CN104638735A - 用于具有分布式功率转换器仲裁的电动车辆的充电器 - Google Patents

用于具有分布式功率转换器仲裁的电动车辆的充电器 Download PDF

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CN104638735A
CN104638735A CN201410618428.2A CN201410618428A CN104638735A CN 104638735 A CN104638735 A CN 104638735A CN 201410618428 A CN201410618428 A CN 201410618428A CN 104638735 A CN104638735 A CN 104638735A
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power
vehicle
charger
summation
request
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G.J.K.M.库伦
J-P.阿伯斯范德林登
L.P.比奇
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ABB Technology AG
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Abstract

用于具有分布式功率转换器仲裁的电动车辆的充电器。本申请涉及一种用于电动车辆的充电器，其包括：用于车辆的至少两个功率交换端口，每个端口包括用于至少接收来自车辆的功率请求的数据通信连接，和用于将功率递送到车辆的功率交换连接；至少一个用于接收电功率的电网连接；数据通信总线，用于将功率请求从所述车辆传送到多个自治可控功率转换器，每一个用于将来自电网连接的功率转换成合适的水平以用于对车辆充电；并且所述功率转换器中的每一个包括数据通信设备，该数据通信设备连接到所述数据总线，并被配置成用于从车辆接收功率请求；并且被配置成用于经由所述数据总线指示其可用的功率。

Description

用于具有分布式功率转换器仲裁的电动车辆的充电器
技术领域
本发明涉及用于电动车辆的充电器，更具体地，涉及包括多个功率转换器的充电器。
背景技术
用于包括多个功率转换器的电动车辆的充电器在本领域中是已知的。在一个充电器中使用多个转换器的优点是可以根据瞬时功率需要来设置有源转换器（active converter）的数目。使用中的功率转换器可以操作于常常为工作周期的最大功率的节能模式中。
此类充电器的示例在美国专利7,135,836中给出，其中公开了具有多个功率转换器和用于电池的多个功率交换端口的车辆充电器。该转换器包括中央的，所谓系统级的控制器和用于控制该转换器以其来运行的功率水平的接口。
尽管上述拓扑满足一定的需求，但是电动车辆日益增加的通信设施已经提出了对控制用于电动车辆的充电器的更加先进的方法的要求。
2009 IEEE proceedings“Distributed Control of Parallel AC to DC Converter”提出了控制AC/DC转换器的功率转换器的不同方式，其中每个转换器模块包括其自己的控制器。功率转换器输出被用于向公共负载供电，该公共负载不一定是需要快速充电的电动车辆。然而，该系统未使多个车辆实现同时充电。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供此类改进的功率转换器，或者至少提供对用于快速将电动车辆进行充电的目前工艺水平充电器的有益的替代。
此外，本发明提出一种用于电动车辆的充电器，其包括：至少两个用于车辆的功率交换端口，每个端口包括用于至少接收来自车辆的功率请求的数据通信连接和用于将功率递送到车辆的功率交换连接；至少一个用于接收电功率的电网连接；数据通信总线，用于将功率请求从所述车辆传送到多个自治可控功率转换器，每个用于将来自电网连接的功率转换成合适的水平和波形以用于对车辆充电，其中所述功率转换器中的每一个包括数据通信设备，该数据通信设备连接到所述数据总线，并被配置成用于从车辆接收功率请求，并且被配置成用于通过所述数据总线指示其可用的功率。
通过为所述功率转换器中的每一个提供通信设备，可以获得与待充电的车辆的充分且高效的通信。根据本发明的充电器提供了以下优点：车辆可以具有与功率转换器控制器的直接通信，这使得充电器能够不断地使自身适于针对该特定时刻和/或待充电的车辆的组合的最优设置。
