CN1154684A - 烃类催化部分氧化方法 - Google Patents
烃类催化部分氧化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1154684A CN1154684A CN95194439A CN95194439A CN1154684A CN 1154684 A CN1154684 A CN 1154684A CN 95194439 A CN95194439 A CN 95194439A CN 95194439 A CN95194439 A CN 95194439A CN 1154684 A CN1154684 A CN 1154684A
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium atom Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
- B01J23/464—Rhodium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
- B01J23/468—Iridium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/386—Catalytic partial combustion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/40—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts characterised by the catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1064—Platinum group metal catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1082—Composition of support materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
Abstract
一种烃类原料催化部分氧化的方法,包括使含烃原料及含氧气体的进料在高温下与催化剂接触以致相应条件下该催化剂对飞温敏感,该催化剂具有多孔块体结构形式且含以氧化锆基载体负载的一种催化活性金属。
Description
本发明涉及一种烃类催化部分氧化的方法,尤其是从甲烷、天然气、伴生气或其它轻质烃类来源制备一氧化碳和氢气混合物的方法。
烃类如甲烷或天然气在催化剂存在下的部分氧化是一种有吸引力的制备本领域熟知的合成气——一氧化碳和氢气混合物的方法。
烃类的部分氧化是一强放热反应,用甲烷作为烃类反应物情形下,按下述反应来进行:
本领域中已提出许多进行催化部分氧化的工艺方案。一种最适于工业规模应用的方案是使原料气与以固定态填充的催化剂相接触。文献中有许多资料介绍在固定床中以各种催化剂进行烃类尤其是甲烷的催化部分氧化反应的实验细节。
文献中还有许多学术性实验报导了催化剂是以催化剂颗粒固定床的方式使用的。
A.T.Ashcroft等(“Selective oxidation of methane to synthesis gasusing transition metal catalysts”,Nature,Vol.344,No.6264,Pages319-321,22nd March,1990)公开了在一系列含钌催化剂存在下甲烷部分氧化生成合成气的方法。实验目的在于确定部分氧化过程可在温和的条件和低温下进行。为此,该实验在低的气时空速40,000/hr、压力为1个大气压和约777℃的温度下进行。所用催化剂含少量固态、粉未状催化剂。
P.D.F.Vernon等(“Partial Oxidation of methane to synthesisGas”,Catalysis Letters 6(1990)181~186)公开了一系列实验,其中所用的催化剂包括镍、钌、铑、钯、铱或铂,它们可承载于氧化铝或置于混合氧化物产物母体中。该实验涉及的催化部分氧化方法限于采用仅属温和的操作条件且使用少量丸状催化剂填充于固定床中。作者在“Partial Oxidation of Methane to synthesis Gas and Carbon Dioxide ason Oxidising Agent for Methane conversion”、(Catalysis Today,13(1992)417~426)中报导了同样的实验。
