CN103998038A - 具有hsp调节活性的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物 - Google Patents
具有hsp调节活性的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103998038A CN103998038A CN201280056976.XA CN201280056976A CN103998038A CN 103998038 A CN103998038 A CN 103998038A CN 201280056976 A CN201280056976 A CN 201280056976A CN 103998038 A CN103998038 A CN 103998038A
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- dihydropyridine
- nitrae
- isosorbide
- alkyl
- dioctyl phthalate
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Abstract
本发明提供了用于治疗或预防性治疗由热激蛋白介导的障碍的式(I)的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中R1是任选地取代的C6-24芳基或包含1-3个氮原子或其它杂原子(如氧和硫)的5-6元杂芳基,和它们的组合;R2和R3独立地是氢或C1-6烷基;R4和R5独立地是氢、任选地被氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;R6是C1-6烷基、C3-7环烷基、C3-7环烷基C1-6烷基或芳基C1-6烷基。
Description
发明背景
1.本发明的技术领域
本发明部分地涉及可用作药物的新化合物,涉及含有新化合物的药物和化妆品组合物,并涉及用于治疗和预防由热激蛋白(Hsp)(也被称作应激蛋白)介导或影响的病理生理性病症和疾病的这类化合物。更具体地,本发明涉及在体外和在体内具有选择性Hsp调节活性的某些1,4-二氢吡啶类化合物,涉及这类化合物在由Hsp介导的病理生理性病症的治疗和预防领域中的用途,和涉及包含这类化合物的药物和化妆品组合物,所述病理生理性病症包括例如神经变性疾病、癌症、代谢综合征、糖尿病、肥胖、炎症和皮肤疾病、以及会在不同代谢或环境应激条件下从改变的Hsp功能获益的疾病和/或障碍。
2.现有技术的描述
热激蛋白(Hsp)属于在功能上相关的蛋白,当细胞暴露于高温或其它应激(范围从缺氧、炎症或感染到环境污染物质)时,所述蛋白在细胞中的量会变化(Goldberg等人,Nature,426:895-899,2003)。某些Hsp也可以在正常的无应激条件下通过调节众多重要的细胞蛋白的正确折叠和功能而作为分子伴侣起作用。
主要的热激蛋白根据它们的分子量进行分组(Hsp100、Hsp90、Hsp70、Hsp60和“小Hsp”(sHsp))。
Hsp家族的一些成员因为它们在蛋白维持中的重要作用而以低至中等水平在所有生物体中表达。由于它们的多种且关键的功能,Hsp在几种人疾病的病原学中起重要作用(Solti等人,Br.J.Pharmacol.,146:769-780,2005)。例如异常高水平的所有种类的Hsp或某些Hsp类别在不同的癌细胞中是特征性的,并且这通常适用于II型糖尿病、神经变性、心血管疾病或老化(Vígh等人;Prog.Lipid Res.,44(5):303-344,2005和Vígh等人;Trends Biochem.Sci.,32:357-363,2007)。
为了突出不同Hsp类别的作用机理并提供减轻它们的活性且适合于药物开发的化合物,在最近的十年中已经进行了大量研究。
Hsp70
除了一些古细菌以外(Large等人,Biochem.Soc.Trans.37:46-51,2009),进化保守的Hsp70伴侣蛋白家族和它的辅助伴侣蛋白存在于活生物体的所有含ATP的隔室中(Macario等人,Genetics,152:1277-1283,1999)。功能性的Hsp70伴侣蛋白网络需要许多不同底物特异性的且更低特异性的J-结构域辅助伴侣蛋白(在人类中有49种)之间的ATP驱动的相互作用,所述辅助伴侣蛋白靶向细胞中的数百种蛋白底物上的更少的Hsp70异形体(Kampinga等人,Cell Stress Chaperones,14:105-111,2009),且由不同核苷酸交换因子调节,所述核苷酸交换因子为诸如葡萄糖调节的蛋白E(GrpE)(Harrison,Cell Stress Chaperones8:218-224,2003)、BAG(Kabbage等人,Cell Mol Life Sci.,65:1390-1402,2008)、HspBP1(Kabani等人,FEBS Lett.,531:339-342,2002)和Hsp110蛋白(Shaner等人,CellStress Chaperones,12:1-8,2007)。这些网络对于以下方面而言是至关重要的:新生多肽的共翻译折叠,天然蛋白复合物的重塑,细胞信号的转导,细胞周期、增殖和细胞凋亡的调节(Jolly等人,J.Natl.Cancer Inst.,92:1564-1572,2000),热激应答的调节,应激变性蛋白的解折叠和重折叠,以及蛋白向线粒体(De Los Rios等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,103:6166-6171,2006)、叶绿体(Shi等人,Plant Cell,22:205-220,2010)和内质网(综述见Zimmermann等人,Biochim Biophys Acta,1808:912-924,2011)中的输入。
在正常细胞中,质量控制系统会防止有毒的错误折叠的蛋白种类的积累。但是,响应于诱变、老化或氧化性应激,错误折叠经常可以逃过质量控制而发生(Soskic等人,Exp.Gerontol.,43:247-257,2008;Zeng等人,Mech.Ageing Dev.,126:760-766,2005;Shpund&Gershon,Arch.Gerontol.Geriatr.,24:125-131,1997)。
作为有丝分裂后的细胞,神经元似乎对这些效应特别敏感,并且许多神经变性障碍(诸如阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森氏病和亨廷顿病)包含错误折叠的或错误加工的蛋白的异常积累。遗传研究已经常规地将Hsp70和它的辅助伴侣蛋白与该过程相关联,并且因此,它已经作为潜在药物靶标而出现(Evans等人,J Med Chem.,53:4585-4602,2010)。阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)是最常见的神经变性疾病,它的患者的特征在于进行性记忆丧失和老年斑(SP)的积累,所述老年斑由β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)和从tau装配成的神经原纤维缠结(NFT)组成。当前的模型提示,Aβ或tau自结合成富含β-折叠的寡聚体会导致神经元细胞死亡。已经证实Hsp70在Aβ和tau的细胞毒性中起重要作用(关于综述,参见(Evans等人,J Med Chem.,53:4585-4602,2010)。例如,亚化学计量水平的Hsp72会在体外阻断Aβ聚集的早期阶段(Evans等人,J Biol Chem.,281:33182-33191,2006),并且已经证实Hsp70会改变淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白的加工(Kumar等人,Hum Mol Genet.,16:848-864,2007)。并且,该伴侣蛋白通过抑制天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9和加速Aβ的消除而保护免于Aβ诱导的细胞毒性(Veereshwarayya等人,J Biol Chem.,281:29468-29478,2006)。除了这些对Aβ的作用以外,Hsc70也会在tau的结合微管蛋白的重复序列(这是tau自结合所需的相同区域)内的2个位点处结合tau(Sarkar等人,J Neurosci Res.,86(12):2763-2773,2008)。该发现提示,Hsc70可能与聚集和毒性竞争,并且与该模型相一致,Hsp70在小鼠模型中的过表达会减少聚集的tau(Petrucelli等人,Hum Mol Genet.,13:703-714,2004)。
Hsp70表达的药理学增量调节
已经证实,许多药理学试剂会通过不同的机制来增加Hsp70的细胞表达(Sloan等人,Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel.,12:666-681,2009)。但是,应当在以下分子之间做出区分:通过Hsp70调节途径内的确定刺激而起作用的分子,和通过诱导细胞应激而影响Hsp70水平的那些分子。使用后一种应激诱导机制的化合物可能具有更高的造成细胞死亡或其它不希望的效应的倾向(作为慢性应激的结果),因而作为治疗剂可能是不太合乎需要的。
在Hsp70诱导物(其在宽范围的应激条件下增加Hsp70表达)和Hsp70辅诱导物(其唯一作用是增强先前存在的应激应答,且在非应激的或健康的系统中几乎没有作用或根本没有作用)之间,可以做出不同Hsp70增量调节剂的作用模式的另一种区分。辅诱导物机制因此可以选择性地在患病组织中表现出作用,由此固有地减少在健康组织中的不希望的副作用的风险(Sloan等人,Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel.,12:666-681,2009)。
蛋白加工的调节剂
蛋白酶体抑制剂诸如硼替佐米(Lauricella等人,Apoptosis,11:607-625,2006)、MG-132和乳胞素(Kim等人,Biochem Biophys Res Commun.,264:352-358,1999)通过蛋白降解的抑制、展开的蛋白的积累和细胞应激应答的诱导而表现出显著的HSF-1介导的Hsp70诱导(Sloan等人,Curr OpinDrug Discov Devel.,12:666-681,2009)。乳胞素优先于展开的蛋白应答而选择性地诱导热激应答(HSR),并在神经元P127Q亨廷顿病模型中减少核内包涵体(Kim等人,J Neurochem.,91:1044-1056,2004)。在许多情况下,Hsp70诱导伴有其它的、基于机制的且不希望的细胞效应或细胞凋亡(Sloan等人,Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel.,12:666-681,2009)。尽管蛋白酶体抑制剂被批准在临床上用于肿瘤学,它们的有限治疗窗可能排除这些药物在蛋白质折叠疾病的治疗中的显著适用性。
化学反应性的诱导物
已经关于以下物质描述了Hsp70的化学诱导:N-乙基马来酰亚胺(Senisterra等人,Biochemistry,36:11002-11011,1997),亲电子的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂诸如3,4--二氯异香豆素(DCIC)和N-a-甲苯磺酰基-L-赖氨酸氯甲基酮(TLCK)(Rossi等人,J Biol Chem.,273:16446-16452,1998),姜黄素(姜黄根的一种主要组分)(Dunsmore等人,Crit Care Med.,29:2199-2204,2001),环戊烯酮PG,其特征在于PGA1,Δ7--PGA1,PGA2和Δ12-PGJ2(Lee等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,92:7207-7211,1995)。
环戊烯酮PG能够诱导Hsp70,且据报道会诱导HSF-1活化(7-15倍)(Hamel等人,Cell Stress Chaperones,5:121-131,2000)。与单独的热激相比,水杨酸钠会增强脊髓培养物中的Hsp70诱导(1mM/40℃),并且250μM剂量的吲哚美辛会降低在热激条件下在HeLa细胞中实现HSF-1活化所需的温度。吲哚美辛的该活性与HeLa细胞中的HSF-1磷酸化的增加和细胞保护作用相关联;使用吲哚美辛(250μM/40℃)的预处理会使随后的44.5℃热激的细胞存活率从没有预处理时的3%提高至大约40%(Lee等人,ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A,92:7207-7211,1995)。
最近的证据还已经提示,PPARγ激动剂可能在Hsp依赖性的过程中具有除了它们的充分表征的胰岛素敏化效应以外的效用:通过用PPARγ激动剂吡格列酮(10mg/kg/天)进行治疗,改善了在胰岛素抗性的大鼠模型的心脏中观察到的Hsp70诱导能力的下降。其它再灌注实验也证实,吡格列酮会辅助分离的大鼠心脏中的功能恢复(Taniguchi等人,Diabetes,55:2371-2378,2006)。
南蛇藤醇(从中草药使用的制品中分离出的一种醌甲基化物三萜)会经由HSF-1依赖性的机制与其它应激协同地有效地辅诱导Hsp70(Westerheide等人,J Biol Chem.,279:56053-56060,2004)。该药物已经表现出在多Q聚集的亨廷顿舞蹈病模型中的神经保护(Zhang等人,J Mol Med.,85:1421-1428,2007)和在肌萎缩性侧索硬化的小鼠转基因模型中的细胞保护(Kiaei等人,Neurodegener Dis.,2:246-254,2005)。几种其它的天然产物可以通过与南蛇藤醇类似的机制诱导Hsp70,所述天然产物包括三萜类烯酮甘草皂苷(Yan等人,Cell Stress Chaperones,9:378-389,2004)和甘珀酸(Nagayama等人,Life Sci.,69:2867-2873,2001)、以及被掩蔽的缩醛芍药苷(Yan等人,Cell Stress Chaperones,9:378-389,2004)。
辅诱导性的羟胺衍生物
羟胺衍生物的一个家族(包括原型氯吡哌醇)被鉴别为HSR的辅诱导物,在多种疾病模型中具有效用(Vigh等人,Nat Med.,3:1150-1154,1997)。在热激之前16h用氯吡哌醇(10μM)处理生肌大鼠H9c2细胞会导致与单独热激相比Hsp70水平的4倍增加(Vigh等人,Nat Med.,3:1150-1154,1997),该诱导会在经历致命热激的大鼠新生心肌细胞中提供细胞保护(在100μM)(Polakowski等人,Eur J Pharmacol.,435:73-77,2002)。认为作用机理是通过HSF-1的结合和HSF-1的磷酸化的调节,从而导致对HSF-1/DNA结合的影响(Hargitai等人,Biochem Biophys Res Commun.,307:689-695,2003),尽管已经注意到与膜在热激过程中的稳定作用有关的额外作用(Torok等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,100:3131-3136,2003)。
已经证实,氯吡哌醇类似物BRX-220与媒介物相比会显著升高创伤后的神经元中的Hsp70水平(Kalmar等人,Exp Neurol.,176:87-97,2002)。BRX-220的游离碱阿莫氯醇也会在小鼠模型中延迟肌萎缩性侧索硬化表型的进展(Kalmar等人,J Neurochem.,107:339-350,2008;Kieran等人,Nat Med.,10:402-405,2004)。
另一种羟胺衍生物NG-094会显著地改善漂亮新小杆线虫(C.elegans)模型中的多Q介导的动物麻痹,减少Q35-YFP聚集体的数目,并延迟多Q依赖性的老化加速(Haldimann等人,J Biol Chem.,286:18784-18794,2011)。
代谢物和营养物
