CN103829194A - 一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103829194A CN103829194A CN201410097228.7A CN201410097228A CN103829194A CN 103829194 A CN103829194 A CN 103829194A CN 201410097228 A CN201410097228 A CN 201410097228A CN 103829194 A CN103829194 A CN 103829194A
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- lotus root
- bamboo shoot
- root bamboo
- fermentation
- glucomannan
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L19/20—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof by pickling, e.g. sauerkraut or pickles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/90—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in food processing or handling, e.g. food conservation
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Preparation Of Fruits And Vegetables (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法。新鲜藕笋经清洗、整理、烫漂后,用15%的盐水进行初腌5-7d,进行分段处理,采用10-12h浸泡脱盐工艺,待其盐度降至5-6Bé°,添加异Vc钠、焦亚硫酸钠、柠檬酸、EDTA二钠对藕笋进行护色和保脆处理,接入复合乳酸菌,常温密闭发酵5-7d,添加葡甘露低聚糖水解液继续发酵3-5d,产生具有生物活性的小肽、活性益生乳酸菌功能因子,其中乳酸菌的活菌数为6.1×107cfu/g以上、低聚糖的含量为2.16g/100g以上。本发明的制备方法原材料利用率高、生产周期短,制备的功能性发酵藕笋口感好、风味强,且有较强的保健作用。
Description
技术领域:
本发明属于食品发酵和食品加工领域,具体涉及一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法。
背景技术
藕笋(Lotus sprout),学名莲鞭,又叫藕鞭、藕粱、藕桩子等,是一种多年生宿根水生草本植物,是我国的一种重要水生蔬菜。藕笋为藕株地下茎前期生长发育没有膨大的鲜嫩地下茎鞭,是荷的地下茎,横生于泥中,并不断分枝蔓延。这种地下茎在生长前期白嫩细长,到了后期,它的主茎及分枝顶端伸展到湖泥深处,节间愈长愈胖,即为莲藕。藕笋微甜而脆,十分爽口,可生食,也可做菜,而且药用价值相当高,是老幼妇孺、体弱多病者上好的食品和滋补佳珍。
藕笋作为最近几年开始盛行的蔬菜,加工才刚刚起步,初加工占到绝大部分。受到地域和饮食习惯的限制,目前关于藕笋的消费及加工主要集中在湖北,特别在武汉市及其周边地区。每年的4-7月份,藕民们把藕笋抽出,在市场销售,大部分是边收获边出售。受到藕笋收获量的限制(100kg/666.7m2),所以市场一直处在供不应求的状态。随着经济的发展,越来越多的藕笋经销商看到了商机,希望能够对藕笋进行研究和加工,以提升其价值。对藕笋的研究和消费主要集中在我国,国外研究甚少,国内主要以莲藕的研究为主,几乎没有关于藕笋的研究报道。目前,湖北莲藕科研力量强大,关于藕笋的价值是最近几年才被发现,其研究也没有相应地展开,藕笋目前的发展还是以鲜食为主。目前在国内外其他的地方还没有发现藕笋的大规模加工,更鲜见于对藕笋的研究。
