CN104429207A - Pitting field and hedgerow combined farming mode and structure thereof - Google Patents
Pitting field and hedgerow combined farming mode and structure thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a pitting field and hedgerow combined farming mode and a structure thereof. According to the invention, the upper and lower edges of a slope-surface land parcel are provided with permanent slope-protecting ridges; gutters are dug at the outer sides of the ridges and at the left and right sides of the slope-surface land parcel; the gutters are interconnected to form a slope-surface gutterway; horizontal interception ditches with equal altitude are dug in the interior of the slope-surface land parcel from top to bottom according to critical slope length which leads to rill erosion, so the slope-surface land parcel is divided into a plurality of farming districts with equal length; ridges and furrows are constructed along slope direction in the farming districts; the downslope furrows, the interception ditches with equal altitude and the slope-surface gutters are communicated to form a slope-surface water drainage network; downslope furrow pitting field earth ridges and equal-attitude interception ditch pitting field earth ridges are constructed in the downslope furrows and the interception ditches at same intervals, thereby forming downslope furrow pitting fields; and cross slope ridges with equal altitude are constructed at the middle parts of the farming districts, and water-retaining plants are planted on the ridges to form ridge hedgerow. The combined farming mode provided by the invention has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and substantial control effect on water and soil loss.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to sloping upland agricultural tillage and soil erosion preventing techniques field, specific design is a kind of is applicable to Upper Yangtze River especially " district's field+plant hedge " the compound tillage system reform of reservoir area of Three Gorges purple soil steep-sloping land and construction method thereof.
Background technology
Reservoir area of Three Gorges is in China, and particularly the social economy of the Yangtze river basin, the ecological protective screen and water security aspect have important strategic position.In district, relief is comparatively large, and relative relief reaches 2800m, and Zhongshan District accounts for 32.02% of whole district's soil gross area, and low mountain accounts for 38.25%, and hills accounts for 25.16%, and river valley Pingba accounts for 4.57%, soil gross area 55742km2.Reservoir area (Chongqing Section) existing arable area 389.10 ten thousand hm
2, wherein more than 69% is Slope Cropland with Purple Soil, is greater than 15 ° of hillside fields areas and accounts for 53.87%, is a local important cultivated land resource.This district is positioned at monsoon climatic region, moistening subtropics, warm and moist, average annual precipitation 1150mm, and more than 70% rainfall distribution is in summer and autumn, and strong rainstorms weather is the principal element of bringing out the reservoir area soil erosion and water and soil loss.In addition soil, reservoir area of Three Gorges Agricultural Cultivation activity history is long, and the density of population is high, and land resources is in short supply, and the sloping upland gradient is comparatively steep, and plot is little and broken, cultivation rate and cropping index high, soil anti-erodibility is low, severe water and soil erosion.
Enter " rear Three Gorges " epoch, reservoir area research soil and water conservation work is faced with new requirement and challenge.The construction of Three Gorges Projects with to run and relocation of people from reservoir areas is settled to have created reservoir area and watershed ecosystem, surficial process and social economy and also will be produced great impact; The new period, Mountain Urban Area progress faster, inhabitant's consumption level improves constantly, and limited arable land subjects unprecedented pressure.The ecological environment problem that the water and soil loss brought thus, environmental degradation etc. are day by day serious, causes social extensive concern, is just becoming important research topic in rear Three Gorges periods.
Implement gradient optimiziation in reservoir area and be faced with many difficulties, labor cost is too high, and fund input amount is large, and the transformation cycle is long; And height slope, local mountain is steep, surface relief is large, and landform is incoherent, and comprehensive domatic terraced fields improvement project is in reservoir area and be not suitable for.Reservoir area of Three Gorges year rainfall concentrates on the 6-9 month, and the soil erosion mainly occurs in heavy rain or torrential rain event for several times.The local tillage system reform implemented for a long time along ridging, back and forth sowing back and forth up and down between slope ditching, ditch.Entirely domaticly cause domatic water route long along the supporting farming in Po Gou ridge, charge for remittance is sharply, domatic and the furrow soil erosion serious, especially washes away with toe furrow the most violent, almost causes purplish rock exposure.Therefore, traditional tillage method faces severe water and soil erosion, and money of ploughing runs off and destroys, challenge that agricultural produce pressure is large etc.; Local common people have again the farming custom of choosing Sha Haitian, cause soil layer, soil depletion, the even agriculture underproduction to avoid long-term water and soil loss.Back and forth, define " corroding-choose sand-erosion " vicious circle throughout the year.
