CN104143535A - Cmos结构的制造方法 - Google Patents
Cmos结构的制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开了一种制造CMOS结构的方法,包括:在半导体衬底中形成浅沟槽隔离,分别限定用于第一类型的第一和第二MOSFET的第一区域以及用于第二类型的第三和第四MOSFET的第二区域;在第一区域上方形成第一和第二栅叠层;在第二区域上方形成第三和第四栅叠层;分别为第一至第四MOSFET形成轻掺杂漏区;在第一至第二四栅叠层的侧壁上形成栅极侧墙;形成第一类型的源/漏区;以及形成第二类型的源/漏区;其中,第一至第四掩模分别暴露第一至第四MOSFET的有源区,并且遮挡其他区域;以及第五和第六掩模分别暴露第一区域和第二区域,并且遮挡其他区域。在该方法中,利用公共的半导体区域和公共的步骤减少掩模数量。进一步地,通过对栅极导体的掺杂来调节功函数。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及半导体技术,更具体地,涉及互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)结构的制造方法。
背景技术
CMOS结构包括在一个半导体衬底上形成的两种相反类型(即N型和P型)的金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)。CMOS结构可以用于形成低功耗的逻辑电路,因此得到了广泛的应用。基于CMOS结构的功率变换器控制芯片具有低功耗、集成度高、速度快的优点。
为了形成CMOS结构,针对至少一种类型的MOSFET,在半导体衬底中形成阱区。在阱区中通过掺杂形成该类型的MOSFET的源/漏区。阱区的掺杂类型与其中形成的MOSFET相反,因此,阱区实际上作为该MOSFET半导体衬底。在源/漏区和沟道区之间形成轻掺杂漏(LDD)区,以改善沟道区电场分布和抑制短沟道效应。
在常规的CMOS工艺中,用于形成不同类型的MOSFET的掺杂步骤基本上是彼此独立的。在形成一种类型的MOSFET的掺杂区时,遮挡另一种类型的MOSFET的有源区,反之亦然。基于CMOS结构的功率变换器控制芯片包括其栅极电介质厚度不同的低压MOSFET和高压MOSFET。在形成低压MOSFET的阱区时,遮挡高压MOSFET的阱区,反之亦然。因此,CMOS工艺使用大量的掩模和掺杂步骤,工艺复杂,不仅导致生产成本高,而且可能由于不同掩模之间的错配导致产品良率低以及可靠性差。
因此,期望进一步降低CMOS工艺的成本并减少由于工艺复杂性引入的可靠性问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种CMOS结构的制造方法,其中可以减少掩模的使用。
根据本发明,提供一种制造CMOS结构的方法,包括:在半导体衬底中形成浅沟槽隔离,所述浅沟槽隔离限定用于第一类型的第一和第二MOSFET的第一区域以及用于第二类型的第三和第四MOSFET的第二区域;在半导体衬底的第一区域上方形成第一栅叠层和第二栅叠层;在半导体衬底的第二区域上方形成第三栅叠层和第四栅叠层;采用第一掩模,以及以第一栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的第一轻掺杂漏区;采用第二掩模,以及以第二栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的第二轻掺杂漏区;采用第三掩模,以及以第三栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的第三轻掺杂漏区;采用第四掩模,以及以第四栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的第四轻掺杂漏区;在第一至第二四栅叠层的侧壁上形成栅极侧墙;采用第五掩模,以及第一栅叠层、第二栅叠层、栅极侧墙和浅沟槽隔离作为硬掩模,注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的源/漏区;以及采用第六掩模,以及第三栅叠层、第四栅叠层、栅极侧墙和浅沟槽隔离作为硬掩模,注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的源/漏区;其中,第一至第四掩模分别暴露第一至第四MOSFET的有源区,并且遮挡半导体衬底的其他区域;以及第五和第六掩模分别暴露第一区域和第二区域,并且遮挡半导体衬底的其他区域。
优选地,在所述方法中,第一至第四栅叠层分别包括栅极导体和栅极电介质,并且栅极电介质位于栅极导体和半导体衬底之间。
优选地,在所述方法中,第一和第三栅叠层的栅极电介质具有第一厚度,以及第二和第四栅叠层的栅极电介质具有第二厚度,并且第二厚度大于第一厚度。
优选地,在所述方法中,在形成第三栅叠层和第四栅叠层的步骤之后,还包括:对第三和第四栅叠层的栅极导体掺杂以调节其功函数。
优选地,在所述方法中,栅极导体由多晶硅组成。
