CN104100999B - 用于操作燃烧室的方法及燃烧室 - Google Patents

用于操作燃烧室的方法及燃烧室 Download PDF

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CN104100999B
CN104100999B CN201410141873.4A CN201410141873A CN104100999B CN 104100999 B CN104100999 B CN 104100999B CN 201410141873 A CN201410141873 A CN 201410141873A CN 104100999 B CN104100999 B CN 104100999B
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combustor
fuel
carrier gas
feed line
turbine
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CN104100999A (zh
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M.N.波亚帕克卡姆
K.斯耶德
K.克纳普
T.温德
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Energy Resources Switzerland AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/04—Air intakes for gas-turbine plants or jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/057—Control or regulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F23N1/022—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/02—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the air-flow or gas-flow configuration
    • F23R3/26—Controlling the air flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/34—Feeding into different combustion zones
    • F23R3/346—Feeding into different combustion zones for staged combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/35—Combustors or associated equipment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2221/00—Pretreatment or prehandling
    • F23N2221/10—Analysing fuel properties, e.g. density, calorific
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23R2900/03341—Sequential combustion chambers or burners

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及用于操作燃烧室的方法及燃烧室。燃烧室(5)包括本体(10)，其中燃料供应导管(14)用于将燃料(F)供应到本体(10)中且载体空气供应导管(15)用于将空气(A)供应到本体(10)中。该燃烧室(5)还包括用于根据燃料(F)的特性来调整供应到本体(10)中的载体空气质量流的调整系统(17)。

Description

用于操作燃烧室的方法及燃烧室
技术领域
本公开内容涉及一种用于操作燃烧室的方法及燃烧室。
具体而言，该燃烧室为燃气涡轮的燃烧室。
背景技术
燃气涡轮包括压缩机、燃烧室和用以使燃烧室中生成的热气体膨胀的涡轮。
此外，燃气涡轮可具有涡轮下游的第二燃烧室和第二燃烧室下游的第二涡轮。
燃烧室和第二燃烧室(在提供时)供有来自于压缩机的空气以及燃料；燃料燃烧来生成热气体。
当燃料为天然气时，其成分和特性可随时间较大变化。例如，氮(不活泼成分，由于其不参与燃烧过程)的量可随时间较大地变化。
由于提供到燃烧室中的总能量(即，喷射到燃烧室中的燃料的更低发热值)限定了燃气涡轮的负载，故如果燃气涡轮的负载保持恒定或大致恒定，则喷射到燃烧室中的燃料质量流可在燃料的特性变化时也较大地变化。
当燃料喷射到燃烧室中时，由燃料成分的变化引起的燃料质量流的该较大变化可引起穿透到燃烧室中的燃料射流的变化，且因此引起贫混合、较大排放如NOx排放和降低的效率。
发明内容
本公开内容的一个方面包括提供在燃料成分变化时也允许正确的燃料射流穿透的方法及燃气涡轮。
本公开内容的另一个方面包括提供一种在燃料成分随时间变化的情况下也允许正确的混合、减少的排放和有效操作的方法及燃气涡轮。
这些及其它方面通过提供根据所附权利要求的方法和燃气涡轮来获得。
附图说明
其它特征和优点将从通过附图中的非限制性示例的方式示出的方法和燃气涡轮的优选但非排他的实施例的描述中更清楚，在附图中：
图1和图2示出了燃气涡轮的不同实施例；
图3和图4示出了燃烧室的不同实施例；
图5示出了穿过图4的线V-V的截面。
零件清单
1 燃气涡轮
2 压缩机
3 燃烧室
4 涡轮
5 燃烧室
6 涡轮
10 本体
11 导管
14 燃料供应导管
15 载体空气供应导管
17 调整系统
19 喷嘴
20 孔口
21 通路
24 喷枪
25 传感器
27 节流阀
28 控制单元
29 轴线
A 载体空气
F 燃料
M 混合物。
具体实施方式
在下文中，首先描述了燃气涡轮的两个示例。
图1示出了具有压缩机2、燃烧室3和涡轮4的燃气涡轮1。
压缩机2压缩空气，空气供应至燃烧室3，在该处，空气与燃料如天然气相混合；该混合物燃烧来生成在涡轮4中膨胀的热气体。
图2示出了一个示例，其中燃气涡轮1具有在涡轮4下游的第二燃烧室5和第二涡轮6。
在第二燃烧室5中，燃料如天然气喷射到在涡轮4中部分地膨胀的排出气体中，以生成热气体，热气体在涡轮6中膨胀。
燃烧室3和5可具有相同或类似的特性，或可具有不同特性。在下文中，对燃烧室5进行了具体参照，相同的考虑适用于燃烧室3，这与燃烧室3和5具有相同、类似或不同的特性的事实无关。
燃烧室5包括本体10，本体10限定例如矩形、正方形或梯形的导管11。此外，燃烧室5具有用于将燃料如天然气供应至本体10中的燃料供应导管14，以及用于将空气供应到本体10中的载体空气供应导管15。
载体空气为限制燃料射流且增加其动量来加强穿透的空气质量流。这还保护了燃料免受过快的热气体夹带和自动点火的延迟。
燃烧室5还包括用于根据燃料的特性来调整供应到本体10中的载体空气质量流的调整系统17。
燃料供应导管14和载体空气供应导管15连接到至少一个公共喷嘴19上；换言之，穿过燃料供应导管14和空气供应导管15两者的流经过喷嘴19而喷射到本体10中。通常，燃料供应导管14具有面对喷嘴19的中心部分的开口20，且空气供应导管15具有喷嘴19的边界外的围绕孔口20的通路21。
有利的是，调整系统17布置成保持经过公共喷嘴19而喷射的燃料和载体空气的动量大致恒定，优选的是在燃气涡轮的负载大致恒定时。
在优选实施例中，提供了喷枪24；喷枪24突出至本体10中，且具有公共喷嘴19。可提供一个或多个此类公共喷嘴19。喷枪24收纳燃料供应导管14和载体空气供应导管15，且燃料供应导管14和载体空气供应导管15连接到公共喷嘴19上。
调整系统17可包括用于测量燃料的特征特性的传感器25、连接到载体空气供应导管15上的节流阀27、以及连接到传感器25和节流阀27上用于基于由传感器25测量的特征特性来驱动节流阀27的控制单元28。
作为备选，调整系统可包括孔口20和/或通路21，其具有在燃料流变化时产生空气流的自动调节的形状和/或尺寸。
例如，孔口20和喷嘴19可具有大致重叠的轴线27，垂直于轴线27的孔口20的面积可小于垂直于同一轴线27的喷嘴19的面积。
在不同示例中，燃料的特性可为燃料的质量流和/或成分和/或沃泊指数。
燃气涡轮的操作可从下文大致描述和示出的内容中清楚。
参看图3的示例，燃料如天然气穿过燃料供应导管14；传感器25检测所需的燃料特性，且将其传送至控制单元28。控制单元28基于由传感器25接收到的信号来驱动节流阀27。因此，节流阀27基于燃料流来调整载体空气流。调整可包括根据预定功能调节喷射的空气和燃料的动量，或保持它们恒定。空气和燃料的动量为：
Ma·va + Mf·vf
其中Ma为载体空气的质量流，va为喷射的载体空气速度，Mf为燃料的质量流，vf为喷射的燃料速度。
参看图4和图5的示例，燃料F穿过燃料供应导管14，且载体空气A穿过空气供应导管15。由于孔口20和通路21和喷嘴19的特性，故将发生载体空气流的自动调整；事实上，燃料的特性的变化导致燃料的质量流的变化，因为能量(按照更低发热值)在大致恒定的负载下保持大致恒定；作为备选，燃料的质量流可根据期望的负载来调节。标号M表示由载体空气A和燃料F形成的混合物；该混合物形成在喷嘴19处。
燃料质量流的变化影响穿过通路21的空气流，使得实现了自动调整。
本公开内容还涉及一种用于操作燃烧室5的方法。
该方法包括根据燃料的特性来调整供应到燃烧室5的本体10中的载体空气质量流。
有利的是，燃料和载体空气两者都经由公共喷嘴19来喷射。
此外，经过公共喷嘴19而喷射的燃料和载体空气的动量在燃气涡轮的负载大致恒定时保持大致恒定。
实际上，使用的材料和尺寸可根据要求和根据现有技术水平任意选择。