R.H Jones等(“Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Sythesis Gasover Europium Iridate,Eu2Ir2O7”,Catalysis Letters 8(1991)169~174)报道了采用烧绿石铕铱Eu2Ir2O7作催化剂的甲烷选择性部分氧化。在压力为1个大气压和温度为873K(600℃)的温和条件下研究了此反应。催化剂系统研磨并随后挤压成丸制得。成丸后的催化剂填充于多孔二氧化硅烧结体内并直接用于实验。
美国专利No.5,149,464(US-A-5,149,464)涉及一种将反应气体混合物在温度约650℃~900℃下与一固体催化剂相接触将甲烷选择氧化生成一氧化碳和氢气的方法。该固体催化剂一般为以下两种:
a)一种分子式为MxM’yOx的催化剂,其中:
M至少为一种选自Mg、B、Al、Ln、Ga、Si、Ti、Zr和Hf的元素;Ln至少为镧和镧系元素中之一;M’为一种d区过渡金属元素,各比值x/y、y/z和(x+y)/z各自独立,取值0.1~8;或者
b)一种d区过渡金属的氧化物;或
c)在高熔点载体上的d区过渡金属;或
d)在反应条件下或非氧化条件下将a)或b)加热所制成的催化剂。
d区的过渡金属在US-A-5,149,464中认为是选自具有原子数为21~29,40~47以及72~79的金属,如钪,钛,钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锆、铌、钼、锝、钌、铑、钯、银、铪、钽、钨、铼、锇、铱、铂及金等。在US-A-5,149,464中指出优选的金属元素为元素周期表中的第VIII族元素,即铁、锇、钴、铼、铱、钯、铂、镍及钌。
US-A-5,149,464中所述的方法在650℃~900℃的温度下操作,优选操作温度范围为700℃~800℃。在US-A-5,149,464中描述了一系列实验,对多种含有第VIII族金属的催化剂进行了试验,包括氧化钌、主系/钌氧化物,烧绿石、氧化铝基钌,氧化铝基铑、氧化铝基钯、氧化铝基铂、氧化镍/氧化铝、钙钛矿及氧化镍。
在国际专利申请公开第WO 92/11199号中对用于催化部分氧化方法的催化剂作了相似的公开。WO 92/11199具体说明了应用包括氧化铝基铱、钯、钌、铑、镍及铂的催化剂的实验。所有实验均在温和的工艺条件下进行,典型操作条件为压力1大气压,温度1050K(777℃)和气时空速约20,000/hr。
专利US-A-5,149,464以及WO 92/11199中所述实验均使用固态、粉状催化剂颗粒并以固定床形式排布,亦即填充于反应管内两石英棉片之间。
欧洲专利申请公开No.0 303 438(EP-A-0 030 438)公开了一种烃类原料的催化部分氧化方法,其中将烃类原料、氧气或含氧气体以及选择性的蒸汽的气态混合物引入一催化部分氧化段并与放置于其间的催化剂相接触。该方法所采用的催化剂可包括范围广泛的催化活性组分,如钯、铂、铑、铱、锇、钌、镍、铬、钴、铈、镧及其混合物。此外,在EP-A-0 030 438中提及一些通常认为无催化活性的物质也可用作催化剂,如高熔点氧化物象堇青石、高铝红柱石、钛酸高铝红柱石铝、氧化铬尖晶石及氧化铝。催化剂可制成各种形式,如填充后可形成延展通道的波纹金属薄板或丝网。而在EP-A-0 030 438中优选采用经挤压形成的蜂窝状块体催化剂,其结构中有许多顺原料及产物气流延展的平行通道。
欧洲专利No.0 262 947(EP-A-0 262 947)公开了一种烃类部分氧化生产氢气的方法,其中烃和氧的混合物喷入一整块催化剂。EP-A-0 262 947中所公开的催化剂包括耐高温固体所承载的氧化铂和氧化铬。而且,该专利所述载体结构一种是块状蜂窝载体,这与摩托车或化学装置排放废气纯化时所用者类同,另一种为颗粒载体且其所含颗粒最大寸介乎1至4mm,优选值如1.5mm。
D.A.Hickman和L.D.Schmidt(“Synthesis Gas Formation byDirect Oxidation of Methane over Pt Monoliths”,Journal of Catalysis128,267-282,1992)在含有铂或铑的催化剂存在下进行了甲烷的部分氧化反应。部分氧化反应在基本上常压和600~1500K(337~1237℃)的温度下进行。所用催化剂形如金属网、涂敷金属的泡沫状块体以及涂敷金属的挤压成形块。金属网催化剂包括1至10层40目(每英寸40线)或80目的网。泡沫块为α-氧化铝且据介绍为蜂窝状、海棉样结构。所用样品的标称孔率为每英寸30至50个孔(ppi)。挤压块为堇青石的挤压成形块体,该块体含400方形胞/平方英寸,而且在所研究的气流量下,气体流经构成块体的笔直平行孔道时为层流态。