根据本发明的充电器的另外的优点是：功率转换器的控制器的软件维护变得更容易，因为所有控制器可以被直接寻址。相对于上述目前工艺水平的专利，一个优点是：不再存在对主控制器的需要。根据本发明的充电器可以操作如下。当一个或多个车辆连接到充电器以便充电时，确定在充电器的功率交换端口处车辆所请求的功率总和，以及由充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率总和。如果所请求的功率总和大于可用功率的总和，则至少一个功率转换器的可用功率被分配给请求车辆所耦合的功率交换端口。然后，确定由充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率的剩余总和，并且如果所请求的功率总和大于可用功率的总和，则执行与车辆的协商。接下来，至少一个功率转换器的可用功率被递送到请求车辆所耦合的功率交换端口。
为了满足车辆的请求，控制器选择功率转换器以递送这个功率。该选择使用确定的算法作出。因为所有控制器使用相同的选择算法，所以它们知道彼此的选择而无需另外的通信。
在实施例中，功率交换端口的数据通信连接被提供数据通信设备，该数据通信设备被配置成用于取回来自车辆的功率请求，使得该请求经由通信总线而对可控功率转换器可用并且从功率转换器接收可用功率指示。
待充电的车辆可以耦合到功率交换端口和充电器的对应的数据通信端口。然后该车辆所耦合的端口的数据通信设备从车辆接收请求，包括车辆设置的对于充电的要求，比如所要求的功率、充电的最大持续时间、以及车辆根据其而能够被充电的协议。
在上面的示例中，车辆是“主导的”，即：充电器响应于来自车辆的要求。还可能的是，充电器将可用功率传送给车辆，并且车辆随后指示其要求多少可用功率。在那种情况下，充电器如下操作，其中功率交换端口的数据通信连接被提供数据通信设备，该数据通信设备被配置成用于从功率转换器接收可用功率指示，使得请求经由通信总线而对车辆可用并且基于可用功率取回来自车辆的功率请求。
在又一实施例中，数据通信设备被配置成用于：确定至少一个功率转换器是否具有至少部分地满足来自车辆的请求的可用功率；如果功率可用，则将至少一个功率转换器的功率输出耦合到用于车辆的功率交换端口的功率交换连接；以及响应于来自车辆的功率请求而与自治可控功率转换器协商功率转换设置。这样，来自车辆的请求由该车辆所连接的端口直接且独立地处理。
在又一实施例中，数据通信设备被配置成用于将可用的功率转换器的功率输出耦合到功率交换连接，直到功率请求被满足或者直到没有更多功率转换器可用为止。
当从车辆接收到功率请求时，通信设备经由通信总线传送该请求，并且其被所有功率转换器接收。控制器估计转换器是否能够递送所请求的功率（的一部分）。因为在耦合到一个充电器的多个车辆之间需要电流分离，所以只能将功率转换器耦合到一个功率交换端口。当一个功率转换器能够递送所请求的功率时，其指示如此，并且其被耦合到功率交换端口。当所请求的功率大于由一个功率转换器所能递送的功率时，可以将第二和另一转换器耦合到功率交换端口。在此类情况下，一个或多个数目的功率转换器可以以其最大的功率水平和/或工作周期进行操作，并且一个最后的功率转换器可以以低于其最大的功率水平进行操作。这样做以用于获得最大的效率，因为通常功率转换器以其最大功率水平和/或整个工作周期来最高效操作。
在又一实施例中，数据通信设备被配置成用于检验在预定时间间隔之后或者在预定事件之后当功率请求过去或现在大于来自功率转换器的最大可用功率时，是否存在可用的功率转换器；并且如果存在可用的功率转换器，则将此类功率转换器中的至少一个的功率输出耦合到请求功率的车辆的功率交换端口的功率交换连接。
如果车辆在其请求的功率不可用的时间到达，并且其被设置成比所期望更低的水平，则有利的是当基于常规基础来确定可用功率时，因此情形一发生变化（例如因为车辆已经离开）就可以开始新的协商。
在另一实施例中，充电器包括耦合到数据通信总线的数据存储，该数据存储包括系统限制数据，诸如电网连接的功率限制、调峰要求或能量费用（cost）。
此外，可以存在用于与电力网通信的通信端口。
附图说明
将参考下面的附图更加详细地阐明本申请：
- 图1示出根据本发明的充电器的示意图；
- 图2a-2k给出在充电器处的一系列实际情形的详细示例。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据本发明的充电器1的示意图，包括用于车辆4，5的两个功率交换端口2、3，每个端口包括用于至少接收来自车辆的功率请求的数据通信连接2a、3a和用于将功率递送到车辆的功率交换连接2b、3b；用于接收电功率的电网连接6；数据通信总线7，用于将功率请求从车辆传送到多个自治可控功率转换器8、9、10，每个用于将来自电网连接的功率转换成合适的水平和波形以用于对车辆充电，其中功率转换器中的每一个包括数据通信设备8a、9a、10a，其被连接到数据总线7，并被配置成用于从车辆4、5接收功率请求，并且用于经由数据总线7指示其可用的功率。
