RU2763587C1 - Cascade method for containing water flows on smooth slopes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fixed constructions.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of global impacts on natural and, in particular, hydrological processes. It is proposed to arrange, parallel to the horizontals, ground ridges in the form of an embankment with a sharp crest, or dug in the form of long small mounds (ground banks), or to arrange small banks in the form of ground waves parallel to horizontals, on smooth slopes with a steepness up to 8-10% with a slope pitch of 10 to 50 m. The height of the ground ridges is 20 to 40 cm, of the waves 20 cm. The ground ridges, small mounds or small banks are placed in cascades, arranged with a reverse slope to the slope of the terrain, made in separate sections in the form of brackets with flanges at the ends forming recesses. A possibility of containing the water flows of storm water and melt water is thus provided. The water in the recesses can stay for multiple hours and even days, saturating the top layer of the soil, and the territory is moistened, then the water infiltrates deeper, transforming into ground water.

EFFECT: above is beneficial and advantages can be emphasised: water retention preserves a significant volume of water for a long time within the territory, accumulating the water in the form of ground water; by hiding significant volumes of water in the form of ground water in the soil (the ground), said volumes are retained from evaporation, excluding evaporation for long periods (months and even years, probably, no less than 15% of the total mass); invention promotes gradual constant saturation of rivers, contributing to water abundance, preventing overdrying; reduces the harmful impact of floods and spring high waters; prevents humus washout; provides consistent underground water intake for the water supply needs of the population; allows for organisation of mowing of rapidly growing grasses; contributes to a more rational organisation of the vertical arrangement of populated areas and especially in cities.

1 cl, 4 dwg

Description

These technical solutions relate to the field of global impacts on natural processes and, in particular, on hydrogeological ones.

The so-called corrugation of the terrain is known - 1 (see the monograph by Jacques Greco), when paired furrows are cut on the arable area with an interval of 1.5-2 m, with a step along the slope of 20-50 meters, and these 18-48 meter strips of arable land are started in a crop rotation, while neighboring plots are sown with different crops and at different times (either spring, then winter, then root crops, then sunflowers), and the area between the furrows is not plowed and always remains uncultivated. This was proposed by scientists and widely developed in the West in order to protect soils from wind erosion. Cut furrows in this case play the role of plowing boundaries and prevent humus from being washed away during water flows (storm or melt), this is their main purpose. Other erosion protection measures are also known.

It is also known, firth-cellular-cascade tillage - 2 (see patent No. 2708921), where, in order to contain melt and rain water, the arable area is divided into square sections with a device along the perimeter of the soil border, forming, as it were, a bowl, where water and , only filling it, overflowing, rushes further with a stream, such overflows occur extremely rarely in the spring with rapid snowmelt and with powerful downpours, which happens once every few years.

The above examples refer to territories developed by human activity and are intended to be used in the national economy.

However, in terms of nature conservation, the task is not only to provide water supply to crops in agriculture and protect soils from erosion, but in a global sense, to ensure the safety of water in the territories as much as possible and over the entire area, both developed and undeveloped by human activity, thereby ensuring the best conditions for the water cycle in nature.

So, for example, for non-arable land to preserve water in the territories, a "Method of accumulating water on slopes" - 3 (see patent No. water.

For the same purpose, this solution is proposed not to dig ditches parallel to horizontals on gentle slopes with a steepness of up to 8-10%, but to arrange shafts or earthen "manes" (if you can call them that), in the form of an embankment or dug in the form of long small mounds (earth rollers), or arrange in the form of earth waves parallel to the horizontals. The height of these ridges can be recommended to be 20-40 cm, and the waves -20 cm, and to have cascades with a step along the slope of 10-50 m. And this allows you to restrain water flows, while forming lagoons (simply - puddles). During heavy downpours, water streams, overflowing, will create a cascade of waterfalls, but this is quite rare (with powerful downpours and rapid melting). Water in lagoons-hollows can stay for many hours and even several days, saturating the top layer of soil and moistening the territory, and then it infiltrates deep into, turning into groundwater, which remains in the territories for a long time and constantly and gradually feeds the rivers, contributing to their high water, preventing drying out and, therefore, guarantee the supply of water to the national economy.

The organization of flow restraint devices is illustrated in the figures:

in FIG. 1 shows the location in the plan, where pos. 1 - mane (roller) of various lengths, pos. 2 - overlap along the edges (rim), pos. 3 - gap,

in FIG. 2 sections of two types are given, where pos. 1 - mane (in section), pos. 4 - mane comb, pos. 5 - height, pos. 6 - reverse gentle bevel of the mane, pos. 7 - formed hollow pos. 8 - roller.

in FIG. 3, where pos. 9 - waves, pos. 10 - water mirror width

On FIG. 4, where pos. 11 - a layer of raised untouched turf, pos. 12 - earthen darning, pos. 13 - ditch (maybe, maybe not), pos. 14 - vegetation cover. It should be noted:

Manes (shafts) are made in sections of various lengths by a chain parallel to horizontal lines. Passages of at least 5 m are made between the plots to connect the cascade zones, which is especially justified when using the territories as pastures. This must be done in order not to provoke their trampling, in any place, where it is not necessary.