J.K.Hockmuth(“Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane over amonolith Supported Catalyst”,Applied Catalyst B:Environmental,1(1992)89~100)报道了采用包括堇青石块体承载的联合铂和钯催化剂的甲烷催化部分氧化。
欧洲专利申请公开No.0 576 096(EP-A-0 576 096)介绍了一种烃类原料的催化剂部分氧化方法,其中供料含烃类原料、含氧气体以及作为任选的蒸汽,在氧/碳摩尔比介于0.45至0.75间与处于绝热态的反应段内的催化剂相接触。所述催化剂含一种选自元素周期表第VIII族、承载于载体上的金属且以固定态方式填充于反应段内;填充后的曲折因子高,此处曲折因子定义为气流穿过结构物实际路径长与贯穿结构物的最短可能直线路经长之比。EP-A-0 576 096中介绍了多种载体材料和结构,包括载体材料颗粒,金属网及耐高温泡沫体。据称,适宜用作载体的材料包括耐高温氧化物,诸如氧化硅,氧化铝,氧化钛,氧化锆以及其混合物,其中氧化铝为优选载体材料。
欧洲专利申请公开No.0 548 679(EP-A-0 548 679)叙述了一种有催化剂存在下由甲烷催化部分氧化制备一氧化碳和氢的方法。所述催化剂通过将活性组分-铑和/或钌-沉积于氧化锆(或经稳定处理的氧化锆)载体上制得;而且,据该专利所述,催化剂可为任意适宜的形式,如细加破碎的粉体,球、丸、片、膜、或是块体。该专利所述催化剂部分氧化方法在温度350至1200℃(优选值450至900℃)。压力高达300kg/cm2G(优选值低于50kg/cm2G)下进行;典型操作下气体空速据称介于1000至40000h-1间,优选值2000至20000h-1;在其具体实验例中实验条件为:大气压下;温度300至750℃,且空速为16000至43000h-1。在该专利所述的所有实验中,催化剂均以颗粒形式填充于固定床中。
欧洲专利申请公开No.0 656 317(EP-A-0 656 317)的说明书中介绍了一种烃类原料催化部分氧化的方法,其中所述烃先与含氧化体相混随之与催化剂接触。该催化剂以固定态方式填充,填充后曲折因子至少为1.1且每平方厘米具有于少750个孔;催化剂优选含一种催化活性金属且后者承载一种载体上。所述适宜载体材料包括耐高温氧化物,例如氧化硅,氧化铝,氧化钛,氧化锆以及其混合物,其中,以氧化锆耐高温泡沫作为催化剂的载体使用效果尤佳。
用于工业规模生产的优选催化部分氧化方法会在高压如约30巴、高的气时空速如约500,000至1000000h-1量级下进行。考虑到部分氧化反应的热力学行为,为在这些工艺条件下获得高产率的一氧化碳和氢气,必须在高温下进行。为达到工业过程所要求的产率,温度为100以至更高是必要的。
业已发现,在烃类的催化部分氧化中,如欲使催化剂用于具有工业价值的操作条件下,则其最适宜的一种固定方法是将催化剂以块体方式填充.该法所用催化剂含一种或多种负载于耐高温氧化物载体之上的催剂活性组分且载体为块体形式。此处言及的“块体”或“块体结构”意指任何单个的多孔材料单元,也宜指任何单个的多孔性耐高温材料单元,其间的孔或笔直或曲折,或平行或随机地沿单元体结构伸展为延伸的通道(亦即具有相互交错的开孔)。
如上所述,部分氧化反应为强放热反应,对有效的工业规模生产而言,所需的典型反应温度超过1000℃。然而,现已发现,部分氧化方法应用中的主要问题源于所用催化剂为块体形式。具体而言,也即耐高温块体催化剂结构在很温度下(这在催化部分氧化方法中常见)对于飞温极其敏感。飞温产生的原因是:当催化剂的温度骤然变化时,沿催化剂结构产生很大的温度梯度。工业反应器在紧急停车时会发生飞温,其时应迅速冷却反应器及其内容物。在开车过程中,冷态的催化剂与热进料或热态的预燃气接触,以及在正常操作下进料的流量及组成发生波动,均会导致催化剂的飞温。
在工业规模操作过程中,为防止催化剂飞温而采取的措施费用很大且繁锁,较典型的例子是采取缓慢的热交换预热。故此,需要有一种催化剂部分氧化方法既保证高水平的一氧化碳和氢的选择性也可使催化剂的稳定性及其对飞温的耐受性提高。
令人惊奇的是,已发现在催化部分氧化方法的操作条件下氧化锆基块体材料对飞温的耐受性显著高于由其它材料所制块体。