Claims (8)

1.一种燃烧室(5)，包括本体(10)，其中燃料供应导管(14)用于将燃料(F)供应到所述本体(10)中且载体空气供应导管(15)用于将载体空气(A)供应到所述本体(10)中，其特征在于，所述燃烧室(5)包括调整系统(17)，其用于根据所述燃料(F)的特性来调整供应到所述本体(10)中的载体空气质量流；所述燃料供应导管(14)和所述载体空气供应导管(15)连接到至少一个公共喷嘴(19)上，所述至少一个公共喷嘴(19)用于喷射所述燃料(F)和所述载体空气(A)两者；所述调整系统(17)布置成保持经过所述至少一个公共喷嘴(19)而喷射的所述燃料(F)和所述载体空气(A)的动量大致恒定。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃烧室(5)，其特征在于，
所述燃烧室(5)包括突出至所述本体(10)中的喷枪(24)，
所述喷枪(24)具有所述至少一个公共喷嘴(19)，
所述喷枪(24)收纳所述燃料供应导管(14)和所述载体空气供应导管(15)，
所述燃料供应导管(14)和所述载体空气供应导管(15)连接到所述公共喷嘴(19)上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的燃烧室(5)，其特征在于，所述燃料的特性为质量流和/或成分和/或沃泊指数。
4.根据权利要求1所述的燃烧室(5)，其特征在于，所述调整系统(17)包括：
用于测量所述燃料(F)的特性的传感器(25)，
连接到所述载体空气供应导管(15)上的节流阀(27)，
连接到所述传感器(25)和所述节流阀(27)上用于基于由所述传感器(25)测量的所述特性来驱动所述节流阀(27)的控制单元(28)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的燃烧室(5)，其特征在于，所述燃烧室(5)为燃气涡轮的一部分，所述燃气涡轮包括压缩机(2)、第一燃烧室(3)、第一涡轮(4)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的燃烧室，其特征在于，在所述第一涡轮(4)下游，所述燃气涡轮(1)包括供有来自于所述涡轮(4)的排出气体的第二燃烧室(5)、以及第二涡轮(6)，所述燃烧室(5)为所述第一燃烧室(3)或所述第二燃烧室(5)。
7.一种用于操作燃烧室(5)的方法，
所述燃烧室(5)包括本体(10)，其中燃料供应导管(14)用于将燃料(F)供应到所述本体(10)中且载体空气供应导管(15)用于将载体空气(A)供应到所述本体(10)中，
其特征在于，
根据所述燃料(F)的特性来调整供应到所述本体(10)中的载体空气质量流；
所述燃料供应导管(14)和所述载体空气供应导管(15)连接到至少一个公共喷嘴(19)上，
所述方法包括经由所述至少一个公共喷嘴(19)来喷射所述燃料(F)和所述载体空气(A)两者，并且保持经过所述至少一个公共喷嘴(19)而喷射的所述燃料(F)和所述载体空气(A)的动量大致恒定。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述燃料(F)的特性为质量流和/或成分和/或沃泊指数。
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