相对较高剂量的几种代谢物和营养物也已经表现出对Hsp水平的影响,具有伴随的功能益处:α-硫辛酸会改善I型糖尿病患者中的Hsp70缺乏(Strokov等人,Bull Exp Biol Med.,130:986-990,2000);并且在老龄大鼠脑中的研究证实了响应于乙酰基-l-肉碱(在线粒体膜中发现的一种化合物)的施用而增加的Hsp表达(Hsp70和血红素加氧酶)(Calabrese等人,Antioxid Redox Signal,8:404-416,2006)。
在胃溃疡治疗中使用的替普瑞酮是一种充分表征的Hsp70诱导物,其已经在几种模型中表现出细胞保护益处,所述模型包括胃坏死(Tomisato等人,Biol Pharm Bull.,24:887-891,2001)、脑梗死(Nagai等人,NeurosciLett.,374:183-188,2005)、肝毒性(Nishida等人,Toxicology,219(1-3):187-196,2006)和炎症(Mochida等人,J Clin Biochem Nutr.,41:115-123,2007)。包括HspB8(Sanbe等人,PLoS ONE,4:e5351,2009)在内的其它伴侣蛋白也会被替普瑞酮诱导,这可以进一步促进所述分子的细胞保护性质。香芹酚(在许多牛至属种的油中的一种主要化合物)具有在体外辅诱导细胞Hsp70表达的能力(Wieten等人,Arthritis Rheum.,62:1026-1035,2010)。香芹酚会特异性地促进内源性Hsp70的T细胞识别,这通过Hsp70-特异性的T细胞杂交瘤的体外活化和在体内放大的对Hsp70的T细胞应答来证实(Wieten等人,Arthritis Rheum.,62:1026-1035,2010)。
混杂的Hsp70诱导物
SirT-1活化剂白藜芦醇会诱导Hsp70,并响应于热激和过氧化氢处理在人周围淋巴细胞中表现出细胞保护(Putics等人,Antioxid Redox Signal,10:65-75,2008)。
利鲁唑(FDA批准的一种用于治疗肌萎缩性侧索硬化的药物)在热激的报道基因测定中表现出Hsp70的辅诱导。认为该效应(其在HSF-1敲除的细胞中被消除)是由细胞溶质HSF-1库的稳定作用造成(Yang等人,PLoS ONE,3:e2864,2008)。
伊来司莫已经通过增加细胞中活性氧(ROS)的量和选择性地在缺氧的肿瘤细胞中诱导细胞凋亡而在治疗转移性黑素瘤的II期临床试验中表现出效力。该效应伴有缺氧的肿瘤细胞的肿瘤细胞特异性的增加(Revill等人,Elesclomol.Drugs Future(2008)33:310-315),但是,因为安全性担心,该药物的开发最近被暂停。
可以通过有时不完全地表征的机制起作用来诱导Hsp70的其它化合物包括四氢嘧啶(ectoine)(从嗜盐微生物分离出的一种天然产物)(Buommino等人,Cell Stress Chaperones,10:197-203,2005)、二氮嗪(O'Sullivan等人,JNeurotrauma,24:532-546,2007)和咪唑并噻二唑(Salehi等人,Chem Biol.,13(2):213--223,2006)。
上面描述的许多Hsp70诱导物可能在它们的作用模式方面依赖于蛋白的共价修饰,并且可能导致HSR的起始,所述HSR因为非特异性的效应和免疫原性可能是有问题的。在某些情况下,分子可以简单地为细胞应激源、活化细胞的防御机制(包括Hsp表达)。细胞的这种慢性应激可以递送短期效力,但是不太容易预测对细胞应答和生存力的长期效应。增强对既存应激的应答而在非应激环境中不表现出效应的辅诱导物化合物可以通过如下起作用而提供比非特异性应激源更高程度的组织选择性:增强对进行中的疾病相关应激的既存的、但是不足的应激应答。
Hsp70的遗传增量调节
Hsp70的增加已经在几个过表达研究中表现出有益效果,且在许多情况下已经与应激诱导的损伤的细胞保护或减弱相关联(Broome等人,FASEB J.,20:1549-1551,2006;Choo-Kang等人,Am J Physiol Lung CellMol Physiol.,281:L58-68,2001;Chung等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,105(5):1739-1744,2008;Marber等人,J Clin Invest.,95:1446-1456,1995;Muchowski等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,97:7841-7846,2000;Zheng等人,J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.,28:53-63,2008)。
细胞或完整生物体向超过40℃的温度的暴露('热应激')会造成伴侣蛋白(包括Hsp70)的增量调节。许多不同的补偿机制在热应激中被活化,因此,难以评估哪些效应仅由Hsp70造成。为了克服该挑战,已经开发了在β-肌动蛋白促进下仅过表达大鼠Hsp70的小鼠。在这些转基因小鼠中,大鼠可诱导的70-kD热应激蛋白的过表达会增加心脏对缺血性损伤的抗性(Marber等人,J Clin Invest.,95:1446-1456,1995)。在另一个研究中,Hsp72过表达小鼠表现出对饮食诱导的高血糖症的抗性(Chung等人,Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A,105:1739-1744,2008)和氧化性应激的年龄相关标志物(脂质过氧化作用、谷胱甘肽含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶水平)的下降(Broome等人,FASEB J.,20:1549-1551,2006)。还已经在Hsp70过表达小鼠中证实了Hsp70的特定异形体的增加的表达(约10倍),并伴有降低的对脑缺血/再灌注损伤的易感性(Zheng等人,J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.,28:53-63,2008)。免于脑缺血的这种保护伴有遍布于脑整体中的NFκB的活化的降低,这提示,Hsp70可以通过减轻炎症性过程而改善缺血性损伤(Zheng等人,J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.,28:53-63,2008)。已经在亨廷顿病的体外模型中证实了Hsp70的过表达对不连续的蛋白质折叠过程的影响,携带延长的多谷氨酰胺重复序列的亨廷顿蛋白的聚集在过表达Hsp70(或Hsp40)的酵母中显著减少,从而提示这些伴侣蛋白在阻止该病原性蛋白的错误折叠和/或聚集中的直接作用(Muchowski等人,Proc Natl Acad SciUSA,97:7841-7846,2000)。
类似地,在囊性纤维化的细胞模型中,含有易于错误折叠的ΔF508突变体的囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(CFTR)的运输可以在具有质粒诱导的Hsp70的过表达的IB-3细胞中正常化,从而暗示Hsp70在突变体CFTR的陪伴和正确折叠中起作用,使它能够被运输至细胞表面(Choo-Kang等人,Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol.,281:L58-68,2001)。
小Hsp
不同于ATP酶伴侣蛋白Hsp100、Hsp90、Hsp70和Hsp60,具有保守的α-结晶结构域的小Hsp(sHsp)会独立于ATP水解而被动地结合错误折叠的中间体(Jakob等人,J Biol Chem.,268:1517-1520,1993)。在没有应激存在下,sHsp主要装配成大寡聚体复合物(Garrido等人,Cell Cycle,5:2592-2601,2006),所述复合物在应激条件下可以解离成两亲二聚体,后者阻止错误折叠的多肽发生聚集(Jakob等人,J Biol Chem.,268:1517-1520,1993)并保护膜免于热分裂(Haslbeck等人,Nat Struct Mol Biol.,12:842-846,2005;Horvath等人,Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(BBA)-Biomembranes,1778:1653-1664,2008)。sHsp与Hsp70/Hsp40和Hsp100或GroEL/GroES伴侣蛋白网络一起在错误折叠的蛋白的重折叠中协作(关于综述,参见(Nakamoto等人,Cell Mol Life Sci.,64:294-306,2007)。人Hsp27和Hsp70经常(尽管非必然地)响应于多种生理和环境刺激而共表达(Garrido等人,Cell Cycle,5:2592-2601,2006;Vigh等人,Trends Biochem Sci.,32:357-363,2007)。由于sHsp具有强细胞保护性质(Garrido等人,Cell Cycle,5:2592-2601,2006),它们的抑制在针对癌症的药理学治疗中是重要的(Didelot等人,Curr Med Chem.,14:2839-2847,2007),而sHsp的增量调节可以预防肝损伤(Kanemura等人,J Gastrointest Surg.,13:66-73,2009)或由蛋白错误折叠造成的病理学,诸如阿尔茨海默氏病(Fonte等人,J BiolChem283:784-791,2008;Wu等人,Neurobiol Aging,31:1055-1058,2010)、帕金森氏病(Zourlidou等人,J Neurochem.,88:1439-1448,2004)和亨廷顿病(Perrin等人,Mol Ther.,15(5):903-911,2007)。根据一项最近的研究,Hsp27可以在转基因小鼠模型中保护神经元免于乙醇的急性和慢性毒性效应(Toth等人,Cell Stress and Chaperones,15:807-817,2010)。
尽管调节Hsp的小化合物是已知的,且它们中的一些是在临床试验下,到目前为止它们都没有作为药学活性剂面市。对特定有效的Hsp调节化合物存在与日俱增的需求,所述化合物满足苛求的生物学和药学需求从而进入人临床试验。用于治疗用途的理想候选物是不会诱导/沉默经典热激蛋白应答本身的化合物。相反,它们仅调节被轻度物理或病理生理学应激改变的特定种类Hsp的表达。这样的Hsp辅调节剂是独特的药物候选物,因为它们可以增强/减少患病细胞中的HSP表达而不显著影响健康细胞,因而它们具有重大副作用的可能性更低。
因而,本发明的主要目的是,提供具有选择性的应激蛋白调节活性(特别是辅调节活性)的化合物,因此它们可用于治疗神经变性障碍、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病、皮肤疾病,且另外可用在联合治疗中。
本发明提供了某些部分地新颖的具有选择性的Hsp调节活性的1,4-二氢吡啶。已经令人惊讶地和意外地发现,所述化合物表现出选择性的Hsp辅调节活性,该活性到目前为止尚未关于1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物进行描述。
大量文献公开了1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物和它们的用途,但是它们都没有公开本发明的具体化合物作为Hsp调节剂的用途。
1,4-二氢吡啶在药理学中作为L-型钙通道阻滞剂是特别众所周知的(Edraki等人,Drug Discovery Today,14:1058-1066,2009);并且已经被广泛地用于治疗心血管疾病(Hope和Lazzara,Adv Intern Med.,27:435-52,1982)。已经描述了用于治疗糖尿病中的神经病的钙拮抗剂1,4-二氢吡啶(Taber,J.等人,US5,438,144)。4-(3-氯苯基)-5-取代的-氨甲酰基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3-甲酸的衍生物表现出N-型钙通道的选择性抑制作用,并且可有效地治疗:缺血性脑血管障碍的急性阶段;进行性神经变性疾病诸如阿尔茨海默氏病、AIDS有关的痴呆、帕金森病等(Nakajo,A.等人,US6,610,717)。4-硝基苯基-1,4-二氢吡啶-5-膦酸的一些酯衍生物可用于治疗癌症或癌前病症(Krouse,A.J.,WO2008/137107)。已经报道,具有浓缩的1,4-二氢吡啶骨架的化合物会降低升高的血糖水平(Ono,M.等人,WO2005/025507)或阻止癌细胞分裂(Mauger,J.,等人,WO2007/012972)。2,6-未被取代的-1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物具有sirtuin脱乙酰基酶活性,并且可以用于治疗癌症、代谢病、心血管病和神经变性疾病(Antonello等人,J.Med.Chem.,52:5496-504,2009)。已经报道,N-取代的-1,4-二氢吡啶具有冠状血管扩张和抗高血压活性(Meyer,H.等人,HU164867)。一些N-取代的-1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物可用于通过改善血液粘度来治疗急性和慢性缺血性障碍(Behner,O.,EP0451654),而其它N-取代的衍生物表现出选择性的Ca2+依赖性的K+通道调节活性,并且可用于治疗中枢神经系统障碍(Heine,H.,G.,EP0705819和Heine,H.,G.,EP0717036)。
发明内容
本发明涉及部分地新的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物,其通过表现出Hsp调节活性而展示出广泛实用性,并且因此可用于治疗和预防由Hsp介导的疾病和病理生理性病症。
本发明是基于以下意外发现:式(I)的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物尽管对Ca-通道不具有作用或具有可忽略的作用,但是能够选择性地辅调节Hsp活性,这意味着,它们仅仅通过增强或抑制既存的应激应答而起作用,且在非应激的或健康的系统中几乎没有作用或根本没有作用,它们选择性地在患病的组织中表现出作用,因此它们可以减少在健康组织中的不希望的副作用的风险。作为辅调节剂的式(I)的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物可以为许多疾病状态提供合适的治疗药物候选物。根据一个非限制性的实施方案,取决于涉及的具体Hsp类别,式(I)的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物可用于治疗和预防神经变性疾病、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积障碍或皮肤障碍。如早前所定义的,应激蛋白辅调节剂是这样的物质:其自己不会影响Hsp产生,但是可以与在不同的疾病状态下存在的其它轻度应激联合地调节Hsp诱导。由于本发明的化合物能够在不影响未应激细胞的同时调节应激细胞中的应激应答,与许多种类的现有药物相比,它们不可能产生重大副作用。
具体实施方式
在一个方面,本发明提供了用于治疗或预防性治疗由热激蛋白介导的障碍的式(I)的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药
其中
R1是任选地被一个或多个取代基取代的C6-24芳基,所述取代基独立地选自:卤素、直链或支链C1-6烷基、卤代C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、包含1-4个氮原子的5-6元杂芳基、-CN、-SO2NH2、C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-8环烷基和alk-X-alk基团,其中X是O、S、SO、SO2且alk是C1-6烷基;或包含1-3个氮原子或其它杂原子(如氧和硫)的5-6元杂芳基,和它们的组合;
R2和R3独立地是氢或C1-6烷基;
R4和R5独立地是氢,任选地被氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-7环烷基、C3-7环烷基C1-6烷基或芳基C1-6烷基。