据此,本发明提供一种烃原料催化部分氧化方法,该法包括将含有烃原料及含氧气体的进料与催化剂在高温下接触以致相应条件下催化剂对飞温敏感,所述催化剂为一种多孔块体结构形式且含以氧化锆基载体负载的一种催化活性金属。
本发明所提供的方法尤其适于下列场合,即在常见的催化部分氧化反应的极端条件下,已发现所用的具体催化剂特别耐用。具体而言,也就是在催化剂经历飞温的环境中找到了能够胜任的方法。现已发现,较之常规催化剂如以氧化铝为基者,氧化锆基块体催化剂在部分氧化反应条件下对飞温的耐受性突显优异。
本说明书中,“飞温”一词意指催化剂在相应条件下经历大范围的温度骤然变化,温度的变化可由布于催化剂表面的热电偶或是光测高温计确定并相应得到表面变化速率。飞温的任何衡量方法均与所用分析技术有关,但以下所述或可用作指导。具体而言,“飞温”意指催化剂的温度在至少为100℃的变化范围内以每秒1℃以上的速率发生变化。本发明方法可用于温度变化范围100℃以上、飞温至少为每秒10℃的场合;在飞温较大的条件下,如500℃范围、每秒至少10℃时也适用;甚而至于在更大的飞温操作条件下,如催化剂经历500℃范围、至少每秒50℃的变化,本法同样适用。如前所述,这类飞温出现于工业催化部分氧化反应器的开、停车操作中。
作为本发明的一种优选方面,所述方法包括在使进料与催化剂接触之前或与此同时,尚且使一定量任选的经预热的预燃气或蒸汽与催化剂接触,任何在适度温度下可清洁起火的适宜气体或蒸汽均可选用、诸如甲醇、氢,合成气及其它就地生成的气体或含一氧化碳和/或氢的气体。这意味着催化剂可耐受加料气体的催化燃烧。这种开车方式导致在800至1200℃范围内产生每秒60至100℃的飞温。
本发明的方法可用于从任何烃或烃原料制备一氧化碳及氢的混合物。当烃与催化剂接触时呈气态。本方法尤其适用于甲烷、天然气、伴生气或其它来源轻质烃的部分氧化。在此,“轻质烃”一词指具有1至5个碳原子的烃类。本方法可用于对自然界存在的含有相当数量二氧化碳的甲烷气的转化。进料优选含有至少50%(体积)的甲烷,更优选含有至少75%(体积)的甲烷,尤其是至少80%(体积)甲烷。
当烃原料与催化剂接触时其为混有含氧气体的混合物。空气适宜用作含氧气体,但优选含氧气体是高纯氧,如此则可避免处理大量的惰性气体,如以空气作为含氧气体时的氮气。进料中作为一种选择尚可含有蒸汽。
进料可含有足够数量的烃类原料和氧气以达到适宜的氧-碳比。优选的氧-碳比范围在0.3~0.8之间,更优选在0.45~0.75之间。氧-碳比的参考值系指分子态的氧(O2)与烃类原料中的碳原子之比。优选的氧-碳比范围在0.45~0.70之间,范围在0.45~0.65之间、具有化学计量比0.5的氧-碳比尤为适合。若地进料中有蒸汽存在,优选的蒸汽-碳之比范围大于0.0到3.0,更优选的在大于0.0至2.0。若烃原料、含氧气体及蒸汽同时存在,则在与催化剂接触前将其混合均匀较佳。
本发明的方法可在任意合适的压力下操作。对工业规模应用,优选在高压下操作,即压力显著高于大气压。可在直至150巴的压力下进行操作。优选操作压力范围在2~125巴之间,更优选的在5~100巴之间。
本方法可在任意合适的温度下操作。但在工业规模操作中占主导地位的高操作压力条件下,进料气优选在高温下与催化剂接触以达到与优选高压条件相应的高转化率水平。因此,本方法优选在至少950℃的温度下操作。优选操作温度范围在950~1400℃之间,更优选1000~1300℃。进料混合物最好在与催化剂接触前先经预热。
在本方法中可以任意合适的空速提供进料混合物。本发明方法的一个优势在于可采用很高的气体空速。因此,本方法的典型空速(表示为每小时每千克催化剂标准升气体)范围在20,000~100,000Nl/kg/hr之间,更优选50,000~50,000,000Nl/kg/hr之间。空速在500,000~30,000,000Nl/kg/hr之间尤为合适。
本发明方法所用催化剂含一种负载于块状氧化锆结构之上的催化活性金属。包含于催化剂中的催化活性金属选自元素周期表第VIII族。有关元素周期表定义的参考资料见GAS版,发表于CRC Handbook ofChemistry and Physics,68th Edition。优选用于本方法的催化剂包括一种选自钌、铑、钯、锇、铱及铂的金属。更为优选是含有钌、铑或铱作为催化活性金属的催化剂,其中又以铱作催化活性金属为佳。