数据总线7提供了共享来自功率模块、车辆接口和后端接口的相关信息的方式。信息以这样的方式共享，使得这些所提及的设备具有最新的信息。利用此信息，正进行诸如功率模块到车辆接口的分配之类的特定选择。
功率交换端口的数据通信连接被提供数据通信设备2c、3c，其被配置成用于取回来自车辆的功率请求，使得该请求经由通信总线7而对可控功率转换器可用并且从功率转换器8、9、10接收可用功率指示。
充电器还包括：耦合到数据通信总线7的数据存储11，该数据存储包括诸如电网连接的功率限制、调峰要求或能量费用之类的系统限制数据；以及用于与电力网12的后端通信的通信端口11a。
数据通信设备2c、3c、8a、9a、10a被配置成用于：确定至少一个功率转换器是否具有至少部分地满足来自车辆的请求的可用功率；如果功率可用，则借助于具有开关13的矩阵（matrix）将至少一个功率转换器的功率输出耦合到用于车辆的功率交换端口的功率交换连接；以及响应于来自车辆的功率请求而与自治可控功率转换器协商功率转换设置。
数据通信设备2c、3c、8a、9a、10a被配置成用于将可用功率转换器的功率输出耦合到功率交换连接，直到功率请求被满足或者直到没有更多功率转换器可用为止。
此外，数据通信设备2c、3c、8a、9a、10a被配置成用于检验在预定时间间隔之后或者在预定事件之后当功率请求过去或现在大于来自功率转换器的最大可用功率时，是否存在可用的功率转换器；并且如果存在可用的功率转换器，则将此类功率转换器中的至少一个的功率输出耦合到请求功率的车辆的功率交换端口的功率交换连接。
图2示出了根据本发明的方法的框图。一般来说，该方法包括以下步骤：确定在充电器的功率交换端口处车辆所请求的功率总和；确定由充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率总和，如果所请求的功率总和大于可用功率的总和的话，并且将至少一个功率转换器的可用功率分配给请求车辆所耦合的功率交换端口，使得所述车辆的功率请求被满足；以及确定由充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率的剩余总和。如果所请求的功率总和大于可用功率的总和，则执行与车辆的协商，并且将至少一个功率转换器的可用功率分配到请求车辆所耦合的功率交换端口。
图2a-2k给出了在充电器处的一系列实际情形的详细示例。
图2a示出初始情形，其中电动车辆EV1从充电器请求最大DC功率。车辆接口1为了可用的DC功率而将请求发送到功率模块和后端接口。
图2b示出其中功率中的每一个被额定成20kW并且3个功率模块可用的情形。动态电网限制为50kW，因此可用的最大DC功率也是50kW。
图2c示出电动车辆EV1以40kW的DC功率需求开始。车辆接口1将设置点发送到功率模块中的两个。电动车辆EV1被充电。
图2d示出电动车辆EV2迟于电动车辆EV1到达。电动车辆EV2从充电器请求最大DC功率。车辆接口2为了可用的DC功率而将请求发送到功率模块和后端接口。
图2e示出功率模块中的每一个被额定成20kW并且一个功率模块可用，其余的由车辆接口1使用。动态电网限制为50kW，因此最大的可用DC功率为10kW。
图2f示出电动车辆EV2以10kW的DC功率需求开始。车辆接口2将设置点发送到功率模块中的一个。电动车辆EV2被充电。
图2g示出电动车辆EV1和2正被充电。电动车辆EV1的功率需求被降低到20kW，因此功率模块2被车辆接口1释放。
2h功率模块2的可用性与接口2同步，基于可用的DC功率，新的最大DC功率（30kW）被发送到电动车辆EV2。
2i电动车辆EV2将其DC功率需求增加到30kW。车辆接口2将设置点发送到功率模块中的两个（PM2和PM3）。电动车辆EV2以更高的功率被充电。
图2j示出从电网运营方（grid operator）的后端服务器接收到新的限制（60kW）。该新的限制与车辆接口同步。传送到车辆的最大可用DC功率为20kW（EV1）和40kW（EV2）。
图2k示出电动车辆EV2将其DC功率需求增加到40kW。电动车辆EV2以更高的功率被充电。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于电动车辆的充电器，包括：
- 至少两个用于车辆的功率交换端口，每个端口包括：
　○ 数据通信连接，用于至少接收来自车辆的功率请求，以及
　○ 功率交换连接，用于将功率递送到车辆；
- 至少一个用于接收电功率的电网连接；
- 数据通信总线，用于将功率请求从所述车辆传送到：
- 多个自治可控功率转换器，每一个
　○ 用于将来自电网连接的AC功率转换成用于对车辆充电的DC功率；并且
其特征在于，
- 所述功率转换器中的每一个包括数据通信设备，其
　○ 连接到所述数据通信总线，并且
　○ 被配置成用于经由所述数据通信总线指示其可用的功率；以及
