入糠胺(4.2 g,43.2 mmol)和三乙胺(6mL,43 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(110 mL)中的搅拌溶液中。在环境温度下搅拌反应物过夜,然后用乙酸乙酯稀释。有机溶液依次用1N盐酸水溶液(3次)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),并过滤。溶液经减压浓缩,得到所需产物,为黄褐色液体(6.6g,89%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.39-7.38 (m, 1H), 6.33-6.31 (m, 2H),5.02 (br s, 1H), 4.33-4.31 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz)。
制备15:N-(2-甲氧基乙基)甲烷磺酰胺
在0℃下向2-甲氧基乙胺(2.67 mL,31.0 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(100 mL)和N,N-二异丙基乙胺(8.54 mL,51.7 mmol)的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入甲烷磺酰氯(2.0 mL,25.8mmol)。使反应混合物慢慢升温至室温,并搅拌过夜。混合物经浓缩,残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-100%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为无色油状物(2.8 g,71%)。1H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl3) δ 4.66 (br s, 1H), 3.54 (t, 2H, J=4.8 Hz), 3.39 (s, 3H), 6.37-3.29 (m,2H), 3.00 (s, 3H)。
制备16:2,3-二氢苯并[d]异噻唑1,1-二氧化物
向用外部冰浴保持在0℃下的氢化铝锂(0.414 g)在无水四氢呋喃(30 mL)中的冷溶液中加入磺基苯甲亚胺(1 g,5.5 mmol)。使反应物升温至环境温度并搅拌过夜。反应用添加的水和2.5M硫酸水溶液猝灭。混合物通过硅藻土(Celite)过滤,并用乙酸乙酯洗涤。有机层用1M硫酸水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸镁),过滤,并浓缩,得到灰白色固体(0.75 g,81%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.81-7.78 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.64-7.59 (dt, 1H,J=1.2, 7.5 Hz), 7.52-7.49 (dt, 1H, J=0.75, 7.5 Hz), 7.41-7.37 (d, 1H, J=8.1Hz), 4.8 (br s, 1H), 4.55-4.54 (d, 1H, J=3.6 Hz)。
制备17:1,3-二氢苯并[c]异噻唑2,2-二氧化物
标题化合物使用WO 98/32438 A1所述方法制备。向2-硝基-α-甲苯磺酰氯(5.1 g,21.6 mmol)的无水乙酸乙酯(250 mL)溶液中加入氯化锡(II) (19.3 g,86 mmol)。在70℃下搅拌反应物过夜,然后倒在冰上,并用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液中和。溶液通过硅藻土过滤,用乙酸乙酯萃取,并将有机层浓缩。向粗制残余物中加入无水二氯甲烷(200 mL)和三乙胺(5 mL)。在室温下搅拌溶液过夜并减压浓缩。通过硅胶柱色谱法(30-100%乙酸乙酯/己烷)接着用二氯甲烷/己烷重结晶获得产物,得到白色固体。(0.24 g,6.5%)。1H NMR (CDCl3,300 MHz) δ 7.30-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.02 (t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 6.89-6.86 (dd, 1H,J=0.6, 8.1 Hz), 6.66 (br s, 1H), 4.39 (s, 1H)。
制备18:3,4-二氢-1H-苯并[d][1,2]噻嗪2,2-二氧化物
标题化合物按照Bravo, R. D.等, Synth. Commun. 2002, 32, 3675中描述的方法制备。向长颈瓶装入含α-甲苯磺酰胺(1 g,5.8 mmol)和1,3,5-三噁烷(0.175 g,1.9mmol)的无水二氯乙烷(23 mL)和amberlyst 15 H+树脂(3.7 g)。在80℃下搅拌混合物过夜,之后滤出树脂并用二氯甲烷洗涤。有机溶液经浓缩,得到白色固体(0.848 g,79%)。1HNMR (d6-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 7.41-7.37 (t, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 7.30-7.24 (m, 2H),7.19-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.09 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.40 (d, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 4.35 (s,2H)。
制备19:N-(2-(羟基甲基)苯基)甲烷磺酰胺
标题化合物按照WO 2008/073956 A2中所描述的方法合成。将甲烷磺酰氯(3.4mL,44 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(40 mL)溶液滴加到2-氨基苄醇(5 g,40.6 mmol)和无水吡啶(16 mL,203 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(80 mL)中的搅拌溶液中。在室温下搅拌所得混合物24小时并浓缩至1/3体积,用乙酸乙酯稀释。有机溶液依次用1N盐酸水溶液、水、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤两次,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。使粗制残余物通过硅胶垫,用乙酸乙酯/己烷洗涤,得到黄色油状物(6.1 g,75%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz)δ 7.84 (br s, 1H), 7.53 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.36-7.30 (dt, 1H, J=1.5, 7.8 Hz),7.25-7.21 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 7.8 Hz), 7.16-7.11 (dt, 1H, J=1.2, 7.5 Hz), 4.77-4.75 (d, 2H, J=5.1 Hz), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.60 (t, 1H, J=5.2 Hz)。
制备20:N-(2-甲酰基苯基)甲烷磺酰胺
标题化合物按照WO 2008/073956 A2中所描述的方法合成。向N-(2-(羟基甲基)苯基)甲烷磺酰胺(3.44 g,17.1 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(68 mL)溶液中加入二氧化锰(85%Aldrich,17 g),并在环境温度下搅拌混合物过夜。加入另外的二氧化锰(1.6 g),在30℃下搅拌混合物8小时。使混合物通过硅藻土过滤,用二氯甲烷洗涤,并将有机溶液浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(40-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色固体(2.1 g,62%)。1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 10.59 (br s, 1H), 9.91 (s, 1H), 7.75-7.59 (m, 3H) 7.28-7.23 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 3.12 (s, 3H)。
制备21:1-(4-甲氧基苄基)-1H-苯并[c][1,2]噻嗪2,2-二氧化物
标题化合物按照WO 2008/073956 A2中所描述的方法合成。向N-(2-甲酰基苯基)甲烷磺酰胺(2.0 g,10 mmol)的无水乙腈(45 mL)溶液中加入碳酸铯(6.5 g,20 mmol)和4-甲氧基苄基氯(2.7 mL,20 mmol)。将混合物加热至50℃并搅拌48小时,用乙酸乙酯稀释,通过硅藻土过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(50-100%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到产物(0.9 g,31%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.40-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 3H),7.16-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.81 (m, 3H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H)。
制备22:1H-苯并[c][1,2]噻嗪2,2-二氧化物
标题化合物按照WO 2008/073956 A2中所描述的方法合成。向1-(4-甲氧基苄基)-1H-苯并[c][1,2]噻嗪2,2-二氧化物(0.9 g,3 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷溶液中加入三氟乙酸(18 mL)。在室温下搅拌混合物5小时,然后减压浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(25-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色固体。(0.6 g,72%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.43-7.38(m, 2H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.14 (dt, 1H, J=1.2, 7.5 Hz), 7.02-6.99 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.78-6.75 (dd, 1H, J=2.4, 10.5Hz)。
制备23:3,4-二氢-1H-苯并[c][1,2]噻嗪2,2-二氧化物
将1H-苯并[c][1,2]噻嗪2,2-二氧化物(0.381 g,2.1 mmol)和10%披钯碳(0.05g)的无水甲醇(6 mL)溶液置于充入氢气的气囊下,并在室温下搅拌17小时。混合物通过硅藻土过滤并浓缩,得到白色固体(0.366 g,95%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.25-7.16(m, 2H), 7.07-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.76-6.73 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 3.51-3.46 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 3.34-3.29 (br t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz)。
制备24:N-(2-溴乙基)-4-氯苯磺酰胺
在0℃下向4-氯苯磺酰氯(5.0 g,23.7 mmol)和2-溴乙胺氢溴酸盐(5.4 g,26.3mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(50 mL)中的搅拌混合物中慢慢加入N,N-二异丙基乙胺(8.6 mL,52.1 mmol),在0℃下搅拌混合物1小时。反应混合物依次用水、2N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤。有机层经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩,得到白色固体(7 g,99%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz), 7.52 (d, 2H,J=8.7 Hz), 4.96 (s, 1H), 3.50-3.30 (m, 4H)。
制备25:6-氯-3,4-二氢-2H-苯并[e][1,2]噻嗪1,1-二氧化物
向配备冷凝器和橡胶隔片的2颈长颈瓶装入N-(2-溴乙基)-4-氯苯磺酰胺(2.80g,9.4 mmol)和无水苯(50 mL)。使反应容器脱气,回充入氩气,然后加热至回流。在回流下,使用注射泵在8小时内慢慢加入三丁基氢化锡(5.05 mL,18.8 mmol)和2,2′-偶氮基双(2-甲基丙腈) (0.77 g,4.7 mmol)的无水苯(25 mL)溶液,使混合物再回流12小时。在冷却后,反应混合物经浓缩,残余物依次用硅胶柱色谱法(0-40%乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷)接着制备型TLC (1:2乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到纯的产物,为白色泡沫(0.085 g,4%)。1H NMR (300MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.77 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.37 (dd, 1H, J=8.1, 2.1 Hz), 7.26 (s,1H), 4.47 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 3.83 (dt, 2H, J=7.5, 6.0 Hz), 3.00 (t, 2H, J=6.0Hz)。
制备26:N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)-N-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺
将氢化钠(60%矿物油分散体,0.524 g,13.1 mmol)分批加入N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺(2.0 g,11.4 mmol)在38 ml无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(38 mL)中的0℃溶液中,使所得混合物升温至室温并搅拌1小时。慢慢加入环氧溴丙烷(1.2 mL,14.3 mmol),将反应物在室温下搅拌3小时,并在70℃下搅拌16小时。反应物经冷却,用乙酸乙酯稀释,依次用水洗涤两次,并用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤一次。有机层经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并减压浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(25-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到浅黄色液体(2.2 g,84%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.40-7.39 (m, 1H), 6.37-6.35 (m, 2H), 4.64-4.50 (brdd, 2H, J=25.8, 16.5 Hz), 3.61-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.82 (s, 3H),2.82-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.60 (m, 1H)。ESI (m/z):232.0 (M+H)。
制备27:N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)-N-(2-甲基烯丙基)甲烷磺酰胺
将氢化钠(60%矿物油分散体,0.284 g,7.1 mmol)分批加入N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺(1.0 g,5.7 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(12 mL)中的搅拌溶液中,该溶液通过外部冰浴保持在0℃下。撤掉冰浴,在环境温度下搅拌混合物50分钟。一次性加入3-溴-2-甲基丙烷(1.15 g,8.6 mmol),在65℃下搅拌所得混合物过夜后,用乙酸乙酯稀释。有机层依次用水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明液体(1.24 g,95%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz)δ 7.41-7.40 (m, 1H), 6.38-6.34 (m, 1H), 6.29-6.28(m, 1H), 5.03-5.00 (m, 2H),4.37 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.77 (s, 3H)。
制备28:N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)-N-((2-甲基氧杂环丙烷-2-基)甲基)甲烷磺酰胺
向N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)-N-(2-甲基烯丙基)甲烷磺酰胺(1.0 g,4.3 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(20 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入3-氯过苯甲酸(70%,2.1 g,8.6 mmol)。将混合物在环境温度下搅拌2小时,在40℃下搅拌18小时。混合物用二氯甲烷稀释,并依次用饱和亚硫酸钠水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤。有机层经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(10-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明油状物(0.278 g,26%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.40-7.35 (dd, 1H, J=0.9, 1.8 Hz),6.33-6.30 (m, 2H), 4.52-4.51(m, 2H), 3.48-3.43 (d, 1H, J=15 Hz), 3.13-3.09(d, 1H, J=15 Hz), 2.73-2.72 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.62-2.61 (d,1H, J=4.5 Hz), 1.35 (s, 3H)。
制备29:1-(甲基磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲酸甲酯
将甲烷磺酰氯(2.3 mL,30 mmol)慢慢加入D/L-脯氨酸甲酯盐酸盐(5.0 g,30.2mmol)和三乙胺(8.4 mL,60 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(75 mL)中的搅拌溶液中。在环境温度下搅拌反应物过夜,然后用乙酸乙酯稀释。有机层依次用水、1N盐酸水溶液(两次)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),并过滤。溶液经减压浓缩,得到所需产物,为黄褐色液体(4.45 g,72%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 4.53-4.49 (dd, 1H,J=8.7, 3.6 Hz),3.75 (s, 3H),3.57-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 1H),3.01 (s,3H), 2.32-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.11-1.98 (m, 3H)。
制备30:(1-(甲基磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-基)甲醇
将含1-(甲基磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲酸甲酯(1.1 g,4.6 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(10mL)慢慢加入用外部冰浴保持在0℃下的氢化铝锂(0.259 g,6.8 mmol)在无水四氢呋喃(10mL)中的搅拌悬浮液中。在15分钟后,撤掉冰浴,使反应物升温至环境温度并再搅拌1小时。使混合物冷却至0℃,滴加水(1 mL),接着滴加15%氢氧化钠水溶液(1 mL)和水(3 mL)。在室温下搅拌混合物15分钟,接着加入硫酸镁,并再次搅拌。混合物通过硅藻土过滤,用乙醚洗涤3次,将合并的有机馏分减压浓缩,得到黄色油状物(0.7 g,77%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300MHz) δ 3.78-3.57 (m, 3H), 3.49-3.36 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 2.64 (br s, 1H),2.09-1.82 (m, 4H)。
制备31:1-(甲基磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲醛
将戴斯·马丁过碘烷(1.7 g,4 mmol)加入(1-(甲基磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-基)甲醇(0.570 g,3.18 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(20 mL)溶液中。搅拌反应物24小时,加入第二份戴斯·马丁过碘烷(1 g,2.3 mmol)。搅拌所得悬浮液24小时,过滤,并浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(1-15%乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷)纯化,得到白色蜡状固体(0.44 g,78%)。1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 9.58 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 4.25-4.20 (td, 1H, J= 6.9, 1.2Hz), 3.55-3.44 (m, 2H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.90 (m, 2H)。
制备32:1-(甲基磺酰基)-2-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基)吡咯烷
