CN1039698C - 烃的催化部分氧化方法 - Google Patents
烃的催化部分氧化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1039698C CN1039698C CN94106477A CN94106477A CN1039698C CN 1039698 C CN1039698 C CN 1039698C CN 94106477 A CN94106477 A CN 94106477A CN 94106477 A CN94106477 A CN 94106477A CN 1039698 C CN1039698 C CN 1039698C
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
- C10K3/02—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by catalytic treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/386—Catalytic partial combustion
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/40—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts characterised by the catalyst
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
- C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
- C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
- C01B2203/0261—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step containing a catalytic partial oxidation step [CPO]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1005—Arrangement or shape of catalyst
- C01B2203/1011—Packed bed of catalytic structures, e.g. particles, packing elements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
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- C01B2203/1005—Arrangement or shape of catalyst
- C01B2203/1023—Catalysts in the form of a monolith or honeycomb
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1005—Arrangement or shape of catalyst
- C01B2203/1029—Catalysts in the form of a foam
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1064—Platinum group metal catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1064—Platinum group metal catalysts
- C01B2203/107—Platinum catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
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- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1082—Composition of support materials
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
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Abstract
烃原料的催化部分氧化方法,它包括,在升高的压力和至少950℃下使含有烃原料和含氧气气体的进料与含有催化活性金属铑、铱或钌的催化剂接触。
Description
本发明涉及烃的催化部分氧化方法,特别是从甲烷、天然气、油井气或其它来源的轻质烃制备一氧化碳和氢气的混合物的方法。
在催化剂存在下,将如甲烷或天然气的烃部分氧化,是本领域称之为合成气的一氧化碳和氢气混合物的重要制备方法。如此制备的合成气可以转化成许多有价值的产品,如用Fischer-Tropsch合成法制备中等沸程烃燃料,制备烃蜡、润滑基油或甲醇。
最佳催化部分氧化方法能在升高的压力如3000kPa,在很高的空速如约1,000,000Nl/l/h高产率地制得一氧化碳和氢气。由于热力学原因,为了在这些操作条件下高产率得到一氧化碳和氢气,部化氧化法需要在高温下进行。但是,在这种操作所要求的高温下,难于满足工业方法对催化剂在较长操作时间内保持高活性和高选择性的要求。
