CN104351006A - Apple dwarfing self-rooted rootstock garden building method - Google Patents
Apple dwarfing self-rooted rootstock garden building method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104351006A CN104351006A CN201410705585.7A CN201410705585A CN104351006A CN 104351006 A CN104351006 A CN 104351006A CN 201410705585 A CN201410705585 A CN 201410705585A CN 104351006 A CN104351006 A CN 104351006A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention discloses an apple dwarfing self-rooted rootstock garden building method and provides a garden building method comprising the steps of selecting nursery stocks, carrying out wide-line close planting, carrying out small-pit fixed planting, carrying out trellis culturing, carrying out shaping and pruning and the like. The self-rooted rootstock nursery stocks which are at the seeding age of two or three, have heights of over 1.5m and have no apparent viral diseases are selected to build a garden; the selected self-rooted rootstock nursery stocks are subjected to small-pit fixed planting according to a planting space of (1 to 1.2m)*3.5m; piles with lengths of 3 to 4m are erected at an equal interval of 10m; middle trunks are bound on steel wires so as to be raised; after planting, the nursery stocks are pruned into dwarfed tree shapes by carrying out shaping and pruning on the tree shapes. Self-rooted rootstock root systems are mainly distributed on the surface layer; a great number of root systems are distributed on the surface layer and a great quantity of cytokinin is secreted, and thus, the small-pit fixed planting is very beneficial to precocity fruiting. The apple garden built by the apple dwarfing self-rooted rootstock garden building method has the advantages of low investment, early fruiting, high yield, high benefits and convenience in management.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to building techniques field, apple orchard, relate to a kind of apple dwarf from root anvil garden building method.
Background technology
Along with the appearance of the fast development of China's economy and the continuous minimizing of rural laborer and rural area aging, cause China in recent years labour cost rise very fast, the agricultural industry decline that labour cost is high, prospect causes anxiety.Wheat, beautiful m, paddy rice round Realization mechanization, these industry stable developments; Rape, Cotton Industry mechanization not yet solve, and develop limited.Wherein China's edible oil 60% is by import; Cotton area significantly declines, and 30-40% is by import.Orchard is labor-intensive production, and Labor-saving, mechanization are the main trend of apple industry.In addition, along with the increase of apple production, consumer is more and more higher to quality requirement, but the large hat of apple is tree-like often causes thorax and upper and lower part quality discrepancy inside and outside apple tree crown large, has a strong impact on the raising of apple total quality.European countries, by studying for many years and demonstrating, propose development Dwarf rootstocks apple orchard, and the newly-built apple orchard of European countries almost all adopts apple dwarf from root anvil at present.This apple dwarf is convenient to do mechanization operation from root anvil orchard, raises labour efficiency; Tree crown is narrow simultaneously, and orchard illumination condition is good, and fruit quality uniformity is high.General European countries manage one mu of Dwarf rootstocks apple orchard and need 5-8 work day, and China manages that one mu of Qiaoization seedling rootstock apple orchard is minimum needs 30-50 work day.A kind of applicable China of visible needs apple dwarf is promoted from the cropping system in root anvil orchard.
Summary of the invention
The problem that the present invention solves is to provide a kind of apple dwarf from root anvil garden building method, is a kind of high density apple dwarf garden building method, has especially adapted to the feature of planting from root anvil nursery stock, have that investment is little, result early, the advantage of high, the high efficiency of output.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of apple dwarf, from root anvil garden building method, comprises following operation:
1) grafting carried out for scion in the kind that stock is M9-T337 or B9, take Tree Crown Volume as Qiaoization seedling rootstock 30 ~ 40% in root anvil seedlings, select seedling age to be biennial or life in 3 years, more than seedling height 1.5m, grafting mouth above 10cm place trunk diameter is at 1.2 ~ 1.5cm, build garden with some branches and without dominant virus disease from root anvil nursery stock;
2) by selected from the seeding row spacing pitting field planting of root anvil nursery stock by 1 ~ 1.2m × 3.5m: the pitting digging length and width, dark each 30cm, put into hole from root anvil nursery stock, grafting mouth 8cm above ground level, having peace of mind of then banketing, and water in time; Repair the ridge of height 10cm, width 6 ~ 8cm again in hole surrounding, ridge is covered the wide black mulch film of 0.8 ~ 1m or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground;
3) currently not prune except following situation planting: after planting, the branch of the dry rugosity 1/2 of same position central authorities is exceeded to branch rugosity or the branch of angle within 30 degree removes and retain the stub of 2cm, will seal and shear oil protection be smeared to the clip removed; In the budding period, to the position of more than trunk 0.7m, hinder a bud every a bud order or smear on bud and send out branch element, improve germination rate and become branch rate;
4) found the long stake of 3 ~ 4m every 10m, the wherein buried 70cm in underground, draws 3 ~ 4 road steel wires between stake, by dryly to tie up on steel wire with dry in fostering.
5) passing through tree-like pruning after planting, is trimmed to dwarfing tree-like; Wherein, downgrade and tree-likely comprise cylindrical, weeping willow shape or Y word weeping willow shape.
If garden is built in the area that minimum temperature is greater than-23 DEG C in the winter time, then select with M9-T337 be stock from root anvil seedlings; If minimum temperature is less than-23 DEG C and garden is built in the area that can feed water in the winter time, then select with B9 be stock from root anvil seedlings.