将无水二甲亚砜(0.750 mL)加入碘化三甲基氧化锍(0.187 g,0.85 mmol)和氢化钠(60%矿物油分散体,0.034 g,0.85 mmol)中,搅拌所得悬浮液1小时。向搅拌溶液中加入含1-(甲基磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲醛(0.100 g,0.56 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(1 mL),在室温下搅拌混合物2小时。加入饱和氯化钠水溶液(3 mL),混合物用乙酸乙酯(3 x 30 mL)萃取。合并的有机物经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并减压浓缩,得到含有粗产物的二甲亚砜溶液(0.473 g),将其直接用于下一步。
制备33:1-(甲基磺酰基)哌啶-2-甲酸乙酯
将甲烷磺酰氯(4.0 g,35 mmol)慢慢加入2-哌啶酸乙酯(5.5 g,35 mmol)和三乙胺(4.9 mL,35 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(88 mL)中的搅拌溶液中。在环境温度下搅拌反应物过夜,然后用乙酸乙酯稀释。有机层依次用水、1N盐酸水溶液(两次)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),并过滤。溶液经减压浓缩,得到所需产物,为黄褐色液体(6.9 g,84%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 4.72-4.71(br d, 1H, J=3.6 Hz),4.24-4.16 (qd, 2H, J=6.9, 2.6 Hz), 3.74-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.13 (td, 1H, J=12.3, 3.0 Hz),2.93 (s, 3H), 2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.51 (m, 5H), 1.32-1.27(td, 3H, J=7.0, 0.6 Hz), 3.52-3.42 (m, 1H),3.01 (s, 3H), 2.32-2.22 (m, 1H),2.11-1.98 (m, 3H)。ESI (m/z):235.9 (M+H)。
制备34:(1-(甲基磺酰基)哌啶-2-基)甲醇
将含1-(甲基磺酰基)哌啶-2-甲酸乙酯(6.9 g,29.3 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(40mL)慢慢加入用外部冰浴保持在0℃下的氢化铝锂(1.5 g,40 mmol)在无水四氢呋喃(80mL)中的搅拌悬浮液中。在15分钟后,撤掉冰浴,使反应物升温至环境温度,并再搅拌4.5小时。使混合物冷却至0℃,滴加水(1.5 mL),接着滴加氢氧化钠水溶液(1.5 mL)和水(4.5mL)。在室温下搅拌混合物15分钟,接着加入硫酸镁,并再次搅拌。混合物通过硅藻土过滤,用乙醚洗涤3次,合并的有机馏分经减压浓缩。使粗制残余物通过硅胶垫,用乙酸乙酯洗涤,得到所需产物,为透明液体(4.9 g,87%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 4.06-4.03 (m,1H), 3.96-3.92 (dd, 1H, J=11.1, 9.3 Hz), 3.73-3.68 (br d, 1H, J=14.1 Hz),3.61-3.56 (dd, 1H, J=11.1, 4.8 Hz), 3.12-3.03 (br t, 1H, J=12.1 Hz), 2.96 (s,3H), 2.17 (br s, 1H), 1.74-1.47 (m, 6H)。
制备35:1-(甲基磺酰基)哌啶-2-甲醛
将戴斯·马丁过碘烷(21 g,50 mmol)加入(1-(甲基磺酰基)哌啶-2-基)甲醇(4.9g,25.4 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(125 mL)溶液中。搅拌反应物24小时,过滤,并真空浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(25-75%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色蜡状固体(1.1 g,24%收率)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 9.56 (s, 1H), 4.61-4.58 (br d, 1H, J=6.3 Hz),3.75-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.04 (td, 1H, J=12.0, 3.2 Hz), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.27-1.21 (m, 1H)。
制备36:1-(甲基磺酰基)-2-乙烯基哌啶
将正丁基锂(2.5N,己烷中,1.96 mL,4.92 mmol)加入三苯基溴化膦(1.76 g,4.92mmol)在无水四氢呋喃(10 mL)中的冷悬浮液中,该悬浮液用外部冰浴保持在-78℃下。使混合物升温至0℃并搅拌1小时,然后冷却至-78℃。加入含1-(甲基磺酰基)哌啶-2-甲醛(0.626 g,3.28 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(5 mL)。在-78℃下搅拌所得混合物10分钟,然后升温至0℃并搅拌3小时。加入饱和氯化钠水溶液(10 mL),混合物用乙酸乙酯(3 x 50 mL)萃取。合并的有机物经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并减压浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(25-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明油状物(0.369 g,60%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz)δ 6.08-5.97 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.26 (m, 2H), 4.52 (br s, 1H), 3.69-3.63 (m, 1H),3.05-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 1.86-1.55 (m, 6H)。
制备37:1-(甲基磺酰基)-2-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基)哌啶
向含1-(甲基磺酰基)-2-乙烯基哌啶(0.369 g,2.0 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(10mL)溶液中加入纯化的3-氯过苯甲酸(100%,1.0 g,6 mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应物65小时。反应混合物经过滤,加入饱和亚硫酸钠水溶液,搅拌双相溶液5分钟。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,有机层依次用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法(30-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色半固体(0.128g,31%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 3.78-3.74 (br d, 1H, J=13.2 Hz), 3.66-3.61(m, 1H), 3.37-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.88-2.85 (dd,1H, J=4.8, 4.2 Hz), 2.68-2.66 (dd, 1H, J=4.8, 2.6 Hz), 1.81-1.60 (m, 6H)。ESI(m/z):205.9 (M+H)。
制备38:2-氯-4-氟-N-(4-氟苯基)苯胺
向圆底长颈瓶装入1-溴-4-氟苯(6.011 g,34.4 mmol)、2-氯-4-氟苯胺(5.000 g,34.3 mmol)、Xantphos (0.795 g,1.4 mmol)、无水甲苯(200 mL)和叔丁醇钠(4.952 g,51.5 mmol)。使混合物脱气并充入氮气,然后加入三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0) (0.944 g,1.0 mmol),在氮气、100℃下搅拌反应物16小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物通过硅藻土过滤,滤饼用二氯甲烷洗涤。滤液经浓缩后,残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-20%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到微黄色油状物(5.63 g,68%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.14 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4,3.0 Hz), 7.12-6.98 (m, 5H), 6.88 (td, 1H, J = 8.7, 3.0 Hz), 5.80 (br s, 1H)。
制备39:3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑
向反应管装入叔丁醇钠(7.218 g,75.1 mmol)、2-氯-4-氟-N-(4-氟苯基)苯胺(3.600 g,15.0 mmol)、四氟硼酸三叔丁基(0.305 g,1.1 mmol)、二乙酸钯(0.169 g,0.8 mmol)和无水1,4-二氧杂环己烷(80 mL)。在氮气下将管密封并在110℃油浴中加热20小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物用2M盐酸水溶液(90 mL)处理,并用二氯甲烷(3 x 50 mL)萃取。合并的有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(20-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化。固体用己烷漂洗并干燥,得到纯的化合物,为白色粉末(1.1 g,36%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.99 (br s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, 2H, J =8.7, 2.4 Hz), 7.36 (dd, 2H, J = 8.7, 4.2 Hz), 7.19 (td, 2H, J = 9.0, 2.4 Hz)。
制备40:3,6-二氟-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑(0.500 g,2.5 mmol)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5 mL)的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾(0.195 g,3.0 mmol),并搅拌混合物1小时。加入环氧溴丙烷(0.407 mL,4.9 mmol),使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(0.575 g,90%)。1HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.69 (dd, 2H, J = 8.7, 2.7 Hz), 7.39 (dd, 2H, J = 9.0,3.9 Hz), 7.24 (td, 2H, J = 9.0, 2.7 Hz), 4.68 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 3.0 Hz),4.33 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 5.1 Hz), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.84 (t, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz), 2.55(dd, 1H, J = 4.8, 2.4 Hz)。
制备41:4,4'-二氟-2-硝基-1,1'-联苯
向微波反应容器装入含2-氯-5-氟硝基苯(0.878 g,5.0 mmol)、4-氟苯基硼酸(0.770 g,5.5 mmol)、碳酸钠(1.590 g,15.0 mmol)、二乙酸钯(0.045 g,0.2 mmol)、四丁基溴化铵(1.612 g,5.0 mmol)的水(10 mL)。在微波反应器中将混合物加热至165℃ 10分钟。使反应物冷却至室温,并倒入乙醚和0.1N氢氧化钠水溶液中。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-30%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为黄色固体(0.61 g,52%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.61(dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 2.7 Hz), 7.44-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.07(m, 2H)。
制备42:2,7-二氟-9H-咔唑
将4,4'-二氟-2-硝基-1,1'-联苯(0.580 g,2.5 mmol)和三苯基膦(1.617 g,6.2mmol)的无水1,2-二氯苯(5 mL)溶液在微波反应器中加热至175℃ 4小时。使混合物冷却至室温,并在高真空下浓缩至黑色残余物。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(5-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为浅褐色粉末(0.41 g,82%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.10 (br s, 1H),7.93 (dd, 2H, J = 8.7, 5.4 Hz), 7.11 (dd, 2H, J = 9.3, 2.4 Hz), 6.99 (ddd,2H, J = 9.6, 9.0, 2.4 Hz)。
制备43:2,7-二氟-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向2,7-二氟-9H-咔唑(0.400 g,2.0 mmol)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾(0.156 g,2.4 mmol),并搅拌混合物1小时。加入环氧溴丙烷(0.326 mL,3.9 mmol),使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(0.47 g,92%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.93 (dd, 2H, J = 8.4, 5.4 Hz), 7.14 (dd, 2H, J =9.9, 2.4 Hz), 6.99 (td, 2H, J = 9.0, 2.4 Hz), 4.60 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 2.7Hz), 4.25 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 5.1 Hz), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.86 (t, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz),2.57 (dd, 1H, J = 4.8, 2.7 Hz)。
制备44:2,4'-二氟-6-硝基-1,1'-联苯
向微波反应容器装入含2-氯-3-氟硝基苯(1.500 g,8.5 mmol)、4-氟苯基硼酸(1.315 g,9.4 mmol)、碳酸钠(2.717 g,25.6 mmol)、二乙酸钯(0.077 g,0.3 mmol)、四丁基溴化铵(2.755 g,8.5 mmol)的水(10 mL)和1,4-二氧杂环己烷(1 mL)。将混合物在微波反应器中加热至100℃ 1小时。使反应物冷却至室温,并倒入乙醚和0.1N氢氧化钠水溶液中。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-30%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为黄色固体(1.15 g,57%)。1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.70 (dt, 1H, J = 8.4, 1.5 Hz), 7.51 (td, 1H, J = 8.4, 5.4Hz), 7.41 (td, 1H, J = 8.4, 1.2 Hz), 7.35-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.11 (m, 2H)。
制备45:2,5-二氟-9H-咔唑
将2,4'-二氟-6-硝基-1,1'-联苯(1.100 g,4.7 mmol)和三苯基膦(3.067 g,11.7mmol)的无水1,2-二氯苯(2 mL)溶液在微波反应器中加热至175℃ 4小时。使混合物冷却至室温并真空浓缩。粗制残余物然后用硅胶色谱法(5-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为白色固体(0.84 g,88%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.17 (br s, 1H), 8.12 (dd, 1H,J = 8.7, 5.1 Hz), 7.33 (td, 1H, J = 8.1, 5.1 Hz), 7.20 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz),7.12 (dd, 1H, J = 9.3, 2.4 Hz), 7.02 (td, 1H, J = 9.3, 2.4 Hz), 6.93 (dd, 1H,J = 9.6, 7.8 Hz)。
制备46:2,5-二氟-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向2,5-二氟-9H-咔唑(0.530 g,2.6 mmol)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾(0.207 g,3.1 mmol),并搅拌混合物1小时。加入环氧溴丙烷(0.432 mL,5.2 mmol),使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(0.59 g,87%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.13 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 5.7 Hz), 7.38 (td, 1H, J =8.1, 5.4 Hz), 7.23 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.15 (dd, 1H, J = 9.6, 2.1 Hz), 7.03(ddd, 1H, J = 9.6, 9.0, 2.4 Hz), 6.95 (ddd, 1H, J = 9.9, 8.1, 0.6 Hz), 4.64(dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 3.0 Hz), 4.31 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 5.1 Hz), 3.36 (m, 1H),2.85 (t, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz), 2.57 (dd, 1H, J = 4.5, 2.4 Hz)。
制备47:2-氯-5-氟-N-(4-氟苯基)苯胺
向圆底长颈瓶装入1-溴-4-氟苯(4.809 g,27.5 mmol)、2-氯-5-氟苯胺(4.000 g,27.5 mmol)、Xantphos (0.636 g,1.1 mmol)、无水甲苯(100 mL)和叔丁醇钠(3.961 g,41.2 mmol)。使混合物脱气并充入氩气,然后加入三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0) (0.755 g,0.8 mmol),在氩气、110℃下搅拌反应物5小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物用水处理并用乙醚萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸镁),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物经硅胶色谱法(0-20%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为无色油状物(5.75 g,87%)。1H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.27 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 5.4 Hz), 7.23-7.03 (m, 4H), 6.71(dd, 1H, J = 10.8, 2.4 Hz), 6.47 (td, 1H, J = 8.1, 3.0 Hz), 6.09 (br s, 1H)。
制备48:2,6-二氟-9H-咔唑
将叔丁醇钠(11.429 g,118.9 mmol)、2-氯-5-氟-N-(4-氟苯基)苯胺(5.700 g,23.8 mmol)和无水1,4-二氧杂环己烷(120 mL)的混合物脱气并回充入氩气。加入四氟硼酸三叔丁基(0.483 g,1.7 mmol)和二乙酸钯(0.267 g,1.2 mmol),并在110℃油浴中搅拌混合物20小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物用2M盐酸水溶液(90 mL)处理,并用二氯甲烷(3 x50 mL)萃取。合并的有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(20-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化。固体用己烷漂洗并干燥,得到纯的化合物,为白色粉末(0.80 g,17%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.05 (br s, 1H), 7.94(dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 5.7 Hz), 7.67 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 2.7 Hz), 7.35 (dd, 1H, J =9.0, 4.5 Hz), 7.14 (td, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.7 Hz), 7.11 (dd, 1H, J = 9.3, 2.4 Hz),6.98 (ddd, 1H, J = 9.3, 8.4, 2.4 Hz)。