包含于催化剂中的催化活性金属以氧化锆基块状载体负载。任何适宜的氧化锆基材料均可资使用。适宜氧化锆材料取自市售者。载体优选含至少70%(重量)的氧化锆(如选自习知的(部分)稳定后的氧化锆或高纯氧化锆)。(部分)稳定后的氧化锆中含一种或多种稀土,其中以含周期表面第IIIB族或IIA族元素者为优选氧化锆基材料。更为优选的氧化锆基材料含经由一种或多种Mg、Ca、Al、Y、La或Ce稳定或是部分稳定的氧化锆。稳定或部分稳定后氧化锆可为任何市售的形式,如颗粒、纤维或须状复合材料。
上述含氧化锆基材料的氧化锆基块状载体还可进一步涂敷以具有特定性能的材料,以期增强飞温耐受性(如SiC、SiO2、Al2O3或其混合物)、催化剂稳定性或是热稳定性。
载体为多孔块体结构形式。块体结构的尺寸可为1cm至1m量级抑或在最大尺寸下甚至更大,该结构可包括一个或多个独立的载体块。虽则多个载体块较之类似的单块载体提供了更大的飞温耐受性,但就本发明中所用高的空速而言,并不足以保证能使各种体表面处于良好状态。但是,据公知的技术,所述单块载体也包含组合式的块状载体。多孔块状结构可为任何适宜的形式。多孔块状态构之一为挤压成形的蜂窝状,其适宜材料为本领域习知且有市售。挤压成形蜂窝材料的特征是具有多个沿结构伸展的笔直、延伸且平行的通道。但是,块体结构中以曲折因子较大者为优选。
“曲折因子”一词为本领域所习知,此处用来指流过床层气体所经过的路径长度与通过床层的最短可能直线路径的长度之比。据此,挤压成形蜂窝结构的曲折因子为1.0。本发明方法所用块体结构优选具有高曲折因子者,也即曲折因子大于1.1。块体结构的曲折因子优选范围在1.1至约10间,更优选为1.1至约5.0间,其中又以1.3至4.0间为佳。
如上所述,本发明方法所用的块体结构为多孔状,其中优选具有高曲折因子者。该结构中的孔有别于载体材料内存在的小孔。一般,块体结构含孔不少于每平厘米500个,比较而言每平方厘米至少750个孔为好。作为优选,块体结构含孔每平方厘米1000至15000个,更优选为每平方厘米1250至10000个孔。
所术块体结构优选孔率介于0.4至0.9间,为避免产生过大压降,更优选为0.6至0.9间。
本发明方法所用催化剂载体的优选块体结构为泡沫体。适宜用于本发明的方法的氧化锆基泡沫体取自市售。
本发明方法所用催化剂可用本领域公知的技术制备。一种最适宜的方法是用催化活性金属化合物浸渍氧化锆基材料。
烃类原料和含氧气体的气态混合物优选在绝热条件下与催化剂相接触。对本说明书来说,“绝热”这一术语意指除了反应器的气体流出物中所带瞳的热量以外,基本上防止了反应区所有热损失及热辐射的反应条件。
另一方面,本发明涉及任何由上述方法所制得的一氧化碳或氢气。
本发明的方法所制得的一氧化碳和氢可用于任何使用这些化合物的一种或两种的方法中。本发明的方法所制得的一氧化碳和氢气混合物特别适用于烃类合成,如用于Fischer-Tropsch合成方法中;或用于烃类氧化物的合成,如合成甲醇。由一氧化碳和氢混合物转化生成此类产品的方法为本领域所公知。
另外,所述一氧化碳和氢也可用于水煤气变换反应生产氢气过程中。该两产品的其它用途包括加氢甲酰基化及羰基化过程。
以下示例用于进一步说明本发明方法,其中实施例1、2或3为本发明的实施方案,实施例4仅供比较。实施例1
使用常规浸渍技术,以铑浸渍市售铝稳定氧化锆基泡沫体(A1-PSZ,每平方厘米990个孔),直至铑负载达5%(重量)。
浸渍后氧化锆泡沫体装填入钢制反应器。催化剂的曲折因子在1.5至2.5间。天然气与氢先经全混,所得混合物用作进料,再通入反应器与催化剂接触。该进料的氧-碳比为0.54,进料混合物在3.2巴压力下和气时空速(GHSV)750000Nl/kg/hr(每千克催化剂每小时标准升气体)下加入反应器。
催化剂床层的操作温度用光测高温计测量。离开反应器的气体混合物组分含量用气相色谱测定。亦测定了本方法生成CO和H2反应的转化率和选择性(基于转化的甲烷计)。反应器的操作条件及实验结果归总于下表中。
进料先预热至250℃。但在初始阶段,并未发现有反应发生。利用丙烯与氢混合物所产生热量引燃催化剂的一个局部区域,这导致整个催化剂结构迅即着火,并可观察到在约15秒内一股火焰由着火点始迅速扩展,遍及整个催化剂结构。此时,整个催化剂即刻由初始温度250℃升温至最终操作温度1240℃。在990℃的温度范围内,催化剂历经的飞温超过每秒60℃。该催化剂在实验结束后的性状也一并列于下表。实施例2
使用常规浸渍技术,以铱浸渍市售铝稳定氧化锆基泡沫(Al-PSZ,每平方厘米990个孔),直至铱负载达5%(重量)。
遵循实施例1中所述一般实验步骤,对所述铱/氧化锆催化剂进行试验。实验条件及结果也在下表中给出。实施例3