Described garden of building is with also carrying out preferably following from root anvil nursery stock: stock segment length is 25 ~ 32cm, and part of taking root and part of not taking root respectively account for half, and part of taking root has more than 30, the fibrous root of more than diameter 2mm; Have 6 ~ 12 length to be no more than the branch of 60cm in the shaping strip of overhead more than 70cm, and crotch angle is close to level.
Described when Jian Yuan plants, the bearing-age tree of a kind is selected in each orchard, and plant 10% the special pollinizers of apple;
Kind its spacing in the rows prosperous to the growing way taking Fuji as representative is 1.2m, is 1m to its spacing in the rows of kind of drawing with loud, high-pitched sound as the growing way of representative is weak.
The kind prosperous for the growing way being representative with Fuji apple, Qiao Najin or the good area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition, downgrade tree-like selection cylindrical; The kind weak for the growing way of drawing with loud, high-pitched sound, honey is crisp, Pink Lady is representative or the area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition difference, downgrade tree-like selection weeping willow shape or Y word weeping willow shape.
Described is cylindrical tree-like: overall tree-like cylindrical state, and after being shaped, crown width is little and thin and tall, wherein tree crown top and the bottom even crown diameter 2m, the height of tree 3.5 ~ 4.0m, the high 0.8 ~ 0.9m of trunk; Central authorities leader is dry goes up the little major branch of giving birth to 30 ~ 50 helical arrangement, fruit bearing shoot direct raw on little major branch, little major branch average length is 1m, the average angle dry with central authorities be 115 °, and the little major branch of homonymy is between the upper and lower apart from being 0.25m; Long, medium and short that fruit bearing shoot distributes branch, after being shaped, the every strain of branch amount of staying in the fall of columniform apple tree is 1000 ~ 1200, long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8.
Described Y word weeping willow shape: two of comprising on trunk and trunk do towards central authorities leader in the ranks, and the angle between central authorities leader does is 25 ~ 35 degree, trunk, two central authorities leaders do in Y-shaped; 20 ~ 30 major branches are had, major branch angle average out to 120 ~ 130 degree, at least spacing 25cm between the major branch of differing heights on described central authorities leader is dry; Direct raw fruit bearing shoot on major branch, fruit bearing shoot after bearing fruit under gravity in hang, similar weeping willow.
Described Y word weeping willow shape, the high 0.8 ~ 0.9m of trunk, the overall height of tree 2.5 ~ 2.8m; The average 0.6m of major branch length, wherein the major branch length of tree crown bottom is 0.8m, and the major branch length in the middle part of tree crown is 0.6m, and the major branch length on tree crown top is 0.4m; Angle between two described central authorities leaders do is 30 degree, and central authorities leader does the ratio 5 ~ 6:1 with same position major branch rugosity, and major branch rugosity base diameter is no more than 2.5cm.
The pruning of described Y word weeping willow shape comprises following operation:
1) after planting, overhead 0.3 ~ 0.4m place is fixed dry, and under requiring clip time surely dry, the first bud direction is stayed in the ranks; After fixed dry, rudiment respectively selects a bud in both sides respectively in first 20 days from the second bud under clip in bud in the ranks, and above selected bud, 0.2 ~ 0.3cm place carries out bud or smear that to send out branch plain at quarters, promotes that this bud is sprouted; After rudiment, when young sprout grows to 15 ~ 20cm, select and remain and cultivate as central authorities leader does towards the strong young sprout of two in the ranks; When two young sprouts selected grow into more than 55cm, draw branch to make young sprout in the ranks oblique between direct motion, two young sprouts are 25 ~ 25 degree of angles, and by auxiliary for young sprout fixing so that its angle is fixed up;
2) the Second Year spring, other branches except central authorities leader does that trunk sends are removed; Do not take the lead to two central authorities leaders are dry, allow its self-sow, and from overhead high 60cm, central authorities leader is dry upper every 3 buds, above bud, 0.2 ~ 0.3cm place carries out bud or to smear a branch plain at quarters, promotes that this bud is sprouted;
When the young sprout sent after carving bud grows to more than 18cm, carry out turning round branch or drawing branch at the dry 2.8 ~ 3.2cm place of its distance central authorities leader, branch is turned round in or draws in 130 degree; When these young sprouts grow to more than 40cm, again turn round branch or draw branch newly growing the dry 20 ~ 22cm place of partial distance central authorities leader, this section newly grown turned round in or draws in 130 degree; Again when a period of time, young sprout grew to 60 ~ 80cm, be stained with young sprout top with growth inhibitor, suppress young sprout growth, promote to form bud then;
3) the 3rd year spring, do not take the lead to central authorities leader is dry, employing and Second Year are pruned identical method and are urged the dry upper branch of central authorities leader;
To the annual branch sent last year, base diameter exceedes will removing of the dry diameter 1/5 of same position central authorities leader, retains other annual branches; The annual branch that angle is less than 130 degree draws and reaches to 130 degree; To same side, the branch that central authorities leader does apart from retaining more than 25cm, removes unnecessary branch between the upper and lower;
3rd year autumn, the height of tree reached 2.5 ~ 2.8m, and have branch 20 ~ 30 on each central authorities leader is dry, shaping completes substantially, and fruit tree enters the just fruit phase;
4) the 4th year and carry out the pruning of rejuvenating, the major branch of the life in 4 ~ 5 years that central authorities leader does when the winter cuts will rotation year by year later, went to stay greatly little; Remove central authorities leader and do too much branch, make each central authorities leader do reservation 20 ~ 30 major branches; Retraction major branch crosses weak sagging fruit bearing shoot, rejuvenating fruit bearing shoot: direct cultivation results branch on major branch, the three-dimensional result of weeping willow formula, fruit bearing shoot rotation in 4 ~ 5 years 1 time; Adopt the mode that limit cultivation cincture changes, fruit bearing shoot keeps spreading angle 135 ~ 140 degree, homonymy column pitch 20cm.