本发明的其它方面提供了用于治疗或预防性治疗由Hsp70和Hsp25介导的障碍的如上所述的式(I)的化合物,且其中所述Hsp介导的障碍选自:神经变性疾病、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病和皮肤障碍病症,且其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述治疗剂选自可用于治疗神经变性疾病、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病或皮肤障碍的药剂。
本发明的另一个方面提供了一种用于治疗或预防性治疗由Hsp介导的障碍的药物和任选化妆品组合物,其包含如上所述的式(I)的化合物和一种或多种药学上可接受的或化妆上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂。
本发明的其它方面提供了一种用于治疗或预防性治疗由Hsp介导的障碍的药物和任选化妆品组合物,其包含如上所述的式(I)的化合物和一种或多种药学上可接受的或化妆上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂,其中所述障碍选自:神经变性疾病、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病和皮肤障碍病症,且其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述治疗剂选自可用于治疗神经变性疾病、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病或皮肤障碍的药剂。
本发明的另一个方面提供了用在联合治疗中的如上所述的式(I)的化合物,其中所述联合治疗包括,与热处理一起或与用于治疗给定病理生理学状态的其它治疗一起,给患者同时地、单独地或顺序地施用有效量的如上所述的式(I)的化合物。
本发明的另一个方面提供了如下所述的某些新的式(I)化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及对映异构富集形式的它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,此外还提供了包含它们的药理学和化妆品组合物。
附图说明
图1实施例23的化合物对SHSY5Y细胞的Hsp70辅诱导活性。
图2实施例23的化合物对Hsp70相比于其它Hsp的选择性辅诱导活性。
图3实施例11的化合物对SHSY5Y细胞的Hsp25辅诱导活性。
图4实施例27的化合物对B16F-10黑素瘤细胞的Hsp70沉默子活性。
图5用实施例1的化合物治疗的Zucker肥胖大鼠中的棕色脂肪组织的禁食血浆葡萄糖水平(A)和Hsp70蛋白水平(B)(用蛋白质印迹测量)。
图6显示了实施例23的化合物的神经保护和记忆保护(PB:生理盐水)。
图7全身性地施用的实施例23的化合物对UVB诱导的SKH-1无毛小鼠的皮肤厚度的增加的影响。
图8实施例17的化合物对实验小鼠转移性黑素瘤模型的平均存活时间的影响。
图9实施例23的化合物对B16黑素瘤细胞的溶酶体稳定性的影响。
图10实施例23的化合物对ALS模型小鼠的寿命的影响。
贯穿本申请使用下述缩写和定义。
缩写
Aβ β-淀粉样蛋白
AD 阿尔茨海默氏病
APP 淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白
ATP酶 腺苷三磷酸酶
CFTR 囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子
DCIC 3,4-二氯异香豆素
DMEM-F12 Dulbecco氏改良的伊格尔培养基: 营养物混合物F-12
GFP 绿色荧光蛋白
HSF 热激因子
Hsp 热激蛋白
HSR 热激应答
MTD 最高耐受剂量
NEF 核苷酸交换因子
NFκB 活化的B细胞的核因子κ-轻链-增强子
NFT 神经原纤维缠结
PB 生理盐水
PBS 磷酸盐缓冲盐水
PGS 前列腺素
PPARγ 过氧化物酶体增殖子-活化的受体γ
PVDF 聚偏氟乙烯
SDS-PAGE 十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳
SP 老年斑
TLCK N-a-甲苯磺酰基-L-赖氨酸氯甲基酮
YFP 黄色荧光蛋白
定义
术语“Hsp调节”表示这样的过程:其通过不同机制增加或减少Hsp100、Hsp90、Hsp70、Hsp60和“小Hsp”蛋白的细胞表达、膜结合和/或功能。
术语“HSP辅调节活性”表示“HSP辅调节剂”的作用,其自己不会调节应激应答,但是能够在有轻度应激或病理生理性病症存在下调节应激应答。伴侣蛋白辅调节剂通过仅与处于急性或慢性应激下的那些细胞的选择性相互作用而象“智能药物”一样起作用。这些类型的分子可以在许多急性和慢性疾病中提供重要新颖疗法,其中通过不同机制增加或减少Hsp100、Hsp90、Hsp70、Hsp60和“小Hsp”蛋白的细胞表达、膜结合和/或功能。
此外,“调节”也表示,改变不同的Hsp的比例。
术语“Hsp增量调节”表示这样的过程:其通过不同机制增加Hsp100、Hsp90、Hsp70、Hsp60和“小Hsp”蛋白的细胞表达和/或功能。
术语“Hsp诱导物”表示这样的化合物:其在宽范围的病理生理性病症下增加Hsp表达,这不同于Hsp辅诱导物,后者仅起增强既存的应激应答的作用且在非应激的或健康的系统中几乎没有作用或根本没有作用。
术语Hsp“伴侣蛋白辅诱导物”或Hsp“辅诱导物”表示这样的化合物:其自己不会诱导应激应答,但是能够在有轻度应激或病理生理性病症存在下改变应激应答。伴侣蛋白辅诱导物通过仅与处于急性应激下的那些细胞的选择性相互作用而象“智能药物”一样起作用。这些类型的分子可以在许多急性和慢性疾病中提供重要新颖疗法。
术语“Hsp沉默子”表示这样的化合物:其在宽范围的应激(包括病理生理性病症)下减少Hsp表达和/或功能。
术语“Hsp抑制剂”表示这样的化合物:其能够表现出一种或多种Hsp的可检测的抑制。使用描述的并通过引用并入本文中的方法,可以确定Hsp的抑制(Wyshocka等人,Mol.Cel.Biochem.215:153-156,2000)。
技术人员会认识到,体内Hsp抑制剂不一定是体外Hsp抑制剂,例如前药形式的化合物在体外测定中几乎不表现出或根本不表现出活性。这样的前药形式可以被患者中的代谢过程或其它生化过程改变,以产生体内活性化合物。
术语“前药”表示本发明的化合物的任意药学上可接受的盐、酯或其它衍生物,其在施用给受体以后能够直接地或间接地提供本发明的化合物或其药学活性代谢物或残余物。不同形式的前药是本领域众所周知的。参见例如Design of Prodrugs,Bundgaard,A.编,Elseview,1985和Method inEnzymology,Widder,K.等人,编;Academic,1985,第42卷,第309-396页;Bundgaard,H.“Design and Application of Prodrugs”,见A Textbook ofDrug Design and Development,Krosgaard-Larsen和H.Bundgaard,编,1991,第5章,第113-191页;和Bundgaard,H.,Advanced Drug DeliveryReview,1992,8,1-38,它们中的每一篇通过引用并入本文。
术语“病理生理性病症”表示,在受试者中产生有害生物学后果的任意疾病、障碍或作用。
被本发明化合物的热激蛋白活性选择性地调节的病理生理性病症包括、但不限于:例如
-神经变性疾病,其特征在于进行性神经系统功能障碍,特别是阿尔茨海默病、额颞叶痴呆、痴呆伴露易小体、皮质基底变性、进行性核上性麻痹、朊病毒障碍、多系统萎缩、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS或Lou Gehrig氏病)、帕金森病、亨廷顿病、聚-Q相关的神经变性疾病、多发性硬化、遗传性痉挛性轻截瘫、脊髓小脑萎缩、脑癌相关的疾病、变性神经疾病、脑炎、癫痫、遗传性脑障碍、头和脑畸形、脑积水、中风相关的疾病、朊病毒疾病、淀粉样变性、弗里德赖希氏共济失调、代谢(糖尿病)相关的疾病、毒素相关的疾病、夏科-马里-图斯神经病和其它;
-癌症疾病,特别是乳腺癌、小细胞肺癌、黑素瘤、鳞状细胞癌、非小细胞肺癌、膀胱癌、头颈癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、卡波西氏肉瘤、胶质母细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、结直肠癌、泌尿生殖器癌症、胃肠癌、肾癌、血液癌症、宫颈癌、结肠癌、皮肤T-细胞淋巴瘤、食管癌、肝癌、神经母细胞瘤、口部发育异常、胰腺癌、周围t-细胞淋巴瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、肉瘤、睾丸癌、甲状腺癌等;
-非霍奇金淋巴瘤、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、白血病(包括急性髓性白血病、慢性髓性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病)、骨髓增生异常综合征和间皮瘤;
-代谢综合征和有关的障碍,其原因为或表现为增加的胰岛素抗性、葡萄糖耐量降低、II型糖尿病、向心性肥胖、升高的甘油三酯水平、降低的HDL胆固醇、促血栓性的和促炎症性的状态、多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)等;
-溶酶体贮积病,特别是天冬氨酰基葡糖胺尿症、胱氨酸贮积症、法布里病、法伯病、岩藻糖苷贮积症、半乳糖唾液酸苷贮积症、戈谢病、GM1神经节苷脂贮积病、莫基奥综合征B型、GM2神经节苷脂贮积病(O、B、AB、B1变体)、克拉伯病、异染性脑白质营养不良(芳基硫酸酯酶A和SAP1缺陷型)、粘脂贮积症II和III(I细胞病)、粘脂质贮积症I(涎酸贮积症)、粘脂质贮积症IV、粘多糖贮积症I(Hurler和Scheie综合征)、粘多糖贮积症II(亨特综合征)、粘多糖贮积症III(桑菲列普综合征A、B、C、D)、粘多糖贮积症IV(莫基奥综合征A、B)、粘多糖贮积症VI(马-兰二氏综合征)、粘多糖贮积症VII(β葡糖醛酸糖苷酶缺乏)、多种硫酸酯酶缺乏症、神经元蜡样脂褐质沉积症、Niemann-Pick病(A、B和C)、庞皮病、致密性成骨不全症、Schindler病、唾液酸贮积病、Wolman病(胆固醇酯贮积病)、α-甘露糖苷贮积症、β-甘露糖苷贮积症;
-皮肤障碍,特别是非传染性的疹(皮炎、银屑病和其它)、UV诱导的炎症、非癌性的皮肤生长(脂溢性角化病、角化棘皮瘤、瘢痕疙瘩和其它)和皮肤癌(基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、黑素瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤、佩吉特乳头病)。
术语“热疗法”也称为“高温疗法”,表示这样的医学治疗:其中将身体组织暴露于稍微较高的温度或通过诱导发热来增加体温,以治疗疾病和病症,特别是癌症、炎症、代谢综合征、良性前列腺肥大,以减少痔,以刺激免疫系统,以增加抵抗疾病的白血细胞的水平,以治疗疼痛。
术语“代谢综合征”表示医学病症的组合,其当一起发生时会增加发展心血管疾病和糖尿病的风险。征状和特征包括禁食高血糖症(II型糖尿病、葡萄糖耐量降低或增加的胰岛素抗性);高血压;向心性肥胖;具有脂肪沉着体的超重;降低的HDL胆固醇;升高的甘油三酯。
术语“受试者”表示动物,或表示源自动物的一个或多个细胞。优选地,所述动物是哺乳动物,最优选人。细胞可以呈任意形式,包括、但不限于保留在组织中的细胞、细胞簇、永生化的细胞、转染的或转化的细胞、和从已经在物理上或在表型上改变的动物衍生出的细胞。
术语“患者”表示任意哺乳动物,优选人类。
“药学上可接受的盐”可以从具有能够形成盐的官能团(例如碱或酸官能团)的本发明任意化合物制备。药学上可接受的盐可以用有机或无机酸或碱制备。本发明的含有一个或多个碱性官能团(例如,氨基、烷基氨基)的化合物能够与药学上可接受的有机和无机酸形成药学上可接受的盐。这些盐可以在本发明化合物的最终分离和纯化过程中原位制备,或者通过使处于它的游离碱形式的纯化的本发明化合物与合适的有机或无机酸反应并分离如此形成的盐而单独地制备。合适的酸盐的例子包括乙酸盐、己二酸盐、海藻酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡萄糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、甲酸盐、富马酸盐、葡萄糖庚酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、乙醇酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、乳酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐(palmoate)、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐和十一烷酸盐。其它酸(诸如草酸)尽管自身不是药学上可接受的,但是可以用于制备在得到本发明的化合物和它们的药学上可接受的酸加成盐时可用作中间体的盐。本发明的含有一个或多个酸性官能团的化合物能够与药学上可接受的碱形成药学上可接受的盐。在这些情况下,术语“药学上可接受的盐”表示本发明化合物的相对无毒的、无机和有机碱加成盐。这些盐同样可以在所述化合物的最终分离和纯化过程中原位制备,或者通过使处于它的游离酸形式的纯化合物与合适的碱(诸如药学上可接受的金属阳离子的氢氧化物、碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐)、与氨或与药学上可接受的有机伯、仲或叔胺反应而单独地制备。代表性的药学上可接受的阳离子包括碱金属或碱土金属盐,诸如锂、钠、钾、钙、镁和铝盐等。一些可以使用的碱的示例性例子包括氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、胆碱氢氧化物、碳酸钠、四丁基氢氧化铵等。可用于形成碱加成盐的代表性的有机胺包括:乙胺、二乙胺、乙二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、哌嗪等。本发明也预见到本文中公开的化合物的任意碱性含氮基团的季铵化。通过这样的季铵化,可以得到水或油可溶性的或可分散的产物。参见,例如,Berge等人.“Pharmaceutical Salts”,J.Pharm.Sci.1977,66:1-19。
应当理解,提及的盐包括其溶剂加成形式或晶型,特别是溶剂合物或多晶型物。溶剂合物含有化学计量的或非化学计量的量的溶剂,且经常在使用药学上可接受的溶剂(诸如水、乙醇等)的结晶过程中形成。当溶剂为水时形成水合物,或者当溶剂为醇时形成醇化物。多晶型物包括化合物的相同元素组成的不同晶体填装排列。多晶型物经常具有不同的X-射线衍射图样、红外波谱、熔点、密度、硬度、晶体形状、光学和电学性能、稳定性和可溶性。多种因素(诸如重结晶溶剂、结晶速率和贮存温度)可以造成单一晶型占优势。
本文中使用的术语“烷基”表示具有1-6个碳的任选地被取代的直链、或任选地被取代的支链饱和烃基。烷基残基的例子包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、叔戊基、戊基、己基等。
本文中使用的术语“环烷基”表示环状烷基单残基,其中每个环状部分具有3-7个碳原子。环烷基残基的例子包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基等。
本文中使用的术语“烷氧基”表示烷基-O-基团,其中术语烷基如上定义。烷氧基的例子包括甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、异丙氧基、正丁氧基、异丁氧基、仲丁氧基、叔丁氧基等。
