CN104360571A - 光学设备和成像系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种光学设备和成像系统。光学设备包括:半导体衬底;以及边缘发射辐射源,其安装在所述衬底的表面上,以沿平行于所述表面的轴线发射光学射线。反射器,其被安装至所述衬底,位于所述轴线上的一个位置处,并被配置为将所述光学射线反射至成角远离所述表面的方向。一个或多个光学元件,其被安装在所述衬底上,以接收和传输所述反射器反射的光学射线。
Description
技术领域
本发明大体涉及光电装置,并具体涉及集成投影装置。
背景技术
缩微光学投影仪被用于各种应用。例如,这种投影仪可以用于将经编码的或结构化的光的图案投射到目标上以用于3D绘图(同样称为深度绘图)。在这方面,美国专利申请公开文本2008/0240502——其公开内容以引证方式在此纳入——描述了一种照明组件,其中光源(诸如激光二极管或LED)用光学射线透射透明体,以将图案投影至目标。(这里使用的术语“光学”或“光”大体指代任何可见的、红外的以及紫外的射线。)图像捕获组件捕获被投影至该目标的图案的图像,并且处理器处理该图像以重建该目标的三维(3D)图。
PCT国际公开文本WO2008/120217——其公开内容以引证方式在此纳入——描述了上述US2008/0240502示出的那些类照明组件的又一些方面。在一个实施方案中,透明体包括布置为非均匀图案的微透镜的一个阵列。这些微透镜生成了对应的焦斑(focal spots)图案,该焦斑图案被投影至目标。
在一些应用中,光学投影仪可以将光投射穿过一个或多个衍射光学元件(DOE)。例如,美国专利申请公开文本2009/0185274——其公开内容以引证方式在此纳入——描述了用于投影图案的设备,该设备包括两个DOE,它们一起被配置为对入射光束进行衍射,以至少部分地覆盖一个表面。该DOE组合降低了零阶(未衍射)光束的能量。在一个实施方案中,第一DOE生成了一个多光束图案,并且第二DOE充当了一个图案生成器,用于在每一光束上形成一个衍射图案。
发明内容
下文描述的本发明的实施方案提供了如下的光子学模块,所述光子学模块在单个集成封装中包括了光电部件和光学元件。虽然所公开的实施方案具体涉及用于投影图案化光的模块,但这些实施方案的原理可以类似地被应用至其他类型的系统。
因此,根据本发明的一个实施方案,提供了一种光学设备,包括:半导体衬底;以及边缘发射辐射源,其安装在所述衬底的表面上,以沿平行于所述表面的轴线发射光学射线。反射器,其被安装至所述衬底,位于所述轴线上的一个位置处,并被配置为将所述光学射线反射至成角远离所述表面的方向。一个或多个光学元件,其被安装在所述衬底上,以接收和传输所述反射器反射的光学射线。
在一些实施方案中,所述辐射源包括激光二极管,所述激光二极管具有前表面和后表面,光学射线穿过所述前表面射向所述反射器。所述设备可以包括射线传感器,其安装在所述衬底上,位于所述激光二极管的后表面附近,用于监测所述激光二极管的输出。
在一个实施方案中,所述设备包括一个帽,所述帽罩住所述辐射源、所述反射器和所述光学元件,并包括透明窗,所述射线穿过所述窗射出所述设备。所述射线传感器在所述窗附近安装在所述帽中,用于监测所述设备的输出。
所述反射器可以包括蚀刻进所述衬底的反射表面。替代地,当所述衬底包括单晶时,所述反射器可以包括通过沿所述晶体的轴线劈开所述衬底而形成的反射表面。
在一些实施方案中,所述反射器包括光学表面,所述光学表面的轮廓被选择以为所述射线赋予期望的会聚性或发散性。所述光学表面可以包括凹反射表面,以增加所述射线的成角分散。所述凹反射表面可以相对于所述轴线倾斜,并且其中所述轮廓具有锥形形状。替代地,所述反射器可以包括棱镜,所述棱镜具有内反射表面,并具有入射面和出射面,使得入射面和出射面中的至少一个是弯曲的。
所述一个或多个光学元件可以包括透镜,替代地或附加地,所述一个或多个光学元件可以包括图案化的元件,诸如衍射光学元件。