发酵藕笋的主要菌群-乳酸菌。活性性乳酸菌可以通过在人体内的增殖,抑制对人体有害的腐败菌和病原菌,它的代谢生成乳酸和有效代谢物(抗菌物质、维生素等),而乳酸菌本身也具有增进免疫力的作用。此外,乳酸菌能使肠道减少对胆固醇的吸收,并能将一部分胆固醇转变成胆酸盐排出体外。而且乳酸菌对使人致癌的肠中亚硝胺有高达98%的吸收率,可减少肠癌的发生。乳酸菌的发酵性能对缩短发酵时间、降低亚硝酸盐含量、提高藕笋品质和延长藕笋食用期等方面都有重要影响。发酵藕笋加工中采用乳酸菌发酵技术对产品的营养价值、食用品质及其产生的环境和经济效益等诸多方面带来的显著效果。
魔芋属天南星科,多年生草本植物,地下有扁球形块茎,我国西南及长江中下栽培较多,块茎以含葡萄甘露聚糖为主要成分。魔芋精粉是由鲜魔芋块茎,经过干燥、机械粉碎、风选等工序得到的一种初级产品,魔芋精粉主要成分为葡萄甘露聚糖,其次还有淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质、游离还原糖等。魔芋葡萄甘露聚糖是由甘露糖和葡萄糖,通过β—1,4苷键和β—1,3苷键连接而成的高分子多糖(分子量为106)。甘露聚糖经过化学降解或酶法降解生成的聚合度为2-l0的甘露低聚糖,它在直链或支链(β—1,3或β—1,6糖苷键)上连接有葡萄糖或半乳糖等单糖残基的低聚糖。大量研究表明,该低聚糖除了具有低热量、稳定、安全无毒等良好的理化特性外,还具有促进人与动物肠道内以双歧杆菌为代表的有益菌群的增殖,改善肠道内菌群结构;减慢肠道粘膜细胞分泌的α-糖苷酶的扩散速度,不升高血糖,并能提高机体的抗氧化能力;对实验性高脂血症的防治、降血脂和护肝作用以及防龋齿、抗腐蚀性等多种生理功能。
目前国内外对藕笋的研究主要方向为藕笋的保鲜技术以及盐渍。而发酵藕笋工艺的报道很少,功能型发酵藕笋富含益生乳酸菌和葡甘露低聚糖功能因子,在技术研究不仅有效控制了藕笋的褐变,而且赋予了藕笋独特的风味,改善了腌制藕笋风味不足以及色泽不佳,并且使发酵藕笋具有营养保健功能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法。采用此方法加工的产品富含益生乳酸菌和功能型葡甘露低聚糖,其中乳酸菌的活菌数为6.1×107~6.7×107cfu/g、低聚糖的含量为2.16~2.36g/100g。同时,本发明所述方法不仅有效控制了藕笋的褐变,而且赋予了藕笋独特的风味,改善了腌制藕笋风味不足以及色泽不佳,并且使发酵藕笋具有营养保健功能。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采取以下技术措施:
一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)原料处理:鲜藕笋洗净,整理成束;
(2)烫漂、护色处理:80℃的水中,热烫1min;
(3)初腌:按藕笋质量的15%(w/w)添加食盐,分层腌渍,一层藕笋洒一层盐,再用纺织袋划开铺在藕笋上,纺织袋上铺设竹片,用石头压在竹片上,石头重为藕笋重量的15%,补充10-15Bé°的盐水,至藕笋淹没,4℃下腌制5-7d;
(4)脱盐:腌渍后切段,采用纯净水浸泡10-12h脱盐,每隔4-5h更换一次水,盐度降至5-6Bé°即可;
(5)护色和保脆处理:按藕笋质量的1.0-1.5‰(w/w)添加异Vc钠、0.2-0.4‰(w/w)焦亚硫酸钠、0.4-0.5‰(w/w)柠檬酸、3‰(w/w)丙酸钙、0.3-0.5‰(w/w)EDTA二钠;
(6)葡甘露低聚糖水解液的制备
配制浓度为2%(w/w)的魔芋精粉水溶液(粘度≥3×104mPa.s),加入魔芋精粉水溶液质量的1-1.5%(w/w)的β—葡聚糖酶,55-60℃酶解6-8h,酶解后的魔芋精粉水溶液的粘度为3.12-4.32mPa.s,按魔芋精粉质量的4%(w/w)的接种量接种酵母菌种子液到魔芋水解液中,30℃发酵2-4h,发酵完成后,还原糖的含量为0.22%—0.30%,总糖的含量为2.30-2.38%。
(7)复发酵:按藕笋质量的8-10%(w/w)接种复合乳酸菌种子液常温(20-25℃)下发酵5-7d,并按藕笋质量的12-15%(w/w)添加步骤(6)中制得的葡甘露聚糖水解液,继续发酵3-5d,即为富含葡甘露低聚糖的功能型发酵藕笋。
优选的,步骤(3)中4℃下腌制7d;
优选的,步骤(4)中,采用浸泡12h的脱盐工艺;
优选的,步骤(5)中,按藕笋的1.5‰(w/w)添加异Vc钠、0.4‰焦亚硫酸钠、0.5‰柠檬酸、3‰丙酸钙、0.5‰EDTA二钠对脱盐的藕笋进行护色和保脆处理;