制备49:2,6-二氟-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向2,6-二氟-9H-咔唑(0.460 g,2.3 mmol)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾(0.179 g,2.7 mmol),并搅拌混合物1小时。加入环氧溴丙烷(0.375 mL,4.5 mmol),使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(0.55 g,94%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.95 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 5.7 Hz), 7.68 (dd, 1H, J =8.7, 2.7 Hz), 7.38 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 4.2 Hz), 7.20 (td, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.7 Hz),7.13 (dd, 1H, J = 9.9, 2.1 Hz), 6.98 (ddd, 1H, J = 9.6, 9.0, 2.4 Hz), 4.64(dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 2.7 Hz), 4.29 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 5.1 Hz), 3.35 (m, 1H),2.85 (t, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz), 2.56 (dd, 1H, J = 4.8, 2.4 Hz)。
制备50:2,2'-二氟-6-硝基-1,1'-联苯
在氩气下向2-溴-3-氟硝基苯(1.500 g,6.8 mmol)、2-氟苯基硼酸(1.145 g,8.2mmol)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(50 mL)和2.0 M碳酸钾水溶液(10 mL)的溶液中加入四(三苯基膦)钯(0) (0.394 g,0.3 mmol)。在110℃下搅拌混合物16小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物用乙酸乙酯(100 mL)稀释,并用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-30%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到浅黄色固体(0.780 g,49%)。1HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.86 (dt, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz), 7.56 (td, 1H, J = 8.1,5.7 Hz), 7.52-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.15 (m, 3H)。
制备51:4,5-二氟-9H-咔唑
将2,2'-二氟-6-硝基-1,1'-联苯(0.740 g,3.1 mmol)和三苯基膦(2.063 g,7.9mmol)的无水1,2-二氯苯(1.5 mL)溶液在微波反应器中加热至175℃ 3小时。使混合物冷却至室温,并用硅胶色谱法(5-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为白色固体(0.28 g,44%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.26 (br s, 1H), 7.39 (tt, 2H, J = 8.1, 2.4Hz), 7.22 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.97 (dt, 2H, J = 8.1, 5.1 Hz)。
制备52:4,5-二氟-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向4,5-二氟-9H-咔唑(0.270 g,1.3 mmol)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5 mL)的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾(0.105 g,1.6 mmol),并搅拌混合物1小时。加入环氧溴丙烷(0.220 mL,2.7 mmol),使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌4小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(0.315 g,91%)。1HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45 (tt, 2H, J = 8.1, 2.4 Hz), 7.25 (d, 2H, J = 8.1Hz), 6.99 (dt, 2H, J = 9.9, 4.2 Hz), 4.68 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 3.0 Hz), 4.38(dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 5.1 Hz), 3.37 (m, 1H), 2.85 (t, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz), 2.57 (dd,1H, J = 4.5, 2.4 Hz)。
制备53:2',5-二氟-2-硝基-1,1'-联苯
在氩气下向2-溴-4-氟硝基苯(1.500 g,6.8 mmol)、2-氟苯基硼酸(1.145 g,8.2mmol)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(50 mL)和2.0 M碳酸钾水溶液(10 mL)的溶液中加入四(三苯基膦)钯(0) (0.394 g,0.3 mmol)。在110℃下搅拌混合物6小时。在冷却至室温后,使混合物在乙酸乙酯(100 mL)和水之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-30%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到浅黄色油状物(1.5 g,94%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.12 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 5.1 Hz), 7.44 (m,1H), 7.34 (td, 1H, J = 7.5, 2.1 Hz), 7.31-7.10 (m, 4H)。
制备54:3,5-二氟-9H-咔唑
将2',5-二氟-2-硝基-1,1'-联苯(1.400 g,6.0 mmol)和三苯基膦(3.903 g,14.9mmol)的无水1,2-二氯苯(5 mL)溶液在微波反应器中加热至175℃ 4小时。使混合物冷却至室温,并用硅胶色谱法(5-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为浅褐色固体(0.62 g,51%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.12 (br s, 1H), 7.87 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.4Hz), 7.41-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.15 (m, 2H), 6.91 (dd, 1H, J = 10.2, 8.1 Hz)。
制备55:3,5-二氟-9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向3,5-二氟-9H-咔唑(0.300 g,1.5 mmol)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾(0.117 g,1.8 mmol),并搅拌混合物1小时。加入环氧溴丙烷(0.244 mL,3.0 mmol),使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌4小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为灰白色固体(0.36 g,94%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.88 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 2.7 Hz), 7.46-7.36 (m,2H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.92 (dd, 1H, J = 9.9, 7.8 Hz), 4.68 (dd, 1H, J =15.9, 3.0 Hz), 4.35 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 5.1 Hz), 3.36 (m, 1H), 2.85 (t, 1H, J= 4.5 Hz), 2.56 (dd, 1H, J = 4.5, 2.7 Hz)。
制备56:6-甲基-1,2-噻嗪烷(thiazinane) 1,1-二氧化物
在0℃下向3-氯丙基胺盐酸盐(3.000 g,23.1 mmol)在无水乙腈(60 mL)和三乙胺(7.056 mL,50.8 mmol)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入乙烷磺酰氯(2.967 g,23.1 mmol)。使反应混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。经过滤除去三乙胺盐酸盐,滤饼用四氢呋喃洗涤。滤液经浓缩后,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯中,用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到卤代磺酰胺中间体(4.35 g),将其溶于无水四氢呋喃(60 mL)中,并冷却至-30℃。在加入二异丙胺(0.584 g,5.8 mmol)和1,10-菲咯啉(0.010 g)后,在30分钟内保持-30℃至-10℃的内部温度范围,通过滴液漏斗慢慢加入含n-BuLi的己烷(50 mmol,2.5 M)溶液。在2小时内使所得溶液慢慢升温至0℃。在0℃下再过2小时后,反应物通过加入2N盐酸水溶液(pH调节至5)猝灭。在加入饱和氯化钠水溶液后,混合物用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸镁),过滤,并浓缩,得到产物,为黄色油状物(2.73 g,79%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.20 (br s, 1H),3.54-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.06 (m, 1H), 2.13 (m, 1H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H),1.65 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz)。
制备57:丁-3-烯-1-磺酰胺
将4-溴-1-丁烯(3.000 g,22.2 mmol)和亚硫酸钠(3.356 g,26.6 mmol)在水(15mL)中的混合物在回流下加热16小时。在冷却至室温后,水性溶液用乙醚洗涤并真空浓缩,得到白色粉末,将其在100℃下真空干燥,得到粗产物丁-3-烯-1-磺酸和盐的混合物(约6.2g),然后将其用三氯氧化磷(20.7 mL,222.2 mmol)处理。将混合物在130℃加热6小时然后浓缩。残余物在0℃下用乙腈(50 mL)处理并慢慢引入氨气。在0℃下搅拌混合物1小时,然后用水稀释,用乙酸乙酯(100 mL)萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到黄色油状物(2.1 g,70%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.85 (m,1H), 5.19 (d, 1H, J = 17.4 Hz), 5.15 (d, 1H, J = 9.9 Hz), 4.69 (br s, 2H),3.24 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.65 (q, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz)。
制备58:2-硫杂-1-氮杂二环[3.1.0]己烷2,2-二氧化物
在氩气、室温下,向丁-3-烯-1-磺酰胺(1.300 g,9.6 mmol)、二乙酸亚碘酰苯(3.252 g,10.1 mmol)、氧化铝(1.030 g,10.1 mmol)和二氯甲烷(50 mL)的混合物中加入乙酸铑(II)(0.80 g)。在40℃下剧烈搅拌所得悬浮液5小时。混合物通过硅藻土垫过滤,滤饼用二氯甲烷洗涤。将滤液蒸发,残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-100%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为白色固体(0.61 g,48%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.21 (m, 1H), 3.15 (dt,1H, J = 13.2, 4.5 Hz), 2.82 (m, 1H), 2.72-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.49 (dd, 1H, J =5.1, 2.4 Hz), 2.31 (dd, 1H, J = 4.5, 3.0 Hz)。
制备59:4-甲氧基-1,2-噻嗪烷1,1-二氧化物
将2-硫杂-1-氮杂二环[3.1.0]己烷2,2-二氧化物(0.600 g,4.5 mmol)、对甲苯磺酸水合物(0.086 g,0.5 mmol)和甲醇(50 mL)的混合物在室温下搅拌3天。将反应物浓缩,残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-100%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为白色固体(0.56 g,75%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.43 (br s, 1H), 3.65-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H),3.36-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.08 (dt, 1H, J = 13.5, 3.9 Hz), 2.50-2.23 (m, 2H)。
制备60:9-(2-甲基丁-3-炔-2-基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向咔唑(2.500 g,15.0 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(30 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入含60%氢化钠的矿物油(0.718 g,17.9 mmol),在0℃下搅拌混合物1小时。加入3-氯-3-甲基-1-丁炔(2.300 g,22.4 mmol),在0℃下搅拌反应混合物1小时,然后慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-70%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为浅褐色固体(1.7 g,49%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (d, 2H,J = 7.5 Hz), 8.04 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.41 (td, 2H, J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz), 7.24(t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.67 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s, 6H)。
制备61:9-(2-甲基丁-3-烯-2-基)-9H-咔唑
将9-(2-甲基丁-3-炔-2-基)-9H-咔唑(1.600 g,6.9 mmol)、喹啉(0.810 mL,6.9mmol)、苯(70.0 mL)和5%硫酸钡载钯(0.190 g)的混合物在氢气氛、室温下搅拌。一旦消耗所需量的氢(约45分钟),便终止反应,通过硅藻土过滤,并将滤液真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-20%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为无色油状物(1.55 g, 96%)。1H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (d, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.81 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.35(t, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.21 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.41 (dd, 1H, J = 17.7, 10.5Hz), 5.32-5.20 (m, 2H), 2.06 (s, 6H)。
制备62:3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-3-甲基丁烷-1,2-二醇
向9-(2-甲基丁-3-烯-2-基)-9H-咔唑(0.400 g,1.7 mmol)和4-甲基吗啉N-氧化物(0.398 g,3.4 mmol)在乙腈(10 mL)和水(3 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入4%四氧化锇溶液(0.540 mL,0.1 mmol)。在室温下搅拌混合物48小时。反应经浓缩,将残余物在乙酸乙酯和水之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到黄色固体(0.43 g,94%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (d, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.84 (d,2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.37 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.23 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 4.84 (m,1H), 3.80-3.50 (m, 2H), 2.30 (br s, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.82 (brs, 1H)。ESI m/z:269.8 (M+H)。
制备63:9-(2-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基)丙-2-基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-3-甲基丁烷-1,2-二醇(0.430 g,1.6 mmol)在吡啶(5.0 mL,61.8 mmol)和二氯甲烷(5 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入对甲苯磺酰氯(0.609 g,3.2 mmol)。使反应混合物升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯。有机相用饱和氯化钠水溶液、1N盐酸水溶液然后饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到粗制甲苯磺酸盐(0.650 g)。在0℃下向粗制甲苯磺酸盐(0.650g,1.5 mmol)在甲醇(20 mL)中的搅拌混合物中加入碳酸钾(0.255 g,1.8 mmol)。在0℃下搅拌所得混合物2小时然后慢慢升温至室温。混合物经浓缩,使残余物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(0.295 g,76%)。1H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (d, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.91 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.39(t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.23 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 3.66 (m, 1H), 3.09 (t, 1H, J =4.2 Hz), 2.98 (m, 1H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.86 (s, 3H)。
制备64:2-(2-甲基丁-3-炔-2-基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
在0℃下向1,3-丙烷磺内酰胺(2.000 g,16.5 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(30mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入含60%氢化钠的矿物油(1.981 g,49.5 mmol),在0℃下搅拌混合物1小时。加入3-氯-3-甲基-1-丁炔(2.300 g,22.4 mmol),在0℃下搅拌反应混合物1小时,然后慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。反应物小心地用水猝灭,用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为黄色油状物(1.35 g,44%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ3.52 (t, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.23 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.46 (s, 1H), 2.42-2.28(m, 2H), 1.74 (s, 6H)。
制备65:2-(2-甲基丁-3-烯-2-基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
将2-(2-甲基丁-3-炔-2-基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(1.350 g,7.2 mmol)、喹啉(0.852 mL,7.2 mmol)、苯(70.0 mL)和5%硫酸钡载钯(0.20 g)的混合物在氢气氛、室温下搅拌。一旦消耗所需量的氢(约1小时),便终止反应,通过硅藻土过滤,并将滤液浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为微黄色油状物(2.22 g),含有约40%喹啉。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.04 (dd, 1H, J = 17.4, 10.5 Hz), 5.16 (d,1H, J = 17.4 Hz), 5.15 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz), 3.29 (t, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.21(t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.35-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.56 (s, 6H)。