Current, reservoir area sloping upland general layout is substantially fixing, improves that sloping upland tillage system reform just becomes simple to operate, the cycle is short, water protects the obvious effective way of benefit.Therefore, in the urgent need to fully using for reference on the basis of local planting habit, research and develop a kind of sloping upland tillage control measure of water conservation corrosion inhibitor, to control slope soil erosion, prevention soil and water loss, reduces river, reservoir area and takes husky rate, alleviate reservoir area pollution of waterhead load.
Summary of the invention
The object of the technology of the present invention be to provide a kind of cost to drop into low, be easy to implement, easily promote, core is occured as to control sloping upland rill erosion, slope surface runoff is retained in realization, silt is impelled to deposit on the spot, increase soil moisture, mellow soil foster and apply fertilizer for the purpose of it " district's field+plant hedge " domatic compound tillage system reform and structure thereof.
The object of the technology of the present invention is achieved in that
A kind of district's field plant hedge compound tillage system reform and structure thereof, at the upward slope top in domatic plot, descending foot arranges bank protection field bund (bank), can be soil, rubble or soil and rubble mixed materials, is designed to gravity-type and forever keeps off native competent structure; Divide boundary of land block with field bund, form domatic plot outermost and retain slope runoff structure, and provide a kind of peasant of convenience field to cultivate the simple and easy domatic path of walking; For vertical plane, lower side slope are inclined plane on the upside of field bund, the equal planting plants hedge in both sides inside and outside field bund.Be provided with the excavation gutter of certain depth in upward slope top, whole domatic plot, toe and the domatic left and right sides, domatic plot is inner dams enough with high levels such as same intervals builds, and horizontal ditch cross section is in shape is trapezoidal; Some parallel contour ditches that retains split domatic plot, the domatic farming community of the lengths of grade such as formation, in each segmentation community, build ditch along hill start ridge, form the alternate tillage system reform in ditch ridge in horizontal wall inscription face.Horizontal wall inscription retains 2 times that ditch configuration space is actual farming Rill Erosion generation critical plane method.Slope drainage network is jointly formed along slope furrow, level ditch of runoff harvesting and gutter.
Ridge tillage and pitting field adds the lattice field of furrow ridge formation or the structure of hole interception water and soil with alley.Field, domatic district structure is divided into two large divisions: a is along field, furrow district, slope, tectonic sieving for build horizontal earth steps (hereinafter referred to as " field, the district low bank of earth between fields ") from top to down at equal intervals in furrow, form a lot of horizontal wall inscription gear soil " wall ", field, district low bank of earth between fields spacing size and the gradient are inversely proportional to; B level retains Gou Qu field, and field, district low bank of earth between fields design attitude is on each suitable ridge, hillside fields lower edge (Fig. 1).Field, district low bank of earth between fields structure and configuration principle similar, only size there are differences: the design of low bank of earth between fields cross section be at the bottom of top width narrow fall shape trapezoidal, field, level ditch of runoff harvesting district low bank of earth between fields construction size is greater than along the field low bank of earth between fields, furrow district, slope (table 1); Horizontal wall inscription intercepting drain district field cutting depth can suitably increase, and is greater than and is advisable along the dark 5-10cm of slope furrow, be directly proportional to the domatic gradient; Rational height along furrow district, the slope field low bank of earth between fields is advisable to flush face, field, and contour interception Gou Qu field low bank of earth between fields rational height should lower than face, field 5cm.
The configuration of domatic contour hedgerows, as shown in Figure 1, plot is cut into the farming community of waiting length of grade by horizontal wall inscription intercepting drain, and horizontal wall inscription ridging in the middle part of the cultivating unit between adjacent level intercepting drain, cuts open straight plowing and do community, and formation one small-sized domatic transverse direction is blocked field bund; Field bund Section Design width be about that straight plowing makes alley 2/3, ridge height arranges and flushes with along ridge, hillside fields, and also can suitably exceed along ridge, hillside fields about 5cm, it is highly directly proportional to gradient size.Horizontal wall inscription alley is planted water and protect plant hedge, plant hedge configuration perennial short heave root system crop (as leek), or for this season cereal crops are to alleviate local cultivated land resource contradiction in short supply.
In the present invention, a kind of " district's field+plant hedge " compound tillage system reform and structure thereof, retain ditch by domatic level, along crop ped location, hill start ridge and field bund plant hedge Aided design, form the domatic compound tillage system reform of " ditch one ridge one hedge ".