在一个实施方案中,所述反射器包括扫描镜,所述扫描镜被配置为在预定角度范围内扫描所反射的光学射线。所述扫描镜可以包括微机电系统(MEMS)驱动器,其相对于安装有所述辐射源的表面成对角关系地安装在所述衬底上。通常,来自所述辐射源的光学射线作用在所述扫描镜上,且所述辐射源和所述扫描镜面之间不存在其他光学干扰。
在另一实施方案中,所述辐射源包括多个边缘发射辐射源,它们一起布置在所述衬底上,以分别沿多个轴线发射光学射线。
根据本发明的另一实施方案,也提供了一种光学设备,包括:半导体衬底;以及表面发射辐射源的第一阵列,其被安装在所述衬底的表面上,以沿各个垂直于所述表面的轴线发射光学射线。光学元件的第二阵列被安装在所述第一阵列上方,并对准各个轴线,以使每一光学元件接收和传输由各个辐射源发射的光学射线。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,还提供了一种成像系统,包括:照明组件,其被配置为将光学射线的图案投射到目标上,如上所述。成像组件被配置为捕获所述目标上的图案的图像;以及处理器被配置为处理所述图像以生成所述目标的深度图。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,还提供了一种用于制造光子学模块的方法,包括:在半导体衬底的表面上安装边缘发射辐射源,以使所述源沿平行于所述表面的轴线发射光学射线。将反射器安装至所述衬底,使位于所述轴线上的一个位置处,以将所述光学射线反射至成角远离所述表面的方向。将一个或多个光学元件安装在所述衬底上,以接收和传输由所述反射器反射的光学射线。
从下述结合附图的对实施方案的详细说明中,本发明将得到更充分的理解,附图中:
附图说明
图1是根据本发明一个实施方案的成像系统的示意性侧视图;
图2A和2B是根据本发明一个实施方案的投影分组件的示意性截面图;
图3是根据本发明一个实施方案的集成光子学模块(IPM)的示意性截面图;
图4是根据本发明另一实施方案的IPM的示意性截面图;
图5是示出了根据本发明一个实施方案的、一个硅晶片上的多个IPM的示意图;
图6是示意性示出了根据本发明一个实施方案的用于制造IPM的方法的流程图;
图7A-7G是示出了根据本发明一个实施方案的、IPM制造中的阶段的一系列示意性截面图;
图8是根据本发明一个实施方案的用于IPM的光电分模块(sub-module)的示意性俯视图;
图9和图10是根据本发明一个实施方案的用在IPM中的反射器的示意图;
图11是根据本发明另一实施方案的IPM的示意性侧视图;
图12是根据本发明又一实施方案的IPM的示意性截面图。
具体实施方式
概览和系统描述
下文描述的本发明的实施方案提供了光子学模块,其在单个集成封装中包括了光电部件和光学元件(折射和/或图案化的)。这些模块可以以低廉成本大量生产,同时提供优良的光学品质和高的可靠性。它们可以例如在上述的3D绘图应用中用作图案化的光的投影仪,不过它们也可以用于使用光学投影和传感的各种其他应用,包括自由空间光学通信。
图1是根据本发明一个实施方案的成像系统20的示意性侧视图。在该图中以及后续的整个说明中使用了一组X-Y-Z轴,以辅助理解图中的方向,其中X-Y平面是系统20的正平面(frontal plane),Z轴垂直于该平面朝向要被成像的场景延伸。不过,轴的选择是任意的,并且仅出于描述本发明实施方案的方便而选择。
照明组件22将图案化的射线场24投影至一个场景中的目标26(在本例中是该系统使用者的一只手)。成像组件28捕获视场30中的场景的图像。控制器31或其他电子处理器处理所述图像以生成图标26的3D深度图。在上述US2008/0240502和PCT国际公开文本WO2007/105205(其公开内容也以引证方式在此纳入)中描述了这类绘图过程的更多细节。使用者的手(和/或使用者身体的其他部分)的3D图可以用在基于姿势的(gesture-based)计算机界面中,不过这类功能超出了本专利申请的范围。
成像组件28包括目标光学器件36,其在图像传感器38(诸如CMOS集成电路图像传感器)上形成了包含目标26的场景的光学图像。所述图像传感器包括布置成多行的传感器元件40的一个阵列。响应于由光学器件36聚焦至所述传感器元件的射线,所述传感器元件产生相应的信号,其中图像传感器38输出的电子图像中的每个像素的像素值对应于来自相应传感器元件40的信号。