制备66:2-(2-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基)丙-2-基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向60% 2-(2-甲基丁-3-烯-2-基)异噻唑烷1,1-二氧化物(1.0 g,3.2 mmol)、4-甲基吗啉N-氧化物(0.743 g,6.3 mmol)在乙腈(10 mL)和水(3 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入4%四氧化锇溶液(1.007 mL,0.2 mmol)。在室温下搅拌混合物48小时。将反应物浓缩,使残余物在乙酸乙酯和水之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到粗产物二醇。在0℃下向2-(3,4-二羟基-2-甲基丁-2-基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.065 g,0.3 mmol)在吡啶(1.0 mL,12.4 mmol)和二氯甲烷(2 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入对甲苯磺酰氯(0.111 g,0.6 mmol)。使反应混合物升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯。有机相用饱和氯化钠水溶液、1N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到粗产物甲苯磺酸盐(0.040 g)。在0℃下向粗产物甲苯磺酸盐(0.040 g,0.1 mmol)在甲醇(5 mL)中的搅拌混合物中加入碳酸钾(0.048 g,0.3 mmol),在0℃下搅拌混合物2小时,然后慢慢升温至室温。混合物经浓缩,使残余物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到粗制环氧化物(0.02 g),无需进一步纯化便可使用。
制备67:3,6-二氟-9-((2-甲基氧杂环丙烷-2-基)甲基)-9H-咔唑
在0℃下向3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑(2.0 g,9.8 mmol)的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(50 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入85%氢氧化钾(0.780 g,11.8 mmol),并搅拌混合物1小时。加入2-(氯甲基)-2-甲基氧杂环丙烷(2.098 g,19.7 mmol),使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。使混合物在水和乙酸乙酯之间分配。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%二氯甲烷/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(1.7 g,63%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.68 (dd, 2H, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz), 7.41(dd, 2H, J = 9.0, 4.2 Hz), 7.23 (td, 2H, J = 9.0, 2.4 Hz), 4.62和4.22 (AB,2H, J = 15.6 Hz), 2.71 & 2.66 (AB, 2H, J = 4.5 Hz), 1.33 (s, 3H)。
制备68:N-异丙基甲烷磺酰胺
在0℃下向2-氨基丙烷(1.200 g,20.3 mmol)、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(3.355 mL,20.3mmol)和吡啶(1.642 mL,20.3 mmol)在二氯甲烷(30 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入甲烷磺酰氯(1.571 mL,20.3 mmol)。使反应混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为低熔点固体(2.7 g,97%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.25 (br s, 1H), 3.67 (m, 1H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 1.27(d, 6H, J = 6.6 Hz)。
制备69:N-环丙基甲烷磺酰胺
在0℃下向环丙胺(1.200 g,21.0 mmol)、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(3.474 mL,21.0mmol)和吡啶(1.700 mL,21.0 mmol)在二氯甲烷(30 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入甲烷磺酰氯(1.627 mL,21.0 mmol)。使反应混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为低熔点固体(2.7 g,95%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.86 (br s, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 0.85-0.65 (m, 4H)。
制备70:N-环丁基甲烷磺酰胺
在0℃下向环丁基胺(0.400 g,5.6 mmol)、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(0.930 mL,5.6mmol)和吡啶(0.455 mL,5.6 mmol)在二氯甲烷(10 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入甲烷磺酰氯(0.435 mL,5.6 mmol)。使反应混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为低熔点固体(0.82 g,98%)。1HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.62 (br s, 1H), 3.94 (m, 1H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 2.50-2.30(m, 2H), 2.10-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.60 (m, 2H)。
制备71:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
将1,1-(偶氮基二羰基)二哌啶(1.874 g,7.4 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(10 mL)溶液滴加到1,3-丙烷磺内酰胺(0.6 g,4.95 mmol)、三苯基膦(1.95 g,7.4 mmol)和2,4-二甲氧基苄醇(1.0 g,6.2 mmol)在无水四氢呋喃(20 mL)中的0℃溶液中。在0℃下搅拌所得溶液3小时,升温至室温并再搅拌16小时。溶液经减压浓缩,并悬浮于乙酸乙酯/己烷中使白色固体沉淀。固体经过滤除去,滤液用硅胶色谱法(25-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到浅黄色油状物(0.505 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.31-7.28 (dd, 1H, J = 0.6, 7.8 Hz),6.49-6.44 (m, 2H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.19-3.13 (m,4H), 2.32-2.23 (m, 2H)。
制备72:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-5-氟-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(4.0 g,14.7 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(200 mL)溶液(在氮气氛下并冷却至-78℃)中慢慢加入正丁基锂(11.5 mL,2.5 N,己烷中),将所得溶液搅拌1.5小时。在30分钟内慢慢加入冷却至0℃的N-氟苯磺酰亚胺(10.5 g,33 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(60 mL)溶液,在-78℃下搅拌3小时,然后升温至室温并再搅拌2.5小时。加入饱和氯化铵水溶液(250 mL),混合物用乙酸乙酯(250 mL)萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用乙醚萃取,通过垂熔玻璃滤器过滤除去不溶产物。固体用少量的二氯甲烷萃取,使滤液通过硅胶塞(用50%乙酸乙酯/己烷洗涤),并与乙醚萃取物合并。合并的有机溶液经浓缩,并用硅胶色谱法(20-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化。该产物用制备型HPLC,(C18柱,以乙腈/水梯度)进一步纯化,得到低熔点黄褐色固体(0.519 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.24-7.21 (d, 1H, J =7.5 Hz), 6.49-6.44 (m, 2H), 5.51-5.31 (ddd, 1H, J = 1.8, 5.1, 54 Hz), 4.44-4.39 (d, 1H, J = 2.7 Hz), 4.20-4.15 (d, 1H, J = 2.7 Hz), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.81(s, 3H), 3.27-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.35 (m, 2H)。HPLC分析:(C18,25-95%乙腈/水+0.1%三氟乙酸,在10分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):7.51分钟,97%。
制备73:5-氟-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向冷却至0℃的2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)5-氟-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.519 g,1.9 mmol)的二氯甲烷(50 mL)溶液中加入三氟乙酸(25 mL)。在0℃下搅拌溶液2.5小时并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(20-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到黄褐色固体(0.212 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 5.52-5.50 (ddd, 1H, J = 1.5, 4.5, 53.1 Hz), 4.57(br s, 1H), 3.57-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.48 (m, 2H)。
制备74:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物
向0.5 M的2,4-二甲氧基苄醇(4.94 g,29.3 mmol)的无水乙醚溶液中加入无水吡啶(4.75 mL,58.7 mmol)。使混合物冷却至0℃,在5-10分钟内慢慢加入亚硫酰氯(5.98 mL,80.7 mmol),在0℃下搅拌反应物1.5小时。将反应混合物倒入冰水(120 mL)中,分层。水层用乙醚(2 x 60 mL)萃取,合并的有机层用冰水(60 mL)、饱和氯化钠水溶液:饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液的5:1溶液(2 x 60mL)洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩至约5mL的液体。将粗制溶液溶于苯(200 mL),并再浓缩至10-15 mL的液体,将其立即用于下一步。使含1,4-丁烷磺内酰胺(2.800 g,20.7 mmol)的无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(50 mL)冷却至0℃,分小批加入氢化钠,在0℃下搅拌5分钟,并在室温下搅拌1小时。反应物变成浆液,并使其冷却至0℃,加入含1-(氯甲基)-2,4-二甲氧基苯的苯溶液,在0℃下搅拌,并慢慢升温至室温后,搅拌16小时。将混合物倒入水(300 mL)中,用乙酸乙酯萃取(3x)。合并的有机层用水、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(15-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色固体(4.78 g)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.28-7.25 (d, 1H, J =8.4 Hz), 6.48-6.45 (dd, 1H, J = 2.4, 8.1 Hz), 6.43-6.42 (d, 1H, J = 2.1 Hz),4.29 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 6H), 3.31-3.27 (m, 2H), 3.04-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.15(m, 2H), 1.60-1.56 (m, 2H)。HPLC分析:(C18,25-99%乙腈/水+ 0.1%三氟乙酸,在10分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):6.93分钟,98%。
制备75:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-6-氟-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物
使含2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物(4.780 g,16.8 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(250 mL)冷却至-78℃,滴加正丁基锂(13 mL,2.5N,己烷中)。在-78℃下搅拌反应物1小时,在20分钟内慢慢加入N-氟苯磺酰亚胺(11.885 g,37.7 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(50 mL)溶液。将所得溶液在-78℃下搅拌3小时,在室温下搅拌1小时。将反应混合物倒入饱和氯化铵水溶液中,用乙酸乙酯萃取(2x)。合并的有机层用水、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并减压浓缩。粗制残余物用乙酸乙酯/己烷萃取,滤出固体沉淀,并将溶液浓缩。粗产物依次用硅胶色谱法(20-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)和制备型HPLC (C18,25-95%乙腈/水+ 0.1%二乙胺)纯化,得到浅黄色油状物(0.99 g)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.26-7.24 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.49-6.46 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 2.4 Hz), 6.44-6.43(d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz), 5.35-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.37 (dd, 2H, J = 15.0, 38.4Hz), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.39 (m, 1H)。19F NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ-156.7 (t, 1F, J = 42 Hz)。HPLC分析:(C18,10-95%乙腈/水+ 0.1%三氟乙酸,在20分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):13.5分钟,97%。
制备76:6-氟-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物
使含2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-6-氟-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.532 g,1.8mmol)的二氯甲烷(40 mL)冷却至0℃。加入三氟乙酸(25 mL),在0℃下搅拌所得红色溶液1.5小时,减压浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(20-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明液体(0.213 g,79%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.35-5.33 (dd, 0.5H, J = 5.0, 2.4 Hz),5.19-5.17 (t, 0.5H, J = 3.6 Hz), 4.76 (br s, 1H), 3.52-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.40 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.52 (m, 1H)。
制备77:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-6,6-二氟-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物
向冷却至-78℃的2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-6-氟-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.500 g,1.8 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(30 mL)溶液中慢慢加入2.5 N正丁基锂/己烷(1.262mL,3.2 mmol)。在-78℃下搅拌溶液1小时,在10分钟内,慢慢加入N-氟苯磺酰亚胺(1.243g,3.9 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(5 mL)溶液,将混合物在-78℃下搅拌3小时,在室温下搅拌3小时。将反应混合物倒入饱和氯化铵水溶液中,并用乙酸乙酯萃取(2x)。合并的有机层用水、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(15-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到黄色油状物(0.09 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300MHz) δ7.25-7.21 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.50-6.47 (dd, 1H, J = 2.4, 8.4 Hz), 6.45-6.44(d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.38-3.37 (t,2H, J = 5.1 Hz), 2.58-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.92 (m, 2H)。
制备78:6,6-二氟-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物
向2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-6,6-二氟-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.090 g,0.3mmol)的二氯甲烷(7 mL)溶液中加入三氟乙酸(4 mL),在室温下搅拌所得红色溶液3小时。混合物经真空浓缩,得到粗制残余物。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(10-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明油状物(0.034 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300MHz) δ 4.85 (br s, 1H), 3.46-3.40(m, 2H), 2.60-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.93 (m, 2H)。
制备79:N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)丙烷-2-磺酰胺
在0℃下向糠胺(1.040 g,10.7 mmol)在吡啶(10 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入2-丙烷磺酰氯(1.0 mL,8.9 mmol)。使反应混合物升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯。有机层用1N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物(0.84 g,46%),为微黄色粘稠油状物。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40(dd, 1H, J = 1.8, 0.9 Hz), 6.35 (dd, 1H, J = 3.3, 1.8 Hz), 6.29 (d, 1H, J =3.3 Hz), 4.42 (br s, 1H), 4.33 (d, 2H, J = 5.7 Hz), 3.08 (m, 1H), 1.35 (d,6H, J = 6.9 Hz)。
制备80:1,1,1-三氟-N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺
在0℃下向糠胺(0.899 g,9.3 mmol)在吡啶(10 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入三氟甲烷磺酰氯(1.300 g,7.7 mmol)。使反应混合物升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯。有机层用1N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物(1.5 g,85%),为微黄色油状物。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43 (dd,1H, J = 1.8, 0.9 Hz), 6.38 (dd, 1H, J = 3.3, 1.8 Hz), 6.36 (d, 1H, J = 3.3Hz), 5.10 (br s, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H)。