Three reservoir area sloping upland areas are wide, and the gradient is steep, and cultivated land resource is in short supply; This district is located in moistening monsoon climatic region, subtropics, and rainfall concentrates on the annual 6-9 month, and the local long-term suitable slope ridge culture tillage method formed, when there is heavy rain, sloping upland severe water and soil erosion; In addition the anthropogenic soil purple soil soil that this district is main is shallow, severe water and soil erosion, and land fertility reduces, and agricultural produce pressure is large.The present invention fully takes into account the steep current conditions in Shan Gao slope, region, take into account the farming custom that local common people form for a long time simultaneously, and ridge tillage and pitting field, field bund plant hedge soil erosion management Successful utilization experience, integrated have developed a kind ofly is intended to control " district's field+plant hedge " compound tillage system reform of reservoir area steep-sloping land water and soil loss; Summarize Rill Erosion occur and evolution research experience for many years basis on, the straight plowing that devises of science makes domatic community length of grade.This tillage system reform is simple to operate, and it is convenient to implement, and drop into without the need to outside, cost is low, peasant is acceptant.For the minimizing soil erosion, the conservation of soil and water, protection zone cultivated land resource is significant.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1. cutting plot, farming is convenient.
In a kind of " district's field+plant hedge " compound tillage system reform design, slope drainage gutter, suitable slope furrow and contour retaining between ditch are interconnected, and form complete section drainage network, can discharge rainwash rapidly when meeting with heavy rain.Secondly, arrange drain ditch at ground block edge can remove rand weeds root system and sick worm nest and play strange land buffer action.The domatic high level that waits retains ditch, and straight plowing sloping upland being cut into some equal lengths makes unit, reduces the domatic farming length of common people.This structure fully combines local common people farming custom for a long time, and steep-sloping land takes straight plowing to do more for convenience, and farming length of grade shortens, and labour intensity is low.
2. the poly-soil of sediment trapping, water conservation corrosion inhibitor.
The ridge tillage and pitting field design effect of preventing erosion significantly." district's field+plant hedge " the compound tillage system reform invented in this patent, different in the design of field, district, this fully takes into account Yangtze upriver areas sloping upland area comparatively extensively, and the steep-sloping land area being greater than 15 degree is more.The low bank of earth between fields design of Gu Qu field is higher, thicker, and low bank of earth between fields spacing controls within 50cm, and vertical section, field, district of unit is that " smooth straight line " → " U " type → " V " type develops along with the gradient increases.Such design effectively can retain precipitation, reduces the domatic potential energy of rainwater, impels silt to occur to deposit on the spot; Specific aim along field, furrow district, slope and the ridge, field, horizontal wall inscription intercepting drain district height configures, can sediment trapping retaining, excessive rainwash can be got rid of again, prevent domatic furrow generation accumulated water and destroy by rush of water, the object of final realization " light rain retaining, heavy rain sediment trapping ", the conservation of soil and water.
3. retain and conserve soil moisture, mellow soil is fostered and apply fertilizer.
The integrated research and development of patent of the present invention " sloping upland ridge tillage and pitting field+field bund plant hedge " compound tillage system reform.Design is deep-cut horizontal wall inscription and is retained ditch, and deep ploughing scarifying soil, accelerates purplish rock and be weathered into soil.Block slope runoff water route with " horizontal wall inscription field bund+plant hedge ", hinder and delay domatic charge for remittance, reduce flow velocity, block layer by layer and take husky current, weaken water energy; Also prevent traditional complete domatic suitable hill start ridge causes charge for remittance path long, and cause toe table soil suffers violent scour to slope concentration strongly; Meanwhile, plant hedge possesses canopy and cuts rain, root system fixation, too increases shear resistance and the impact resilience of horizontal wall inscription field bund.Research shows that " district's field+plant hedge " compound tillage system reform is taken into account the conservation of soil and water and retained and conserved soil moisture and acts on, and promotes that rainwash infiltrates, increases soil moisture, preserve moisture and form soil " reservoir ", reach the effect of water transfer soil moisture conservation when retaining silt; And further mitigate local common people " choosing Sha Haitian " work burden for a long time.
4. simple to operate, fake cheap, be beneficial to popularization.
In " district's field+plant hedge " compound tillage system reform designed by the present invention, three essential building blocks are: domatic water system, ridge tillage and pitting field and contour hedgerows, be in a large amount of investigations on the spot, fully conclude in conjunction with comprehensive in local common people farming custom for many years and planting patterns basis.Design operation is simple, and peasant easily grasps; And without extra additional input, with low cost.For several typical sloping upland Land use systems in current reservoir area of Three Gorges, the abrupt slope sloping terrace that namely area is larger, abrupt slope bench terrace that area is less etc. are all applicable, can realize spread.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Tu1Shi district of the present invention field plant hedge tillage system reform and construct domatic whole structure figure.