使用常规浸渍技术,以铑浸渍市售镁稳定氧化锆基泡沫(Mg-PSZ,每平方厘米990个孔),直至铑负载达5%(重量)。
遵循实施例1中所述一般实验步骤,对所述铑/氧化锆催化剂进行试验。实验条件及结果也在下表中给出。实施例4(供比较)
作为比较,也使用常规浸渍技术,以铑浸渍市售氧化锆泡沫体(Al2O3),直至铑负载达5%(重量)。
遵循实施例1中所述一般实验步骤,对所述铑/氧化锆催化剂进行试验。实验条件及结果也在下表中给出。
表
实施例号活性金属载体 | 1铑/Al-PSZ泡沫体 | 2铱/Al-PSZ泡沫体 | 3铑/Mg-PSZ泡沫体 | 4铑/Al2O3泡沫体 |
操作条件 | ||||
进料温度(℃)操作温度(℃)压力(巴)GHSV(1000Nl/kg/hr)氧/碳比 | 25012401.07500.54 | 25012651.07500.55 | 18012901.07500.55 | 18010701.09000.55 |
续表
1 Co选择性以CH4转化率为基2 H2选择性以CH4转化率为基**飞温指部分地受催化剂金属以及载体性质影响所致而在开车时产生的催化剂所历经的飞温。
CH9转化率(%)CO选择性(%)1H2选择性(%)2实验时间(小时) | 98.894.295.53 | 99.294.294.93 | 97.795.293.82 | 8793831 |
催化剂飞温**实验后催化剂性状 | <60℃sec范围990℃未损 | <60℃sec范围1015℃未损 | <60℃sec范围1110℃未损 | <60℃Sec范围890℃碎为多块 |
Claims (18)
1.一种烃类原料催化部分氧化的方法,该法包括使含烃原料及含氧气体的进料在高温下与催化剂接触以致相应条件下该催化剂对飞温敏感,所述催化剂具有多孔块体结构形式且含以氧化锆基载体负载的一种催化活性金属。
2.按照权利要求1的方法,其特征是所述催化剂的敏感飞温:温度范围至少100℃,变化率每秒至少1℃,作为优选为:温度范围至少100℃,变化率每秒至少10℃,更优选为:温度范围至少500℃,变化率每秒至少10℃。
3.按照权利要求1或2的方法,该法包括在使进料与催化剂接触前或与此同时,尚且使选择性加入的经预热的预燃气或蒸汽与催化剂接触,任何在适应温度下可清洁起火的适宜气体或汽均为优选。
4.按照前列任一项的方法,其特征是所述催化剂对范围为800至1200℃、变化率每秒60至100℃的飞温敏感。
5.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是烃类原料含甲烷、天然气、伴生气或其它轻质烃来源。
6.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是含氧气体为高纯氧。
7.按照前列任一项的方法,其特征是进料含烃原料以及含氧气体且其用量按氧/碳比为0.3至0.8给定,优选值介于0.45至0.75,更优选为0.45至0.65。
8.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是进料在压力高达150巴的范围下与催化剂接触,优选值2至125巴,更优选为5至100巴。
9.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是进料在590至1400℃温度范围内与催化剂接触,优选值1000至1300℃。
10.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是进料在20000至100000000Nl/kg/hr的气时空速范围内与催化剂接触,优选值50000至50000000Nl/kg/hr,更优选为500000至30000000Nl/kg/hr。
11.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是催化剂含一种选自元素周期表第VIII族的催化活性金属,该金属优选铑,铱或钌,其中又以铱为佳。
12.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是块状催化剂载体含至少70%(重量)、诸如选自公知的(部分)稳定氧化锆或高纯氧化锆一类的氧化锆,后者优选含一种或多种稀土(周期表第IIIB或IIA族元素)氧化物(部分)稳定氧化锆。
13.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是催化剂为具有高曲折因子的块体结构形式,优选曲折因子介于1.1至10.0,更优选为1.3至4.0。