制备81:N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)环己烷磺酰胺
在0℃下向糠胺(0.319 g,3.3 mmol)在吡啶(5 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入环己烷磺酰氯(0.500 g,2.7 mmol)。使反应混合物升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯。有机层用1N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物(0.325 g,49%),为白色固体。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40 (dd, 1H, J= 1.8, 0.9 Hz), 6.35 (dd, 1H, J = 3.3, 2.1 Hz), 6.30 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz),4.43 (m, 1H), 4.32 (d, 2H, J = 5.7 Hz), 2.75 (tt, 1H, J = 12.0, 3.3 Hz),2.15-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.10 (m, 3H)。
制备82:N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)四氢呋喃-3-磺酰胺
在0℃下向糠胺(0.171 g,1.8 mmol)在吡啶(2 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入四氢呋喃-3-磺酰氯(0.250 g,1.5 mmol)。使反应混合物升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯。有机层用1N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物(0.220 g,65%),为粘稠油状物。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41 (s,1H), 6.36 (dd, 1H, J = 3.3, 2.1 Hz), 6.31 (d, 1H, J = 3.3 Hz), 4.68 (t, 1H, J= 5.4 Hz), 4.36 (d, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz), 4.05 (dd, 1H, J = 10.2, 5.7 Hz), 4.02-3.78 (m, 3H), 3.65 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.10 (m, 2H)。
制备83:1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物
向1,3-二氨基丙烷(1.0 mL,11.9 mmol)在吡啶(20 mL)中的搅拌混合物中加入磺酰胺(2.282 g,23.7 mmol)。将混合物在120℃油浴中加热16小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物经浓缩,使残余物在乙酸乙酯和饱和氯化钠水溶液之间分配。有机层用1N盐酸水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到白色固体(0.085 g,5%)。1H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.26 (br s, 2H), 3.70-3.50 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.60 (m, 2H)。
制备84:2-甲基-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物
向N-甲基-1,3-二氨基丙烷(1.70 mL,16.3 mmol)在吡啶(20 mL)中的搅拌混合物中加入磺酰胺(1.877 g,19.5 mmol)。将混合物在120℃油浴中加热16小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物经浓缩,使残余物在乙酸乙酯和饱和氯化钠水溶液之间分配。有机层用1N盐酸水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到无色油状物(1.3 g,53%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.11 (br s, 1H), 3.60-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.32 (t,2H, J = 5.7 Hz), 2.78 (s, 3H), 1.85-1.72 (m, 2H)。
制备85:3-甲氧基环己胺
将3-甲氧基环己烷甲酸(顺式和反式97%的混合物) (1.50 g,9.5 mmol)、二苯基膦酰基叠氮化物(2.043 mL,9.5 mmol)和三乙胺(1.582 mL,11.4 mmol)在无水甲苯(65mL)中的混合物在回流下加热3小时。使混合物冷却至0℃,加入三甲基硅烷醇钠(18.964 mL的1 M溶液,在四氢呋喃中,19.0 mmol),在室温下搅拌混合物30分钟。反应物用5%柠檬酸水溶液(100 mL)猝灭,搅拌,减压浓缩至约一半体积,用乙醚洗涤(2x),用氢氧化钠调节至碱性pH,并用二氯甲烷萃取(3x)。合并的有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(5-12%甲醇/二氯甲烷)纯化,得到部分纯化的材料。将残余物溶于二氯甲烷,用1 N盐酸水溶液萃取(3x)。合并的水层用15%氢氧化钠水溶液调节至碱性pH,并用二氯甲烷萃取(3x)。合并的有机馏分经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,浓缩,悬浮于己烷/二氯甲烷中并过滤。有机物经浓缩,得到黄色液体(0.272 g)。1H NMR(300MHz, CDCl3) (非对映体的混合物) δ 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.99 (m,1H), 1.95-1.00 (m, 10H)。
制备86:7-氧杂二环[2.2.1]庚-2-胺
将7-氧杂二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2-甲酸(0.233 g,1.6 mmol)在无水甲苯(10 mL)、三乙胺(0.273 mL,2.0 mmol)和二苯基膦酰基叠氮化物(0.353 mL,1.6 mmol)中的混合物在回流温度下加热3小时,然后冷却至0℃,加入三甲基硅烷醇钠(3.278 mL的1 M溶液,在四氢呋喃中,3.3 mmol),并在室温下搅拌1小时。加入5%柠檬酸水溶液(15 mL),将混合物减压浓缩至约一半体积。混合物用乙醚洗涤(2x),并用乙酸乙酯洗涤一次,水层用15%氢氧化钠水溶液调节至碱性pH,并用二氯甲烷萃取(3x)。合并的有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液(+3滴氢氧化钠)洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到透明液体(0.121 g)。1H NMR (300MHz,CDCl3) (非对映体的混合物) δ 4.6-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.21-0.86(m, 8H)。
制备87:(3,3-二氟环丁基)氨基甲酸苄酯
向(3-氧代环丁基)氨基甲酸苄酯(0.900 g,4.1 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(9 mL)溶液中滴加二乙基氨基三氟化硫(2.170 mL,16.4 mmol)。在室温下搅拌所得溶液16小时。将混合物倒入冷的饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液中并搅拌5分钟。混合物用二氯甲烷萃取(3x),合并的有机层依次用水、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(5-30%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到黄褐色固体(0.6 g)。1H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.36-7.34 (m, 5H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.99 (br m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 2.97(m, 2H), 2.48 (m, 2H)。
制备88:3,3-二氟环丁烷氯化铵
将(3,3-二氟环丁基)氨基甲酸苄酯(0.600 g,2.5 mmol)和10%披钯碳(0.350 g,50%湿)在甲醇(8 mL)中的悬浮液置于氢气氛下。在24小时后,加入另外的10%披钯碳(0.25g,50%湿),并再搅拌混合物24小时。反应混合物通过硅藻土过滤,用甲醇洗涤,将浓盐酸(0.3 mL)加入甲醇溶液中。粗产物溶液经真空浓缩,得到灰白色半固体(0.303 g)。1H NMR(d6-DMSO, 300MHz) δ 8.61 (br s, 3H), 3.65-3.58 (m, 1H), 2.93-2.81 (m, 4H)。
制备89:(3-氧代环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯
向2-环己烯-1-酮(1.442 g,15.0 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(15 mL)溶液中加入双(乙腈)二氯-钯(II) (0.231 g,1.0 mmol)和氨基甲酸苄酯(1.497 g,9.9 mmol),在氮气下搅拌24小时。反应混合物通过硅胶垫过滤,用乙酸乙酯洗涤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(20-65%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到浅黄色低熔点固体(1.9 g)。1H NMR (300MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.34 (m, 5H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.81 (br s, 1H), 3.99 (br s, 1H), 2.73(m, 1H), 2.36-2.26 (m, 3H), 2.11-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.64 (m, 2H)。ESI m/z:248.0 (M+H)。
制备90:(3,3-二氟环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯
向(3-氧代环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯(1.0 g,4 mmol)的无水二氯乙烷(8 mL)溶液中加入Deoxo-Fluor® (1.1 mL),将混合物在密封小瓶中在65℃下加热16小时。使混合物冷却至0℃,加入冷的饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液。混合物用乙酸乙酯萃取(3x),合并的有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(5-40%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色固体(0.435 g)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41-7.28 (m,5H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.89 (br s, 1H), 3.92 (br s, 1H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.67(m, 6H), 1.40 (m, 1H)。ESI (m/z):269.9 (M+H)。
制备91:3,3-二氟环己烷甲酸铵
向(3,3-二氟环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯(0.43 g,1.6 mmol)在含4%甲酸的甲醇(25mL)中的悬浮液中加入10%披钯碳(0.4 g,50%湿)。将所得混合物在氢气氛下搅拌20小时。混合物通过硅藻土过滤,用甲醇洗涤,并真空浓缩,得到灰白色固体(0.3 g)。1H NMR (d6-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.97 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.63 (m, 5H),1.39-1.22 (m, 2H)。19F NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)-60.33--60.97 (d, 1F, J = 252 Hz),-70.73--71.54 (dt, 1F, J = 252, 36 Hz)。ESI (m/z) 136.2 (M+H)。
制备92:2-羟基环己基氨基甲酸苄酯
使2-氨基环己醇(3.524 g,30.6 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(85 mL)溶液冷却至0℃,分批加入三乙胺(3.402 mL,24.5 mmol),接着加入苄氧基羰基N-琥珀酰亚胺(6.100 g,24.5 mmol)。将所得混合物在0℃下搅拌,慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物用水和乙酸乙酯稀释,分离有机层,依次用1 N盐酸水溶液(2x)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(25-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色固体(4.2 g)。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.35 (m, 5H), 5.09 (m,3H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.67 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.28 (m, 8H)。
制备93:(2-氧代环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯
用悬浮于硫酸(1.7 mL)中的三氧化铬(1.7g)制备琼斯试剂,将其加入冷水(13mL)中产生活性溶液。
在几分钟内向(2-羟基环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯(4.200 g,16.8 mmol)的丙酮(15mL)溶液中滴加琼斯试剂(反应物用室温水浴冷却),在室温下搅拌反应混合物2.5小时。加入饱和碳酸钠水溶液,然后加入饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液,直到溶液调节至中性pH,将所得混合物用乙酸乙酯萃取(3x)。合并的有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(10-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明液体(3.3g)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36-7.29 (m, 5H), 5.75 (br s, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H),4.29-4.25 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.60 (m, 3H), 1.48-1.34 (m, 1H)。ESI (m/z):248.0 (M+H)。
制备94:(2,2-二氟环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯
向(2-氧代环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯(1.25 g,5.0 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(20 mL)溶液中加入二乙基氨基三氟化硫(2 mL),在室温下搅拌所得溶液16小时。使反应混合物冷却至0℃,倒入冷的饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液中。混合物用乙酸乙酯萃取(3x),有机层用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(5-55%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到黄色固体。该产物用乙醚/己烷重结晶,得到白色固体(0.227 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.41-7.25 (m, 5H), 5.17-5.07 (m, 2H),4.99 (m, 1H), 3.99-3.85 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.00 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.38(m, 6H)。ESI (m/z):269.9 (M+H)。
制备95:2,2-二氟环己烷甲酸铵
向(2,2-二氟环己基)氨基甲酸苄酯(0.200 g,0.7 mmol)在含4%甲酸的甲醇(10mL)溶液中加入10%披钯碳(0.15 g,50%湿)。将反应混合物在氢气氛下搅拌18小时,通过硅藻土过滤,用甲醇洗涤,并真空浓缩,得到灰白色固体(0.1 g)。1H NMR (d6-DMSO, 300MHz) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 3.03-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.07-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.34 (m, 7H)。ESI (m/z):136.2 (M+H)。
制备96:N-丙基甲烷磺酰胺
向冷却的1-丙胺(1.0 g,16.9 mmol)和三乙胺(2.587 mL,18.6 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(30 mL)中的0℃溶液中滴加甲烷磺酰氯(1.309 mL,16.9 mmol)。允许反应混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,依次用1.0 N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到纯的产物(1.730g,75%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 4.49 (br s, 1H), 3.12-3.08 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz),1.67-1.54 (sext, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 0.99-0.94 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz)。
制备97:N-乙基甲烷磺酰胺
向冷却的乙胺(0.763 g,16.9 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(20 mL)中的0℃溶液中滴加三乙胺(2.587 mL,18.6 mmol)和甲烷磺酰氯(1.309 mL,16.9 mmol)。使混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。所得混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,用1 N盐酸水溶液(2x)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤。有机层经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到半固体(0.633 g,30%)。1HNMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 4.60 (br s, 1H), 3.21-3.12 (qd, 2H, J=6.0, 7.2 Hz), 1.28-1.19 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz)。
制备98:2-甲基-1,2,5-噻二唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向N-甲基乙二胺(1.200 g,16.2 mmol)在吡啶(20 mL)中的搅拌混合物中加入磺酰胺(1.867 g,19.4 mmol)。将混合物在120℃油浴中加热16小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物经浓缩,使残余物在乙酸乙酯和饱和氯化钠水溶液之间分配。有机层用1 N盐酸水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到无色油状物(0.61 g,28%)。1HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.30 (br s, 1H), 3.53 (m, 2H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s,3H)。
制备99:2-苄基-1,2,5-噻二唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向N-苄基乙二胺(2.000 g,13.3 mmol)在吡啶(20 mL)中的搅拌混合物中加入磺酰胺(1.919 g,20.0 mmol)。将混合物在120℃油浴中加热16小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物经浓缩,使残余物在乙酸乙酯和饱和氯化钠水溶液之间分配。有机层用1 N盐酸水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为浅黄色粘稠油状物(1.4 g,50%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)δ 7.40-7.30 (m, 5H), 4.38 (br s, 1H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 3.50 (q, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz),3.29 (t, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz)。
制备100:1,2,5-噻二唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