本文中使用的术语“芳基”表示具有6-10个骨架环碳的芳基,例如苯基和萘基。
本文中使用的术语“芳基烷基”表示如上定义的烷基残基,其中至少一个H原子被如上定义的芳基残基替代,例如苄基、2-苯基乙基等。
本文中使用的术语“杂芳基”表示:含有5-6个骨架环原子的芳族基团,其中1-4个环原子是氮原子,或包含1-3个氮原子或其它杂原子(如氧和硫)的杂芳基,和它们的组合。杂芳基的例子包括、但不限于呋喃基、噻吩基、吡啶基、吡咯基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、咪唑基、吡唑基、三唑基、四唑基、噻唑基、噁唑基等。
本文中使用的术语“alk-X-alk”表示alk-O-alk、alk-S-alk、alk-SO-alk、alk-SO2-alk基团,其中alk是含有1-6个碳原子的烷基。alk-X-alk的例子包括、但不限于甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、甲硫基甲基、乙硫基甲基、甲基亚磺酰基甲基、乙基亚磺酰基甲基、甲基磺酰基甲基、乙基磺酰基甲基等。
本文中使用的术语“卤素”表示氟、氯、溴、碘。
本文中使用的术语“杂环的”表示任选地取代的和稠合的,和在杂环部分中,含有5-24个环原子的部分饱和的环残基,其中所述环原子之一是氮,且任选地其它杂原子是例如氧、氮、硫,例如但不限于吡咯烷基(pirrolidinyl)、哌啶基、哌嗪基、吡咯烷基(pyrrolidinyl)、吗啉基、四氢异喹啉基、四氢苯并氮杂环庚三烯基(azepinyl)等。所述杂环可以任选地在任意位置被如上定义的烷基、烷氧基残基取代。
本文中使用的术语“单-或二-烷基氨基”表示基团-NHR、-NRR',其中R和R'是如上定义的烷基。
“任选地取代的”基团可以是被取代的或未被取代的。
本发明的一些化合物可以含有一个或多个手性中心,并因此可以以对映异构形式和非对映异构形式存在。本发明的范围意图涵盖所有异构体本身、以及顺式和反式异构体的混合物、非对映异构体的混合物、以及对映异构体(光学异构体)的外消旋混合物。
此外,使用众所周知的技术可能分离不同的形式,并且本发明的一些实施方案可以表征给定的对映异构体或非对映异构体的纯化的或富集的种类。
“药理学或皮肤病学组合物或化妆品组合物”表示一种或多种本文所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐与其它化学组分(诸如药学上和/或皮肤病学上或化妆上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂)的混合物。药理学组合物的目的是,促进化合物向生物体的施用。
本文中使用的短语“药学上可接受的载体”是指这样的药学上可接受的材料、组合物或媒介物,诸如液体或固体填充剂、稀释剂、赋形剂、溶剂或包囊材料:其参与将主题药剂从一个器官或身体部分携带或运输至另一个器官或身体部分。每种载体必须是“可接受的”,其含义是,与制剂的其它成分相容,且对患者无害。可以充当药学上可接受的载体的材料的一些例子包括、但不限于:糖类,诸如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;淀粉类,诸如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;纤维素和它的衍生物,诸如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和醋酸纤维素;黄蓍胶粉末;麦芽;明胶;滑石粉;赋形剂,诸如可可脂和栓剂蜡;油,诸如花生油、棉籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油;二醇类,诸如丙二醇;多元醇,诸如甘油、山梨醇、甘露醇和聚乙二醇;酯类,诸如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;琼脂;缓冲剂,诸如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;海藻酸;无热原水;等张盐水;林格氏溶液;乙醇;磷酸盐缓冲溶液;和在药物制剂中采用的其它无毒的相容物质。
“赋形剂”表示,加入药理学组合物中以进一步促进化合物施用的惰性物质。赋形剂的例子包括、但不限于:碳酸钙、磷酸钙、各种糖和淀粉类型、纤维素衍生物、明胶、植物油和聚乙二醇。
“药学有效量”是指,能够提供治疗和/或预防效果的量。根据本发明施用以得到治疗和/或预防效果的化合物的具体剂量当然取决于病例的特定情况,包括、例如,施用的具体化合物、施用途径、治疗的病理生理性病症和治疗的个体。典型每日剂量(在单次剂量或分份剂量中施用)含有约0.01mg/kg至约50-100mg/kg体重的本发明活性化合物的剂量水平。优选的每日剂量通常是约0.05mg/kg至约20mg/kg,且理想地是约0.1mg/kg至约10mg/kg。诸如清除率、半衰期和最高耐受剂量(MTD)等因素仍然有待确定,但是本领域普通技术人员可以使用标准操作来确定这些。
包含式(I)化合物作为活性成分的药物组合物可以另外包含可用于治疗神经变性疾病、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病或皮肤障碍的药剂,或者包含式(I)化合物的药物组合物可以与这样的药剂共同施用。
可用于治疗神经变性疾病、癌症疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病或皮肤障碍的另外的药剂是指,但不限于,抗肿瘤剂,用于口服抗糖尿病药物、用于抗痴呆药物、用于抗帕金森病药物、用于抗多发性硬化药物、用于抗-ALS药物、用于抗-弗里德赖希氏共济失调药物、用于抗癫痫药物和其它治疗的药剂。
抗肿瘤剂包括、但不限于:例如烷化剂(环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、卡莫司汀等)、抗代谢药(甲氨蝶呤、雷替曲塞、培美曲塞、阿糖胞苷、氟达拉滨、阿糖胞苷、氟尿嘧啶、替加氟、吉西他滨、卡培他滨等)、植物生物碱和萜类化合物(长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛、长春瑞滨、紫杉醇、多西他赛等)、拓扑异构酶抑制剂(依托泊苷、伊立替康、托泊替康、安吖啶、磷酸依托泊苷、替尼泊苷等、细胞毒性的抗生素(放线菌素、多柔比星、柔红霉素、戊柔比星、伊达比星、表柔比星、博来霉素、普卡霉素、丝裂霉素等)和其它抗肿瘤剂(顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂等)。
用于口服抗糖尿病药物的药剂包括、但不限于:例如胰岛素和类似物、双胍类(二甲双胍、丁福明等)、噻唑烷二酮类(罗格列酮、吡格列酮等)、磺酰脲类(甲苯磺丁脲、醋酸己脲、妥拉磺脲、氯磺丙脲、格列吡嗪、格列本脲、格列美脲、格列齐特等)、非磺酰脲促分泌剂(瑞格列奈、那格列奈等)、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(米格列醇、阿卡波糖等)、肠降血糖素模拟物(艾塞那肽、利拉糖肽、他泊鲁肽等)、二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂(维格列汀、西格列汀、沙格列汀、利拉利汀等)、胰淀素类似物(普兰林肽等)。
用于抗痴呆药物的药剂包括、但不限于:例如多奈哌齐、加兰他敏、利凡斯的明、美金刚等。抗帕金森病药物包括、但不限于:例如比哌立登、美噻吨、丙环定、L-DOPA、金刚烷胺、罗匹尼罗、普拉克索、司来吉兰、恩他卡朋等。抗-ALS药物(利鲁唑)。抗多发性硬化药物包括、但不限于:例如芬戈莫德、干扰素-β-1a和1b、醋酸格拉替雷、米托蒽醌、那他珠单抗等。抗-弗里德赖希氏共济失调药物(艾地苯醌)。抗癫痫药物包括、但不限于:例如卡马西平、氯拉卓酸、氯硝西泮、乙琥胺、非尔氨酯、磷苯妥英、加巴喷丁、拉科酰胺、拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、奥卡西平、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、普瑞巴林、扑米酮、噻加宾、托吡酯、丙戊酸半钠、丙戊酸、唑尼沙胺、氯巴占、氨己烯酸等。
用于治疗溶酶体贮积病的药剂包括、但不限于:例如糖基转移酶抑制剂、β-葡糖脑苷脂酶、伊米苷酶;阿加糖酶α、阿加糖酶β、葡萄糖苷酶α、拉罗尼酶、艾度硫酸酯酶、戈硫酯酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、N-丁基-脱氧野尻霉素、1-脱氧野尻霉素、半乳糖、半乳糖苷酶抑素亚硫酸氢盐、异法戈明、2,5-脱水-2,5-D-葡糖醇、N-辛基-4-表-b-井冈霉烯胺、乙胺嘧啶等。
可以口服地、胃肠外地、通过吸入喷雾、表面地、直肠地、鼻地、含服地、阴道地或经由植入蓄池施用本发明的药物组合物。
本文中使用的术语“胃肠外的”包括皮下的、皮内的、静脉内的、肌肉内的、关节内的、滑膜内的、胸骨内的、鞘内的、病灶内的和颅内的注射或输注技术。
本发明的药物组合物可以以任意口服可接受的剂型口服施用,所述剂型包括、但不限于,胶囊剂、片剂和水性悬浮液和溶液。在用于口服使用的片剂的情况下,常用的载体包括乳糖和玉米淀粉。通常也加入润滑剂,诸如硬脂酸镁。就胶囊形式的口服施用而言,有用的稀释剂包括乳糖和干燥的玉米淀粉。当口服地施用水性悬浮液和溶液和丙二醇时,将活性成分与乳化剂和助悬剂组合。如果需要的话,可以加入某些甜味剂和/或矫味剂和/或着色剂。
当期望的治疗涉及通过表面应用可容易地接近的区域或器官时,本发明的药物或皮肤病学组合物的表面施用是特别有用的。就表面地应用于皮肤而言,应当将所述药物或皮肤病学组合物配制为合适的软膏剂,其含有悬浮或溶解于载体中的活性成分。用于本发明化合物的表面施用的载体包括、但不限于:矿物油、液体石油、白凡士林、丙二醇、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯化合物、乳化蜡和水。可替换地,可以将所述药物组合物配制为合适的洗剂或乳膏剂,其含有悬浮或溶解于载体中的活性化合物。合适的载体包括、但不限于:矿物油、脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯、聚山梨酯60、十六烷基酯蜡、鲸腊硬脂醇、2-辛基十二醇、苯甲醇和水。也可以通过直肠栓剂制剂或以合适的灌肠剂制剂形式将本发明的药物组合物局部地应用于下肠道。本发明也包括表面施用的透皮贴剂。
通过在药物组合物和化妆品的制备中本身已知的方法,通过混合活性物质和对应的载体和/或赋形剂,可以制备这些组合物。所述组合物通常含有0.5-99.5重量%的活性化合物。
本发明的化合物
本发明提供了用于治疗或预防性治疗由热激蛋白介导的障碍的部分地新颖的式(I)的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,在适当时,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,
其中
R1是任选地被一个或多个取代基取代的C6-24芳基,所述取代基独立地选自:卤素、-NO2、直链或支链C1-6烷基、卤代C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、包含1-4个氮原子的5-6元杂芳基、-CN、-SO2NH2、C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-8环烷基和alk-X-alk基团,其中X是O、S、SO、SO2且alk是C1-6烷基;或包含1-3个氮原子或其它杂原子(如氧和硫)的5-6元杂芳基,和它们的组合;
R2和R3独立地是氢或C1-6烷基;
R4和R5独立地是氢,-CN,任选地被氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-7环烷基、C3-7环烷基C1-6烷基或芳基C1-6烷基。
在某些实施方案中,R1是独立地任选地被1或2个卤素、卤代C1-6烷基取代的苯基;R2、R3独立地是C1-6烷基;R4、R5独立地是任选地被氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;R6是C1-6烷基。
在一个优选的实施方案中,R1是被卤代C1-6烷基取代的苯基;R2、R3独立地是C1-6烷基;R4、R5独立地是任选地被单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;R6是C1-6烷基。
在一个替代性的优选的实施方案中,R1是被卤代-C1-6烷基取代的苯基;R2、R3独立地是C1-6烷基;R4、R5独立地是任选地被单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被6元杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外的N杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基取代;R6是C1-6烷基。
在其它选择的优选的实施方案中,R1是被氟-C1-6烷基取代的苯基;R2和R3是C1-6烷基;R4和R5独立地是任选地被二(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-12元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含1个另外的N杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;R6是C1-6烷基。
表1:示例性的式(I)的化合物
表1
*盐酸盐
**富马酸盐
选择的本发明的化合物包括、但不限于:实施例1、4、5、6、7、8、11、12、14、15、16、17、23、24、25、26、27、33、34、35、41、42、43、44、45、47、49。
实施例
下述实施例仅仅用于举例说明本发明的目的,无意限制权利要求的精神或范围。
本发明的化合物的制备
使用常规技术[Hantzsch,A.,“Condensationprodukte ausAldehydammoniak und Ketonartigen Verbindungen”,Chemische Berichte14(2):1637-1638(1881),Jing-Jing Xia,Guan-Wu Wang“One-PotSynthesis and Aromatization of1,4-Dihydropyridines in Refluxing Water”,Synthesis2005(14):2379-2383(2005)],可以合成式(I)的化合物。例如,使用本文描述的方法,可以制备本发明的化合物。如熟练的从业人员可以理解的,这些方法不是可以合成描述的和要求保护的化合物的仅有方式。本领域普通技术人员会明白其它方法。
有利地,从商购可得的起始原料方便地合成这些化合物。否则,在本文中引用或描述它们的制备。
通过1HNMR数据(在氘化溶剂中在400MHz Bruker波谱仪上记录)和/或熔点来表征本发明的化合物。
一般操作
操作A
将0.05mol的醛、0.1mol的乙酰乙酸甲酯(或对应的酮酯)、0.05mol盐酸甲胺(或其它烷基胺盐)的混合物在25ml吡啶中回流5小时。蒸发溶剂以后,将残余物溶解在二氯甲烷中,用水洗涤。将有机相干燥和蒸发。使残余物从甲醇中结晶。
操作B
将1mmol的二氢吡啶、2mmol的盐酸二甲胺(或其它胺)、2mmol的低聚甲醛和1ml乙酸混合,并在95℃加热1小时。将混合物蒸发,溶解在水中,并用乙醚萃取。分离以后,将水相中和,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机相干燥和蒸发,并通过Al2O3上的柱色谱法用己烷/乙酸乙酯的混合物纯化残余物。将纯的级分收集,转移至盐酸盐,并从甲醇-乙醚中重结晶。
操作C
将1mmol的二氢吡啶、5mmol的盐酸二甲胺(或其它胺)、5mmol的低聚甲醛和1ml乙酸混合,并在95℃加热5小时。将混合物蒸发,溶解在水中,并用乙醚萃取。分离以后,将水相用NaHCO3中和,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机相干燥和蒸发,并通过硅胶(silica)上的柱色谱法用己烷/乙酸乙酯的混合物纯化残余物。将纯的级分收集,转移至盐酸盐其它盐,并从甲醇-乙醚中重结晶。