照明组件22包括:投影分组件32,其产生一束图案化的光;以及投影光学器件34,其将所述光束投影至场24。分组件32的设计、制造和操作在以下详细描述。这类分组件可以用在例如上述US2008/0240502和WO2008/120217公开文本中描述的那些类图案投影仪中,也可以用在基于衍射光学元件(DOE)的图案投影仪中,诸如在美国专利申请公开文本2010/0284082——其公开内容以引证方式被纳入本说明书——中描述的那些。
图2A和2B示出了根据本发明一个实施方案的投影分组件32在两个正交平面内的示意性截面图。分组件32包括集成光子学模块(IPM)42,其在后续附图中的各种不同实施方案中被详细示出。简而言之,IPM 42包括光电光源,诸如激光二极管或发光二极管(LED),并带有用于将光朝上(图中示出的参考系中的Z方向)引导的光学器件。该光源被安装在半导体衬底(诸如硅晶片)上,该衬底充当光具座(optical bench)。聚焦部件(诸如透镜)采集光并引导其穿过图案化的元件,诸如DOE或微透镜阵列(MLA)。分组件32之外的投影光学器件34(在图1中示出的视图中位于组件22的右边,或在图2A和2B的视图中位于分组件32的上方)可以用于将图案投射到目标26上。
IPM 42的衬底上的电导体被连接至电接口,以连接至功率和控制电路,该电接口在本实施方案中具有柔性印刷电路44的形式。该IPM衬底和FPC 44之间的连接可以经由任意适合类型的互连件(诸如球栅阵列的终端46)进行。
IPM 42可以被安装在热电冷却器(thermo-electric cooler,TEC)52上,该热电冷却器将该IPM保持在恒定的温度,从而降低了因温度改变而产生的光源频率变化。该TEC也可以帮助延长光源的寿命。接触该TEC的半导体表面通常是经金属化的(未示出)并且是平直的以实现良好的热接触。分组件32也可以包括温度传感器,诸如热敏电阻或热电偶(未示出),它们提供温度信号以用于控制TEC 52的运转,以维持一个恒定的温度。
帽48罩住IPM 42并将其附接至TEC 52,并将它们都以良好的导热性附接至的下方的底盘(未示出)。该盖帽和该IPM之间的空隙可以由适合的胶合剂填充。该盖帽具有透明窗50,来自IPM 42的图案化的光束穿过该透明窗射出分组件32。这一实施方案中的IPM和帽并不是柱状对称的(在图2A中的平面具有较图2B中的平面更大的宽度),因为由该IPM输出的光束也是类似地非对称的。在这一实施方案中,例如,投影分组件32可以投射具有63.1°×48.35°的视场的光图案。
射线传感器——诸如监测光电二极管(MPD)54——可以被纳入投影分组件32中,以监测来自光源的输出光强度。这样的传感器在将IPM 42的功率水平维持在期望范围内和校验视觉安全(eye-safe)操作两方面都是有用的。MPD 54的这些功能,以及光传感器的替代实施模式,在2010年11月15日递交的美国专利申请12/945,908——其公开内容以引证方式在此纳入——中得到详细描述。在图2中示出的实施方案中,MPD 54位于透明窗50的一侧,以测量由IPM 42中的图案化元件投影的图案的未使用部分(诸如未使用的衍射波瓣)的光强度。如果MPD检测到光强度超过预定阈值,则控制器31可以自动地切断或降低供给IPM的功率。附加地或可替代地,一个或多个MPD可以被放置并准直,以检测所投射的功率分布(而并不仅是总功率),并且,如果该分布发生了不期望的改变,则控制器31可以关闭或修改该IPM的运转。
带有单光源的IPM实施方案
图3是示出了根据本发明的实施方案的IPM 42的细节的示意性截面图。本图中示出的IPM 42包括位于硅光具座60形式的衬底上的边缘发射辐射源,诸如激光二极管62。激光二极管62可以包括例如GaAs激光二极管,其电学地和机械地结合至光具座60,并沿平行于该光具座的轴线发射出近红外范围(例如,828nm)的射线。(在这一情况下,“平行”可以是一个粗略的术语,因为激光光束通常具有至少数度的发散性。)替代地,也可以使用其他类型的相干或非相干固态发射器。反射器被安装至光具座60,该反射器的形式是以45°角蚀刻进该光具座的镜面(mirror surface)64,其被覆以涂层,以将激光射线相对于该光具座表面成一角度(在这一情况下是90°)地朝上反射。