优选的,步骤(7)中,按藕笋质量的10%(w/w)接种复合乳酸菌常温下发酵7d,并按藕笋质量的15%(w/w)添加葡甘露聚糖水解液。
步骤(1)中原料处理,原料清洗时需去杂质,去泥巴,去异物,要求色白、光亮,新鲜,洗净后沥水20分钟;以30-35根为一束摆放整齐。
步骤(4)中,腌渍后切段,切成2.5-3.0cm长,根据每段的大小,分为三个级别,即大、中、小级,切后清洗干净,清除杂质、异物和不良品,以利于商品化。脱盐时,纯净水淹没藕笋。
所述的复合乳酸菌种子液和酵母菌种子液按常规方式培养至对数生长期即可。
以上所述的菌株,本领域内常用的或市售的均可完成本发明。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
1.对热烫时间及温度进行了严格控制,最大的保留了藕笋VC,脆度以及多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性。
2.功能型发酵藕笋结合传统发酵蔬菜工艺,接种益生乳酸菌发酵和和葡甘露低聚糖,这不仅有效控制了藕笋的褐变,而且赋予了藕笋独特的风味,同时改善了腌制藕笋风味不足以及色泽不佳,并且使发酵藕具有营养保健功能。
3.藕笋中含有大量的多酚氧化酶使藕笋易发生褐变,而葡聚糖是一种天然的防腐保鲜剂,在发酵藕笋中添加一定量的葡聚糖不仅减少了防腐剂的使用量,而且抑制了病菌和霉菌的生长;
4.发酵藕笋中添加葡聚糖可防治便秘,更适合胆石症、肥胖症和糖尿病的食用。
具体实施方式
本发明所述技术方案,如未特别说明,均为常规技术,所用试剂或菌株均购自生化商店。本发明所述菌株仅限于实施例中举例说明,不构成对本发明的限制,市售的菌株均可完成本发明。
实施例1:
1.菌种培养
1)高活性酿酒干酵母活化:
酵母膏:2.0g/L、蛋白胨:4.0g/L、NaCl:0.2g/L、MgSO4:0.2g/L、KH2PO4:0.5g/L
PH自然,115℃灭菌20min,冷却后接入1.0g/L的高活性酿酒酵母,30℃活化5h,得酿酒酵母种子液,用于以下实施例。
高活性酿酒酵母购自安琪酵母股份有限公司
3)复合乳酸液种子液的制备
MRS培养基:蛋白胨10g,酵母提取物5g,葡萄糖20g,牛肉膏10g,酵母提取物5g,K2HPO42g,柠檬酸二铵2g,乙酸钠5g,葡萄糖20g,吐温80mL,蒸馏水1000mL,MgSO4.7H2O0.58g,MnSO4·H2O0.25g,pH值6.2~6.4,固体培养基加琼脂15g,121℃灭菌30min。
用接种环从斜面培养基上接种已经活化24h的乳酸菌各3环至100mL MRS培养基中混合培养,在30℃培养24h,作为复合乳酸菌种子液,用于以下实施例。
所述的乳酸菌为:肠膜明串株菌CGMCC1.10327、植物乳杆菌植物亚种CGMCC1.2437、短乳杆菌CGMCC1.579。
实施例2:
葡甘露低聚糖水解液的制备
魔芋精粉(湖北长友现代农业股份有限公司)10kg,加水500kg,得到魔芋精粉水溶液,粘度为3.86×104mPa.s,加入7.5kg的β—葡聚糖酶(丹麦诺维信公司),55-60℃酶解8h,酶解后的魔芋精粉粘度为3.12,多为低聚糖,此外是少量的单糖,接种实施例1中制得的酿酒酵母种子液0.4kg,30℃发酵4h,利用发酵法去除其中发酵性单糖,还原糖的含量为0.30%,总糖的含量为2.30%,用于以下实施例。
实施例3:
一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法,其步骤如下:
1)新鲜藕笋(湖北梁湖爽润食品有限公司)1000kg;
2)清洗与整理:将1000kg藕笋用清水冲洗干净,分30-35根为一束捆绑,摆放整齐。
3)烫漂与护色:将藕笋放在80℃的水中,热烫1min;
4)初腌:添加食盐150kg,分层腌渍,一层藕笋洒一层盐,再用纺织袋划开铺在藕笋上,加入竹片,用石头压在竹片上,石头总重为150kg,补充15Bé°的盐水,至藕笋淹没,4℃下腌制7d;
5)切段:腌渍后切段,切成2.5-3.0cm长,根据每段的大小,分为三个级别,即大、中、小级,切后清洗干净,清除杂质、异物和不良品;
6)脱盐工艺:采用浸泡10h脱盐的工艺,采用纯净水浸泡,每隔4-5h更换一次水,盐度降至5-6Bé°即可,纯净水淹没藕笋;