When the described leader of centre is in selecting dry, if both sides respectively can select one towards the dry young sprout of central authorities leader in the ranks under first, then the first young sprout under clip to be cut or to turn round branch sagging, suppress it grow, two young sprouts selected by promotion grow; If can not select below the first young sprout as the young sprout done of central authorities leader, then using the first young sprout as central authorities leader's branch, select a young sprout again at opposite side;
To be selected have the young sprout done for central authorities leader made to order after, retain the branch being weaker than selected young sprout that other send, remove, cutting back or draw the sagging branch being better than selected young sprout that other send of branch.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following useful technique effect:
Apple dwarf provided by the invention is from root anvil garden building method, it is a kind of high density apple dwarf garden building method, especially the feature of planting from root anvil nursery stock has been adapted to, propose to comprise the garden building method of the aspects such as the selection of nursery stock, wide row dense planting, pitting field planting, pergola cultivation and pruning, institute set up apple orchard and has that investment is little, result morning, output are high, the advantage of high efficiency, convenient management.
Apple dwarf provided by the invention, from root anvil garden building method, has selected M9-T337 and B9 two kinds of stocks, and these two stocks are all taken root easily, and early fruiting character is strong, and dwarfing effect also clearly, and is distinguished it according to year absolute low temperature.Further, for improving from the planting survival rate of root anvil nursery stock and the consideration of global illumination effect and convenient management after building garden, propose concrete requirement to what build garden from root anvil nursery stock and seeds; And in order to carry out chemical flower and fruit thinning, a kind is preferably cultivated in orchard, the florescence is consistent, convenient management; Pollinizers select special pollinizers, as Malus spectabilis class; By selecting these from the selection of root anvil nursery stock and kind, at the beginning of Jian Yuan, just there is basic guarantee, significantly improved the survival rate of nursery stock, having contributed to setting up high-quality apple dwarf orchard.
Apple dwarf provided by the invention is from root anvil garden building method, adopt the mode of pitting field planting to carry out planting (pitting refers to dig length and width, the hole, side of dark 30 centimetres), this with the hollow place field planting of passing by (hollow place refer to dig length and width, the side of dark 80 centimetres cheat) completely different.Pitting field planting shows compared with hollow place field planting: 6 fruits are hung in Fuji apple's every strain in the 3rd year of hollow place field planting, and pitting field planting reaches 60 ~ 70 fruits, and the pitting field planting phase of bearing fruit obviously shifts to an earlier date; Carry out soil survey again, distance digs 80 centimetres of dark, 60 centimetres wide, grooves of 100 centimeter length from 80 centimetres, trunk, get the soil block of 20 cm x 20 cm x 100 centimetres, investigation 0-80 cm layer of soil root system is dynamic, finds that 0-20 centimetre of pitting field planting root system fresh weight is 23 times of hollow place.This is that superficial roots is many, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is many owing to being mainly distributed in surface layer from root anvil root system, and pitting field planting is highly advantageous to precocity fruiting.And if hollow place field planting, Root Distribution is dark, and deep soil air capacity of soils is poor, nutrition is few, and root volume is few, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is few, is unfavorable for flower_bud formation.Simultaneously pitting field planting also saving of labor, laborsaving, improves and builds garden efficiency.
Apple dwarf provided by the invention, from root anvil garden building method, has selected that dwarfing is tree-like prunes, and the height of tree, generally at about 3m, greatly reduces labour intensity, and conveniently manages.Research shows, below height of tree 5m orchard tree height is general and output, labour intensity and the amount of labour used are proportional, and wherein tree body is higher, output is higher, and set body higher, the amount of labour used is larger, and labour intensity is also larger simultaneously.Reduce 40% in below the height of tree 2.5m orchard amount of labour used than 3.5 ~ 4.5m orchard, and work labour intensity significantly alleviates, stand in because behaving prunings on ladder, flower thinning, fruit thinning, bagging speed slowly, sweat, also not too safe.And this several years rural laborers of China are tending towards in short supply, labor cost constantly raises, and each work day, by 20 ~ 30 yuan of 2008, is elevated to current 80 ~ 100 yuan.Contributing to reducing orchard labour intensity and the amount of labour used by setting up dwarfing orchard, orchard economic benefit can be significantly improved.
Apple dwarf provided by the invention is from root anvil garden building method, and the dwarfing provided is tree-like is contribute to improving the tree-like of fruit quality.It is strong that the Y word weeping willow provided forms the tree crown bearing capacity after age, and exist without scaffold limb, illumination is abundant, utility rate of luminous energy is high, and see sunlight on dry in ensureing, namely in tree crown, thorax illumination condition is fabulous, inside and outside tree crown, thorax fruit size is consistent, fruit quality consistent, and high quality fruit rate is high.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, and the explanation of the invention is not limited.