透镜66采集并准直来自激光二极管62并被镜面64反射的光,引导所述光穿过一对DOE 68和70。这两个DOE可以如上述US2009/0185274或US2010/0284082所描述地被配置,从而可以充当用于3D绘图的视觉安全图案投影仪。替代地,这两个DOE可以由一个或多个另一类型的图案化元件(诸如MLA)代替,或可以由能够产生可变图案的有源元件(诸如带有适合控制电路的空间光调制器)代替。接收和传输来自激光二极管62的光的光学元件(透镜66及DOE68和70)通过隔板(spacers)72安装在光具座60上。
另外,IPM 42可以包括该图中未示出的其他部件,诸如热敏电阻(或其他温度传感器)和/或MPD。该MPD可以邻近于激光二极管62的后表面,如以下的图4所示,或位于任何其他的适合位置。
在这一实施方案中,激光二极管62可以包括被配置为限定了法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot)腔的端面反射器(end reflectors)。替代地,该激光二极管可以包括体布拉格光栅(volume Bragg grating,VBG)形式的反射器。(因为VBG从外部应用至激光以将期望的波长反射回所述腔,所以对VBG的放置需要高精度。本设计中硅光具座的微米级精度支持VBG的用途,而不会实质性地增加复杂度或成本。)进一步替代地,该激光二极管可以包括分布反馈(DFB)光栅。这些后举出的配置在维持波长稳定性方面是有利的,并可以减轻对TEC 52的需要。
图4是示出了根据本发明一个替代实施方案的IPM 80的细节的示意性截面图。IPM 80可以被用来在投影分组件32中(或用在其他应用中)替代IPM 42。在图4的实施方案中,硅光具座82由单晶硅晶片制成,并定向在100晶面(crystal plane)中(根据半导体器件制造的通常实践)。边缘发射激光二极管84平行于该平面而安装。MPD94可以被布置为邻近该激光二极管的后反射器,以测量激光输出功率。
镜86沿111晶面劈开,并自然地定向为相对于100平面成α=54.7°的角度。这类镜实施方式的有利之处在于不需要以一角度蚀刻该镜,但这意味着该镜对角地反射来自激光二极管84的光束,而非如图3中垂直向上地反射。为了减轻这一问题,来自激光二极管84的光由偏心透镜88采集,如图4所示。
在这一实施方案中,IPM 80包括仅单个图案化元件90。如先前提到的,这一元件可以是MLA,或者也可以是双DOE,其内表面和外表面均有图案。盖92可以置于IPM上方以保护外DOE表面。
作为又一个替代(图中未示出),该IPM的光具座可以是平直的,而没有如图3和4所示蚀刻出或劈出对角表面。在这一情况下,可以通过以胶合或其他方式将带有反射涂层的适合的棱镜附接在该激光二极管前方的光具座上来制造对角镜表面(以45°或任何其他期望角度)。
进一步替代地或附加地,反射激光输出的反射器可以包括非平直的光学表面,更好的是该表面的轮廓被选择以为射线赋予期望的会聚或发散。例如,该反射器可以是弯曲的,以校正散光,或者对所使用的激光的光束进行塑形。这一类型的弯曲镜和棱镜配置在图8、9、10中示出。由于镜或棱镜的光学表面的适合曲率,能够在一些应用中减轻使用折射元件(诸如透镜66或88)从激光二极管采集光并引导其穿过图案化的光学元件的需要。
在上述附图中示出的IPM配置在此仅以实施例的方式示出,其他配置也是可能的。例如,这些附图中的激光二极管的光束特性是单模激光的特性。在一个替代实施方案中,可以使用多模激光,并可以添加适合的折射元件以校正多模激光束的散光。作为另一替代,该IPM可以包括一个或多个表面发射装置,诸如发光二极管(LED)或垂直共振腔表面发射激光(VCSEL)二极管,其将射线直接发射至Z方向,使得不需要转向镜。(图11示出了基于VCSEL阵列的实施方案。)
制造过程