优选地,在所述方法中,在形成浅沟槽隔离和形成第一栅叠层和第二栅叠层的步骤之间,还包括以下步骤至少之一:在半导体衬底的第一区域注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的第一阱区;和在半导体衬底的第二区域注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的第二阱区。
优选地,在所述方法中,在形成第一类型的源/漏区和形成第二类型的源/漏区的步骤之后,还包括:进行快速退火和/或激光退火以激活掺杂剂。
优选地,在所述方法中,在形成第一类型的源/漏区和形成第二类型的源/漏区的步骤之后,还包括:进行硅化以在第一类型的源/漏区和第二类型的源/漏区、栅极叠层的表面形成金属硅化物层。
优选地,在所述方法中,第一类型为N型和P型中的一种,第二类型为N型和P型中的另一种。
在根据本发明的方法中,采用公共的掩模和步骤形成第一和第二MOSFET的源/漏区,以及采用公共的掩模和步骤形成第三和第四MOSFET的源/漏区。此外,利用公共的第一衬底区域形成栅极电介质厚度不同的第一和第二MOSFET,以及利用公共的第二衬底区域形成栅极电介质厚度不同的第三和第四MOSFET。由于不需要为第一至第四MOSFET分别形成具有各自的掺杂浓度的衬底区域以及分别形成各自的源/漏区,因而可以减少掩模数量和工艺步骤。
在优选的实施例中,采用公共的掩模和步骤形成第一和第三MOSFET的栅极电介质,以及采用公共的掩模和步骤形成第二和第四MOSFET的栅极电介质。在进一步优选的实施例中,采用公共的掩模和步骤对第三和第四MOSFET的栅极导体掺杂以调节其功函数。
本发明的方法利用公共的半导体区域和公共的步骤减少掩模数量。进一步地,通过对栅极导体的掺杂来调节功函数。该方法还可以减少由于掩模错配导致CMOS结构失效的问题。
附图说明
通过以下参照附图对本发明实施例的描述,本发明的上述以及其他目的、特征和优点将更为清楚,在附图中:
图1至17示出根据本发明的实施例的制造CMOS结构的方法的各阶段的示意性截面图。
具体实施方式
以下将参照附图更详细地描述本发明。在各个附图中,相同的元件采用类似的附图标记来表示。为了清楚起见,附图中的各个部分没有按比例绘制。此外,可能未示出某些公知的部分。为了简明起见,可以在一幅图中描述经过数个步骤后获得的半导体结构。
应当理解,在描述器件的结构时,当将一层、一个区域称为位于另一层、另一个区域“上面”或“上方”时,可以指直接位于另一层、另一个区域上面,或者在其与另一层、另一个区域之间还包含其它的层或区域。并且,如果将器件翻转,该一层、一个区域将位于另一层、另一个区域“下面”或“下方”。
如果为了描述直接位于另一层、另一个区域上面的情形,本文将采用“A直接在B上面”或“A在B上面并与之邻接”的表述方式。在本申请中,“A直接位于B中”表示A位于B中,并且A与B直接邻接,而非A位于B中形成的掺杂区中。
在本申请中,术语“半导体结构”指在制造半导体器件的各个步骤中形成的整个半导体结构的统称,包括已经形成的所有层或区域。术语“源/漏区”指MOSFET的源区和漏区中的至少一个。
在下文中描述了本发明的许多特定的细节,例如器件的结构、材料、尺寸、处理工艺和技术,以便更清楚地理解本发明。但正如本领域的技术人员能够理解的那样,可以不按照这些特定的细节来实现本发明。
除非在下文中特别指出,半导体器件的各个部分可以由本领域的技术人员公知的材料构成。半导体材料例如包括III-V族半导体,如GaAs、InP、GaN、SiC,以及IV族半导体,如Si、Ge。栅极导体可以由能够导电的各种材料形成,例如金属层、掺杂多晶硅层、或包括金属层和掺杂多晶硅层的叠层栅极导体或者是其他导电材料,例如为TaC、TiN、TaSiN、HfSiN、TiSiN、TiCN、TaAlC、TiAlN、TaN、PtSix、Ni3Si、Pt、Ru、W、和所述各种导电材料的组合。栅极电介质可以由SiO2或介电常数大于SiO2的材料构成,例如包括氧化物、氮化物、氧氮化物、硅酸盐、铝酸盐、钛酸盐。并且,栅极电介质不仅可以由本领域的技术人员公知的材料形成,也可以采用将来开发的用于栅极电介质的材料。
本发明可以各种形式呈现,以下将描述其中一些示例。
参照图1至17,描述根据本发明的实施例的制造CMOS结构的方法的各个阶段。
如图1所示,在半导体衬底101中形成浅沟槽隔离(STI)102。该浅沟槽隔离102用于限定CMOS结构的有源区。在一个示例中,半导体衬底101例如是单晶硅衬底。
在优选的实施例中,在半导体衬底的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模,以暴露有源区以外的区域(该部分区域称为场区)。通过已知的蚀刻工艺,从光致抗蚀剂掩模中的开口向下蚀刻,去除半导体衬底101的一部分,形成浅沟槽。该蚀刻可以采用干法蚀刻,如离子铣蚀刻、等离子蚀刻、反应离子蚀刻、激光烧蚀,或者使用蚀刻剂溶液的选择性的湿法蚀刻。在蚀刻之后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