有许多文献报道了烃特别是甲烷的催化部分氧化实验,它们采用了各种催化剂。但是,这些实验大部分在非常温和的条件下进行,或在完全不适于工业化催化部分氧化的条件下进行。
因此,欧洲专利申请公开第0 303 438号(EP-A-0 303438)公开了烃原料的催化部分氧化方法,其中将烃原料、氧气或含氧气气体和非强制性的水蒸汽的气体混合物引入催化部分氧化区域,与保持在此区域的催化剂接触。用于该方法的催化剂可包括许多催化活性组分,如钯、铂、铑、铱、锇、钌、镍、铬、钴、铈、镧及它们的混合物。另外,EP-A-0 303 438还声称,通常被认为不具有催化活性的材料也可用作催化剂,例如如堇青石、富铝红柱石、钛酸铝富铝红柱石(mullite aluminium titanate)、氧化锆尖晶石和氧化铝的耐火料氧化物。催化剂可呈各种形式,例如内部形成延伸通道的堆积波纹金属板或者线网。但是,EP-A-0 303 438优选使用整体状的催化剂。
欧洲专利第0 262 947号(EP-B-0 262 947)公开了部分氧化烃来产生氢气的方法,其中将烃与氧气的混合物注入一整体催化剂中。EP-B-0 262 947公开的催化剂包括载于耐火料固体上的铂和铬氧化物。
D.A.Hickmam和L.D.Schmidt(“Synthesis Gas Formation byDirect Oxidation of Methane over Pt Monoliths”,Journalof Catalysis 138,1992,267-282页)做了催化剂存在下部分氧化甲烷的实验,催化剂或含有铂或含有铑。使用的催化剂的形式为多晶铂箔或载于陶瓷泡沫载体上的铑或铂。部分氧化反应基本上在大气压力和600-1500K(337-1237℃)下进行。
A.T.Ashcroft等(“Selective oxidation of methane tosynthesis gas using trsnsition metal catalysts”,Nature,vol 344,No6264,319-321页,1990年3月22日)公开了在各种含钌催化剂存在下将甲烷部分氧化成合成气的方法。这些实验的目的是为了证明部分氧化方法能在温和条件和低温下进行。因此,这些实验在40,000/hr的低气体时空速度,约100kPa的压力,约775℃的温度下进行。只有一个实验采用了升高的压力。但是,采用高压时,使用了大大过量的甲烷,以避免爆炸危险。
P.D.F.Vernon等(“Partial Oxidation of methane toSynthesis Gas”,Catalysis Lett ers 6(1990)181-186页)公开了一些实验,其中使用了包括镍、钌、铑、钯、铱或铂的催化剂,该催化剂或载于氧化铝上,或存在于混合的氧化物前体中。这些实验也仅限于采用温和条件的催化部分氧化方法,选择了一套温和反应条件约100kPa的压力,40,000/hr的气体时空速度,1050K(777℃)的温度和2.0的甲烷/氧气比。基于此,研究了每种操作条件的影响。研究表明,低温操作有一定的好处,但这只有在压力约为1大气压下才是实用的。作者还在“Partial Oxidation ofMethane to Synthesis Gas,and Carbon Dioxide as anOxidising Agent for Methane Conversion”,Catalysis Today,13(1992)417-426中报道了相同的实验。
R.H.Jones等(“Catalytic Conversion of Methane toSynthesis Gas over Europium lridate,Eu2Ir2O7”,CatalysisLetters 8(1991)169-174)报道了使用铕铱烧绿石Eu2Ir2O7的甲烷之选择性部分氧化。在约100kPa压力和873K(600℃)温度的温和条件下研究了该反应。
J.K.Hockmuth(“Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methaneover a monolith Supported Catalyst”,Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,1(1992)89-100)报道了使用催化剂的甲烷之催化部分氧化,该催化剂包括载于堇青石整体上的铂与钯组合物。
美国专利第5,149,464(us-A-5,149,464)的目的是选择性地将甲烷氧化成一氧化碳和氢气的方法,它通过在约650℃-900℃使反应物气体混合物与固体催化剂接触来达到目的,该催化剂一般选自下列催化剂:
a),通式为MxMy1Oz的催化剂,其中:
M是至少一种选 自Mg、B、Al、Ln、Ga、Si、Ti、Zr和Hf的元素; Ln是至少一种镧系元素;
M1是d轨道屏蔽(d-block)过渡金属,并且x/y、y/z和(x+y)/z的比值相互独立,都是0.1至8之间;
b)d轨道屏蔽过渡金属的氧化物;
c)载于耐火料载体上的d轨道屏蔽过渡金属;
d)在反应条件下、或在非氧化条件下加热a)或b)形成的催化剂。
US-A-5,149,464中所述的d轨道屏蔽过渡金属选自原子序数为21-29、40-47和72-79的金属,即金属钪、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锆、铌、钼、锝、钌、铑、钯、银、铪、钽、钨、铼、锇、铱、铂和金。US-A-5,149,464声称优选的金属是元素周期表VIII族金属,即铁、锇、钴、铼、铱、钯、铂、镍和钌。