7)护色和保脆处理:添加异Vc钠1.0kg、焦亚硫酸钠0.2kg、柠檬酸0.4kg、丙酸钙3kg、EDTA二钠0.3kg对脱盐的藕笋进行护色和保脆处理。
8)复发酵:接种实施例1中制备的复合乳酸菌80kg常温(20-25℃)下发酵5d,添加120kg的实施例2中制得的葡甘露聚糖水解液,继续发酵3d,即为富含葡甘露低聚糖的功能型发酵藕笋,检测其主要功能成分的含量,其中乳酸菌的活菌数为6.1×107cfu/g、葡甘露低聚糖含量2.16g/100g、蛋白的含量为2.1g/100g,颜色白嫩。
实施例4:
一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法,其步骤如下:
1)新鲜藕笋1000kg;
2)清洗与整理:将1000kg藕笋用清水冲洗干净,分30-35根为一束捆绑,摆放整齐。
3)烫漂与护色:将藕笋放在80℃的水中,热烫1min;
4)初腌:添加食盐150kg,分层腌渍,一层藕笋洒一层盐,再用纺织袋划开铺在藕笋上,加入竹片,用石头压在竹片上,石头总重为150kg,补充15Bé°的盐水,至藕笋淹没,4℃下腌制7d;
5)切段:腌渍后切段,切成2.5-3.0cm长,根据每段的大小,分为三个级别,即大、中、小级,切后清洗干净,清除杂质、异物和不良品;
6)脱盐工艺:采用浸泡12h脱盐的工艺,采用纯净水浸泡,每隔4-5h更换一次水,盐度降至5-6Bé°即可,纯净水淹没藕笋;
7)护色和保脆处理:添加异Vc钠1.5kg、焦亚硫酸钠0.4kg、柠檬酸0.4kg、丙酸钙3kg、EDTA二钠0.5kg对脱盐的藕笋进行护色和保脆处理。
8)复发酵:接种实施例1中制备的复合乳酸菌种子液100kg常温下发酵7d,添加150kg实施例2中制得的葡甘露聚糖水解液,继续发酵5d,即为富含葡甘露低聚糖的功能型发酵藕笋,检测其主要功能成分的含量,其中乳酸菌的活菌数为6.7×107cfu/g、葡甘露低聚糖含量2.36g/100g、总蛋白的含量为2.3g/100g,颜色白嫩。
Claims (3)
1.一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)原料处理:鲜藕笋洗净,整理成束;
(2)烫漂、护色处理:80℃的水中,热烫1min;
(3)初腌:按藕笋质量的15%w/w添加食盐,分层腌渍,一层藕笋洒一层盐,再用纺织袋划开铺在藕笋上,纺织袋上铺设竹片,用石头压在竹片上,石头重为藕笋重量的15%,补充10-15 Bé°的盐水,至藕笋淹没,4℃下腌制5-7d;
(4)脱盐:腌渍后切段,采用纯净水浸泡10-12h脱盐,每隔4-5h更换一次水,盐度降至5-6 Bé°即可;
(5)护色和保脆处理:按藕笋质量的1.0-1.5‰w/w添加异Vc钠、0.2-0.4‰(w/w)焦亚硫酸钠、0.4-0.5‰w/w柠檬酸、3‰w/w丙酸钙、0.3-0.5‰w/w EDTA二钠;
(6)葡甘露低聚糖水解液的制备
配制浓度为2%w/w的魔芋精粉水溶液,加入魔芋精粉水溶液质量的1-1.5%w/w的β—葡聚糖酶,55-60℃酶解6-8 h,酶解后的魔芋精粉水溶液的粘度为3.12-4.32 mPa.s,按魔芋精粉质量的4%w/w的接种量接种酵母菌种子液到魔芋水解液中,30℃发酵2-4h,发酵完成后,还原糖的含量为0.22%—0.30%,总糖的含量为2.30-2.38%;
(7)复发酵:按藕笋质量的8-10%w/w接种复合乳酸菌种子液常温下发酵5-7d,并按藕笋质量的12-15%w/w添加步骤(6)中制得的葡甘露聚糖水解液,继续发酵3-5d,即为富含葡甘露低聚糖的功能型发酵藕笋。
2.如上所述的一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中,按藕笋质量的1.5‰w/w添加异Vc钠、0.4‰焦亚硫酸钠、0.5‰柠檬酸、3 ‰丙酸钙、0.5‰EDTA二钠对脱盐的藕笋进行护色和保脆处理。
3.如上所述的一种富含葡甘露低聚糖发酵藕笋的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(7)中,按藕笋质量的10%w/w接种复合乳酸菌常温下发酵7d,并按藕笋质量的15%w/w添加葡甘露聚糖水解液。
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