图5是示出了根据本发明的实施方案的、一个硅晶片102上的多个IPM 100的示意图。晶片尺度的制造使得能够以低成本一起制造大量的IPM。在这一附图中,IPM 100被示为晶片上的分立立方体。每一IPM在一个锯齿状的(indented)硅光具座上包含光电部件104(诸如激光二极管和MPD)。透镜106和图案化的光学元件108在每一IPM上被独立组装并对准。
替代地,该IPM可以通过以下方式来制造:将晶片完成的(wafercomplete)、晶片尺寸的层(例如由玻璃或塑料制成的)覆盖并结合至折射和图案化的元件,并与承载该光电部件的硅光具座对准。在所述层被结合在一起之后,它们被切割(dice)以制造独立的IPM。
现在参考图6和图7A-G,它们示意性地示出了根据本发明一个实施方案的用于制造IPM的方法。图6是流程图,而图7A-G是示出了IPM制造中的阶段的一系列截面图。
根据本方法,在晶片制造步骤110准备了硅光具座的硅衬底112。在这一步骤,衬底112被蚀刻或劈开以产生适合的凹槽113,从而为该镜提供了对角线表面(除非使用如上所述的分立棱镜)。接着添加金属层,其带有衬垫(未示出)以用于附接光电部件(激光二极管和MPD)和导体,以作为必要的电连接。在这一阶段,镜面表面114也可以涂覆金属。
在衬底装配(populate)步骤116,光电部件118、120接着被机械和电学地结合至硅光具座上的衬垫。在结合步骤124,可以通过例如引线结合形成,或者通过任何其他适合的技术形成电连接。步骤116和124需要高精度,其中位置误差通常不大于±1μm,且旋转误差不大于0.5°。这类具有部件精确对准的微组装(micro-assembly)可以由各种服务供应商实现,诸如Luxtera(Carlsbad,California)、AvagoTechnologies(San Jose,California)和EZconn Czech a.s.(Trutnov,Czech Republic).在微组装之后,所述光电器件可以选择性地被透明罩122罩住,形成一个光电分模块126。即使不使用这里描述的折射和图样化光学元件,这一分模块自身也可以用作精确而廉价的激光源。
在已装配衬底的测试步骤132中,测试每一分模块126的光电部件,以识别并拒绝(reject)不起作用或存在其他故障的部件。独立分模块126接着被切割开来,并且所拒绝的单元被放弃。这一步骤增强了IPM的最终产率。
可接受的分模块126被机械地结合至下方的晶片衬底128。大量独立IPM可以以这种方式被组装在单个晶片上(通常每个8”晶片上有500-1000个单元)。在这一阶段,每个IPM的整体光电分模块被作为一个单元对准晶片衬底。该光电分模块可以例如通过可延展(malleable)胶合剂附接至晶片衬底,所述胶合剂接着在该封装已被调节至适合的对准位置之后被固化。这一对准可以是有源的(active)——基于为激光二极管供电接着调节光束方向;也可以是无源的(passive)——基于结构考虑而不向激光二极管供电。
替代地,晶片衬底128自身可以充当光具座,并且分模块126直接形成在该衬底上。在这一情况下,如果需要,可以通过调节每一IPM内的折射的和/或图案化的光学元件,在衬底装配之后独立地对准所述IPM。
除了将每一分模块126机械地结合至下方的晶片衬底128以外,还将该硅光具座上的电导体结合至衬底128上的相应导体(未示出)。这一步骤可以通过常规方法——诸如引线结合——来实现。替代地,该硅光具座可以包含导电通道(未示出),其充当电馈通(feed-through),以在该光具座上侧的部件与晶片衬底128上的导电衬垫之间提供接触。例如,所述通道可以连接至球栅阵列(BGA)的端子130,或本领域已知的任何其他适合类型的互连部。一旦完成了该机械和电学结合步骤,即可以测试该晶片衬底上的光电封装。
与上述电学制造步骤平行的是,在晶片级透镜(WLL)制造步骤134制造透镜140的晶片尺寸的阵列。在WLL覆盖步骤136,这一透镜阵列被覆盖以图案化的光学元件142(诸如DOE)的一个或多个晶片尺寸的阵列。可以,例如,通过模塑适合的玻璃或塑料晶片来制造透镜和图案化的元件的光学层。该晶片尺寸的光学阵列被精确地制造,并具有基准标记(fiducial mark),以使得能够与晶片衬底128上的光电部件发射的光束精确对准(通常精度为±5μm)。