将2-苄基-1,2,5-噻二唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(1.000 g,4.7 mmol)和20%氢氧化钯(0.200 g)在甲醇(20 mL)中的混合物在氢气氛(1 atm)下搅拌16小时。混合物通过硅藻土过滤,并将滤液浓缩,得到白色固体(0.570 g,99%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 6.68(s, 2H), 3.30-3.25 (m, 4H)。
制备101:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-5-甲基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.600 g,2.2 mmol)在无水四氢呋喃(29 mL)中的-78℃溶液中慢慢加入正丁基锂(1.725 mL,2.5 N的己烷溶液,4.3mmol)。在-78℃下搅拌反应混合物1小时,加入碘甲烷(0.688 mL,11.1 mmol),将所得混合物在-78℃下搅拌2.5小时,在室温下搅拌30分钟。将混合物倒入饱和氯化铵水溶液中,用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(20-60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为透明油状物(0.3 g)。1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.25-7.22 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 6.48-6.43 (m, 2H), 4.27-4.13(q, 2H, J=14.1 Hz), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.25-3.02 (m, 3H), 2.43-2.32(m, 1H), 1.95-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.40 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz)。
制备102:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-5,5-二甲基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
采用上述方法,同样得到标题化合物,为透明油状物(0.237 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3,300 MHz) δ 7.26-7.23 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.48-6.43 (m, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.80(s, 6H), 3.07-3.03 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.10-2.05 (t, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 1.42 (s,3H)。
制备103:5-甲基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-5-甲基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.292 g,1.0 mmol)在二氯甲烷中(10 mL)的0℃溶液中加入三氟乙酸(5.000 mL,67.3 mmol),在0℃下搅拌所得红色溶液3小时,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(30-75%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明油状物(0.117 g,90%)。1HNMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) 4.38 (br s, 1H), 3.38-3.32 (m,2H), 3.21-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.43-1.40 (d,3H, J=7.2 Hz)。
制备104:5,5-二甲基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-5,5-二甲基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.220 g,0.7mmol)在二氯甲烷(10 mL)中的0℃溶液中加入三氟乙酸(3.591 mL,48.3 mmol),在0℃下搅拌所得红色溶液3小时并减压浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(20-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到透明油状物(0.087 g,86%)。1HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.61 (br s, 1H), 3.32-3.26(td, 2H, J=5.1, 7.1 Hz), 2.25-2.20 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.43 (s, 6H)。
制备105:N-烯丙基乙烯磺酰胺
向冷却的烯丙胺(1.926 g,33.7 mmol)和三乙胺(12.789 mL,92.0 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(50 mL)中的0℃溶液中慢慢加入2-氯乙烷磺酰氯(5.000 g,30.7 mmol)的二氯甲烷中(10 mL)溶液。使所得混合物升温至室温并搅拌4小时。混合物依次用1 N盐酸水溶液(2x)、水、饱和氯化钠水溶液萃取,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到黄色液体。1H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.57-6.48 (dd, 1H, J=9.9, 16.8 Hz), 6.28-6.22 (d, 1H, J=16.8 Hz), 5.96-5.92 (d, 1H, J=9.6 Hz), 5.90-5.77 (m, 1H), 5.30-5.29 (m, 1H),5.24-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.44 (br s, 1H), 3.69-3.64 (tt, 2H, J=1.5, 6.0 Hz)。
制备106:2,3-二氢异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物
将N-烯丙基乙烯磺酰胺(0.700 g,4.8 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(7 mL)溶液置于氩气下,加入(1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)-2-咪唑烷亚基)二氯(苯基亚甲基)(三环己基膦)钌(0.02 g)。将混合物加热至回流,以30分钟间隔加入其它批次(各0.02 g)的(1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)-2-咪唑烷亚基)二氯(苯基亚甲基)(三环己基膦)钌,直到共加入0.1 g(2.5 mol%)。使反应物回流共6小时,冷却至室温,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(50-100%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到褐色油状物(0.46 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 6.90-6.86 (dt, 1H, J=2.4, 6.6 Hz), 6.75-6.6.71 (dt, 1H, J=2.4, 6.3 Hz), 4.92 (brs, 1H), 4.15-4.12 (m, 2H)。
制备107:4-甲氧基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向2,3-二氢异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物(0.100 g,0.8 mmol)的甲醇(1 mL)溶液中加入25%含甲醇钠的甲醇(0.181 g,0.8 mmol),将该溶液在60℃下搅拌2小时,在70℃下搅拌3小时。混合物经浓缩,悬浮于1 N盐酸水溶液中。水性混合物用乙酸乙酯萃取(3x),有机层经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(0-6%甲醇/二氯甲烷)纯化,得到产物(0.011 g,13%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.53 (br s, 1H), 4.33-4.29 (m,1H), 3.48-3.30 (m, 3H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.19-3.13 (m, 1H)。13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3) δ 80.8, 57.1, 53.3, 48.7。
制备108:2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-5,5-二氟异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向冷却至-78℃的2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)5-氟异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(5.700 g,19.7 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(225 mL)溶液中慢慢加入正丁基锂(14.973 mL,2.5 N己烷溶液,37.4 mmol),搅拌所得暗橙色/红色溶液1小时。在30分钟内慢慢加入N-氟苯磺酰胺(14.6 g,46.3 mmol)的无水四氢呋喃(60 mL)溶液,在-78℃下搅拌3小时,在室温下搅拌2.5小时。将反应物倒入饱和氯化铵水溶液中,用乙酸乙酯稀释,并分离有机层。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。将粗产物悬浮于二氯甲烷中,并通过硅胶垫过滤,用二氯甲烷洗涤,将溶液浓缩。粗产物依次用硅胶色谱法(20-75%乙酸乙酯/己烷)和制备型HPLC (C18,32-95%乙腈/水,在17分钟内)纯化,得到黄褐色油状物(0.106 g,2%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 7.21-7.18 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.49-6.45(m, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.19-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.55 (m, 2H)。
制备109:5,5-二氟异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
向2-(2,4-二甲氧基苄基)-5,5-二氟异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(0.100 g,0.3mmol)在二氯甲烷(6 mL)中的0℃溶液中加入三氟乙酸(2.182 mL,29.4 mmol)。在0℃下搅拌所得红色/紫色溶液3.5小时并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(30-75%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到黄褐色油状物(0.036 g)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 4.78 (br s, 1H),3.46-3.40 (q, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.79-2.65 (m, 2H)。19F NMR (CDCl3, 282 MHz)-105.96--106.07 (t, J=15.4 Hz)。
制备110:3-(1,1-二氧代异噻唑烷-2-基)-3-甲基丁-2-酮
将2-(2-甲基丁-3-炔-2-基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物(3.500 g,18.7 mmol)和氧化汞(II)(0.810 g,3.7 mmol)在甲醇(100 mL)和2 N硫酸水溶液(50 mL)中的混合物在90℃下加热3小时。反应混合物通过硅藻土过滤,将滤液真空浓缩。残余物用水处理,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-100%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为黄色油状物(1.65 g,43%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.38 (t, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.21 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz),2.42-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.60 (s, 6H)。
制备111:2-(2-(2-甲基氧杂环丙烷-2-基)丙-2-基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
在氮气下向含60%氢化钠的矿物油(0.039 g,1.0 mmol)在无水二甲亚砜(5 mL)中的搅拌悬浮液中加入碘化三甲基氧化锍(0.214 g,1.0 mmol)。在70℃下搅拌混合物1小时,然后冷却至室温。加入3-(1,1-二氧代异噻唑烷-2-基)-3-甲基丁-2-酮(0.100 g,0.5mmol),在室温下搅拌反应混合物16小时,然后在70℃下加热4小时。使混合物冷却至0℃,用水猝灭,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为粘稠油状物(0.065 g, 61%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.52-3.12 (m, 4H), 2.76 (d, 1H, J =4.5 Hz), 2.54 (d, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz), 2.42-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.60 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s,3H), 1.35 (s, 3H)。
制备112:N-(1-甲基环丁基)甲烷磺酰胺
向1-甲基-环丁基胺盐酸盐(0.100 g,0.8 mmol)在吡啶(1 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入甲烷磺酰氯(0.095 mL,1.2 mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物16小时。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,用2 N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到产物,为褐色油状物(0.090 g,67%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ4.49 (br s, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.58 (s, 3H)。
制备113:N-(1-甲基环丙基)甲烷磺酰胺
向1-甲基环丙-1-胺盐酸盐(0.100 g,0.9 mmol)在吡啶(1 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入甲烷磺酰氯(0.108 mL,1.4 mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物16小时。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,用2 N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到产物,为黄色油状物(0.105 g,76%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ4.68 (br s, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 3H), 1.02-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.71-0.64 (m,2H)。
制备114:N-(3-甲基环丁基)甲烷磺酰胺
向3-甲基环丁胺盐酸盐(0.100 g,0.8 mmol)在吡啶(1 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入甲烷磺酰氯(0.095 mL,1.2 mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物16小时。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,用2 N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到产物,为褐色固体(0.125 g,93%)。产物无需进一步纯化便可使用。
制备115:N-(2-甲基环戊基)甲烷磺酰胺
向2-甲基环戊胺盐酸盐(0.100 g,0.7 mmol)在吡啶(1 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入甲烷磺酰氯(0.095 mL,1.2 mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物16小时。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,用2 N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到产物,为褐色固体(0.100 g,84%)。产物无需进一步纯化便可使用。
制备116:N-(2-甲基烯丙基)乙烯磺酰胺
在0℃下向2-甲基丙-2-烯-1-胺(0.500 g,7.0 mmol)、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(3.486mL,21.1 mmol)和N,N-4-二甲基氨基吡啶(0.043 g,0.4 mmol)在二氯甲烷(20 mL)中的搅拌溶液中慢慢加入2-氯乙烷磺酰氯(0.734 mL,7.0 mmol)。使反应混合物慢慢升温至室温并搅拌16小时。混合物经浓缩,残余物用硅胶色谱法(0-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到产物,为无色油状物(0.59 g,52%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.54 (dd, 1H, J = 16.5,9.6 Hz), 6.27 (d, 1H, J = 16.5 Hz), 5.96 (d, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz), 4.97 (s, 1H),4.93 (s, 1H), 4.37 (br s, 1H), 3.60 (d, 2H, J = 6.3 Hz), 1.79 (s, 3H)。
制备117:4-甲基-2,3-二氢异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物
在氩气下搅拌N-(2-甲基烯丙基)乙烯磺酰胺(0.700 g,4.3 mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(10 mL)溶液,加入(1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)-2-咪唑烷亚基)二氯(苯基亚甲基)(三环己基膦)钌(0.02 g)。将混合物加热至回流,以30分钟间隔加入其它批次(各0.02 g)的(1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)-2-咪唑烷亚基)二氯(苯基亚甲基)(三环己基膦)钌,直到共加入0.1 g (2.5 mol%)。使反应物回流共72小时,冷却至室温,并真空浓缩。粗产物用硅胶色谱法(0-100%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为褐色油状物(0.380 g,66%)。1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 6.45 (s, 1H), 4.55 (br s, 1H), 3.99 (m, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H)。
制备118:4-甲基异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物
将4-甲基-2,3-二氢异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物(0.380 g,2.9 mmol)和碳载20%氢氧化钯(0.050 g)在甲醇(10 mL)中的混合物在氢气氛下搅拌2小时。混合物通过硅藻土过滤,并将滤液浓缩,得到产物,为褐色油状物(0.385 g,100%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.25(br s, 1H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dd, 1H, J = 12.0, 7.5 Hz), 3.05-2.70 (m, 3H),1.27 (d, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz)。
制备119:N-(1-甲基环戊基)甲烷磺酰胺
向1-氨基-1-甲基环戊烷盐酸盐(0.165 g,1.2 mmol)在吡啶(1 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入甲烷磺酰氯(0.169 mL,2.2 mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物16小时然后浓缩。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,用1 N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到产物,为褐色油状物(0.100 g,46%)。1H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl3) δ 4.27 (br s, 1H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.60 (m, 8H), 1.50 (s, 3H)。
制备120:N-(3-甲氧基环己基)甲烷磺酰胺
向3-甲氧基环己胺(0.200 g,1.5 mmol)在吡啶(1 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入甲烷磺酰氯(0.144 mL,1.9 mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物16小时然后浓缩。混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释,用1 N盐酸水溶液、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到产物,为褐色油状物(0.140 g,44%)。产物无需进一步纯化便可使用。