US-A5,149,464中描述的方法在650℃-900℃下,优选在700℃-800℃下进行。US-A-5,149,464描述了一系列的实验,其中测试了包括VIII族金属的不同催化剂,催化剂包括氧化钌、镨/钌氧化物、烧绿石、载于氧化铝上的钌、载于氧化铝上的铑、载于氧化铝上的钯,载于氧化铝上的铂、镍/铝氧化物、钙钛矿和氧化镍。
用于催化部分氧化方法的催化剂的相关公开内容还见于国际专利申请公开W092/11199。WO92/11199详细说明了其中使用了催化剂的实验,催化剂包括载于氧化铝上的铱、钯、钌、铑、镍和铂。所有实验在温和操作条件下进行,典型操作条件是:压力约100kPa,温度1050K(777℃),气体时空速度约2O,000/hr。WO/11199还声称,催化剂延长寿命的研究正在进行中,但绝大多数催化剂只能在80小时,也可能在更长时间内不失活。
如上所述,工业上的应用要求催化部分氧化方法应在升高的压力下操作,因而其操作温度要求高于上述文献中的温度。评价用于工业方法中的催化剂时,一个最重要的指标是该催化剂在操作条件下的稳定性。先有技术所述实验采用的温和条件不能揭示各种催化剂组合物在工业实施所要求的苛刻操作条件下的稳定性。在这些苛刻操作条件下,令人惊奇地发现先有技术公开的VIII族金属催化剂的稳定性有明显差别。最令人惊奇地是,与WO92/11199声称的规律相反,发现在工业上可实施的条件下,含有铑、铱或钌的催化剂以选择性和活性表示的稳定性都明显高于其它VIII族金属催化剂。
因此,本发明提供烃原料的催化部分氧化方法,该方法包括,在升高的压力、至少950℃下,使包括烃原料和含氧气气体的进料与含有催化活性金属铑、铱或钌的催化剂接触。
本发明方法可用于从任意气态或低沸点烃制备一氧化碳和氢气的混合物。本发现方法特别适于部分氧化甲烷、天然气、油井气或其它来源的轻质烃。
使烃原料与含氧气气体反应。空气适于用作含氧气气体。但是,优选使用基本纯净的氧气作为含氧气气体。这样不需处理大量惰气,如空气用作含氧气气体时的氮气。进料可非强制性地含有水蒸汽。
进料中烃原料与含氧气体的用量应使进料具有适宜的氧气/碳比。氧气/碳比优选为0.3-0.8,更优选为0.45-0.75。“氧气/碳比”意指氧分子(O2与烃原料中碳原子的比率。氧气/碳比优选为0.45-0.65,特别优选氧气/碳比约为化学计量值0.5。如进料中存在水蒸汽,水蒸汽/碳比优选为从大于0.0至3.0、更优选为0.0-2.0。在与催化剂接触之前,最好使烃原料、含氧气体和水蒸汽(如存在)充分混合。
本发明方法在升高的压力,即压力明显高于大气压下操作。该方法可在至多达15MPa下操作。操作压力优选为300-10000kPa,更优选为1000-7500kPa。
在本发明方法所采用的高压条件下,为得到希望的高转化率,需要使进料在升高的温度下与催化剂接触。因此,本发明方法在至少950℃的温度下操作。操作温度优选950-1300℃,更优选950-1200℃。在与催化剂接触之前,将进料预热是有利的。
在本发明方法中,可用任意适宜空速进料,而高气体时空速度是优选的。因此,本发明方法的典型空速为约20,000-约50,000,000Nl/l/hr,更优选约50,000-约20,000,000Nl/l/hr。特别适宜的空速为500,000-10,000,000Nl/l/hr。
用于本发明方法的催化剂含有用作催化活性组分的选自铑、铱、钌的金属。特别优选含有铑的催化剂。
最好将催化活性金属载于载体上。适宜的载体材料在本领域是熟知的,它包括耐火料氧化物,如二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆及它们的混合物。可用本领域熟知的方法将催化活性金属沉积于耐火料氧化物载体上。将金属沉积于载体上最适宜的方法是浸渍法,该方法通常是使载体材料与催化活性金属的化合物的溶液接触,随后干燥和焙烧所得载体材料。
对于本发明方法,可以使用任意适宜反应装置使进料与催化剂接触。一种适宜的反应装置是流化床,其中以颗粒形式使用催化剂。本发明方法优选的反应装置是固定床反应装置,其中在反应中用固定装置保持催化剂。在固定床装置中,催化剂也可以以颗粒形式使用。另外,催化剂也可呈泡沫状,它例如可由上述方法浸渍陶瓷泡沫体制备。用于制备该催化剂的适宜陶瓷泡沫体包括那些30-150孔/英寸(12-60孔/厘米)的泡沫体。催化剂的其它形式还包括耐火料氧化物、蜂窝整体结构和金属网,其中使催化活性金属沉积于蜂窝整体结构或金属网上。
在本发明方法优选实施方案中,使进料与保持在高沟路曲折度,(tortuosity)的固定床装置中的催化剂接触。“沟路曲折度”是本领域的通用术语,用于固定催化剂床时,它定义为气体流过该床所经过的通道长度与通过该床的最短直线通道长度之比。因此,蜂窝整体结构的沟路曲折度为1.0。在本发明中,“高沟路曲折度”装置是指比蜂窝整体结构的沟路曲折度大的装置,特别是沟路曲折度至少为1.1的装置。催化剂颗粒固定床的沟路曲折度为约1.5,而陶瓷泡沫体可以制成具有3.0-4.0或者更高的沟路曲折度。一般情况下,固定床装置的沟路曲折度优选为1.1至约10.0,更优选至约5.0。最适宜的沟路曲折度范围是1.3-4.0。
已发现,使用在高沟路曲折度固定床装置中的催化剂,反应气体与催化剂只接触很短的时间即可达到要求的转化率。在这种情况下,只需要很少体积的催化剂,这反过来又可达到操作工业方法所希望的极高气体空速。