然后,通过已知的沉积工艺,在半导体结构的表面上形成绝缘层,该绝缘层的厚度至少足以填充浅沟槽。沉积工艺例如是选自电子束蒸发(EBM)、化学气相沉积(CVD)、原子层沉积(ALD)、溅射中的一种。例如通过化学机械平面化(CMP)平整半导体结构的表面并且去除绝缘层位于浅沟槽外部的部分,形成浅沟槽隔离(STI)。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模PR1,以暴露P型MOSFET的有源区。采用常规的离子注入和驱入技术,进行第一次离子注入,在半导体衬底101中形成用于P型MOSFET的N型阱区110,如图2所示。在离子注入中,掺杂剂经由掩模PR1中的开口进入半导体衬底101中。在离子注入之后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
为了形成N型半导体层或区域,可以在半导体层和区域中注入N型掺杂剂(例如P、As)。通过控制离子注入的参数,例如注入能量和剂量,可以达到所需的深度和获得所需的掺杂浓度。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模PR2,以暴露N型MOSFET的有源区。采用常规的离子注入和驱入技术,进行第二次离子注入,在半导体衬底101中形成用于N型MOSFET的P型阱区120,如图3所示。在离子注入中,掺杂剂经由掩模PR2中的开口进入半导体衬底101中。在离子注入之后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
为了形成P型半导体层或区域,可以在半导体层和区域中掺入P型掺杂剂(例如B)。通过控制离子注入的参数,例如注入能量和剂量,可以达到所需的深度和获得所需的掺杂浓度。
在第一次离子注入和第二次离子注入中,N型阱区110和P型阱区120分别由各自的掩模限定。设计掩模的图案,使得N型阱区110和P型阱区120在半导体结构的表面上由浅沟槽隔离102隔开,在浅沟槽隔离102下方则隔开一定距离。
进一步地,例如采用热氧化,在半导体结构的表面上形成第一栅极电介质103,如图4所示。在一个示例中,第一栅极电介质103是厚度约10-15纳米的氧化硅。正如下文所述,第一栅极电介质103将用作N型高压MOSFET和P型高压MOSFET的栅极电介质。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模PR3。采用掩模PR3进行蚀刻。该蚀刻从光致抗蚀剂掩模中的开口向下蚀刻,去除第一栅极电介质103的暴露部分,如图5所示。由于蚀刻的选择性,该蚀刻可以停止在N型阱区110和P型阱区120的表面。在蚀刻中,掩模PR3中的图案限定第一栅极电介质103的形状。在蚀刻后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
进一步地,例如采用热氧化,在半导体结构的表面上形成第二栅极电介质104,如图6所示。在一个示例中,第二栅极电介质104是厚度约2.5-4纳米的氧化硅。结果,在N型阱区110上方形成不同厚度的第一栅极电介质103和第二栅极电介质104,以及在P型阱区120上方形成形成不同厚度的第一栅极电介质103和第二栅极电介质104。正如下文所述,第二栅极电介质104将用作N型低压MOSFET和P型低压MOSFET的栅极电介质。
进一步地,通过上述已知的沉积工艺,在第一栅极电介质103和第二栅极电介质104上形成栅极导体105,如图7所示。在一个示例中,栅极导体105是厚度约200纳米的多晶硅层。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模PR4,以暴露N型MOSFET的有源区。采用常规的离子注入技术,进行第三次离子注入,如图8所示。在离子注入中,掺杂剂经由掩模PR4中的开口进入栅极导体106。在离子注入之后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
正如公知的那样,MOSFET的阈值电压主要由栅极导体与沟道材料的功函数之间的差异决定。针对N型MOSFET,对栅极导体106掺杂可以改变其功函数,从而调节阈值电压。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模PR5。采用掩模PR5进行蚀刻。该蚀刻从光致抗蚀剂掩模中的开口向下蚀刻,去除栅极导体105、第一栅极电介质103和第二栅极电介质104的暴露部分,如图9所示。由于蚀刻的选择性,该蚀刻可以停止在N型阱区110和P型阱区120的表面。在蚀刻中,掩模PR5中的图案限定栅叠层的形状。在蚀刻后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