在WLL附接步骤138,所述光学阵列接着被覆盖在该光电封装阵列上并与之对准。在透镜140、图案化的元件142和光电分模块126之间可以包括适合的隔板,例如,如图3和4所示。因此,每一分模块126中的光学发射器精确地对准对应的折射的和图案化的光学元件140和142,它们均安装在衬底128上。
在这一阶段,可以在功能测试步骤144测试完成的晶片尺寸的组件。在切割步骤146,可以接着通过切割衬底128和所覆盖的光学层来使独立的IPM相分离。在投影仪封装步骤148,所述IPM可以被封装以形成图2示出的那类投影分组件32。
多发射器模块和弯曲反射器
图8是根据本发明一个实施方案的用于IPM的光电分模块。这类分模块可以用在例如图3或图4中示出的通用设计的IPM中。但是,在图8的实施方案中,代替单光源的是,所图示的分模块包括一行边缘发射光电元件154,诸如激光二极管,它们形成在衬底156诸如硅晶片上。元件154在平行于该衬底的方向发射射线。
该衬底上的反射器150将由元件154发射的射线转向远离该衬底(其定向在X-Y平面中)的方向,朝向Z轴。反射器可以一体地(integrally)形成在衬底156中,如图3所示;或者它可以替代地包括布置在该衬底上并与光电元件154对准的分立元件。虽然反射器150可以简单地包括平直反射面,但在所图示的实施方案中,该反射器包括凸反射表面152,该凸反射表面由一个或多个弯曲表面或多个平坦表面构成,它们分散了由元件154发出的射线光束。在一个替代实施方案(图中未示出)中,反射表面152可以被配置为将来自元件154的光束会聚成更窄的输出光束。大体而言,该反射器可以包括如下的非平直的表面,其具有任何适合的轮廓以为所述光束赋予期望的会聚性或发散性。
每一光电元件154发出形成各条纹158的射线。(虽然图8示出了六个这样的元件及其对应的条纹,但也可以根据应用的需要使用更多或更少数量的元件和条纹。)反射器150的凸表面152使得条纹158分散到相对较宽的范围,并使相邻条纹在它们的边缘处重叠。在由成像组件28捕获每一图像帧期间,控制器31(图1)可以激活元件154以与图像传感器38的卷帘同步地相续地(sequentially)发射射线,如上述美国专利申请12/762,373中所描述的。替代地,可以以脉冲模式或连续波(CW)模式并发地(concurrently)激活元件154。
在IPM中的图案化的元件(或多个元件)包括MLA或其他透明体的实施方案中,每一条纹158穿过该透明体的各个不同区域,从而产生整体照明图案的、对应于该透明体所包含图案的各个部分。投影光学器件34将这一图案投射到目标上。
另一方面,在图案化的元件包括DOE的实施方案中,通常将该IPM中的采集透镜或所述图案化元件之一(或光电元件154自身的结构)配置为为由每一光电元件发射的光束产生适合的“载体”角度。在这样的实施方案中,由不同的光电元件发射的光束使用采集透镜的不同部分,因此该采集透镜可以被设计为,使得由该透镜产生的准直后的光束以对应于期望的条纹158的各个散开角度出射。替代地,反射器150可以包括一些其他类型的光学器件,例如带有与光电元件相同数量的不同区域的闪耀光栅(blazed grating)。
图9是根据本发明一个替代实施方案的用于IPM的反射器160的示意图。这一棱镜形状的反射器可以在图8的光电分模块中替代反射器150。在这一情况中,由元件154发出的射线被从反射器160的对角内表面166(通常带有适合的反射涂层)上内反射。来自元件154的射线经由该棱镜的前表面162的弯曲入射表面164进入该反射器,并经由平直的出射面168出射。(替代地,除了该入射表面以外或者或替代该入射表面,该出射面可以是弯曲的)。因此,由元件154产生的各个光束分散开来并部分地与邻近光束重叠。
图10是根据本发明另一实施方案的、在IPM中使用的反射器170的示意图。反射器170具有弯曲的反射表面172,并可以用于IPM中替代反射器150或反射器160。替代地,像图3和图4中的实施方案那样,反射器170(以及反射器150和160)可以用于对单激光二极管或其他光电元件的光束进行塑形。弯曲表面172可以被成形以,例如,扩宽激光输出的慢轴(即,在非对称激光输出中的较窄光束维度)以照明IPM中的图案化的元件的更宽区域。替代地或附加地,该弯曲表面可以被配置为将激光的快轴通常具有的高斯分布成形为平顶光束轮廓,以更均匀地照明该图案化的元件。