操作D
将5mmol的醛、5mmol的3-氨基巴豆酸甲酯和5mmol的(乙基或叔丁基)乙酰乙酸异丙酯溶解在甲醇中并回流16小时。蒸发以后,将残余物溶解在20ml mol的四氢呋喃中,并小心地加入2当量的NaH在10ml THF中的混悬液,在室温搅拌3小时。然后加入2当量的碘代甲烷。2小时以后,用甲醇小心地分解产物。将产物溶解在水中,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机相干燥和蒸发。将有机相干燥和蒸发,并通过硅胶(silica)上的柱色谱法用己烷/乙酸乙酯的混合物纯化残余物。将纯的级分收集,并从己烷中重结晶。
操作E
将1mmol二氢吡啶、5N KOH(5当量)和10ml乙醇的混合物在80℃搅拌8小时。蒸发以后,将残余物溶解在25ml水中,并用2N的HCl酸化。将结晶产物滤出,并通过Al2O3上的柱色谱法用甲苯/甲醇的混合物纯化。将纯的级分收集,从二异丙基醚-甲醇中重结晶。
操作F
将1mmol二氢吡啶、5N KOH(10当量)和10ml乙醇的混合物在80℃搅拌2天。蒸发以后,将残余物溶解在25ml水,并用2N的HCl酸化。将结晶产物滤出,用水洗涤,并从甲醇和乙腈的混合物中重结晶。
操作G
将1mmol的2-(2-二甲基氨基乙基)-1,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐(或对应的二氢吡啶衍生物)、5mmol的对应的仲胺、5mmol的低聚甲醛和1ml乙酸混合,并在95℃加热1小时。将混合物蒸发,溶解在水中,并用乙醚萃取。分离以后,将水相中和,并用乙酸乙酯萃取。将有机相干燥和蒸发,并通过Al2O3上的柱色谱法用己烷/乙酸乙酯的混合物纯化残余物。将纯的级分收集,转移至盐酸盐,并从甲醇-乙醚中重结晶。
操作H
将6mmol的丙炔酸乙酯、3mmol的醛和3mmol的对应的胺溶解在0.2ml乙酸中。将混合物在80℃加热3小时。冷却以后,将它与水混合,并用乙酸乙酯萃取、干燥和蒸发。使残余物从正己烷中结晶。
操作I
将对应的2-甲基二氢吡啶衍生物转移至含有吡啶鎓溴代过溴化物的2-溴甲基衍生物在吡啶中的溶液((参考Chem.Pharm.Bull.45,1997,869)。将1mmol的该产物溶解在10ml乙腈中,并加入2当量的K2CO3和1.2当量的对应的胺。将混合物搅拌直到反应结束,过滤并蒸发,并色谱分离残余物。
操作J
在有NaHCO3存在下,将对应的2-甲基二氢吡啶衍生物转移至2-甲酰基衍生物在DMSO中的溶液((参考Chem.Pharm.Bull.45,1997,869)。将1mmol的该产物溶解在乙酸中,并加入1当量的盐酸羟胺和1.5当量的NaOAc。搅拌1小时以后,加入4mmol的乙酸酐,并将混合物回流3小时。蒸发以后,将残余物中和,并将2-氰基衍生物用乙酸乙酯萃取,在干燥和蒸发以后通过柱色谱法纯化。
表2:式(I)的化合物的物理数据
合成的化合物的1HNMR数据:
实施例1:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.45(d,J=8.0Hz,2H,ArH),7.29(d,J=8.0Hz,2H,ArH),5.24(s,1H,CH),3.75(s,6H,COOCH3),3.22(s,3H,N-CH3),2.52(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例2:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.06-7.12(m,2H,ArH),6.84-6.91(m,2H,ArH),5.11(s,1H,CH),3.71(s,6H,COOCH3),3.18(s,3H,N-CH3),2.47(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例3:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.17-7.22(m,2H,ArH),7.10-7.15(m,3H,ArH),5.16(s,1H,CH),3.71(s,6H,COOCH3),3.17(s,3H,N-CH3),2.48(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例4:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.13-7.18(m,2H,ArH),7.04-7.09(m,2H,ArH),5.11(s,1H,CH),3.70(s,6H,COOCH3),3.17(s,3H,N-CH3),2.47(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例5:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:6.97-7.08(m,4H,ArH),5.11(s,1H,CH),3.70(s,6H,COOCH3),3.17(s,3H,N-CH3),2.47(s,6H,CH3),2.27(s,3H,Ar-CH3),
实施例6:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.06(d,J=8.8Hz,2H,ArH),6.74(d,J=8.8Hz,2H,ArH),5.08(s,1H,CH),3.75(s,3H,O-CH3),3.70(s,6H,COOCH3),3.17(s,3H,N-CH3),2.47(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例7:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.31-7.45(m,4H,ArH),5.23(s,1H,CH),3.75(s,6H,COOCH3),3.22(s,3H,N-CH3),2.53(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例8:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.18-7.54(m,4H,ArH),5.53(s,1H,CH),3.64(s,6H,COOCH3),3.26(s,3H,N-CH3),2.32-2.43(m,6H,CH3)。
实施例10:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.79(s,1H,ArH),7.19-7.33(m,6H,ArH),5.19(s,1H,CH),3.73(s,6H,COOCH3),3.21(s,3H,N-CH3),2.50(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例11:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.49(d,J=8.3Hz,2H,ArH),7.33(d,J=8.3Hz,2H,ArH),5.20(s,1H,CH),3.75(s,6H,COOCH3),3.73(t,J=7.0Hz,2H,-CH 2 -CH3),2.52(s,6H,CH3),1.08(t,J=7.0Hz,3H,-CH2-CH 3 )。
实施例12:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:8.36-8.43(m,1H,ArH),7.43-7.49(m,1H,ArH),7.10-7.17(m,1H,ArH),5.13(s,1H,CH),3.71(s,6H,COOCH3),3.20(s,3H,N-CH3),2.49(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例13:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.68(d,J=8.0Hz,2H,ArH),7.45(d,J=8.0Hz,2H,ArH),5.19(s,1H,CH),3.83(s,3H,COOCH3),3.80(s,3H,COOCH3),3.53-3.58(m,8H,-CH2-),3.34(s,3H,N-CH3),2.51(s,3H,CH3),2.16(s,4H,-CH2-)。
实施例14:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.62(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.40(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.14(s,1H,CH),3.79(s,3H,COOCH3),3.75(s,3H,COOCH3),3.30-3.61(m,4H,-CH2-),3.29(s,3H,N-CH3),2.98(s,6H,N(-CH3)2),2.47(s,3H,CH3)。
实施例15:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.69(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.44(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.24(s,1H,CH),3.87-4.30(m,8H,-CH2-),3.84(s,6H,COOCH3),3.29-3.69(m,10H,-CH3,-CH2-)。
实施例16:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.41-7.89(m,4H,ArH),5.18(s,1H,CH),2.27-3.92(m,39H,-CH3,-CH2-)。
实施例17:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.68(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.44(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.23(s,1H,CH),3.63(s,6H,COOCH3),3.00-3.91(m,20H,-CH3,-CH2-),1.40-2.15(m,11H,-CH3,-CH2-)。
实施例18:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.04-7.31(m,4H,ArH),5.53(s,1H,CH),3.70(s,6H,COOCH3),3.27(s,3H,N-CH3),2.47(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例19:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.46-7.52(m,1H,ArH),7.19-7.35(m,3H,ArH),5.48(s,1H,CH),3.70-3.81(m,10H,COOCH3,-CH2-),3.10-3.52(m,15H,-CH3,-CH2-),2.00-2.30(m,8H,-CH2-)。
实施例20:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.46-7.53(m,1H,ArH),7.19-7.35(m,3H,ArH),5.48(s,1H,CH),3.20-4.32(m,24H,-CH3,-CH2-)。
实施例21:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.47-7.53(m,1H,ArH),7.19-7.35(m,3H,ArH),5.48(s,1H,CH),3.03-3.84(m,39H,-CH3,-CH2-)。
实施例22:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.47-7.53(m,1H,ArH),7.37-7.27(m,2H,ArH),7.19-7.24(m,1H,ArH),5.48(s,1H,CH),3.80(s,6H,COOCH3)3.28-3.49(m,11H,-CH2-、-CH3)3.02(s,12H,-CH3)。
实施例23:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.51(d,J=8.3Hz,2H,ArH),7.28(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.07(s,1H,CH),3.67(s,6H,COOCH3),3.14-3.59(m,11H,-CH2-、-CH3),2.87(s,12H,-CH3)。
实施例24:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:6.64-6.73(m,2H,ArH),6.55-6.63(m,1H,ArH),5.17(s,1H,CH),3.75(s,6H,COOCH3),3.21(s,3H,N-CH3),2.52(s,6H,CH3)。
实施例25:D2O,400MHz,δ:6.71-6.82(m,3H,ArH),5.07(s,1H,CH),3.73(s,6H,COOCH3),3.16-3.39(m,11H,-CH2-、-CH3),2.92(s,12H,-CH3)。
实施例26:D2O,400MHz,δ:6.76-6.86(m,3H,ArH),5.07(s,1H,CH),3.78(s,3H,COOCH3),3.75(s,3H,COOCH3),3.23-3.37(m,7H,-CH2-、-CH3),2.97(s,6H,-CH3),2.46(s,3H,-CH3)。
实施例27:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.39(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.21(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.08(s,1H,CH),3.67(s,6H,COOCH3),3.14(s,3H,N-CH3),2.99-3.11(m,2H,-CH2-),2.71-2.84(m,2H,-CH2-),1.06-1.12(m,6H,CH3)。
实施例28:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.45(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.28(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.18(s,1H,CH),5.01-5.09(m,1H,CH),3.71(s,3H,COOCH3),3.19(s,3H,N-CH3),2.44-2.53(m,6H,-CH3),1.18-1.33(m,6H,CH3)。
实施例29:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.45(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.28(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.18(s,1H,CH),3.73(s,3H,COOCH3),3.20(s,3H,N-CH3),2.52(s,3H,CH3),2.45(s,3H,CH3),1.50(s,9H,CH3)。