在图9中示出四个MOSFET的栅叠层,从左至右分别是位于N型阱区110中的低压MOSFET和高压MOSFET、以及位于P型阱区120中的低压MOSFET和高压MOSFET的栅叠层。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上依次形成掩模PR11、PR7、PR8和PR9,分别经由相应的掩模执行第四次至第七次离子注入,如图10至13所示。掩模PR11、PR7、PR8和PR9中每一个暴露一个MOSFET的有源区,同时遮挡其他MOSFET的有源区。在离子注入中,不仅使用掩模PR11、PR7、PR8和PR9,而且栅极导体105、栅极导体106和浅沟槽隔离102一起作为硬掩模。在离子注入后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。结果,在N型阱区110中邻近表面的区域形成P型低压MOSFET的LLD区114和P型高压MOSFET的LLD区112,以及在P型阱区120中邻近表面的区域形成N型低压MOSFET的LLD区113和N型高压MOSFET的LLD区111。
在P型阱区110中的离子注入中采用N型掺杂剂,从而LLD区114和112均为N型掺杂区,并且LLD区114和112可以具有不同的浓度和分布范围。在N型阱区120中的离子注入中采用P型掺杂剂,从而LLD区113和111均为P型掺杂区,并且LLD区113和111可以具有不同的浓度和分布范围。
进一步地,通过上述已知的沉积工艺,在半导体结构的表面上形成氮化物层。在一个示例中,该氮化物层为厚度约5-30nm的氮化硅层。通过各向异性的蚀刻工艺(例如,反应离子蚀刻),去除氮化物层的横向延伸的部分,使得氮化物层位于栅极导体105和106的垂直部分保留,从而形成栅极侧墙108,如图14所示。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模PR10。掩模PR10遮挡P型MOSFET的有源区,以及暴露N型MOSFET的有源区。采用掩模PR10,以及栅极导体106、栅极侧墙108和浅沟槽隔离102一起作为硬掩模,进行第八次离子注入。掺杂剂经由掩模PR10中的开口进入P型阱区120中,形成N型源/漏区125,如图15所示。N型LDD区122位于栅极侧墙108下方的部分保留。在离子注入后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
进一步地,在半导体结构的表面上形成光致抗蚀剂层,然后采用光刻将光致抗蚀剂层形成掩模PR11。掩模PR11遮挡N型MOSFET的有源区,以及暴露P型MOSFET的有源区。采用掩模PR11,以及栅极导体105、栅极侧墙108和浅沟槽隔离102一起作为硬掩模,进行第九次离子注入。掺杂剂经由掩模PR11中的开口进入N型阱区110中,形成P型源/漏区115,如图16所示。P型LDD区112位于栅极侧墙108下方的部分保留。在离子注入后,通过在溶剂中溶解或灰化去除光致抗蚀剂层。
优选地,在用于形成N型MOSFET的源/漏区125和用于形成P型MOSFET的源/漏区115的步骤之后,可以在大约1000-1100℃的温度下进行快速退火(spike anneal),和/或激光退火(laser anneal)以激活掺杂剂。
进一步优选地,在用于形成N型MOSFET的源/漏区125和用于形成P型MOSFET的源/漏区115的步骤之后,通过上述已知的沉积工艺,在半导体结构的表面形成金属层。该金属层由选自Ni、W、Ti、Co以及这些元素与其它元素的合金构成的组中的一种组成。在一个示例中,该金属层是通过溅射沉积的Co层。然后进行热退火,例如在300-500℃的温度下热退火1-10秒钟。
热退火使得金属层在N型MOSFET的源/漏区125和P型MOSFET的源/漏区115的表面进行硅化反应以形成金属硅化物层109,同时,栅极导体105、栅极导体106的表面进行硅化反应以形成金属硅化物层109。金属硅化物层109可以减小源区和漏区的接触电阻。通过上述已知的干法蚀刻和湿法蚀刻于硅化物湿法蚀刻去除金属层111未反应的部分,如图17所示。
在图17中示出四个MOSFET,从左至右分别是位于N型阱区110中的低压MOSFET T1和高压MOSFET T2,以及位于P型阱区120中的低压MOSFET T3和高压MOSFET T4。
根据该实施例,在结合图1至17描述的步骤之后,可以在所得到的半导体结构上形成层间绝缘层、位于层间绝缘层中的柱塞、位于层间绝缘层上表面的布线或电极,从而完成CMOS结构的其他部分。
在上述实施例的方法,描述了分别在半导体衬底101中形成N型阱区110和P型阱区120的步骤。然而,如果半导体衬底101是N型的,则可以仅形成P型阱区120,而未形成N型阱区110。类似地,如果半导体衬底101是P型的,则可以仅形成N型阱区110,而未形成P型阱区120。
此外,在上述实施例的方法中,描述了分别在N型阱区110中形成具有两种不同栅极电介质厚度的低压MOSFET和高压MOSFET,以及在P型阱区120中形成具有两种不同栅极电介质厚度的低压MOSFET和高压MOSFET。然而,应当理解,在N型阱区110和P型阱区120分别可以形成具有更多种不同栅极电介质厚度的MOSFET,并且每种MOSFET的数量可以为一个或更多个。