Apple dwarf provided by the invention, from root anvil garden building method, comprises following operation:
1) grafting carried out for scion in the kind that stock is M9-T337 or B9, take Tree Crown Volume as Qiaoization seedling rootstock 30 ~ 40% in root anvil seedlings, select seedling age to be biennial or life in 3 years, more than seedling height 1.5m, grafting mouth above 10cm place trunk diameter is at 1.2 ~ 1.5cm, build garden with some branches and without dominant virus disease from root anvil nursery stock;
2) by selected from the seeding row spacing pitting field planting of root anvil nursery stock by 1 ~ 1.2m × 3.5m: the pitting digging length and width, dark each 30cm, put into hole from root anvil nursery stock, grafting mouth 8cm above ground level, having peace of mind of then banketing, and water in time; Repair the ridge of height 10cm, width 6 ~ 8cm again in hole surrounding, ridge is covered the wide black mulch film of 0.8 ~ 1m or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground;
3) currently not prune except following situation planting: after planting, the branch of the dry rugosity 1/2 of same position central authorities is exceeded to branch rugosity or the branch of angle within 30 degree removes and retain the stub of 2cm, will seal and shear oil protection be smeared to the clip removed; In the budding period, to the position of more than trunk 0.7m, hinder a bud every a bud order or smear on bud and send out branch element, improve germination rate and become branch rate;
4) found the long stake of 3 ~ 4m every 10m, the wherein buried 70cm in underground, draws 3 ~ 4 road steel wires between stake, by dryly to tie up on steel wire with dry in fostering.
5) passing through tree-like pruning after planting, is trimmed to dwarfing tree-like; Wherein, downgrade and tree-likely comprise cylindrical, weeping willow shape or Y word weeping willow shape.
Below in conjunction with specific embodiments to the further detailed description of garden building method.
Carry out preferably following when selecting from root anvil seedlings:
Select dwarfing rootstock.The Dwarf Stocks For Apple Trees that current China mainly applies has M9, M26, M7, MM106, SH40, SH38, SH1, SH6, GM256 etc., but to cultivation from root anvil seedling, select M9-T337 and B9 effect best, layering seedling growth is easily taken root, plant orchard early bearing, high yield.To winter low temperature in negative more than 23 degree areas, orchard of planting selects dwarfing rootstock to be M9-T337.If have irrigation conditions in negative less than 23 degree areas or have accumulated snow winter, the stock B9 of anti-negative 30 degree can be selected.These two stocks are all taken root easily, and early fruiting character is strong, and also clearly, Grafted Variety Tree Crown Volume is the 30-40% of Qiaoization seedling rootstock in dwarfing effect.
Select from root anvil seedlings.Seedling age is two raw or 3 years seedlings, more than seedling height 1.5cm, and grafting mouth above 10cm place trunk diameter is at 1.2-1.5cm; Wherein stock about segment length 30cm, part of taking root and part of not taking root respectively account for about half.Overhead have 6-12 bar length to be no more than the branch of 60 centimetres in the shaping strip of more than 70 centimetres, and crotch angle is close to level; There is more than 30, direct more than 2mm fibrous root.And detect without dominant virus disease through national authentication department.
When carrying out garden of building and planting:
Wide row dense planting.The seeding row spacing building garden is 1-1.2 rice × 3.5 meter, every 158-190 strain.The kind spacing in the rows 1.2 meters that wherein growing way such as Fuji is prosperous, the kind spacing in the rows 1 meter that loud, high-pitched sound such as to draw weak at the growing way.In order to carry out chemical flower and fruit thinning, suggestion orchard preferably cultivate a kind, the florescence always, management aspect.Pollinizers select special pollinizers, as Malus spectabilis class, generally account for 10%.
Pitting field planting.When planting, dig length and width, the pitting of deeply each 30 centimetres, and soil is put into outside hole, then put into hole from root anvil nursery stock, 8 centimetres above ground level of the grafting mouth of stock and kind, then having peace of mind of banketing, and water in time.Repair height 10 centimetres again, the micro-ridge of width 6-8 centimetre, ridge is covered the wide black mulch film of 0.8-1 rice or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground.Pitting field planting saving of labor, laborsaving, improve and build garden efficiency.
Pitting field planting is completely different from hollow place field planting (hollow place refer to dig length and width, the side of dark 80 centimetres cheat) in the past, and hollow place compares with pitting field planting, and 6 fruits are hung in Fuji apple's every strain in the 3rd year of hollow place field planting, and pitting field planting reaches 60-70 fruit.Again by digging 80 centimetres of dark, 60 centimetres wide, grooves of 100 centimeter length from 80 centimetres, trunk, remove the soil block (as shown in table 1) of 20 cm x 20 cm x 100 centimetres, investigation 0-80 cm layer of soil root system is dynamic, finds that 0-20 centimetre of pitting field planting root system fresh weight is 23 times of hollow place.Because be mainly distributed in surface layer from root anvil root system, superficial roots is many, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is many, and be highly advantageous to precocity fruiting.If hollow place field planting, Root Distribution is dark, and deep soil air capacity of soils is poor, nutrition is few, and root volume is few, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is few, is unfavorable for flower_bud formation.
The soil block Root Distribution of table 1 20 cm x 20 cm x 100 centimetres
| Soil depth (cm) | Hollow place fresh weight (g) of 80 cubic metres | Pitting fresh weight (g) of 30 cubic metres |
| 0-20 | 0.42 | 9.94 |
| 20-40 | 3.93 | 2.24 |
| 40-60 | 3.37 | 3.23 |
| 60-80 | 0 | 0.91 |
| Add up to | 7.72 | 16.32 |
Pruning.The seedlings of planting belt branch, generally do not prune, but exceed the bough of the dry rugosity 1/2 of same position central authorities to branch rugosity or angle branch within 30 degree will stay 2 centimetres of stubs to remove, and will be coated with seal and shear oil protection to clip.In the budding period, at dry more than 0.7 meter position, preferably hinder a bud every a bud order, also can smear on bud and send out branch element, improve germination rate and become branch rate.