实施例30:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.71(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.46(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.26(s,1H,CH),3.86(s,6H,COOCH3),2.85-3.76(m,21H,-CH2-、-CH3),1.39-2.17(m,6H,-CH3)。
实施例31:D2O,400MHz,δ:7.67(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.43(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.22(s,1H,CH),2.93-4.14(m,28H,COOCH3,-CH2-、-CH3)。
实施例32:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.49(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.33(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.26(s,1H,CH),4.16-4.25(m,2H,-CH2-),3.23(s,3H,N-CH3),2.54(s,6H,CH3),1.24-1.34(m,3H,-CH3)。
实施例33:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.52(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.36(d,J=8.6Hz,4H,ArH,-CH-),4.98(s,1H,CH),4.03-4.20(m,4H,-CH2-),3.01-3.08(m,1H,-CH-)1.18-1.26(m,6H,CH3),0.85-1.01(m,4H,-CH2-)。
实施例34:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.26-7.55(m,11H,ArH,-CH-),5.02(s,1H,CH),4.63(s,2H,-CH2-),4.01-4.18(m,4H,-CH2-),1.18-1.26(m,6H,CH3)。
实施例35:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.52(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.36(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.28(s,1H,CH),3.74(s,3H,-CH3),3.23(s,3H,-CH3)2.53(s,6H,-CH3)。
实施例36:DMSO-d6,400MHz,δ:11.95(s,2H,COOH),7.57(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.33(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),5.11(s,1H,CH),3.17(s,3H,-CH3),2.41-2.55(m,6H,-CH3)。
实施例37:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.52(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.45(d,J=8.6Hz,2H,ArH),7.30(s,1H,CH),7.23(s,1H,CH),5.00(s,1H,CH),4.03-4.20(m,4H,-CH2-),3.31(s,3H,-CH3),1.18-1.26(m,6H,CH3)。
参考实施例38:CDCl3,400MHz,δ:7.09-7.52(m,12H,ArH,-CH-),4.94(s,1H,CH),4.61(s,2H,-CH2-),4.01-4.18(m,4H,-CH2-),1.14-1.24(m,6H,CH3)。
参考实施例39:DMSO-d6,400MHz,δ:11.74(s,2H,COOH),7.29-7.49(m,7H,ArH,-CH-),7.15-7.23(m,5H,ArH),4.77(s,2H,-CH2-),4.67(s,1H,CH)。
实施例52
实施例14的化合物的拆分(1)
将1.5mmol的2-(2-二甲基氨基乙基)-1,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯溶解在甲醇中,并加入0.5当量的(+)-O,O’-二苯甲酰基-D-酒石酸。短暂加热以后,将混合物蒸发,并将残余物从二异丙基醚-乙酸乙酯混合物中结晶。将得到的晶体从乙酸乙酯中重结晶。在NaHCO3处理以后得到二氢吡啶[α]D 25=-59.8(在甲醇中c=0.5)
将它的盐酸盐从甲醇-乙醚中重结晶,得到化合物实施例编号:14/I,熔点210-212℃,[α]D 25=-65.8(在甲醇中c=0.5)。
将母液蒸发并用NaHCO3碱化,得到化合物实施例编号:14/II[α]D 25=+39.6(在甲醇中c=0.5)
实施例53
实施例14的化合物的拆分(2)
使用(-)-O,O’-二苯甲酰基-L-酒石酸,与拆分(1)类似地制备它。
盐酸盐的熔点为200-203℃,[α]D 25=-69(在甲醇中c=0.5)。对映异构体的NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)波谱类似于外消旋物质的波谱。
生物学实施例
实施例54
Hsp辅诱导活性
在用Hsp启动子探测质粒稳定转染的B16小鼠黑素瘤和SHSY5Y人神经母细胞瘤细胞系上试验了所述化合物对应激应答的Hsp辅诱导效应。这类启动子探测(使用与荧光蛋白缀合的给定基因的启动子区域)被用作用于发现药物的最佳且最快的试验系统,所述药物调节在给定启动子前面的基因的活性(Wyshocka等人,Mol.Cel.Biochem.215:153-156,2000)。
通过HSF与存在于Hsp基因的上游DNA上(在所谓的启动子区域中)的热激元件的结合,反式激活Hsp编码基因。在没有热应激存在下,所述热激因子作为单体存在。但是,在热应激以后,所述热激因子形成三聚体,后者是能够结合热激元件的活性成分。一旦HSF结合Hsp基因的启动子中的热激元件,在启动子区域后面的基因是转录活性的。
将含有与YFP或GFP(黄色或绿色荧光蛋白)缀合的Hsp70和/或Hsp25启动子的报告质粒稳定地转染进细胞中,并通过流式细胞计量术跟踪YFP或GFP的表达。将细胞保持在37℃或暴露于42℃的热激1小时,随后在有或没有不同浓度的试验化合物存在下在37℃恢复16小时。恢复以后,通过用流式细胞计量术测量细胞的荧光强度,跟踪与Hsp70或Hsp27基因的启动子活性直接相关的YFP或GFP的表达。荧光强度与在hsp启动子控制下产生的荧光蛋白(GFP或YFP)的量直接相关。将产生的YFP或GFP的平均荧光强度显示为“Hsp启动子活性”。
本发明的几种化合物的Hsp调节活性总结在下表3中,且呈现在图1-10中。
表3化合物的Hsp调节活性
+*辅诱导活性 nd***无数据
-**沉默活性
0****:对于应用的实验方法,没有鉴别出其它HSP调节效应
图1证实,实施例23的化合物(20μM)的应用导致,当在有所述化合物存在下将SHSY5Y细胞暴露于高温(42℃)时,Hsp70基因活性的高了大约20倍的诱导。该化合物是Hsp70应激蛋白的强浓度依赖性的辅诱导物,因为它不会影响在37℃时相同细胞系中的hsp70基因的启动子的活性。通过流式细胞计量术测量由于Hsp70启动子活性而产生的YFP的荧光强度。
实施例23的化合物的Hsp70辅诱导活性的选择性显示在图2上:尽管实施例23的化合物诱导HSP70表达的23倍增加,但是它对SHSY5Y细胞中的Hsp25表达没有影响。该化合物是Hsp70应激蛋白的强烈的且选择性的辅诱导物,因为它不会影响相同细胞系中的hsp25基因的启动子的活性。GFP和YFP的荧光强度相对于在没有化合物存在下在42℃处理的细胞中测得的值。
实施例11的化合物的Hsp25辅诱导活性的选择性显示在图3上。该化合物是Hsp25应激蛋白的强浓度依赖性的辅诱导物,因为它不会影响在37℃时相同细胞系中的Hsp25基因的启动子的活性。通过流式细胞计量术测量由于Hsp25启动子活性而产生的GFP的荧光强度。
一些化合物是Hsp70选择性的应激蛋白应答沉默子,如在图4上所示。实施例27的化合物是应激诱导的Hsp70基因活性的强浓度依赖性的沉默子。通过流式细胞计量术测量由于Hsp70启动子活性而产生的YFP的荧光强度。
所有上述结果揭示了本发明化合物的独特性能,即,它们仅在处于应激下的细胞中起作用(即,当受特异性的和非特异性的刺激事件影响时,所述刺激事件扰乱它的平衡且可能导致病理学变化),并且它们具有对不同类型的Hsp的选择性活性。观察到的本发明化合物的Hsp调节活性独立于负责已知的1,4-二氢吡啶的抗高血压活性的Ca2+通道拮抗剂效应。例如,我们发现,对于尼伐地平而言,EC50HSP-调节/Ca2+拮抗剂效应的指数等于约1,这对应于以下资料:尼伐地平的有效神经保护剂量(每天8mg;US8,236,346B2)等于它的抗高血压剂量(Int.J.Clinical Pharmacol.Ther.,1997,35:195-203),而本发明化合物的EC50Hsp调节/Ca2+拮抗剂效应的指数是至少超过10。因而,抗高血压作用的可能分离允许提供选择的化合物,所述化合物可以在治疗由Hsp介导的病理生理性病症(包括例如神经变性疾病、癌症、代谢综合征、糖尿病、肥胖、炎症和皮肤疾病)时施用,其剂量在大范围内变化,而没有造成低血压的危险。
方法
启动子探测实验
以1x105个细胞/孔密度,将细胞均匀地分布在6-孔平板上。在补充了10%胎牛血清(FBS)、青霉素(200单位/ml)、链霉素(200μg/ml)和2mML-谷氨酰胺的RPMI-1640培养基中培养B16-pHsp25-GFP和B16-pHsp70-YFP黑素瘤细胞。为了维持SH-SY5Y-pHsp25-GFP和SH-SY5Y-pHsp70-YFP神经母细胞瘤细胞系,使用含有10%FBS、2mM L-谷氨酰胺、青霉素(200单位/ml)、链霉素(200μg/ml)和MEM非必需氨基酸的Dulbecco氏改良的伊格尔培养基(DMEM-F-12)。在处理之前,将两种细胞系在37℃在含有95%空气和5%CO2的饱和湿度气氛下温育。温育24h以后,将细胞用4种不同浓度(通常在3、10、20和50μM)的本发明化合物预处理30min,然后在42℃热激1h,然后在37℃进一步温育16h(恢复期)。该操作以后,将细胞用胰蛋白酶处理,并悬浮于500μl无血清的DMEM-F12培养基中。使用BD FACSCalibur流式细胞计检测细胞的荧光的变化。
蛋白质印迹分析
在NP-40裂解缓冲液(PBS pH7.4,1%蛋白酶抑制剂混合液和1%Triton X-100)中提取SY-SY5Y和B16细胞。然后将细胞提取物在4℃不断搅拌2h。将细胞提取物在12000×g离心30min,并保留上清液。测量蛋白浓度以后,根据Laemmli的方法,通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)在还原条件下分离15μg总蛋白。将蛋白印迹到PVDF膜上。将印迹在有小鼠α-Hsp25、α-Hsp70、α-Hsp60ésα-Hsp90单克隆抗体(在PBS中稀释)存在下在4℃温育过夜。然后,将膜在PBS-0.05%吐温中洗涤3次,并在过氧化物酶-缀合的抗-小鼠IgG抗体(在含有3%脱脂奶粉的PBS中1:50000稀释)中温育1h。根据供应商的说明书,用过氧化物酶的化学发光底物检测免疫复合物。使用AlphaEase FC软件,分析从膜得到的图像。
细胞毒性试验
以5x103个细胞/孔密度,将细胞均匀地分布在96-孔平板上,然后在37℃温育24h。次日,用在100nM至200μM浓度范围内的本发明化合物处理细胞24h。使用测定试剂盒,根据供应商的说明书,测量细胞的生存力。
实施例55
胰岛素抗性
在3个剂量(10、30和100mg/kg)在Zucker肥胖大鼠中试验化合物的胰岛素敏化活性,在施用化合物之前,使6周龄Zucker肥胖(ZO)大鼠适应1周。通过胃探头用10、30和100mg/kg剂量的实施例1的化合物处理动物,每天1次,持续5天。用Klucel溶液处理对照组。在实验过程中将动物保持在代谢笼中,每天确定它们的食物和饮料消耗、尿和粪便的量。
在处理阶段结束时,将动物禁食16小时,确定禁食血糖水平。在结束时,将动物处死,并取不同的器官用于Hsp测量。
用实施例1的化合物处理的Zucker肥胖大鼠以浓度依赖性的方式表现出改善的禁食血糖水平(A)和棕色脂肪组织中升高的Hsp70量(B)(图5A,图5B)。用实施例1的化合物处理的Zucker肥胖大鼠中的棕色脂肪组织的Hsp70水平和禁食葡萄糖水平显示出与应用的药物浓度的关联。
实施例56
神经保护
在野生型和APP突变体转基因小鼠上研究了本发明化合物的神经和记忆保护作用。这些小鼠表达高水平的突变体β-淀粉样蛋白,并且随着年龄增加,发展大量淀粉样蛋白斑块负载和记忆缺失。进行在海马(HC)区域(记忆功能的关键区域)中的空间记忆机能异常[利用莫里斯水迷宫(MWM)行为任务测定]和组织学测定(细胞密度、星形神经胶质应答、tau-病理学、淀粉样蛋白-组织学和树突棘密度)。
莫里斯水导航任务是在行为神经科学中被广泛用于研究空间学习和记忆的行为操作。学习的经典量度是潜伏期,这是在每天重复该任务以后找到平台所用的时间。
材料和方法
受试者
16只成年雌性APP+转基因小鼠和16只成年雌性野生型小鼠为实验的受试者。将动物圈养在具有自然黑暗/光照循环的无菌小鼠笼中,它们在整个实验中自由接近食物和水。到达以后,每天温柔地操作小鼠,持续1周。
治疗
在实验中存在4个不同的动物组:用生理盐水(PB)或本发明化合物(实施例23)治疗的野生型和APP突变体组。每天腹膜内地治疗动物6个月。
空间导航
在圆形池(直径:130cm,高度:60cm)中评估空间学习和记忆,所述圆形池装有水(23±1℃)且由用奶造成不透明。
将该池分成4个虚拟象限,每天将1个看不见的平台(直径:10cm)浸没在第一象限的中央在水表面以下2cm,在该池周围在两侧为黑幕在2侧为白墙,在所有侧面为色彩丰富的远侧绳索。
也与MWM任务一起腹膜内注射动物。实验为8-天实验,且包括2个部分。在第1部分中,在前6天,每天平台的位置是相同的。使用4个不同的起始点,动物每天游泳2次,第一次从较近开始位置,然后从较远开始位置。将动物面向池壁放入水中,并允许用90s找到平台和用20s停留在平台上。温柔地引导没有找到平台的动物并将其放在平台上。在第2部分中,在第8天(1天不游泳以后),将平台从探测试验池取出。允许动物游泳60秒,起点是离平台位置最远的地方(在这天,动物游泳1次)。
使用视频跟踪系统自动地记录和评价数据。将得自在池中的总持续时间(秒)的数据的平均值用于统计;用单向方差分析,随后用Fisher氏LSD事后检验,对比它们。
结果
如在图6中证实的,所有组在第4天需要比APP+PB组明显更少的时间即可到达平台(F32,3=16,22;p=0.001)。令人感兴趣的是,野生型+PB组在池中花费的时间明显多于野生型+实施例23的化合物组(p=0.001)。APP+实施例23小鼠也比野生型+PB组更好地找到平台(p=0.001),且远远好于APP+PB组。将APP+PB与野生型+PB(p=0.021)和野生型+实施例23的化合物(p=0.003)组相比,该差异在第5天也是可见的(F32,3=3,76;p=0.022)。该趋势在第6天也是正确的,所述组之间在池中的时间花费存在边缘显著性(p=0.057),但是,实施例23的化合物治疗的动物都花费比PB治疗的动物更少的时间即可找到平台,且野生型+PB的时间类似于APP+实施例23的化合物。将野生型+实施例23的化合物治疗组与野生型+PB(p=0.017)或APP+PB组(p=0.006)组相比,早至第2天存在显著差异(F32,3=3,75;p=0.022)。所述化合物增强了野生型和记忆缺失突变体小鼠在莫里斯水迷宫实验中找到隐藏平台的能力,从而指示改善的空间记忆功能。
实施例57
组织学