应当说明的是,在本文中,诸如第一和第二等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一个实体或操作区分开来,而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。而且,术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含,从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素,而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素,或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下,由语句“包括一个……”限定的要素,并不排除在包括所述要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备中还存在另外的相同要素。
依照本发明的实施例如上文所述,这些实施例并没有详尽叙述所有的细节,也不限制该发明仅为所述的具体实施例。显然,根据以上描述,可作很多的修改和变化。本说明书选取并具体描述这些实施例,是为了更好地解释本发明的原理和实际应用,从而使所属技术领域技术人员能很好地利用本发明以及在本发明基础上的修改使用。本发明仅受权利要求书及其全部范围和等效物的限制。
Claims (9)
1.一种制造CMOS结构的方法,包括:
在半导体衬底中形成浅沟槽隔离,所述浅沟槽隔离限定用于第一类型的第一和第二MOSFET的第一区域以及用于第二类型的第三和第四MOSFET的第二区域;
在半导体衬底的第一区域上方形成第一栅叠层和第二栅叠层;
在半导体衬底的第二区域上方形成第三栅叠层和第四栅叠层;
采用第一掩模,以及以第一栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的第一轻掺杂漏区;
采用第二掩模,以及以第二栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的第二轻掺杂漏区;
采用第三掩模,以及以第三栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的第三轻掺杂漏区;
采用第四掩模,以及以第四栅叠层作为硬掩模,注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的第四轻掺杂漏区;
在第一至第二四栅叠层的侧壁上形成栅极侧墙;
采用第五掩模,以及第一栅叠层、第二栅叠层、栅极侧墙和浅沟槽隔离作为硬掩模,注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的源/漏区;以及
采用第六掩模,以及第三栅叠层、第四栅叠层、栅极侧墙和浅沟槽隔离作为硬掩模,注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的源/漏区;
其中,第一至第四掩模分别暴露第一至第四MOSFET的有源区,并且遮挡半导体衬底的其他区域;以及
第五和第六掩模分别暴露第一区域和第二区域,并且遮挡半导体衬底的其他区域。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中第一至第四栅叠层分别包括栅极导体和栅极电介质,并且栅极电介质位于栅极导体和半导体衬底之间。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中第一和第三栅叠层的栅极电介质具有第一厚度,以及第二和第四栅叠层的栅极电介质具有第二厚度,并且第二厚度大于第一厚度。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中在形成第三栅叠层和第四栅叠层的步骤之后,还包括:对第三和第四栅叠层的栅极导体掺杂以调节其功函数。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中栅极导体由多晶硅组成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在形成浅沟槽隔离和形成第一栅叠层和第二栅叠层的步骤之间,还包括以下步骤至少之一:
在半导体衬底的第一区域注入第二类型的掺杂剂,形成第二类型的第一阱区;和
在半导体衬底的第二区域注入第一类型的掺杂剂,形成第一类型的第二阱区。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在形成第一类型的源/漏区和形成第二类型的源/漏区的步骤之后,还包括:
进行快速退火和/或激光退火以激活掺杂剂。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在形成第一类型的源/漏区和形成第二类型的源/漏区的步骤之后,还包括:
进行硅化以在第一类型的源/漏区和第二类型的源/漏区、栅极叠层的表面形成金属硅化物层。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中第一类型为N型和P型中的一种,第二类型为N型和P型中的另一种。
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