Fig. 2 is that Fig. 1 is along I-I line vertical section schematic diagram (sloping terrace is example).
Tu3Shi district of the present invention field plant hedge tillage system reform and construct domatic effect local overlook perspective view.
Fig. 4 is that Fig. 3 constructs along the signal of II-II line cross section along slope furrow and field, the district low bank of earth between fields.
Fig. 5 is that Fig. 3 constructs along signal district, the III-III line vertical section field low bank of earth between fields.
Embodiment
See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, a kind of " field, district plant hedge " compound tillage system reform.
Fig. 1,2 is respectively " district's field+plant hedge " the domatic whole structure of tillage system reform and vertical section design sketch.Wherein each symbolic significance is respectively: along ridge, hillside fields (A), field bund plant hedge (B), face, field, hillside fields (C), block edge consolidation field bund (D), etc. high level retain ditch (E), the ridge, field, horizontal ditch district (E
1), along slope furrow (F), along furrow district, the slope ridge, field (F
1), slope drainage gutter (G), vertical section schematic lines (I), along ridge, hillside fields length of grade (LS).
1. domatic water system is arranged.The upper and lower edge in domatic plot all arranges permanent bank protection field bund (D), for vertical plane, downside are slope on the upside of field bund, the gradient is between 60-80 degree, and gutter (G) is all excavated on outside field bund and left and right both sides, domatic plot, is interconnected to constitute slope drainage ditch; In inside, domatic plot from top to down, ditch (E) is retained with high levels such as uniform distances (2LS) excavations, and domatic plot is divided into some isometric farming communities, excavate in Nei Shunpo direction, each farming community along drain ditch, slope (F) and build farming alley (A), be connected with the contour ditch that retains along slope furrow, and communicate in slope drainage gutter and form complete slope drainage network.2. ridge tillage and pitting field design.Build at certain intervals along furrow district, the slope field low bank of earth between fields (F respectively at along slope furrow and contour retaining in ditch
1) and contour interception Gou Qu field (E
1), formation inclined slope aspect and horizontal wall inscription are to ridge tillage and pitting field, and field, the district low bank of earth between fields needs compacting.3. contour field bund plant hedge.In the middle part of the two adjacent contour farming communities retained between ditch, build horizontal wall inscription to block alley, and plant on this alley and be implanted with the plant hedge that higher water protects benefit, form the contour field bund plant hedge (B) of horizontal wall inscription.The critical plane method that alley length (LS) occurs for corresponding gradient rill erosion.
See Fig. 4, Fig. 5, field, a kind of district plant hedge compound tillage system reform constructing variable.
Fig. 4,5 is respectively Fig. 3 along the signal of II-II, III-III line section along slope furrow and field, district low bank of earth between fields detailed configuration technical parameter, and wherein representated by each symbol, constructing technology parameter is respectively: alley bottom width (W
1), neat face, field alley width (W
2), cross section, the ridge, field, district top width (w
1), the ridge, field, district horizontal wall inscription face bottom width (w
2), face, the field following alley degree of depth (H
1), face, field above alley height (H
2); Vertical section, the ridge, field, district top width (w
3), vertical section, the ridge, field, district bottom width (w
4), field, district low bank of earth between fields height (h
1), field, district low bank of earth between fields bottom space (S).
The low bank of earth between fields master-plan of field, district is is laterally upside-down trapezoid, along the longitudinal trapezoid in slope, cut the earth on the spot in domatic furrow and build the low bank of earth between fields, the low bank of earth between fields needs to tamp; Flush with face, field along furrow district, slope field low bank of earth between fields design height, wait field, high ridge intercepting drain district low bank of earth between fields design height to be advisable lower than face, field 5cm, and the degree of depth is greater than along slope furrow 5-10cm; Field, district is inversely proportional to apart from size and the gradient, and field, district low bank of earth between fields height is directly proportional to the gradient, and vertical section, field, district of unit is that " smooth straight line " → " U " type → " V " type develops along with the gradient increases.Straight plowing is made alley structure section and is become to be inverted " U " type, and the above alley width in face, neat field shrinks rapidly; Contour hedgerows field bund Section Design width be about that straight plowing makes alley 2/3, highly design is greater than farming alley height 5-10cm, plant hedge configuration perennial, short, the intensive crop of root system (as leek), may also be this season cereal crops in short supply to alleviate local cultivated land resource.