- 被配置成用于从车辆接收功率请求，并且所述功率交换端口中的每一个直接控制所述功率转换器的子集，其中该子集由每个功率交换端口中确定的规则的预定义集合定义。
2.根据权利要求1的充电器，其中所述功率交换端口被提供数据通信设备，该数据通信设备被配置成用于：
- 从所述功率转换器接收可用功率指示；
- 使得所述请求经由所述通信总线而对所述车辆可用；
- 基于所述可用功率来取回来自车辆的功率请求。
3.根据权利要求1的充电器，其中所述功率交换端口被提供数据通信设备，该数据通信设备被配置成用于：
- 取回来自车辆的功率请求；
- 使得该请求经由所述通信总线而对所述可控功率转换器可用；
- 从所述功率转换器接收可用功率指示。
4.根据权利要求2或3的充电器，其中所述数据通信设备被配置成用于：
- 确定至少一个功率转换器是否具有可用于至少部分地满足来自车辆的请求的功率；
- 如果功率可用，则将至少一个功率转换器的功率输出耦合到用于车辆的功率交换端口的功率交换连接；以及
- 响应于来自车辆的功率请求而与所述自治可控功率转换器协商功率转换设置。
5.根据权利要求3的充电器，其中所述数据通信设备被配置成用于：
- 将可用的功率转换器的功率输出耦合到功率交换连接，直到所述功率请求被满足或者直到没有更多功率转换器可用为止。
6.根据权利要求4或5的充电器，其中所述数据通信设备被配置成用于：
- 检验在预定时间间隔之后或者在预定事件之后当功率请求过去或现在大于来自功率转换器的最大可用功率时，是否存在可用的功率转换器；并且
- 如果存在可用的功率转换器，则将此类功率转换器中的至少一个的功率输出耦合到请求功率的车辆的所述功率交换端口的所述功率交换连接。
7.根据前面权利要求中的任一项的充电器，包括耦合到所述数据通信总线的数据存储，该数据存储包括系统限制数据，诸如电网连接的功率限制、调峰要求、所述能量交换端口的充电优先级或能量费用。
8.根据前面权利要求中的任一项的充电器，包括用于与电力网的后端通信的通信端口。
9.一种用于操作用于电动车辆的充电器的方法，包括以下步骤：
- 确定由所述充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率总和；
- 将所述可用功率传送到与所述充电器的功率交换端口连接的车辆；
- 确定在所述充电器的功率交换端口处车辆所请求的功率总和；
　- 如果所请求的功率总和大于所述可用功率的总和；
　- 则执行与所述车辆的协商；
- 如果所请求的功率总和大于所述可用功率的总和，则
　- 将至少一个功率转换器的所述可用功率分配给请求车辆所耦合的所述功率交换端口，使得所述车辆的所述功率请求被满足；
　- 确定由所述充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率的剩余总和；
　- 将至少一个功率转换器的所述可用功率分配给请求车辆所耦合的所述功率交换端口。
10.一种用于操作用于电动车辆的充电器的方法，包括以下步骤：
- 确定在所述充电器的功率交换端口处车辆所请求的功率总和；
- 确定由所述充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率总和；
- 如果所请求的功率总和大于所述可用功率的总和，则
　- 将至少一个功率转换器的所述可用功率分配给请求车辆所耦合的所述功率交换端口，使得所述车辆的所述功率请求被满足；
　- 确定由所述充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率的剩余总和；
- 如果所请求的功率总和大于所述可用功率的总和；则
　- 执行与车辆的协商；
　- 将至少一个功率转换器的所述可用功率分配给请求车辆所耦合的所述功率交换端口。
11.一种用于操作用于电动车辆的充电器的方法，包括以下步骤：
- 确定在所述充电器的功率交换端口处车辆所请求的功率总和；
- 确定由所述充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率总和；
- 如果所请求的功率总和大于所述可用功率的总和，则
　- 基于预定的优先级分配所述可用功率。
12.一种用于操作用于电动车辆的充电器的方法，包括以下步骤：
- 确定在所述充电器的功率交换端口处车辆所请求的功率总和；
- 确定由所述充电器所包括的功率转换器可用的功率总和；
- 如果所请求的功率总和大于所述可用功率的总和，则
　- 在请求车辆之间均匀地分配所述可用功率。
13.根据权利要求9-12中的任一项的方法，包括：
- 将多个功率转换器的所述可用功率分配给请求车辆所耦合的所述功率交换端口，使得所述车辆的所述功率请求被满足；其中那组功率模块是并行的。
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