Pergola cultivation.General about 10 meters are found the long concrete stake of a 3-4 rice, and wherein underground buries 70 centimetres, draw No. 12,3-4 road steel wire, dry in fostering.The treelet phase also dryly in the bamboo that the other cultivation one of every strain tree is cheap can do column, dry in fostering.The dry extending head of central authorities leader is fixed on the dry or frame of bamboo.
When carrying out pruning:
Select the prosperous kind of growing way (as Fuji apple, Qiao Najin) or the good area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition, Growth status is more prosperous, and suggestion is selected cylindrical.Overall tree-like cylindrical state, after being shaped, crown width is little and thin and tall, wherein tree crown top and the bottom even crown diameter 2m, the height of tree 3.5 ~ 4.0m, the high 0.8 ~ 0.9m of trunk; Central authorities leader is dry goes up the little major branch of giving birth to 30 ~ 50 helical arrangement, fruit bearing shoot direct raw on little major branch (long, medium and short that fruit bearing shoot distributes branch), little major branch average length is 1m, and the average angle dry with central authorities is 115 °, and the little major branch of homonymy between the upper and lower distance is 0.25m.After being shaped, the every strain of branch amount of staying in the fall of columniform apple tree is 1000 ~ 1200, long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8.
Select the weak kind of growing way (Ru Gala, crisp, the Pink Lady of honey) or the cultivation poor area of fertilizer and water condition, Growth status is more weak, and Y word weeping willow shape is selected in suggestion.Two of comprising on trunk and trunk do towards central authorities leader in the ranks, and the angle between central authorities leader does is 25 ~ 35 degree, and trunk, two central authorities leaders do in Y-shaped; 20 ~ 30 major branches are had, major branch angle average out to 120 ~ 130 degree, at least spacing 25cm between the major branch of differing heights on described central authorities leader is dry; Direct raw fruit bearing shoot on major branch, fruit bearing shoot after bearing fruit under gravity in hang, similar weeping willow.
Y word weeping willow is formed sets every 667m age
2stay branch amount 10 ~ 120,000 (winter cut before), long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8, leaf-area coefficient 2.5 ~ 3, Orchard mulch rate about 75%.High 0.8 ~ the 0.9m of trunk, the overall height of tree 2.5 ~ 2.8m; The average 0.6m of major branch length, wherein the major branch length of tree crown bottom is 0.8m, and the major branch length in the middle part of tree crown is 0.6m, and the major branch length on tree crown top is 0.4m; Angle between two described central authorities leaders do is 30 degree, and central authorities leader does the ratio 5 ~ 6:1 with same position major branch rugosity, and major branch rugosity base diameter is no more than 2.5cm.
Following detailed description is carried out to the pruning of Y word weeping willow shape below.
The trimming method of Y word weeping willow shape apple tree form, comprises the following steps:
(1) fixed dry and First Year pruning
Fixed dry at overhead 0.3 ~ 0.4cm place, wherein nursery stock is less, fixed dry lower, and nursery stock is more fixed dry higher.
Surely, time dry, under requiring clip, the first bud direction is stayed in the ranks.After fixed dry, within first 20 days, under clip, respectively selecting a bud the second bud towards both sides in the ranks in rudiment, on bud, 0.2 ~ 0.3cm place carries out bud or smear that to send out branch plain at quarters, promotes that this bud is sprouted.
After rudiment, when young sprout grows to 15 ~ 20cm, select and remain towards the young sprout of two in the ranks and cultivate as central authorities leader does.If a dry young sprout of central authorities leader respectively can be selected in the both sides in the ranks under first, the first young sprout under clip to be cut or to turn round branch sagging, Developing restraint, promote two young sprouts growths below.If can not select suitable young sprout below the first young sprout, using the first young sprout as central authorities leader's branch, a young sprout can be selected again at opposite side.
When two young sprouts selected grow into about 60cm, draw branch to make branch in the ranks oblique between direct motion, two young sprouts are 30 degree of angles.These two young sprout plastic ties are fixed on steel hank knotting, namely differences in angle are fixed up.Other Zhiru fruit growing ways sent are weak than these two branches, no matter retain, and allow vane manufacturing nutrition, promotion root growth.If other branch growing ways are stronger than these two branches, adopt and remove or cutting back or draw branch sagging, Developing restraint.