14.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是催化剂为具有高孔度的块体结构形式,优选孔度至少每平方厘米750个孔,更优选为每平方厘米1000至15000个孔。
15.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是催化剂为泡沫体。
16.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是催化剂的孔率介于约0.4至0.9间,优选约0.6至0.9间。
17.按照上列任一项的方法,其特征是进料在近于绝热条件下与催化剂接触。
18.按照权利要求1至14任一项的方法所制的一氧化碳和氢。
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- 1995-08-01 CN CN95194439A patent/CN1056585C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-08-01 DE DE69517033T patent/DE69517033T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-08-01 BR BR9508457A patent/BR9508457A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-08-01 CA CA002196433A patent/CA2196433C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-08-01 ES ES95929071T patent/ES2149370T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-01 NZ NZ291436A patent/NZ291436A/en unknown
- 1995-08-01 RU RU97103363/12A patent/RU2154015C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-11-13 US US08/557,782 patent/US5639401A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-01-30 NO NO970399A patent/NO970399L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0773906B1 (en) | 2000-05-17 |
NO970399D0 (no) | 1997-01-30 |
RU2154015C2 (ru) | 2000-08-10 |
JP4020428B2 (ja) | 2007-12-12 |
WO1996004200A1 (en) | 1996-02-15 |
NZ291436A (en) | 1998-08-26 |
NO970399L (no) | 1997-01-30 |
DE69517033D1 (de) | 2000-06-21 |
CA2196433A1 (en) | 1996-02-15 |
AU3256695A (en) | 1996-03-04 |
EP0773906A1 (en) | 1997-05-21 |
US5639401A (en) | 1997-06-17 |
DZ1918A1 (fr) | 2002-02-17 |
JPH10503462A (ja) | 1998-03-31 |
BR9508457A (pt) | 1997-11-04 |
DE69517033T2 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
CA2196433C (en) | 2007-09-11 |
ZA956360B (en) | 1996-03-11 |
ES2149370T3 (es) | 2000-11-01 |
AU693245B2 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
CN1056585C (zh) | 2000-09-20 |
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