图10示出的表面172的设计尤其对于扩宽光束的慢轴是有用的。表面172被成形为以45°倾斜的局部锥体。理论上讲,如果该反射表面不是倾斜的,则圆柱形镜就足以扩宽所述慢轴。由于反射器170用于将激光光束转向90°,然而表面172对于沿激光的快轴的每一段而言与激光孔(aperture)的距离不同,因此需要变化的曲率半径以均匀地扩宽慢轴。因此,如图10所示,表面172的曲率半径随着距激光孔的距离增大而增大。对期望形状的一个优良近似是一个锥体(cone)。镜形状可以被进一步优化以改进该图案化的元件的照明的均匀性。
图11是根据本发明另一实施方案的IPM 180的示意性侧视图。IPM 180可以,例如,用在系统20中替代照明组件22。IPM 180包括光电元件182的二维矩阵形式的辐射源,光电元件182被布置在衬底184上,并在垂直于该衬底的方向发射射线。虽然图11仅示出了沿X轴排列的单行元件182,但IPM 180通常包括多个平行的这类行,在X-Y平面内形成栅格。图11示出了带有八列元件182的栅格,不过也可以替代地使用更大或更小的、且并不必须是方形或直线形的矩阵。
与前述实施例不同,元件182包括表面发射装置,诸如发光二极管(LED)或垂直共振腔表面放射激光(VCSEL)二极管,其将射线直接发射至Z向。一阵列的微透镜186(或其他适合的微光学器件,诸如基于全内反射的微结构)与元件182对准,以使各微透镜从每一元件采集射线,并将其引导到光学模块中。该光学模块包括如上述的适合的图案化的元件188,以及将所形成的图案投影到场景上的投影透镜190,以及其他部分。
带有扫描镜的IPM
图12是根据本发明又一实施方案的IPM 200的示意性截面图。这一实施方案中的一些元件类似于IPM 80(如图4所示)的元件,因此以相同编号标记。不过,在IPM 200中,由扫描镜202替代了前述实施方案的静态镜。该扫描镜被安装在适合的驱动器——诸如微机电系统(MEMS)驱动芯片204——上,其通常在一个或两个扫描维度(X和Y)上提供±5°数量级的成角扫描范围。芯片204被固定至硅光具座82的对角表面。这一对角表面可以通过沿111晶面劈开单晶硅晶片而制成,如参考IPM 80所描述的。在所示的实施方案中,镜面202可以直接接收并扫描来自激光二极管84的光束,而不干扰(例如,用于准直的)光学器件,从而降低了IPM 200的宽度并简化了光具座82的对准。激光二极管84和镜202自身可以以高精度在光具座82上对准,通常精确至几个微米。
IPM 200包括光学堆叠(optical stack)206,该光学堆叠包括一个或多个光学元件,它们通常准直由镜202反射的所扫描的光束,也可以调节光束角度。光学堆叠206可以包括折射和/或衍射光学元件,它们放大了来自IPM 200的输出光束的角度范围。在视场大于镜202的有限扫描范围的应用——诸如系统20——中,需要这类更大的范围。附加地或替代地,该光学堆叠可以包括图4示出的类型的偏心透镜。
进一步附加地或替代地,IPM 200可以包括附加部件(作为光学堆叠206的部分,或者作为分立部件,图中未示出),以用于控制和监测所扫描的光束,例如,如2010年12月22日递交的美国临时专利申请61/425,788——其以引证方式纳入本说明书——中所述。在一个实施方案中,光学堆叠206可以包括图案化的元件,诸如衍射光学元件(DOE),并且驱动芯片204可以引导来自激光84的光束以不同角度穿过该DOE,以使用图案的多个部分来拼接IPM 200的视场,如这一临时专利申请中所描述的。
在IPM 200中实施的这类扫描布置可以用于各种目的。例如,该扫描可以与图像传感器38的卷帘同步,如上述美国专利申请12/762,373中大体描述的。替代地或附加地,通过脉冲式地使激光二极管84与镜202的扫描同步地的开和关,IPM 200可以被用来在不使用图案化的元件(从而该元件可以从该IPM中省略)的情况下产生图案化的照明。这类图案化的照明可以被用在基于图案的深度绘图方案(诸如上述方案)中,包括基于时序编码的(time-ordered)照明的方案,诸如在2010年11月19日递交的美国临时专利申请61/415,352——其以引证方式整体在此纳入——中所述的。替代地,基于IPM200的原理的模块可以被用在能受益于超小型廉价扫描仪的各种其他光束扫描应用中。