Y word weeping willow shape is the vertical long stake of 3m only, draws 3 road steel hank knottings.In the ranks, every 10 ~ 15m founds the long concrete stake of a 3m or coating steel pipe, and wherein 60cm is buried in underground, reveals 2.4m on the ground, and No. 12 steel hank knottings together are respectively drawn at 0.8m, 1.6m, 2.4m place on the ground respectively, and two dry plastic ties of central authorities leader are fixed on steel hank knotting.1 stake is planted, about 20 stakes of every mu of need every 10m; 1 stake is planted, about 14 stakes of every mu of need every 15m.Concrete stake requires the square rectangle of 15 ~ 20cm, and centre has that 4 road diameters 2 milli more than m's is cold silk, and wire drawing position is porose on the ground; The long concrete stake cost price of general 3m about 35 yuan.Coating steel pipe bore is 1 cun of semicanal (40 steel pipe), and general each 6m is long, and unit price about 80 yuan, blocks from 3m and become two.Steel pipe is made a call to two holes, each hole cost 0.5 ~ 1 yuan, top carves dark Cao of a 1 ~ 2cm, is beneficial to most top layer and draws steel wire.In top, ground, 1 ground cat and 1 orchid are installed, fixing and stretching steel wire.And the stake of top, ground preferably outwards oblique about 15 degree.Do stake with coating steel pipe, top is buried around steel pipe place and is fixed with 3 ~ 4 shovel cement, sand, small stone over the ground.Usually each 10 ~ 15 yuan of cat, each 5 yuan of flange.Steel hank knotting 30 kilograms every mu, per kilogram 6.5 yuan.Also dry or wood stake can do column in the other thick bamboo of planting a diameter 3 ~ 5cm of every strain tree, smear preservative imbedding under ground portion, increase the service life.The crossbeam of 70cm Changshun row is tied up at 80cm place on the ground, two central authorities leaders is done spacing 50 ~ 60cm plastic ties fixed thereon.
(2) Second Year is pruned
In the Second Year spring, do not take the lead to two central authorities leaders are dry, allow its self-sow, but from overhead 60cm, every 3 buds, on bud, 0.2 ~ 0.3cm place carries out bud or smear that to send out branch plain at quarters, promotes that this bud is sprouted.Other branches that trunk sends all are removed.
Growing to about 20cm when carving the young sprout sent after bud, carrying out turning round branch doing about 3cm from central authorities, branch being turned round in 130 degree, also can not turn round and draw angle by plastic ties.When these young sprouts grow to about 40cm, again turn round branch with the 20cm place that hand is newly growing, also can not turn round and draw angle by plastic ties.This section grown also become 130 degree sagging, when a period of time, young sprout grew to 60 ~ 80cm, be stained with young sprout top with 100 times of PBO growth inhibitors, suppress young sprout growth, promote form bud then.Autumn, the height of tree reached about 2m.
Within (3) the 3rd years, prune
When within 3rd year, spring prunes, continue not take the lead to central extending head, carry out quarter bud identical with the 2nd year method inspires branch.
Described bud picking and carve bud and urge branch: one is to 2 ~ 3 years raw trees, central authorities leader does can carving a bud every 3 buds or smear and sending out branch element of little major branch quantity not sufficient.To annual little major branch, if carried out turning round branch no longer carry out bud at quarter.If do not turn round branch, drawn the branch of branch by plastic ties, will bud be carved to both sides, promote to send out branch, suppress shoot elongation growth.The bud time at quarter is generally mid-March to early April.Two be after rudiment in spring by useless rudiment or sprout the tip and remove, to save nutrient, increase effective branch ratio.
To the annual branch sent last year, diameter exceedes will removing of the same position dry diameter 1/5 of central authorities, and other retain.But the branch that will draw that angle is less than 130 degree reaches this angle.To same side, branch is between the upper and lower apart from retaining 30cm, and unnecessary branch removes.Have fruit suitably to retain, strain is produced and is controlled every strain 3 ~ 4 kilograms.Make autumn the height of tree reach 2.5 ~ 2.8m, branch 40 ~ 60, wherein each central authorities leader has branch 20 ~ 30 on doing.Shaping completes substantially, and fruit tree enters the just fruit phase, if tree vigo(u)r is more weak, spring removes bud, postpones result 1 year.
After (4) the 4th years, renewal pruning is pruned
Retraction removes and comprises with the pruning of rejuvenating: to becoming orchard in age, and the emphasis one cut of winter is the excessive little major branch of removal, and general 4 ~ 5 years little major branches of life will rotation year by year, goes to stay greatly little; Two is remove central authorities leader to do too much branch, crosses weak branch, makes each central authorities leader do reservation 20 ~ 30 little major branches.Three is that the little major branch of retraction crosses weak sagging fruit bearing shoot, rejuvenating fruit bearing shoot.Pruning main method is remove and grow to put, and adopts the mode of first-level outcome, direct cultivation results branch on little major branch, the three-dimensional result of weeping willow formula, fruit bearing shoot rotation in 4 ~ 5 years 1 time.Employing limit is cultivated, the method that cincture changes, and fruit bearing shoot keeps spreading angle about 140 °, homonymy column pitch 20cm.
Along with the age of tree increases, remove the long bough in trunk top in good time, do not bounce back as far as possible, remove top competitive branch in time.In order to ensure that branch upgrades, should paxilla be stayed when removing trunk middle and lower part bough, inspiring out golden mean of the Confucian school innovation shoot all one's life, cultivate elongated sagging fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Output controls at 4000 ~ 5000 kilograms/666.7m
2(mu).If tree head is excessively strong, when the height of tree is more than 2.8m, carries out weak branch and changes head, controls the height of tree.If tree head is too weak, when the height of tree is lower than 2.5m, removes top fruit, promotes upper grown.
Also comprise the pruning of balance tree vigo(u)r: in dry top keep weak branch for head, can the weak branch of rotation every year, but do not fall dead end, and keep tree crown top to have the vertical branch of about 5%, with the absorption of balanced tree body to nitrogen, balance tree vigo(u)r, keeps the healthy and strong tree vigo(u)r of the golden mean of the Confucian school, accomplishes not affect tree vigo(u)r because major branch angle is excessive.
Provide the accounting of building garden cost below.