Rely on Chinese Academy of Sciences's reservoir area of Three Gorges water and soil conservation and Environmental Studies station, we have carried out long-term investigation on the spot and soil and water conservation benefits experimental study.Be integrated with part sloping upland rill erosion generation control key technology, fully take into account the sloping upland planting habit of local common people, have developed " district's field+plant hedge " the compound tillage system reform and the constructing technology thereof that control steep-sloping land water and soil loss on this basis.This technology, by deep-cutting contour interception ditch, shallow suitable slope furrow, is built " field, the district low bank of earth between fields " in furrow, is formed ridge tillage and pitting field general layout; Do build horizontal wall inscription field bund in the middle part of unit and configure plant hedge in straight plowing, the object of the two the cooperative achievement conservation of soil and water.And obtain " district's field+plant hedge " tillage system reform constructing technology parameter empirical value (see table 1).
Table 1 " district's field+plant hedge " mode construction technical parameter
Claims (4)
1. bank protection field bund (D) is set in upward slope top, domatic plot, descending foot, is designed to the gravity-type that soil, rubble or soil adds rubble mixed materials and forever keeps off native competent structure; Divide boundary of land block with field bund, form domatic plot outermost and retain slope runoff structure, and provide a kind of peasant of convenience field to cultivate the simple and easy domatic path of walking; For vertical plane, lower side slope are inclined plane on the upside of field bund, the equal planting plants hedge in both sides inside and outside field bund; The excavation gutter (G) of certain depth is set in the outside of bank protection field bund and the left and right sides, domatic plot; Domatic plot is inner dams enough (E) with high levels such as same intervals builds, and horizontal ditch cross section is in shape is trapezoidal; Some parallel contour ditches that retains split domatic plot, the domatic farming community of the lengths of grade such as formation, dig and build along slope furrow drain (F), form the alternate tillage system reform in ditch ridge in each farming community along hill start along ridge, hillside fields (A); Horizontal wall inscription retains 2 times that ditch configuration space is actual farming Rill Erosion generation critical plane method (LS); Slope drainage network is jointly formed along slope furrow, level ditch of runoff harvesting and gutter.
2. field, district plant hedge compound tillage system reform according to claim 1, it is add the lattice field of furrow ridge formation or the structure of hole interception water and soil with alley that domatic ridge tillage and pitting field builds, be divided into two large divisions: a, along field, furrow district, slope, builds at equal intervals from top to down laterally along furrow district, the slope field low bank of earth between fields (F in furrow
1), form a lot of horizontal wall inscription gear soil " wall ", field, district low bank of earth between fields spacing size and the gradient are inversely proportional to; B level retains Gou Qu field, field, the horizontal ditch district low bank of earth between fields (E
1) design attitude each along ridge, hillside fields lower edge; Liang Zhong district field low bank of earth between fields structure and configuration principle similar, cross section design be at the bottom of top width narrow fall shape trapezoidal, vertical section design is the narrow bottom width trapezoid in top; Field, level ditch of runoff harvesting district low bank of earth between fields construction size be 1.5 times to along furrow district, the slope field low bank of earth between fields, level retains ditch cutting depth to be greater than along the dark (H of slope furrow
1) 5-10cm be advisable, and with the gradient increase and deepen; Rational height along furrow district, the slope field low bank of earth between fields is advisable to flush face, field, and field, level ditch of runoff harvesting district low bank of earth between fields rational height should lower than face, field 5cm.
3. field, district plant hedge compound tillage system reform according to claim 1, domatic contour field bund plant hedge (B) configuration mode is as follows: with the farming community of the lengths of grade (2LS) such as horizontal wall inscription intercepting drain cutting plot formation, horizontal wall inscription ridging in the middle part of cultivating unit between adjacent level intercepting drain, forms a small-sized domatic transverse direction and to block field bund; Field bund Section Design width is that straight plowing makes 2/3 of alley width, and ridge height arranges and flushes with along ridge, hillside fields, also can suitably exceed along ridge, hillside fields about 5cm, and its height is directly proportional to gradient size; Horizontal wall inscription alley is planted water and protect plant hedge, plant hedge configuration perennial short heave root system crop (as leek, day lily etc.), or for this season cereal crops are to alleviate local cultivated land resource contradiction in short supply.
4., according to claim 1, claim 2 and " field, a kind of district plant hedge compound tillage system reform and structure thereof " according to claim 3 retains ditch (E) by domatic level, straight plowing makes alley (A) and field bund plant hedge (B) Aided design, form the sloping upland compound tillage system reform of " ditch one ridge one hedge ".
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