进料与催化剂优选在绝热条件下接触。在本说明书中,“绝热”意指除了反应器气体流出物带走的热量以外,反应区域没有任何热量损失和辐射的反应条件。
另外,本发明还涉及用上述方法制得的一氧化碳或氢气。
本发明方法制备的一氧化碳与氢气混合物特别适用于合成烃(如用Fischer-Tropsch合成法);或者用于合成含氧物如甲醇。一氧化碳与氢气混合物转化成这些产品的方法在本领域是熟知的。
根据下列说明性实施例,将进一步说明本发明方法,其中实施例1-3是本发明方法,实施例4和5是为了比较。
实施例1
催化剂的制备
将适量三氯化铑(RhCl3)溶于水中,制成铑浓度为4.12%重量的水溶液。将12.93g上述水溶液蒸发浓缩至体积为3.5ml。将α-氧化铝挤出料(1.0mm直径的三裂片(trilobes),可商购得到,如Dycat,10g)浸于上述溶液中,将得到的挤出料在120℃的烘箱中干燥,随后在500℃焙烧。得到的催化剂含有5.0%重量的铑。
催化部分氧化
组装含有透明蓝宝石管的反应器。将上述制备的含铑催化剂压碎并装于蓝宝石管中,并以沟路折度为约1.5的催化剂颗粒固定床的形式保持在管中。使氧气/碳比为0.52的适量甲烷和氧气在进入反应器中与催化剂固定床接触之前彻底混合。在450Kpa的压力下,将甲烷与氧气的混合物以2,000,000Nl/l/hr的气体时空速度(GHSV)加入反应器中。
用光学高温测定装置测量催化剂床的操作温度。用气相色谱和称重离开反应器的水蒸汽冷却形成的水,来确定离开反应器的气体混合物的组成,测定了本发明方法甲烷的转化率和形成一氧化碳和氢气(基于转化的甲烷)的选择性。反应器操作条件和实验结果列于下表中。
实施例2
采用实施例1描述的方法,使氯化六氨钌(III)(Ru(NH3)6Cl3)的水溶液浸渍α-Al2O3挤出料,来制备一种含钌催化剂。所得催化剂含有5.0%重量的钌。
采用实施例1描述的方法,将上述制得的催化剂载于装置中并测试它在甲烷催化部分氧化中的活性。反应器的操作条件和实验结果列于下表中。
实施例3
采用实施例1描述的方法,使用氯铱酸(H2IrCl6)的水溶液浸渍α-Al2O3挤出料,来制备一种含铱催化剂。所得催化剂含有5.0%重量的铱。
采用实施例1描述的方法,将上述制得的催化剂载于装置中并测试它在甲烷催化部分氧化中的活性。反应器的操作条件和实验结果列于下表中。
实施例4 对比实施例
采用实施例1描述的方法,使用氯铂酸(H2PtCl6)的水溶液浸渍α-Al2O3挤出料,来制备一种含铂催化剂。所得催化剂含有5.0%重量的铂。
采用实施例1描述的方法,将上述制得的催化剂载于装置中并测试它在甲烷催化部分氧化中的活性。反应器的操作条件和实验结果列于下表中。
实施例5 对比实施例
采用实施例1描述的方法,使用硝酸四氨钯(II)(Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2)的水溶液浸渍α-Al2O3挤出料,来制备一种含钯催化剂。所得催化剂含有5.0%重量的钯。
采用实施例1描述的方法,将上述制得的催化剂载于装置中并测试它在甲烷催化部分氧化中的活性。反应器的操作条件和实验结果列于下表中。
表中数据可以看出,在升高的温度和压力条件下,含有铑、钌或铱的催化剂表现出很高的稳定性,表现在甲烷的总转化率高和形成一氧化碳和氢气的选择性高。含有铑、钌或铱的催化剂的活性或选择性都没有显著地降低,在整个操作过程中都保持很好的性能。
在如下表所示的实施例1的条件下,继续进行了使用含铑催化剂的催化部分氧化反应,使总操作时间达到160小时,没有观察到催化剂活性或选择性的降低。
相反地,可以看到,含有铂或钯的催化剂在所用操作条件下表现出很差的稳定性,该方法的总转化率和选择性都显著降低。由于在催化剂上形成焦炭,导致经催化剂床的压降明显增加,催化剂操作温度明显上升,如表中所示,使用含铂催化剂和含钯催化剂的试验只进行很短时间就不得不停止。
表
实施例序号活性金属 1 2 3 4 5铑 钌 铱 铂 钯 |
操作条件温度(℃) 968 1000 980 1060 1220压力(kPa) 450 390 400 380 390GHSV(1000 Nl/l/hr) 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000氧气/碳比 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52操作时间(小时) 24 24 24 2 2 |
CH4转化率(%) 81.9 73.7 77.1 66.0 60.8CO 选择性(%)1 91.8 80.0 84.4 70.0 69.4H2 选择性(%)2 90.3 88.4 89.7 83.2 76.4 |
失活(%)3CH4转化率 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.7 2.5H2 选择性 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.4 2.6 |
1 基于转化的CH4,形成CO的选择性
2 基于转化的CH4,形成H2的选择性
3 每1小时的操作时间,性能降低的百分率
Claims (12)