因此,虽然上述实施方案主要关于深度绘图,但这些实施方案中的IPM的原理可以类似地用于包含了图案化光束的投影的其他应用。因此应认识到,上述实施方案通过实施例的方式被引用,且本发明并不限于上文特别示出和描述的范围。而是,本发明的范围包括上文描述的各种特征的结合和子结合,以及本领域普通技术人员在阅读前文描述下将作出的未在现有技术中公开的变体和修改。
Claims (12)
1.一种光学设备,包括:
半导体衬底;
表面发射辐射源的第一阵列,所述表面发射辐射源被安装在所述衬底的表面上,以沿各个垂直于所述表面的轴线发射光学射线;以及
光学元件的第二阵列,所述光学元件安装在所述第一阵列上方,并对准各个轴线以使每一光学元件接收和传输由各个辐射源发射的光学射线。
2.如权利要求1所述的光学设备,其中,所述第一阵列中的辐射源包括光电元件,所述光电元件按二维矩阵形式布置在所述衬底上。
3.如权利要求2所述的光学设备,其中,所述二维矩阵包括形成栅格的多个平行的行。
4.如权利要求1所述的光学设备,其中,所述表面发射辐射源包括发光二极管。
5.如权利要求1所述的光学设备,其中,所述表面发射辐射源包括垂直共振腔表面放射激光二极管。
6.如权利要求1所述的光学设备,其中,所述第二阵列中的光学元件包括微透镜。
7.如权利要求6所述的光学设备,其中,所述第一阵列中的辐射源包括光电元件,并且其中,所述微透镜对准以使各微透镜从每一光电元件采集射线。
8.如权利要求7所述的光学设备,其中,所述各微透镜将来自所述每一光电元件的射线引导到光学模块中,所述光学模块包括图案化的元件和投影透镜。
9.如权利要求8所述的光学设备,其中,所述图案化的元件包括衍射光学元件。
10.如权利要求8所述的光学设备,其中,所述图案化的元件包括微透镜阵列。
11.如权利要求1所述的光学设备,其中,所述第二阵列中的光学元件包括基于全内反射的微结构。
12.一种成像系统,包括:
照明组件,其被配置为将光学射线的图案投射到目标上,并且其包括根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的光学设备;
成像组件,其被配置为捕获所述目标上的图案的图像;以及
处理器,其被配置为处理所述图像以生成所述目标的深度图。
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US20110187878A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
US20180070073A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 |
CN102193295A (zh) | 2011-09-21 |
US20130147921A1 (en) | 2013-06-13 |
JP2011160420A (ja) | 2011-08-18 |
US10063835B2 (en) | 2018-08-28 |
US20190068951A1 (en) | 2019-02-28 |
CN104360571B (zh) | 2016-05-11 |
US10609357B2 (en) | 2020-03-31 |
CN102193295B (zh) | 2014-12-10 |
US9736459B2 (en) | 2017-08-15 |
CN102143342B (zh) | 2015-03-25 |
EP2363686A1 (en) | 2011-09-07 |
CN102143342A (zh) | 2011-08-03 |
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