Through investment evaluation, set up 500 mu and downgrade from root M9-T337 or B9 orchard, the gross investment of construction is 6,960,000 yuan.Wherein, the infrastructure investment comprising 500 Mu Jian gardens is 4,950,000 yuan, and the operation cost investment (comprising fixing operation cost and variation operation cost) of the first two year of orchard is 2,010,000 yuan.The concrete detail of its investment project is respectively as shown in following table 2, table 3.
Table 2 500 Mu Jian garden infrastructure investment
The first three years operation cost investment of table 3 orchard
Accounting result shows, average Mei Mujian garden and running cost 1.392 ten thousand yuan, accumulative per mu yield in first 5 years 10000 kilograms after generally planting, per kilogram apple average sales price 5 yuan, and mu takes in 2.5 ten thousand yuan, i.e. recoverable complete cost have residue.From the 6th term, annual per mu yield 0.4 ten thousand kilograms in 20 years, average year mu takes in 20,000 yuan, and mu puts into operation cost 0.6 ten thousand yuan, net income 1.4 ten thousand yuan.
The embodiment more than provided realizes the present invention's preferably example, the invention is not restricted to above-described embodiment.Any nonessential interpolation that those skilled in the art makes according to the technical characteristic of technical solution of the present invention, replacement, all belong to protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. apple dwarf is from a root anvil garden building method, it is characterized in that, comprises following operation:
1) grafting carried out for scion in the kind that stock is M9-T337 or B9, take Tree Crown Volume as Qiaoization seedling rootstock 30 ~ 40% in root anvil seedlings, select seedling age to be biennial or life in 3 years, more than seedling height 1.5m, grafting mouth above 10cm place trunk diameter is at 1.2 ~ 1.5cm, build garden with some branches and without dominant virus disease from root anvil nursery stock;
2) by selected from the seeding row spacing pitting field planting of root anvil nursery stock by 1 ~ 1.2m × 3.5m: the pitting digging length and width, dark each 30cm, put into hole from root anvil nursery stock, grafting mouth 8cm above ground level, having peace of mind of then banketing, and water in time; Repair the ridge of height 10cm, width 6 ~ 8cm again in hole surrounding, ridge is covered the wide black mulch film of 0.8 ~ 1m or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground;
3) currently not prune except following situation planting: after planting, the branch of the dry rugosity 1/2 of same position central authorities is exceeded to branch rugosity or the branch of angle within 30 degree removes and retain the stub of 2cm, will seal and shear oil protection be smeared to the clip removed; In the budding period, to the position of more than trunk 0.7m, hinder a bud every a bud order or smear on bud and send out branch element, improve germination rate and become branch rate;
4) found the long stake of 3 ~ 4m every 10m, the wherein buried 70cm in underground, draws 3 ~ 4 road steel wires between stake, by dryly to tie up on steel wire with dry in fostering.
5) passing through tree-like pruning after planting, is trimmed to dwarfing tree-like; Wherein, downgrade and tree-likely comprise cylindrical, weeping willow shape or Y word weeping willow shape.
2. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 1 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterized in that, if garden is built in the area that minimum temperature is greater than-23 DEG C in the winter time, then select with M9-T337 be stock from root anvil seedlings; If minimum temperature is less than-23 DEG C and garden is built in the area that can feed water in the winter time, then select with B9 be stock from root anvil seedlings.
3. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 1 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterized in that, described garden of building is with also carrying out preferably following from root anvil nursery stock: stock segment length is 25 ~ 32cm, and part of taking root and part of not taking root respectively account for half, and part of taking root has more than 30, the fibrous root of more than diameter 2mm; Have 6 ~ 12 length to be no more than the branch of 60cm in the shaping strip of overhead more than 70cm, and crotch angle is close to level.
4. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 1 is from root anvil garden building method, and it is characterized in that, when Jian Yuan plants, the bearing-age tree of a kind is selected in each orchard, and plant 10% the special pollinizers of apple;
Kind its spacing in the rows prosperous to the growing way taking Fuji as representative is 1.2m, is 1m to its spacing in the rows of kind of drawing with loud, high-pitched sound as the growing way of representative is weak.
5. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 1 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterized in that, the kind prosperous for the growing way being representative with Fuji apple, Qiao Najin or the good area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition, downgrade tree-like selection cylindrical; The kind weak for the growing way of drawing with loud, high-pitched sound, honey is crisp, Pink Lady is representative or the area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition difference, downgrade tree-like selection weeping willow shape or Y word weeping willow shape.
6. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 5 is from root anvil garden building method, and it is characterized in that, described is cylindrical tree-like: overall tree-like cylindrical state, after being shaped, crown width is little and thin and tall, wherein tree crown top and the bottom even crown diameter 2m, the height of tree 3.5 ~ 4.0m, the high 0.8 ~ 0.9m of trunk; Central authorities leader is dry goes up the little major branch of giving birth to 30 ~ 50 helical arrangement, fruit bearing shoot direct raw on little major branch, little major branch average length is 1m, the average angle dry with central authorities be 115 °, and the little major branch of homonymy is between the upper and lower apart from being 0.25m; Long, medium and short that fruit bearing shoot distributes branch, after being shaped, the every strain of branch amount of staying in the fall of columniform apple tree is 1000 ~ 1200, long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8.
7. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 5 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterized in that, described Y word weeping willow shape: two of comprising on trunk and trunk do towards central authorities leader in the ranks, and the angle between central authorities leader does is 25 ~ 35 degree, trunk, two central authorities leaders do in Y-shaped; 20 ~ 30 major branches are had, major branch angle average out to 120 ~ 130 degree, at least spacing 25cm between the major branch of differing heights on described central authorities leader is dry; Direct raw fruit bearing shoot on major branch, fruit bearing shoot after bearing fruit under gravity in hang, similar weeping willow.
8. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 7 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterized in that, described Y word weeping willow shape, the high 0.8 ~ 0.9m of trunk, the overall height of tree 2.5 ~ 2.8m; The average 0.6m of major branch length, wherein the major branch length of tree crown bottom is 0.8m, and the major branch length in the middle part of tree crown is 0.6m, and the major branch length on tree crown top is 0.4m; Angle between two described central authorities leaders do is 30 degree, and central authorities leader does the ratio 5 ~ 6:1 with same position major branch rugosity, and major branch rugosity base diameter is no more than 2.5cm.
9. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 7 is from root anvil garden building method, and it is characterized in that, the pruning of described Y word weeping willow shape comprises following operation:
1) after planting, overhead 0.3 ~ 0.4m place is fixed dry, and under requiring clip time surely dry, the first bud direction is stayed in the ranks; After fixed dry, rudiment respectively selects a bud in both sides respectively in first 20 days from the second bud under clip in bud in the ranks, and above selected bud, 0.2 ~ 0.3cm place carries out bud or smear that to send out branch plain at quarters, promotes that this bud is sprouted; After rudiment, when young sprout grows to 15 ~ 20cm, select and remain and cultivate as central authorities leader does towards the strong young sprout of two in the ranks; When two young sprouts selected grow into more than 55cm, draw branch to make young sprout in the ranks oblique between direct motion, two young sprouts are 25 ~ 25 degree of angles, and by auxiliary for young sprout fixing so that its angle is fixed up;
2) the Second Year spring, other branches except central authorities leader does that trunk sends are removed; Do not take the lead to two central authorities leaders are dry, allow its self-sow, and from overhead high 60cm, central authorities leader is dry upper every 3 buds, above bud, 0.2 ~ 0.3cm place carries out bud or to smear a branch plain at quarters, promotes that this bud is sprouted;
When the young sprout sent after carving bud grows to more than 18cm, carry out turning round branch or drawing branch at the dry 2.8 ~ 3.2cm place of its distance central authorities leader, branch is turned round in or draws in 130 degree; When these young sprouts grow to more than 40cm, again turn round branch or draw branch newly growing the dry 20 ~ 22cm place of partial distance central authorities leader, this section newly grown turned round in or draws in 130 degree; Again when a period of time, young sprout grew to 60 ~ 80cm, be stained with young sprout top with growth inhibitor, suppress young sprout growth, promote to form bud then;
3) the 3rd year spring, do not take the lead to central authorities leader is dry, employing and Second Year are pruned identical method and are urged the dry upper branch of central authorities leader;
To the annual branch sent last year, base diameter exceedes will removing of the dry diameter 1/5 of same position central authorities leader, retains other annual branches; The annual branch that angle is less than 130 degree draws and reaches to 130 degree; To same side, the branch that central authorities leader does apart from retaining more than 25cm, removes unnecessary branch between the upper and lower;
3rd year autumn, the height of tree reached 2.5 ~ 2.8m, and have branch 20 ~ 30 on each central authorities leader is dry, shaping completes substantially, and fruit tree enters the just fruit phase;
4) the 4th year and carry out the pruning of rejuvenating, the major branch of the life in 4 ~ 5 years that central authorities leader does when the winter cuts will rotation year by year later, went to stay greatly little; Remove central authorities leader and do too much branch, make each central authorities leader do reservation 20 ~ 30 major branches; Retraction major branch crosses weak sagging fruit bearing shoot, rejuvenating fruit bearing shoot: direct cultivation results branch on major branch, the three-dimensional result of weeping willow formula, fruit bearing shoot rotation in 4 ~ 5 years 1 time; Adopt the mode that limit cultivation cincture changes, fruit bearing shoot keeps spreading angle 135 ~ 140 degree, homonymy column pitch 20cm.
10. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 9 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterized in that, if both sides respectively can select one towards the dry young sprout of central authorities leader in the ranks under first, then the first young sprout under clip to be cut or to turn round branch sagging, it is suppressed to grow, two young sprout growths selected by promotion; If can not select below the first young sprout as the young sprout done of central authorities leader, then using the first young sprout as central authorities leader's branch, select a young sprout again at opposite side;
To be selected have the young sprout done for central authorities leader made to order after, retain the branch being weaker than selected young sprout that other send, remove, cutting back or draw the sagging branch being better than selected young sprout that other send of branch.
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| CN109479594A (en) * | 2017-09-10 | 2019-03-19 | 山东省果树研究所 | A kind of apple high yield stereo cultivating method |
| CN108967014A (en) * | 2018-08-02 | 2018-12-11 | 辽宁省果树科学研究所 | A kind of fast rapid-result garden method for downgrading apple |
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| CN112293076A (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2021-02-02 | 金华职业技术学院 | Grafted pomelo tree form suitable for flat shed frame cultivation and cultivation method thereof |
| CN113924914A (en) * | 2021-10-05 | 2022-01-14 | 李荣连 | Dwarfing high-efficiency close planting cultivation method for apples |
| CN113924914B (en) * | 2021-10-05 | 2022-09-23 | 李荣连 | Dwarfing high-efficiency close planting cultivation method for apples |
| CN113875479A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2022-01-04 | 新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所 | Cultivation method suitable for dwarf and close planting of Korla bergamot pears |
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