制备121:N1-环丁基乙烷-1,2-二胺
向环丁酮(5.830 g,83.2 mmol)、乙二胺(39.711 mL,594.0 mmol)、乙酸(34.006mL,594.0 mmol)和4Ǻ分子筛(25 g)的无水甲醇(250 mL)溶液中加入氰基硼氢化钠(7.466g,118.8 mmol)。将混合物搅拌48小时,过滤除去固体,并真空浓缩。将残余物溶于3 N氢氧化钠水溶液(300 mL),并用二氯甲烷(3 x 500 mL)萃取。合并的有机层用碱性饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到粗产物。将产物真空蒸馏,得到所需产物,为透明液体(4.8 g,50%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.24-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.72 (t, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 2.57-2.53 (td, 2H, J=0.8, 6.0 Hz), 2.23-2.14 (m, 2H),1.71-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.22 (br s, 3H)。
制备122:N1-环戊基乙烷-1,2-二胺
向环戊酮(2.000 mL,22.6 mmol)、乙二胺(10.860 g,180.7 mmol)、乙酸(10.345mL,180.7 mmol)和4Ǻ分子筛(10 g)的无水甲醇(113 mL)溶液中加入氰基硼氢化钠(2.839g,45.2 mmol)。将混合物搅拌48小时,过滤除去固体,并真空浓缩。将残余物溶于3 N氢氧化钠水溶液(150 mL),并用二氯甲烷(3 x 300 mL)萃取。合并的有机层用碱性饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到粗产物。将产物真空蒸馏,得到所需产物,为透明液体(1.0 g,35%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.08-2.99 (quint, 1H, J=6.8Hz), 2.80-2.76 (t, 2H, J=5.9 Hz), 2.65-2.61 (t, 2H, J=5.9 Hz), 1.87-1.77 (m,2H), 1.72-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.24 (m, 5H)。
制备123:N1-环己基乙烷-1,2-二胺
向环己酮(6.260 g,63.8 mmol)、乙二胺(42.640 mL,637.8 mmol)、乙酸(36.515mL,637.8 mmol)和4Ǻ分子筛(25 g)的无水甲醇(250 mL)溶液中加入氰基硼氢化钠(8.017g,127.6 mmol)。将混合物搅拌48小时,过滤除去固体,并真空浓缩。将残余物溶于3 N氢氧化钠水溶液(150 mL),并用二氯甲烷(3 x 300 mL)萃取。合并的有机层用碱性饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩,得到粗产物。将产物真空蒸馏,得到所需产物,为透明液体(4.1 g,45%)。1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.80-2.76 (td, 2H, J=0.9,6.0 Hz), 2.68-2.64 (td, 2H, J=0.9, 6.0 Hz), 2.43-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.83 (m,2H), 1.74-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.32-0.98 (m, 8H)。
制备124:3-(环丁基氨基)丙腈
在室温下,将环丁胺(5.90 mL,59.8 mmol)在15分钟内滴加到丙烯腈(4.76 g,89.7 mmol)的甲醇(7 mL)溶液中。在室温下搅拌混合物30分钟,并在回流下搅拌1小时,冷却至室温,减压浓缩。通过真空蒸馏得获得所需产物,得到透明液体(7.7 g,98%)。1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 3.29-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.83 (t, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.50-2.46(t, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.26-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.30 (br s, 1H)。
制备125:N1-环丁基丙烷-1,3-二胺
在45分钟内,向冷却(0℃)的氢化铝锂(3.056 g,80.5 mmol)在无水乙醚(120 mL)中的悬浮液中滴加3-(环丁基氨基)丙腈(5.000 g,40.3 mmol)的无水乙醚(40 mL)溶液。在室温下搅拌反应混合物15分钟,并在回流下搅拌4小时,冷却至室温并搅拌1小时。使混合物冷却至0℃,并在滴加水(3.1 mL)、接着滴加15%氢氧化钠水溶液(3.1 mL)、最后滴加水(9.3mL)的同时剧烈搅拌。使所得浆液升温至室温,搅拌15分钟,加入无水硫酸镁,再搅拌15分钟。固体材料经过滤除去,用温热的二氯甲烷洗涤多次,将滤液减压浓缩,得到所需产物,为浅黄色液体(3.44 g,66%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) 3.14 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.62 (m,2H), 2.53-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.33 (br s,3H)。
制备126:3-(环戊基氨基)丙腈
在室温下,将环戊胺(5.794 mL,58.7 mmol)滴加到丙烯腈(5.79 mL,88.1 mmol)的甲醇(7 mL)溶液中。在室温下搅拌溶液30分钟,并在回流下搅拌1小时,冷却至室温,并减压浓缩。经真空蒸馏获得所需产物,得到透明液体(7.4 g,91%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz)δ 3.14-3.04 (quint, 1H, J=6.3 Hz), 2.91-2.87 (t, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 2.53-2.48(td, 2H, J=0.9, 6.9 Hz), 1.88-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.36-1.24 (m,2H), 1.19 (br s, 1H)。
制备127:N1-环戊基丙烷-1,3-二胺
在45分钟内,向冷却(0℃)的氢化铝锂(3.295 g,86.8 mmol)在无水乙醚(150 mL)中的悬浮液中滴加3-(环戊基氨基)丙腈(6.000 g,43.4 mmol)的无水乙醚(40 mL)溶液。在室温下搅拌反应混合物15分钟,并在回流下搅拌4小时,冷却至室温并搅拌1小时。使混合物冷却至0℃,在滴加水(3.4 mL)、接着滴加15%氢氧化钠水溶液(3.4 mL)和最后滴加水(10.2mL)的同时剧烈搅拌。使所得浆液升温至室温,搅拌15分钟,加入无水硫酸镁,再搅拌15分钟。固体材料经过滤除去,用温热的二氯甲烷洗涤多次,将滤液减压浓缩,得到所需产物,为透明油状物(4.5 g,73%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 3.05-2.96 (quint, 1H, J=6.6Hz), 2.74-2.71 (t, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.68-2.58 (t, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 1.85-1.68 (m,2H), 1.62-1.42 (m, 6H), 1.34 (br s, 3H), 1.30-1.21 (m, 2H)。
制剂128-138
制剂128-138按照以下通用方法制备:
向二胺(1.0当量,0.5 M)在无水吡啶中的搅拌溶液中加入磺酰胺(1.2当量)。在密封管中,将混合物在120-125℃下加热18-24小时。在冷却至室温后,混合物经减压浓缩,将残余物在乙酸乙酯和水之间分配。有机层依次用1 N盐酸水溶液(2x)、饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并减压浓缩,得到所需产物。产物通常无需任何额外纯化便直接用于下一步。
实施例2:式I化合物的制备
化合物1:N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺
将甲烷磺酰氯(0.650 mL,8.4 mmol)滴加到冷的1-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-3-((呋喃-2-基甲基)氨基)丙-2-醇(2.7 g,8.4 mmol)和三乙胺(1.3 mL,9.2 mmol)在无水二氯甲烷(55mL)中的搅拌溶液中,该溶液用外部冰浴保持在0-5℃下。在0℃下搅拌溶液2小时,然后用二氯甲烷稀释,依次用0.25N盐酸水溶液(两次)、水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤。有机物经干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-10%乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷)纯化,得到所需产物,为白色固体(1.5 g,45%)。1H NMR (d6-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 8.09-8.06(d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.42-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.18-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.37-6.35 (dd, 1H,J = 1.8, 3 Hz), 6.31-6.30 (d, 1H, J = 3 Hz), 4.52-4.39 (dd, 2H, J = 15.9,24.6 Hz), 4.39-4.30 (dd, 1H, J = 3.3, 14.4 Hz), 4.22-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.05(br m, 1H), 3.40-3.33 (m, 1H) 3.26-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 3H)。ESI (m/z):398.9(M+H)。HPLC分析:(C18,10-90%乙腈/水+ 0.1%三氟乙酸,在10分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):8.6分钟,97.9%。
化合物2-12
化合物2-12通过类似于用于化合物1的方法或通过使用吡啶(4当量)替换三乙胺来制备。
化合物13-19
化合物13-19通过以下通用方法制备:
向2-((叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)氧基)-3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)丙-1-胺(0.100 g,0.2 mmol)在无水吡啶(1 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入相应的磺酰氯(0.9mmol)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物过夜,将混合物真空浓缩。粗制残余物用水处理,并用乙酸乙酯(20 mL)萃取。有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液和饱和碳酸钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到TBS保护产物。将产物溶于无水四氢呋喃(5 mL),加入含四丁基氟化铵(0.040 g,0.1 mmol)的水溶液。在室温下搅拌混合物过夜,然后浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到纯的产物。
化合物20:N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷1,1-二氧化物
向1,3-丙烷磺内酰胺(0.80 g,6.6 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(20 mL)中的搅拌溶液中加入氢化钠(60%在矿物油中,0.053 g,1.3 mmol),并在室温下搅拌混合物1小时。加入9-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)-9H-咔唑(1.622 g,7.3 mmol),在70℃下搅拌混合物过夜。在冷却后,反应物用水稀释,并用乙酸乙酯萃取3次。合并的有机层用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并浓缩。残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(0-70%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,然后用乙酸乙酯/己烷重结晶,得到纯的化合物,为白色固体(1.6 g,70%)。1H NMR (300MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.48 (d, 4H, J=3.9 Hz), 7.30-7.22 (m,2H), 4.55-4.35 (m, 3H), 3.42-3.12 (m, 6H), 2.59 (d, 1H, J=3.0 Hz), 2.37 (m,2H)。ESI (m/z):344.9 (M+H)。HPLC分析:(C18,10-90%乙腈/水+ 0.1%三氟乙酸,在10分钟内:保留时间,在254 nm处的%面积):11.8分钟,>98%。
化合物21-235
化合物21-235通过类似于用于化合物20的方法或通过使用含碳酸铯(1当量)的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺在100℃下过夜制备。
通过HPLC使用Chiralpak AD-H柱,0.46 cm x 25 cm,0-30分钟用25%异丙醇/己烷洗脱;流速:1 mL/分钟,UV 254 nM,得到对映体过量的旋光活性实例。
化合物236:N-(3-(1-氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺
将1-氟-9H-咔唑(0.099 g,0.54 mmol)和N-(呋喃-2-基甲基)-N-(氧杂环丙烷-2-基甲基)甲烷磺酰胺(0.142 g ,0.62 mmol)和碳酸铯(0.174 g,0.54 mmol)在无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(1 mL)中的悬浮液在110℃的微波反应器中加热30分钟。使反应混合物冷却,并倒入水和乙酸乙酯中。有机层经分离,用水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤,干燥(无水硫酸钠),过滤,并真空浓缩。粗制残余物用硅胶柱色谱法(10-80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到白色固体(0.103 g,46%)。1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.08-8.06 (dt, 1H, J=0.9 Hz, 7.5Hz), 7.88-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.27 (m 1H), 2.24-2.12 (m,3H), 6.16-6.14 (dd, 1H, J=2.1, 3.3 Hz), 5.97-5.96 (d, 1H, J=3.3 Hz), 4.54-4.31 (m, 5H), 3.51-3.43 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 14.8 Hz), 3.27-3.22 (dd, 1H, J=3.0,15 Hz), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.65-2.64 (d, 1H, J=3.3 Hz)。ESI (m/z):417.1 (M+H),349.3(M-呋喃)。HPLC分析:(C18,10-90%乙腈/水+ 0.1%三氟乙酸,在10分钟内:保留时间,在254nm处的%面积):9.73分钟,100%。
化合物237-245
化合物237-245通过类似于用于化合物236的方法制备。
用于评价式I化合物的具体测定法包括如下所述的用于评价试验化合物的效能的Per2测定法和用于评价试验化合物的靶的Cry1测定法。
实施例3:用于评价试验化合物的效能的Per2测定法
通过使用如之前描述于Zhang, E. E.等, Cell, 2009, 139, 199-210中的高通量昼夜节律测定系统筛选化合物。简单地说,将携带Per2-dLuc的稳定U2OS报道细胞以8,000个细胞/孔的密度接种在Corning 96孔纯白色平底TC处理的微量板(Corning®)中,在5% CO2存在下在37℃下孵育24小时。然后通过培养基交换为最小外植培养基(10 mM HEPES(pH 7.0)、2% B27、1xPSG (Invitrogen®)和1.0 mM甲虫萤光素(Promega®)),接着加入溶于二甲亚砜(0.5%最终二甲亚砜浓度)的式I化合物,经血清休克使细胞同步。在4-5天内通过在35℃下测量发光(Tecan® M200),来监测基因表达。应用Multicycle™软件(Actimetrics,Inc),求出相关昼夜节律的周期、幅度和阶段。应用Graphpad™ (Prism®)计算式I化合物的EC50值。
下表提供具体实施例的Per2 EC50数据。EC50以微摩尔浓度报告。
Per2测定数据表
实施例 | Per2 EC50 (μM) | 实施例 | Per2 EC50 (μM) |
1 | 0.340 | 126 | 0.425 |
2 | 0.742 | 127 | 4.006 |
3 | 0.650 | 128 | 0.372 |
4 | 2.498 | 129 | 0.386 |
5 | 8.185 | 130 | 0.636 |
6 | 0.964 | 131 | 0.079 |
7 | 2.105 | 132 | 0.348 |
8 | 6.956 | 133 | 1.527 |
9 | 2.861 | 134 | 1.078 |
10 | 1.133 | 135 | 0.609 |
11 | 1.791 | 136 | 0.113 |
12 | 1.013 | 137 | 0.076 |
13 | 0.454 | 138 | 0.041 |
14 | 0.652 | 139 | 0.263 |
15 | 0.592 | 140A | 0.503 |
16 | 1.669 | 140B | 0.823 |
17 | 2.486 | 141 | 0.846 |
18 | 3.765 | 142 | 0.813 |
19 | 2.098 | 143 | 0.028 |
20 | 0.029 | 144 | 2.155 |
21 | 0.440 | 145 | 1.347 |
22 | 0.510 | 146 | 1.161 |
23 | 0.09 | 147 | 0.980 |
24 | 0.210 | 148 | 0.489 |
25 | 0.170 | 149 | 7.619 |
26 | 1.300 | 150 | 5.047 |
27 | 0.250 | 151 | 2.258 |
28 | 2.090 | 152 | 1.912 |
29 | 0.710 | 153 | 0.396 |
30 | 0.390 | 154 | 0.680 |
31 | 1.400 | 155 | 0.324 |
32 | 0.100 | 156 | 0.471 |
33 | 0.035 | 157 | 0.895 |
34 | 0.031 | 158 | 0.811 |
35 | 1.500 | 159 | 0.505 |
36 | 0.539 | 160 | 0.605 |
37 | 0.034 | 161 | 1.136 |
38 | 0.011 | 162 | 1.992 |
39 | 0.021 | 163 | 0.206 |
40 | 0.179 | 164 | 0.200 |
41 | 0.343 | 165 | 0.095 |
42 | N/A | 166 | 0.147 |
43 | 2.999 | 167 | 0.267 |
44 | 8.273 | 168 | 0.391 |
45 | 0.398 | 169 | 0.504 |
46 | 0.100 | 170 | 1.256 |
47 | 3.355 | 171 | 0.025 |
48 | 1.500 | 172 | 0.375 |
49 | 0.100 | 173 | 0.086 |
50 | 0.148 | 174 | 0.080 |
51 | 0.371 | 175 | 0.035 |
52 | 0.306 | 176 | 0.125 |
53 | 0.578 | 177 | 0.202 |
54 | 0.824 | 178 | 0.073 |
55 | 2.308 | 179 | 1.199 |
56 | 0.128 | 180 | 1.651 |
57 | 0.035 | 181 | 0.174 |
58 | 0.150 | 182 | 0.241 |
59 | 9.582 | 183 | 0.053 |
60 | 1.222 | 184 | 0.155 |
61 | 4.474 | 185 | 0.045 |
62 | 1.329 | 186 | 0.083 |
63 | 0.199 | 187 | 2.750 |
64 | 1.003 | 188 | 0.147 |
65 | 9.500 | 189 | 1.293 |
66 | 9.900 | 190 | 0.211 |
67 | 3.143 | 191 | 1.189 |
68 | 1.986 | 192 | 0.686 |
69 | 0.759 | 193A | 0.427 |
70 | 8.966 | 193B | 0.654 |
71 | 3.300 | 193C | 4.469 |
72 | 2.580 | 194 | 0.078 |
73 | 2.986 | 195 | 0.254 |
74 | 7.623 | 196 | 0.149 |
75 | 0.842 | 197 | 0.873 |
76 | 2.178 | 198 | 1.227 |
77 | 0.750 | 199 | 0.544 |
78 | 6.348 | 200 | 1.889 |
79 | 2.799 | 201 | 1.574 |
80 | 4.225 | 202 | 2.100 |
81 | 0.964 | 203 | 1.767 |
82 | 0.158 | 204 | 2.553 |
83 | 0.413 | 205 | 1.210 |
84 | 0.892 | 206 | 2.847 |
85 | 0.510 | 207 | 2.949 |
86 | 0.046 | 208 | 4.714 |
87 | 0.020 | 209 | 4.808 |
88 | 0.940 | 210 | 7.212 |
89 | 0.360 | 211 | 9.239 |
90 | 0.406 | 212 | 1.796 |
91 | 0.150 | 213 | 2.954 |
92 | 0.040 | 214 | 6.560 |