1.烃原料的催化部分氧化方法,该方法包括,在300-10000kPa范围内的压力和950℃-300℃范围内的温度下,在气体时空速率为50000-20000000NL/l/hr下使含有烃原料和含氧气气体的进料与含有催化活性金属铑、铱或钌的催化剂接触,进料中烃原料和含氧气气体的用量使氧气/碳比为0.3-0.8。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,所述烃原料包括甲烷、天然气、油井气或其它来源的轻质烃。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所述含氧气气体是基本纯净的氧气。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,所述进料含有烃原料和含氧气气体,烃原料和含氧气气体的用量使氧气/碳比为0.450.75。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在1000-7500kPa范围内的压力下使所述进料与催化剂接触。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在950-1200℃范围内的温度下使所述进料与催化剂接触。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在气体时空速率为500000-10000000NL/l/hr下使所述进料与催化剂接触。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂含有铑。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂保持在固定床装置中。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂保持在沟路曲折度为1.1-5.0的固定床装置中。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂的形式是用催化活性金属浸渍的陶瓷泡沫体。
12.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在基本绝热条件下使所述进料与催化剂接触。
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IT1283585B1 (it) * | 1996-04-11 | 1998-04-22 | Snam Progetti | Apparecchiatura per effettuare reazioni di ossidazione parziale |
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KR20010053268A (ko) * | 1998-06-30 | 2001-06-25 | 지스트라텐 알베르터스 빌헬머스 요안느 | 두 개의 촉매적-활성 금속을 이용한 촉매적 부분 산화 |
US6319872B1 (en) | 1998-08-20 | 2001-11-20 | Conoco Inc | Fischer-Tropsch processes using catalysts on mesoporous supports |
US6080301A (en) | 1998-09-04 | 2000-06-27 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Premium synthetic lubricant base stock having at least 95% non-cyclic isoparaffins |
US6475960B1 (en) | 1998-09-04 | 2002-11-05 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Co. | Premium synthetic lubricants |
US6221280B1 (en) | 1998-10-19 | 2001-04-24 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen and carbon monoxide |
EP1004561A1 (en) * | 1998-11-27 | 2000-05-31 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons |
CN1377322A (zh) * | 1999-08-31 | 2002-10-30 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 具有流动控制系统的催化氧化方法 |
EP1095903A1 (en) * | 1999-10-28 | 2001-05-02 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Process for the oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock |
US7338644B2 (en) | 2000-04-17 | 2008-03-04 | Shell Oil Company | Fuel processor |
US6746658B2 (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2004-06-08 | Conocophillips Company | Rhodium cloth catalyst for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons |
EP1156026A1 (en) | 2000-05-19 | 2001-11-21 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons |
WO2002088021A1 (en) * | 2001-04-27 | 2002-11-07 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Process for the oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock |
US7888278B2 (en) | 2002-11-11 | 2011-02-15 | Conocophillips Company | Stabilized alumina supports, catalysts made therefrom, and their use in partial oxidation |
JP2007108046A (ja) * | 2005-10-14 | 2007-04-26 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 二層分離温度測定装置およびその測定方法 |
JP4496346B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-11 | 2010-07-07 | 石油資源開発株式会社 | 炭化水素リフォーミング用触媒およびこれを用いた合成ガスの製法 |
JP4639247B2 (ja) | 2008-07-23 | 2011-02-23 | 石油資源開発株式会社 | 炭化水素リフォーミング用触媒およびその製造方法ならびにこれを用いた合成ガスの製法 |
DE102014007001B4 (de) * | 2014-05-13 | 2020-08-06 | Caphenia Gmbh | Verfahren und Anlage zur Herstellung von H2-reichem Synthesegas |
RU2571147C1 (ru) * | 2014-06-09 | 2015-12-20 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение Национальный исследовательский центр "Курчатовский институт" | Способ конверсии метана |
US11285463B1 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2022-03-29 | Precision Combustion, Inc. | Bimetallic catalyst for catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons |
CN116272968B (zh) * | 2022-09-07 | 2024-01-30 | 中山大学 | 一种碳载Ir催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
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MY110723A (en) | 1999-01-30 |
CA2126036A1 (en) | 1994-12-19 |
ATE195922T1 (de) | 2000-09-15 |
JPH0710503A (ja) | 1995-01-13 |
EP0629578A1 (en) | 1994-12-21 |
NO942284L (no) | 1994-12-19 |
EP0629578B1 (en) | 2000-08-30 |
SG97732A1 (en) | 2003-08-20 |
AU6478694A (en) | 1994-12-22 |
BR9402445A (pt) | 1995-01-24 |
CA2126036C (en) | 2005-06-14 |
KR950000844A (ko) | 1995-01-03 |
AU672901B2 (en) | 1996-10-17 |
NZ260621A (en) | 1996-03-26 |
JP3514826B2 (ja) | 2004-03-31 |
DE69425692T2 (de) | 2001-04-19 |
CN1101891A (zh) | 1995-04-26 |
DZ1789A1 (fr) | 2002-02-17 |
CO4370113A1 (es) | 1996-10-07 |
RU94021643A (ru) | 1996-04-27 |
ZA944286B (en) | 1995-02-10 |
ES2152965T3 (es) | 2001-02-16 |
RU2123471C1 (ru) | 1998-12-20 |
NO942284D0 (no) | 1994-06-16 |
DE69425692D1 (de) | 2000-10-05 |
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