莫里斯水迷宫任务以后,将动物深度麻醉,并经贲门灌注10ml4℃磷酸盐缓冲盐水溶液(PBS),继之以30ml4℃低聚甲醛溶液(4%的在磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶液,pH7.4)。将脑取出,并在相同固定剂(4℃)中后固定24h,随后在30%蔗糖溶液中冷冻保护72h(4℃)。将脑在低温恒温器上切成30μm海马冠状切片,并将切片收集和在4℃储存在PBS中用于自由漂浮免疫组织化学。
甲酚紫染色
将甲酚紫染色(尼斯耳染色)用于神经元组织;该染色剂结合神经元细胞质的酸性组分,从而显示功能性神经元的数目。将切片在过滤的1%甲酚紫溶液中染色5min,并在50%、70%、95%、2X100%乙醇中各脱水1分钟。此后将切片在二甲苯中放置另外10分钟,并盖上盖玻片。
GFAP-免疫组织化学
使用神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)-免疫组织化学来检测反应性的星形胶质细胞增生,后者是炎症反应的一种标志物。通过用小鼠单克隆抗体(Chamicon,Billerica,USA)(在PBS(pH7.4)中1:500稀释使用)进行免疫染色,使该效应显影。
Tau-免疫组织化学
神经原纤维缠结(NTF)是神经元内聚集体;这些是与神经变性疾病有关的异常积累。为了使这些结构的存在显影,我们使用了在PBS(pH7.4)中1:800稀释的免疫染色人PHF-tau MAb(克隆AT100)引物抗体。
淀粉样蛋白-免疫组织化学
对于Aβ免疫组织化学,采用1:800稀释的兔抗-β1-42淀粉样蛋白引物抗体(WO-2;Genetics Company)。这时的第二抗体是1:200稀释的山羊抗-兔抗体。
所有3种免疫组织学技术中的方法步骤是相同的。淬灭内源性过氧化物酶活性和封闭步骤以后,将切片与第一抗体一起在有20%山羊血清和0.2%Triton X-100存在下在4℃温育过夜。次日,将切片在PBS中洗涤并与生物素化的山羊抗-小鼠第二抗体(Vector Laboratories,Burlingame,CA,USA,1:400)一起在室温温育1h。下一步是与抗生物素蛋白-生物素复合物(Vectastain Elit ABC Kit,Vector Laboratories,Burlingame,CA,USA;1:400)一起温育1小时,并用镍增强的3,3’-二氨基联苯胺检测。免疫染色和洗涤以后,将所有切片固定在明胶包被的载玻片上,风干,脱水,并盖上用于组织学的DPX封固剂(Fluka BioChemika,Buchs,瑞士)。
高尔基染色
树突棘在中枢神经系统损伤以后会改变它们的密度,为了使该效应显影,我们进行了高尔基染色。灌注以后,我们用振动切片机从HC区域制备100μm切片。对于高尔基染色方法,我们使用Golgi Stain Kit(FDNeuroTechnologies,USA)。用共焦光学显微术分析载玻片,我们计数在海马锥体细胞上的100μm长的树突棘,起点距离孔100μm。
统计
使用视频跟踪系统自动地记录和评价数据。将得自第一次游泳的数据的平均值用于统计。
对于组织学分析,HistoQuant程序做出计数,除了树突棘密度以外。
用单向方差分析(ANOVA),随后用Fisher氏LSD事后检验,对比数据。
结果
组织学研究证实了行为结果。甲酚紫染色表明,实施例23的化合物具有神经保护作用;与阴性对照组相比,在实施例23的化合物治疗的动物中存在更多的活神经元,并且tau-免疫组织化学的结果是类似的:实施例23的化合物可以抑制tau病理学,实施例23的化合物治疗的APP突变体组是在控制比率内。高尔基染色也显示了令人感兴趣的结果,象在莫里斯水迷宫中一样,实施例23的化合物治疗的APP突变体组中的棘密度最高,所以我们基于该数据可以推测,实施例23的化合物可以以某种方式抑制棘损失,或者对处于有毒区域中的神经元有影响以阻止变性。
实施例58
神经保护(ALS)
肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)是一种致命性神经变性疾病,其由主要在脊髓中的运动神经元死亡造成。家族性的(遗传性的或遗传的)ALS的主要形式由超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)基因的突变造成,所述突变导致细胞外淀粉样蛋白-样聚集和进行性神经元变性。目前不可得到有效的治疗,因而可以显著延迟该疾病的进展的化合物具有巨大利益。临床前ALS药物试验的“黄金标准”是使用特定转基因小鼠品系,其携带高拷贝数的人突变的SOD1基因,该基因具有G93A的突变。
研究了实施例23对G93A ALS小鼠品系的寿命的影响。从4个繁殖对繁殖了共计33只转基因雌性小鼠(B6SJL-Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur/J)。所述繁殖对购自Jackson Laboratory(jax.org)。将小鼠个别地圈养在IVC格栅中。可随意得到标准食物颗粒和水。每天监测体重。每天将实施例23的化合物新鲜溶解在盐水中,并且每天在征状发作时以10mg/kg体重腹膜内地施用。根据ALS-TDI神经学评分确定征状发作。用实施例23治疗的小鼠比未治疗的小鼠活得更久(图10)(分别为,平均存活143±3天;n=8;和132±3天;n=25)。
实施例59/1
抗癌活性
在C57BI/6小鼠(B6)中试验了抗癌活性,所述C57BI/6小鼠(B6)为实验用转移性黑素瘤的已知的最好同基因小鼠模型。皮下地或肌肉内地注射了B16黑素瘤细胞的C57Bl/6小鼠发展了原发肿瘤,后者在一部分受体中引起肺转移灶。当经由尾静脉静脉内地注射B16细胞时,一部分肿瘤细胞直接停留在肺中,在此处它们发展成多个独立的肿瘤小结节,被称作“实验性转移灶”。尽管肺肿瘤是最突出的,在静脉内注射的小鼠中也可检测出脑、肝和肾肿瘤。由于荷瘤小鼠的行为是非常均匀的,该模型适合用于在有限数目的实验动物中同时试验大量药物候选物。
用培养的B16细胞进行体内肿瘤实验,所述B16细胞预先从肺转移性小结节中重新分离,因此它们的转移潜力保持最佳。将通过胰蛋白酶消化从肿瘤块释放出的肿瘤细胞在细胞培养物中繁殖,并分成等分试样在液氮中储存,同时体外传代的数目保持最小。在实验中,经由尾静脉给B6小鼠注射100 000B16黑素瘤细胞。将药物候选物溶解在生理盐水中,然后以100ul的体积腹膜内施用它们。从肿瘤注射后第7天开始,每天治疗荷瘤小鼠。在第1、7、14和21天,测量小鼠的体重。每天记录荷瘤小鼠的存活。根据国家和欧洲动物福利指南进行所有实验。为了防止不必要的痛苦,将垂死小鼠安乐死。
在第15天在对照组中观察到第一例死亡,最后的对照小鼠在第32天死亡。平均存活时间为25.25±4.13天,生存中值时间为25.5天(n=12)。尸体解剖的垂死小鼠通常具有数十个肺转移小结节,在它们死亡之前最后1或2天,它们中的一些表现出可能由脑转移造成的神经学缺陷(协调问题)。使用10mg/kg的实施例14的化合物的治疗没有产生药物相关的死亡或重量减轻。从第7天至第29天每天用实施例14的化合物治疗会导致统计上显著的存活延长。平均存活时间已经从25.25±4.13天增加至29.91±3.78天,p<0.01,双尾t-检验。寿命增加=18%。
使用10mg/kg的实施例17的化合物的治疗没有产生药物相关的死亡和统计上显著的药物相关的重量减轻(LD50=150mg/kg)。从第7天至第18天每天用实施例17的化合物治疗会导致统计上显著的、剂量依赖性的存活延长(图8)。用3种不同浓度的实施例17治疗的小鼠的平均存活时间如下:1mg/kg:31.0±3.7天,p<0.001,双尾t-检验;3mg/kg:35.55±3.80天,p<0.001,双尾t-检验;10mg/kg:38.10±10.45天,p<0.001,双尾t-检验或非-Mann-Whitney非参数检验。寿命增加分别为23.1%、40.8%和53.7%。
考虑到黑素瘤(包括B16黑素瘤)的高抗性,观察到的抗肿瘤作用是非常显著的。在常规化学疗法中应用的抗肿瘤剂具有非选择性的细胞毒性。这对它们的应用造成限制,因为它们对多种器官的繁殖中的健康细胞是有毒的,并因而产生严重的不希望的效应。相比而言,本发明化合物对健康细胞没有影响,这在它们的潜在治疗用途中是一个明显优点。
实施例59/2
抗癌活性-联合治疗
当联合施用时,化疗药物经常是更有效的(联合化学疗法)。联合化学疗法的原理是,使用通过不同作用机制起作用的药物,由此降低形成抗性癌细胞的可能性。当组合具有不同作用的药物时,每种药物可以以它的最佳剂量使用,所述最佳剂量不会造成无法忍受的副作用。与单独的长春新碱(VR)治疗相比,实施例27的化合物会显著增强长春新碱在B16F10黑素瘤细胞中的细胞毒性,这通过VR IC50(IC50:实现50%的细胞生长抑制所需的药物浓度)的下降来证实。以10μM施用的实施例27使长春新碱的IC50从1.3nM降低至0.4nM。实施例27治疗的优点是,它不具有Ca拮抗剂效应,因此可以在没有不希望的抗高血压副作用的情况下应用它。
实施例59/3
抗癌活性-溶酶体失稳
新出现的证据证实,对于癌症的有效发展和进展而言,必须抑制经典的细胞凋亡途径和溶酶体死亡途径二者。肿瘤侵袭和转移与改变的溶酶体运输和增加的溶酶体蛋白酶(被称作组织蛋白酶)的表达有关。新出现的实验证据提示,溶酶体中的这样的改变可以如下形成癌细胞的“阿基利斯足跟”:使它们对包含溶酶体膜透化和组织蛋白酶向胞质溶胶中的释放的死亡途径敏化(Fehrenbacher和Jaattela,Cancer Res2005年4月15日65;2993)。正常细胞通过经历天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶依赖性的细胞凋亡(即程序性细胞死亡的最好表征的形式)而对死亡刺激做出应答。相比而言,癌细胞经常由于细胞凋亡机制中的获得性突变而逃过自发的和治疗诱导的天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶活化。但是,细胞凋亡抗性的癌细胞对细胞死亡没有完全抗性,而是可以经由替代性细胞死亡途径(经常包含非天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶的蛋白酶诸如溶酶体组织蛋白酶)死亡。因此,可以触发替代性死亡途径(其独立于通常突变的细胞凋亡调节基因)的新颖抗癌药物的开发是非常重要的。令人感兴趣的是,转化和肿瘤环境会增强溶酶体半胱氨酸组织蛋白酶的表达。在溶酶体膜透化以后释放进胞质溶胶中的组织蛋白酶可以在细胞凋亡抗性细胞中触发独立于天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶的且对Bcl-2不敏感的细胞凋亡-样细胞死亡途径。西拉美新(其目前被开发为抗癌药物)会使溶酶体失稳和活化独立于天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶的细胞死亡(Ostenfeld MS,FehrenbacherN,Hoyer-Hansen M,Thomsen C,Farkas T,Jaattela M.Effective tumorcell death by sigma-2receptor ligand siramesine involves lysosomal leakageand oxidative stress.Cancer Research.2005年10月1日;65(19):8975-83;Groth-Pedersen L,Ostenfeld MS,Hoyer-Hansen M,Nylandsted J,JaattelaM.Vincristine induces dramatic lysosomal changes and sensitizes cancercells to lysosome-destabilizing siramesine.Cancer Research.2007年3月1日;67(5):2217-25)。由于当前应用的分子也具有肿瘤特异性的细胞杀死活性,我们对比了西拉美新和实施例23的向溶酶体活性。通过测量pH敏感的FITC-缀合的葡聚糖的荧光强度,可以跟踪溶酶体失稳。通过允许B16F10黑素瘤细胞内吞不同量的FITC-缀合的葡聚糖(40kDa)(得自10mg/ml储备液)24h,确定溶酶体pH。葡聚糖被细胞主动摄取并终止于溶酶体中。在新鲜培养基中跟踪4-小时以后,认为所有葡聚糖已经到达溶酶体,并将细胞用西拉美新(20μm)或实施例23(5μM)处理6小时。使用分别为485nm和538nm的激发和发射波长,用平板读数器测量荧光。与西拉美新相比,实施例23处理导致显著更高的荧光强度,从而报告升高的pH,后者为增加的溶酶体失稳(图9)。
实施例60
针对UV诱导的皮肤损伤的保护
为了评价实施例23的全身施用对UVB诱导的水肿的作用,将16只SKH-1无毛小鼠分成2组,每组8只动物。将第1组小鼠(对照)连贯地暴露于230mJ/cm2UVB持续2天(总累积UVB剂量为460mJ/cm2),这会引起水肿,如Athar等人所述(Tox.Appl.Pharmacol.195:370-378,2004)。第2组小鼠在第一次UV处理之前30min腹膜内地接受实施例23(10mg/kg)。在24和48小时以后,重复施用实施例23的化合物。通过使用超声皮肤扫描仪(22MHz)测量背部皮肤厚度的增加,监测UVB诱导的皮肤水肿。数据表明皮肤厚度相比于UVB辐照之前测得的厚度的增加百分比。
在图7中显示了实施例23处理对UVB诱导的皮肤水肿的时间依赖性的作用,所述作用通过皮肤厚度的增加来测量。在3天观察期中,UVB辐照诱导了水肿的连续增加。实施例23的全身施用基本上保护免于水肿形成。
Claims (24)
1.一种用于治疗或预防性治疗由热激蛋白介导的障碍的由式(I)表示的化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,
其中
R1是任选地被一个或多个取代基取代的C6-24芳基,所述取代基独立地选自卤素、-NO2、直链或支链C1-6烷基、卤代C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、包含1-4个氮原子的5-6元杂芳基、-CN、-SO2NH2、C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-8环烷基和alk-X-alk基团,其中X是O、S、SO、SO2且alk是C1-6烷基;或包含1-3个氮原子或其它杂原子如氧和硫的5-6元杂芳基,和它们的组合;
R2和R3独立地是氢或C1-6烷基;
R4和R5独立地是氢,-CN,任选地被氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-7环烷基、C3-7环烷基C1-6烷基或芳基C1-6烷基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中所述热激蛋白选自Hsp-70和Hsp-25。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中所述热激蛋白介导的障碍选自神经变性疾病、癌性疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病和皮肤障碍病症。
4.根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述至少一种治疗剂选自可用于治疗神经变性疾病、癌性疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病或皮肤障碍的药剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述至少一种治疗剂选自可用于治疗癌性疾病的药剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述至少一种治疗剂选自由植物生物碱组成的可用于治疗癌性疾病的药剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的化合物和立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用治疗有效量的长春新碱。