93 | 2.886 | 215 | 7.876 |
94 | 3.448 | 216 | 0.150 |
95 | 2.743 | 217 | 1.667 |
96 | 0.456 | 218 | 9.778 |
97 | 0.319 | 219 | 1.575 |
98 | 8.104 | 220 | 1.663 |
99 | 3.554 | 221 | 5.516 |
100 | 0.032 | 222 | 7.115 |
101 | 0.050 | 223 | 6.786 |
102 | 3.247 | 224 | 0.059 |
103 | 2.213 | 225 | 3.092 |
104 | 3.499 | 226 | 0.314 |
105 | 5.198 | 227 | 5.286 |
106 | 8.600 | 228 | 3.425 |
107 | 0.240 | 229 | 4.985 |
108 | 0.388 | 230 | 0.643 |
109 | 7.421 | 231 | 1.498 |
110 | 3.634 | 232 | 2.582 |
111 | 0.084 | 233 | 0.418 |
112 | 0.044 | 234 | 0.289 |
113 | 0.123 | 235 | 6.457 |
114 | 0.521 | 236 | 0.620 |
115 | 0.232 | 237 | 0.594 |
116 | 0.540 | 238 | 0.535 |
117 | 0.127 | 239 | 1.577 |
118 | 0.081 | 240 | 1.060 |
119 | 0.037 | 241 | 0.488 |
120 | 0.023 | 242 | 0.494 |
121 | 0.051 | 243 | 0.042 |
122 | 0.329 | 244 | 0.057 |
123 | 0.033 | 245 | 1.154 |
124 | 0.154 | ||
125 | 2.612 |
本领域普通技术人员可容易优化该测定法以测定本文所述任何化合物的Per2EC50数据。
实施例4:用于评价试验化合物的靶的Cry1测定法
将6孔板上的HEK293细胞(2.5x106个细胞)用2 μg表达载体通过Lipofectamine2000反向转染。28小时后,在冰冷的PBS中收集细胞,重新悬浮于100 μL孵育缓冲液(50 mMTris、50 mM NaCl、2 mM EDTA、10%甘油、1mM DTT、完全蛋白酶抑制剂混合物、磷酸酶抑制剂混合物1和3;pH 8.0)中。所述混合物补充了NP-40 (最终1%),并在冰上孵育15分钟,接着在4℃下离心(16,000 x g) 10分钟。上清液用于测定。用于C端3XFlag标记的mCRY1的表达载体以p3XFLAG-CMV-14 (Sigma)为基础。
将Cry1::Luc或Luc报道HEK293细胞(1.0×104个细胞)以50 μL/孔接种在384孔白色实底板上。在24小时后,将500 nl的化合物(最终1%二甲亚砜)加入培养基中。在24小时后,给培养基补充萤光素(最终1 mM)和HEPES-NaOH (pH7.2;最终10 mM),用微量板读板仪每隔7.5分钟记录发光1小时。对实验期间的强度取平均,计算发光强度参数。第一数据点因瞬时发光改变而从分析中排除。将Cry::Luc强度归一化至Luc强度,得到最终的EC50值。应用Graphpad™ (Prism®)计算式I化合物的EC50值。
下表提供具体实施例的Cry1 EC50数据。EC50以微摩尔浓度报告。Cry1测定数据表
实施例 | Cry1 EC50 (μM) | 实施例 | Cry1 EC50 (μM) |
1 | 9.41 | 33 | 4.46 |
20 | 50.86 | 237 | 12.00 |
23 | 23.84 | 238 | 7.35 |
28 | 7.06 | 239 | 8.53 |
32 | 43.47 |
实施例5:稳态CRY1蛋白稳定性的瞬时测定
使用Lipofectamine 2000或等同试剂,将HEK293细胞在24孔板中用哺乳动物表达载体(0.5 µg/孔)转染,所述载体含有编码具有C端编码的MycDDK标签(Origene)或FLAG-标签(Sigma)的全长CRY1的cDNA。在24小时后,用试验化合物以至多1% DMSO的最终浓度处理细胞。再过24小时后,将细胞在含有蛋白酶抑制剂混合物的RIPA缓冲液(150 mM NaCl、1.0%IGEPAL® CA-630 (或NP-40)、0.5%脱氧胆酸钠、0.1% SDS和50 mM Tris,pH 8.0)中裂解。将蛋白质凝胶样品缓冲液加入等量的各样品中,将其在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上分离,并电泳转移到PVDF膜上。加标签的蛋白质用标签定向的第一抗体和与HRP缀合的第二抗体检测。用ECL+或其它类似试剂通过化学发光显示加标签的CRY1蛋白,并以数码相机记录为RAW文档。应用Photoshop和ImageJ软件以定量测定各条带。可将加标签的CRY1蛋白的量与加载样品中的总蛋白质或与随后检测的内部对照蛋白质(例如GAPDH)进行比较。可通过比较化合物处理的细胞样品与DMSO处理的细胞样品,来测定加标签的CRY1蛋白的相对量。与对照样品相比,加标签的CRY1蛋白增加表明化合物提高CRY1稳定性。与对照样品相比,加标签的CRY1蛋白减少表明化合物降低CRY1稳定性。本领域技术人员可容易地修改和优化上述测定法,以测量或测定参与昼夜节律和/或CRY调节途径的任何蛋白质(例如Cry2、Per1、Per2、CLOCK、BMAL1、TIM蛋白或VEGF)的内源蛋白质水平。
实施例6:用于稳态CRY1蛋白质稳定的稳定细胞系测定法
表达加标签的CRY1蛋白的稳定细胞系在至多1% DMSO中用试验化合物处理24小时。再过24小时后,将细胞在含有蛋白酶抑制剂混合物的RIPA缓冲液(150 mM NaCl、1.0%IGEPAL® CA-630 (或NP-40)、0.5%脱氧胆酸钠、0.1% SDS和50 mM Tris,pH 8.0)中裂解。将含有SDS的蛋白质凝胶样品缓冲液加至等量的各个样品中,样品在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中分离,并电泳转移到PVDF膜上。加标签的蛋白质用标签定向的第一抗体和与HRP缀合的第二抗体检测。加标签的CRY1蛋白用ECL+或其它类似试剂通过化学发光检测,并以数码相机记录为RAW文档。应用Photoshop和ImageJ软件以定量测定各条带。可将加标签的CRY1蛋白的量与加载样品中的总蛋白质或与随后检测的内部对照蛋白质(例如GAPDH)进行比较。可通过比较化合物处理的细胞样品与对照或DMSO处理的细胞样品,来确定加标签的CRY1蛋白的相对量。与对照样品相比,加标签的CRY1蛋白增加表明化合物提高CRY1稳定性。与对照样品相比,加标签的CRY1蛋白减少表明化合物降低CRY1稳定性。本领域技术人员可容易地修改和优化上述测定法,以测量或测定参与昼夜节律和/或CRY调节途径的任何蛋白质(例如Cry2、Per1、Per2、CLOCK、BMAL1、TIM蛋白或VEGF)的内源蛋白质水平。
实施例7:CRY1加标签的蛋白质的半寿期的测定
将表达加标签的CRY1蛋白的瞬时转染的HEK293细胞或稳定细胞系暴露于试验化合物中24小时,然后暴露于环己米特(1 µg/ml)中。在孵育15分钟-6小时后,将细胞在RIPA缓冲液中裂解。将含有SDS的蛋白质凝胶样品缓冲液加至等量的各个样品中,样品在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中分离,并电泳转移到PVDF膜上。加标签的蛋白质用标签定向的第一抗体和与HRP缀合的第二抗体检测。加标签的CRY1蛋白用ECL+或其它类似试剂通过化学发光检测,并以数码相机记录为RAW文档。应用Photoshop和ImageJ软件以定量测定各条带。可将加标签的CRY1蛋白的量与加载样品中的总蛋白质或与随后检测的内部对照蛋白质(例如GAPDH)进行比较。可比较试验化合物处理的样品和对照或DMSO处理的样品之间加标签的CRY1蛋白丰度的下降速率。与对照样品相比,化合物处理的样品中加标签的CRY1蛋白的下降速率快,表明化合物降低CRY1稳定性。与对照样品相比,化合物处理的样品中加标签的CRY1蛋白的下降速率慢,表明化合物提高CRY1稳定性。本领域技术人员可容易地修改和优化上述测定法,以测量或测定参与昼夜节律和/或CRY调节途径的任何蛋白质(例如Cry2、Per1、Per2、CLOCK、BMAL1、TIM蛋白或VEGF)的半寿期。
实施例8:内源CRY蛋白测定法
将细胞或组织暴露于试验化合物或溶媒中2小时-4天后,收获并在含有蛋白酶抑制剂混合物的RIPA缓冲液中匀浆。将含有SDS的蛋白质凝胶样品缓冲液加至等量的各个样品中,样品在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中分离,并电泳转移到PVDF膜上。用针对CRY蛋白的特异性抗体和与HRP缀合的第二抗体检测内源蛋白质的量。CRY蛋白用ECL+或其它类似试剂通过化学发光显示,并以数码相机记录为RAW文档。应用Photoshop和ImageJ软件以定量测定各条带。可将加标签的CRY1蛋白的量与加载样品中的总蛋白质或与随后检测的内部对照蛋白质(例如GAPDH)进行比较。可通过比较化合物处理的细胞或组织样品与对照或DMSO处理的细胞或组织样品,来测定CRY蛋白的相对量。与对照样品相比,CRY蛋白增加表明化合物提高CRY稳定性。与对照样品相比,CRY蛋白减少表明化合物降低CRY稳定性。本领域技术人员可容易地修改和优化上述测定法,以测量或测定参与昼夜节律和/或CRY调节途径的任何蛋白质(例如Cry2、Per1、Per2、CLOCK、BMAL1、TIM蛋白或VEGF)的内源蛋白质水平。
本申请中引用的所有文件,包括科学出版物、专利和专利申请均通过引用以其整体结合到本文中。
Claims (24)
1.一种下式I的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐
其中
A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H各自为碳;
R1和R2各自独立选自氢或氟;
R3和R5各自为氢;
R4为氢或-CH3;
R6为氢、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、C1-C6烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、C1-C6烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;或者
R6和R7可彼此连接作为4-10元单环或二环,其任选被一个或多个卤素、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6烷氧基或(3-10)元环烷基取代;
R8、R9和R10各自独立选自氢、C1-C6烷基、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)g(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR11R12)g(4-10)元杂环基;
前述R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13和R15的C1-C6烷基、(3-10)元环烷基、C6-C10芳基和(4-10)元杂环基的任何碳原子独立地被1-3个各自独立选自以下的R14取代基任选取代:卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、羟基、-O-R15、C1-C6烷氧基、-(CR8R9)e(C1-C6)烷氧基、C1-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-R15、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-O-R15、-O-(C=O)-R11、-O-(C=O)-R15、-NR11(C=O)-R13、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-(C=O)-NR11R15、-NR11R12、-NR11R15、-NR11OR12、-NR11OR15、-S(O)cNR11R12、-S(O)cNR11R15、-S(O)d(C1-C6)烷基、-S(O)dR15、-O-SO2-R11、-O-SO2-R15、-NR11-S(O)c、-NR15-S(O)c、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)eO(CR11R12)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)eO(CR11R12)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)fS(O)d(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR11R12)fS(O)d(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
前述R14的C1-C6烷基、(3-10)元环烷基、C6-C10芳基和(4-10)元杂环基的任何碳原子独立地被1-3个各自独立选自以下的取代基任选取代:卤素、氰基、硝基、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、三氟甲氧基、叠氮基、(CH2)eOH、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-R15、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-O-R15、-O-(C=O)-R11、-O-(C=O)-R15、-NR11(C=O)-R13、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-NR11R12和-NR11R15;
前述R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R14和R15的(4-10)元杂环基的任何氮原子独立地被以下取代基任选取代:C1-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、-(C=O)-R11、-(C=O)-O-R11、-(C=O)-NR11R12、-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基或-(CR11R12)f(C=O)(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
R11、R12和R13各自独立地为氢或C1-C6烷基;
R15为-(CR11R12)e(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR11R12)e(C6-C10)芳基或-(CR11R12)e(4-10)元杂环基;
a和b各自独立地为1、2、3或4;
c为1或2;
d为0、1或2;和
e、f和g各自独立地为0、1、2、3、4或5;
和其中当R7为-CH3时,
R6为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、C3-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、-(C=O)-R8、-(C=O)-O-R8、-(C=O)-NR8R9、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元非芳族杂环基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)f(C=O)(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基,和其中-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基的(3-10)元环烷基任选被一个或多个卤素、CF3、CN、C1-C6烷基或C1-C6烷氧基取代。
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中R6为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、C1-C6烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;和R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、C1-C6烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基。
3.权利要求1的化合物,其中R6和R7彼此连接作为4-10元单环或二环,其任选被一个或多个卤素、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6烷氧基或(3-10)元环烷基取代。
4.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述化合物是在与R4直接连接的碳原子处带有(S)-构型的单一对映体,R6为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、C1-C6烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基;和R7为-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、C1-C6烷基、-(CR8R9)d(3-10)元环烷基、-(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(C6-C10)芳基、-(CR8R9)eO(CR8R9)f(4-10)元杂环基、-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(C6-C10)芳基和-(CR8R9)fS(O)d(CR8R9)e(4-10)元杂环基。
5.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述化合物是在与R4直接连接的碳原子处带有(S)-构型的单一对映体,以及R6和R7彼此连接作为4-10元单环或二环,其任选被一个或多个卤素、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6烷氧基或(3-10)元环烷基取代。
6.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述化合物选自:
(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-5-氟-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-N-(1-甲基环戊基)甲烷磺酰胺;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-2,3-二氢苯并[d]异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物;
N-(3-(2,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;
2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物;或其药学上可接受的盐。
7.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
8.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是N-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
9.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是(S)-N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
10.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-5-氟-异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
11.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是2-(3-(3,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
12.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-N-(1-甲基环戊基)甲烷磺酰胺或其药学上可接受的盐。
13.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)异噻唑烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
14.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是N-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-2,3-二氢苯并[d]异噻唑-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
15.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是N-(3-(2,6-二氟-9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2-噻嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
16.权利要求6的化合物,所述化合物是2-(3-(9H-咔唑-9-基)-2-羟基丙基)-1,2,6-噻二嗪烷-1,1-二氧化物或其药学上可接受的盐。
17.权利要求1的化合物在制备用于调节Cry1或Cry2的药物中的用途。
18.权利要求17的用途,其中所述调节包括以下的任一种:
(i) 与Cry1或Cry2结合;
(ii) 抑制Cry1或Cry2的修饰;
(iii) 改变Cry1或Cry2定位;
(iv) 提高或降低Cry1或Cry2稳定性;
(v) 提高或降低Cry1或Cry2与靶之间的结合;
(vi) 提高或降低Cry1或Cry2活性;和
(vii) 提高或降低Cry1或Cry2靶的活性。
19.权利要求18的用途,其中所述靶是Per1、Per2、糖皮质激素受体(GR)、CLOCK、BMAL1或CLOCK-BMAL1启动子序列。
20.一种药物组合物,其包含权利要求1的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的载体、辅助剂或稀释剂。
21.权利要求20的药物组合物在制备用于治疗受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的药物中的用途。
22.权利要求20的药物组合物在制备用于减轻受试者的Cry介导的疾病或病症的症状的药物中的用途。
23.权利要求21或22的用途,其中所述Cry介导的疾病或病症是代谢综合征、胰岛素抵抗综合征、库欣综合征、青光眼、精神病性抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病、神经性疼痛、药物滥用、骨质疏松症、癌症、黄斑变性或肌病。
24.权利要求23的用途,其中所述代谢综合征是糖尿病或肥胖症。
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Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Development of Proneurogenic, Neuroprotective Small Molecules;Karen S. MacMillan等;《J. Am. Chem. Soc.》;20110106;第133卷;第1428–1437页 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107674071A (zh) * | 2012-05-11 | 2018-02-09 | 复位治疗公司 | 作为隐花色素调节剂的含有咔唑的磺酰胺类 |
CN107674071B (zh) * | 2012-05-11 | 2021-12-31 | 同步制药公司 | 作为隐花色素调节剂的含有咔唑的磺酰胺类 |
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