The manes are dug up in the form of brackets (in plan) and at the ends they make three to five meter overlaps (edges), which form lagoons when flooded (these are long puddles).

Three types of sections of arranged barriers are offered for execution.

The first one is really in the form of a mane with a sharp ridge and can be performed either by undermining the turf layer (maximally without disturbing the root system of the raised "earth pie"), with darning with an earthen primer (filling), see Fig. 4, or by earth filling (raking) to a given height with smoothing filling with a slope in the opposite direction to the slope of the terrain. Such a profile allows you to form, as it were, a trough for collecting water.

The second is in the form of a dug rounded roller. Behind the roller there can also be an earth embankment, forming a wider dam, of greater stability.

The third one is in the form of a wave-like cascade of a rounded smoothing shape with concavities (hollows), usually of a small height of no more than 20 cm. This (third type) is recommended to be used in general for vertical planning of the area (sparing urban areas, microdistricts, courtyards, squares and parks).

Typically, vertical planning is provided in such a way that all storm flows from lawns, from adjacent territories overflow through the curb, enter the sidewalks and paths, and from them to the road passages of microdistricts, and then to street roads, rolling down the slope, or enter the storm sewer ( if there is one). This vicious practice, which contributes to the flooding of city streets (such cataclysms occur more and more often).

And hereby it is proposed to radically revise the approach to the implementation of the vertical planning of populated areas, arranging a wave-like planning, which contributes to the conservation of water in the territories and prevents the humus from being washed away. At the same time, in the junctions of lawns, grassy vegetation to the curb, hollows are also arranged, which are filled with water and, gradually overflowing, already clarified, without polluting the paths and sidewalks.

This technical solution, as well as according to patent No. 2667727, can be commented as follows - abroad have been doing this for a long time and it was widely used in the USA, it was introduced in France in the 70s (see Jacques Greco's monograph "Protection of Soils from Erosion").

According to this work, soil cutting was used and is used in Western countries, in agricultural production, but with a different purpose (protection against soil erosion), and this is done as follows: for example, to protect soil from erosion, it is proposed to cut paired furrows in an arable field in parallel a meter apart, perpendicular to the slope with a step of 20-30 m (pair lanes). And it is proposed to plow and sow these broad-strip plots formed on arable land, observing crop rotation (spring, fallow, winter crops and alternation of crops - either spikelets, then root crops, then corn, then sunflower), and this would contribute, in some way, to protection from wind erosion. And the furrows are designed to mark the boundaries of these arable strips, including to hold back the washout of humus (this is the main goal of the event).

And all this is done in the territories developed by agriculture, and the rest is ignored. In our case, on the contrary, undeveloped territories are used, and instead of cut furrows, manes, ramparts are arranged that hold back water and prevent humus from washing off.

In our case, it is proposed to use both in the territories developed by agricultural production, and vice versa (and mainly) in undeveloped territories.

At the same time, the territories prepared in this way are subsequently completely covered with a vegetative carpet, and those hollows, periodically filled with water, contribute to vigorous vegetation in these zones and thus represent ideal areas for mowing. Only this can already ensure the payback of ongoing activities in the future.

So, we can summarize and emphasize the special significance of the proposed:

These dug braids, manes, shafts do not require special costs.

And they have a number of advantages:

1. Water retention retains a significant amount of water for a long time in the territory, accumulating it in the form of groundwater.

2. Having hidden significant volumes of water in the form of groundwater in the soil (in the ground), we save these volumes from evaporation, excluding it for long periods (months and even years, probably at least 15% of the total mass).

3. Promotes a gradual constant recharge of rivers, contributing to high water, saving from drying out.

4. Reduces the damaging effects of floods and spring floods.

5. Prevents humus from washing off.

6. Provides sustainable underground water intake for the needs of water supply to the population.

7. Allows you to organize mowing of rapidly growing grasses.

8. Contributes to a more rational organization of the vertical planning of populated areas and especially in cities.

Sources of information

1. Greco Jacques. "Protection of soils from erosion", trans. from French, M.: Timber industry, 1983

2. RU 2708921 C2 (Malafeev E.D.), March 24, 2016

3. RU 2667727 C1 (Malafeev E.D.), March 27, 2017

Claims (1)

A cascade method for containing water flows on gentle slopes, including the execution of earthen ridges with a sharp ridge, or small mounds 20-40 cm high, rounded, or small shafts with the formation of a general smooth smoothing layout, with the device of small concavities, which contributes to the collection of water; with a device for a reverse slope to the slope of the terrain, performed by separate sections in the form of brackets with rims at the ends with the formation of hollows made in cascades, with the possibility of containing water flows of storm or melt water and the formation of puddles for the soil to be saturated with water in these places and further infiltration of water deep into, into ground water.

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