8.一种用于治疗或预防性治疗由热激蛋白介导的障碍的药物和任选化妆品组合物,所述组合物包含根据权利要求1所述的化合物或立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,和一种或多种药学上可接受的或化妆上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的药物和任选化妆品组合物,其中所述障碍选自神经变性疾病、癌性疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病和皮肤障碍病症。
10.根据权利要求8或权利要求9所述的药物组合物,其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述至少一种治疗剂选自可用于治疗神经变性疾病、癌性疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病或皮肤障碍的药剂。
11.根据权利要求10所述的药物组合物,其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述至少一种治疗剂选自可用于治疗癌性疾病的药剂。
12.根据权利要求11所述的药物组合物,其中可用于治疗癌性疾病的治疗剂选自植物生物碱。
13.根据权利要求12所述的药物组合物,其中所述可用于治疗癌性疾病的治疗剂是长春新碱。
14.一种用于联合治疗中的式(I)化合物或立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,其中所述联合治疗包括:与热处理同时地、单独地或顺序地给患者施用有效量的式(I)化合物或立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药。
15.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1是独立地任选地被1或2个卤素、卤代C1-6烷基取代的苯基;R2和R3是C1-6烷基;R4和R5独立地是任选地被氨基、单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;R6是C1-6烷基。
16.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1是被卤代-C1-6烷基取代的苯基;R2和R3是C1-6烷基;R4和R5独立地是任选地被单-或二-(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-24元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含另外1-3个N、O、S杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;R6是C1-6烷基。
17.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1是被氟-C1-6烷基取代的苯基;R2和R3是C1-6烷基;R4和R5独立地是任选地被二(C1-6烷基)氨基取代的C1-6烷基,或任选地被5-12元任选地稠合的杂环取代的C1-6烷基,所述杂环通过氮连接且任选地包含1个另外的N杂原子且任选地被C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基取代;R6是C1-6烷基。
18.一种选自以下的式(I)化合物:
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(4-氟苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-苯基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(4-甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(4-甲氧基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(3-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(2-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
2,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(4-(1-咪唑基)苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
6-(2-吡咯烷-1-基-乙基)-1,2-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2-(2-二甲基氨基乙基)-1,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
1,2-二甲基-6-(2-吗啉-4-基-乙基)-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
1-甲基-2,6-二-[2-(4-甲基-哌嗪-1-基)-乙基]-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
1-甲基-2,6-二-(2-哌啶-1-基-乙基)-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
4-(2-氯苯基)-1,2,6-三甲基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
4-(2-氯苯基)-1-甲基-2,6-二-(2-吡咯烷-1-基-乙基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
4-(2-氯苯基)-1,2-二甲基-6-(2-吗啉-4-乙基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
4-(2-氯苯基)-1-甲基-2,6-二-[2-(4-甲基-哌嗪-1-基)-乙基]-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯四盐酸盐;
4-(2-氯苯基)-2,6-二-(2-二甲基氨基-乙基)-1-甲基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-2,6-二-(2-二甲基氨基乙基)-1-甲基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
4-(3,5-二氟苯基)-1,2,6-三甲基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
4-(3,5-二氟苯基)-2,6-二-(2-二甲基氨基-乙基)-1-甲基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
4-(3,5-二氟苯基)-2-(2-二甲基氨基-乙基)-1,6-二甲基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2,6-二乙基-1-甲基-4-(三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸3-异丙基酯5-甲基酯;
2-(2-二甲基氨基-乙基)-1-甲基-6-(2-哌啶-1-基-乙基)-4-(4-三氟-甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
2-(2-二甲基氨基-乙基)-1-甲基-6-(2-吗啉-1-基-乙基)-4-(4-三氟-甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
1-环丙基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二乙酯;
1-苄基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸单甲基酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸;
1-甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二乙酯;
2-[2-(1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉-2-基)-乙基]-1,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯富马酸盐;
2-[2-(6,7-二甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉-2-基)-乙基]-1,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2-[2-(6,7-二甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉-2-基)-乙基]-6-(2-二甲基-氨基-乙基)-1-甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯二盐酸盐;
1,2-二甲基-6-[2-(1,2,4,5-四氢苯并[d]氮杂环庚三烯-3-基)-乙基]-4-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯富马酸盐;
4-(呋喃-2-基-1,2,6-三甲基-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2,6-三甲基-4-(噻吩-3-基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2-二甲基-6-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2-氰基-1,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯;
1,2-二甲基-6-哌啶-1-基甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2-(1,2,3,4-四氢-1H-异喹啉-2-基甲基)-1,6-二甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2-氰基-1-甲基-6-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2-氰基-6-(2-二甲基氨基乙基)-1-甲基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯盐酸盐;
2-氰基-1,6-二甲基-4-(3-硝基苯基)-1,4-二氢吡啶-3,5-二甲酸二甲酯或它们的立体异构体、多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药。
19.根据权利要求18所述的化合物或立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及对映异构富集形式的它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药。
20.一种药物和任选化妆品组合物,所述组合物包含根据权利要求18所述的化合物或立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,和一种或多种药学上可接受的或化妆上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂。
21.一种药物组合物,其包含与药剂混合的根据权利要求18所述的化合物或立体异构体,包括对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋混合物、对映异构体的混合物和它们的组合,以及它们的多晶型物、药学上可接受的盐、溶剂合物、酯和前药,和一种或多种药学上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂,所述药剂可用于治疗神经变性疾病、癌性疾病、代谢综合征、溶酶体贮积病或皮肤障碍。
22.根据权利要求21所述的药物组合物,其中所述治疗进一步包括,施用至少一种治疗剂,所述至少一种治疗剂选自可用于治疗癌性疾病的药剂。
23.根据权利要求22所述的药物组合物,其中可用于治疗癌性疾病的治疗剂选自植物生物碱。
24.根据权利要求23所述的药物组合物,其中所述可用于治疗癌性疾病的治疗剂是长春新碱。
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CN109721596A (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-07 | 广东东阳光药业有限公司 | 苯基取代的二氢吡啶类化合物及其用途 |
CN115385850A (zh) * | 2022-05-26 | 2022-11-25 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种1,4-二氢吡啶化合物的制备方法 |
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US10258498B2 (en) | 2011-11-24 | 2019-04-16 | Richter Gedeon Nyrt. | 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives with Hsp modulating activity |
US20200000822A1 (en) * | 2017-02-23 | 2020-01-02 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Methods of treatment for cancer, sterol homeostasis, and neurological diseases |
AU2019300031A1 (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2021-03-11 | The Texas A&M University System | Compositions for the treatment of copper deficiency and methods of use |
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US20140315893A1 (en) | 2014-10-23 |
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CA2854252A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
CN110606822A (zh) | 2019-12-24 |
CA2854252C (en) | 2016-11-29 |
JP6073913B2 (ja) | 2017-02-01 |
AU2012342226A1 (en) | 2014-06-19 |
JP2014533717A (ja) | 2014-12-15 |
EP2782573A1 (en) | 2014-10-01 |
EP2782573B1 (en) | 2019-10-09 |
US10660789B2 (en) | 2020-05-26 |
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AU2012342226B2 (en) | 2017-09-28 |
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