CN103828118A - 用于锂二次电池的电解质和包含所述电解质的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
用于锂二次电池的电解质和包含所述电解质的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001558 CF3SO3Li Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003253 LiB10Cl10 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000552 LiCF3SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910006145 SO3Li Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCC CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910012711 LiCo1-yMnyO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012955 LiCo1−yMnyO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011279 LiCoPO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014376 LiMn2-zCozO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910014946 LiNi1−yMnyO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003005 LiNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于锂二次电池的电解质,包含非水溶剂、锂盐和含有全氟烷基的添加剂。通过在电解质中加入具有特定结构的添加剂,可以极大地改善锂二次电池的输出。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于锂二次电池的电解质。更具体而言,本发明涉及包含作为添加剂的的具有全氟烷基的化合物的电解质和包含所述电解质的锂二次电池。
背景技术
随着近来信息技术的发展,电子设备变得更小、更轻质和更便携。因此,对于作为这些电子设备的电源的具有更高能量密度的电池的需求也在不断增加。锂二次电池是能够满足这一要求的电池,并且对其的研究也在积极进行。锂二次电池包括阴极、阳极、在阴极和阳极之间为锂离子提供通道的电解质以及隔膜。电能随着锂离子从阴极和阳极嵌入(intercalate)和脱出(deintercalate)、通过氧化还原反应而产生。
在锂二次电池中使用的非水电解质通常包含电解质溶剂和电解质盐。然而,在电池的充电和放电过程中,电解质溶剂在电极表面上分解或在碳质阳极层之间共嵌入(co-intercalate),从而破坏阳极结构并且损害电池的稳定性。
已知上述问题可通过固体电解质界面(SEI)膜得以解决,所述固体电解质界面膜在电池初始充电期间由于电解质溶剂的还原而在阳极表面上形成。然而,SEI膜通常不足以用作持续保护阳极的膜,且其在电池反复充电/放电之后,寿命和性能会劣化。特别地,现有的锂二次电池的SEI膜是热不稳定的。因此,如果电池在高温下运作或保存,则由于电化学能和热能的作用会使SEI膜容易随时间受到破坏。特别地,由于SEI膜的损坏、电解质的分解等会不断产生气体(如CO2)。因此,电池的内压和厚度会增加。
为了解决这些问题,提出了使用例如碳酸亚乙烯酯作为电解质添加剂在阳极表面形成膜的方法。尽管碳酸亚乙烯酯呈现出优异的高温储存性能和优异的循环性能,但是其低温输出性能并不优异。
近来,锂二次电池被用于各种用途——从常规的电子设备到各种应用(包括电动车)。就这一点而言,对高输出电池的需求也越来越多。因此,需要不仅在高温而且在低温下也能够提供高输出的电池。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明提供用于锂二次电池且能够改善锂二次电池的输出性能的非水电解质以及包含所述非水电解质的锂二次电池。
技术方案
在一个总的方面,本发明提供一种用于锂二次电池的电解质,包含:非水溶剂;锂盐;和作为添加剂的具有全氟烷基的具体结构的化合物。
在另一总的方面,本发明提供一种包含所述电解质的锂二次电池。
有益效果
用本发明的电解质制备的锂二次电池会具有改善的输出性能。
具体而言,用包含本发明描述的具体结构的添加剂的电解质制备的电池与使用不包含所述添加剂的电解质制备的电池相比,具有显著改善的输出性能。
附图说明
图1-4示出了使用实施例和对比实施例的电解质的二次电池的HPPC测试结果。
图1示出了在-30℃充电的HPPC输出数据。
图2示出了在-30℃放电的HPPC输出数据。
图3示出了在室温下充电的HPPC输出数据。
图4示出了在室温下放电的HPPC输出数据。
-■-:对比实施例2
-●-:实施例4
-▲-:实施例5
-▼-:实施例6
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种用于锂二次电池的电解质,包含:
非水溶剂;
锂盐;和
选自化学式1-3的化合物中的一种或多种添加剂。
[化学式1]
其中,
R1代表C2-C8全氟烷基;
R2、R3和R4独立地代表C1-C3烷基;且
a代表选自1至5的整数。
[化学式2]
其中,
R6代表C2-C8全氟烷基;
c代表选自1至7的整数;且
d代表选自0至3的整数。
[化学式3]
其中,
R5代表C2-C8全氟烷基;且
b代表选自0至3的整数。
化学式1的化合物可以是化学式1a的化合物:
[化学式1a]
化学式2的化合物可以是化学式2a的化合物:
[化学式2a]
化学式3的化合物可以是化学式3a的化合物:
[化学式3a]
化学式1-3的化合物可单独使用或组合使用。
选自化学式1-3的化合物中的一种或多种添加剂的纳入量可以是0.1-10重量份,基于100重量份的电解质计。
在本发明的电解质中使用的非水溶剂可以是一种常用于锂二次电池的电解质中的非水溶剂,对其没有具体限制。具体地,可使用选自下列的一种或多种溶剂:碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙酯、二甲亚砜、乙腈、二甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、γ-丁内酯和环丁砜。
在本发明的电解质中使用的锂盐可以是一种常用于锂二次电池的电解质中的锂盐,对其没有具体限制。具体地,可使用选自下列的一种或多种锂盐:LiPF6、LiBF4、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiB10Cl10、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li和(CF3SO2)2NLi。
本发明还提供包括阴极、阳极和上述电解质的锂二次电池。
本发明的锂二次电池可通过将电解质注入由阴极、阳极以及插入在阴极和阳极之间的隔膜组成的电极结构而制备。所述电极结构的阴极、阳极和隔膜可以是通常用于锂二次电池的那些。
作为一个具体的实例,在阴极中使用的阴极活性材料可以是含锂的过渡金属氧化物。例如,可使用选自下列的一种或多种:LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、Li(NiaCobMnc)O2(0<a<1,0<b<1,0<c<1,a+b+c=1)、LiNi1-yCoyO2、LiCo1-yMnyO2、LiNi1-yMnyO2(0≤y<1)、Li(NiaCobMnc)O4(0<a<2,0<b<2,0<c<2,a+b+c=2)、LiMn2-zNizO4、LiMn2-zCozO4(0<z<2)、LiCoPO4和LiFePO4。除氧化物之外,还可使用硫化物、硒化物、卤化物等。
作为用在阳极中的阳极活性材料,一般可使用碳材料、锂金属、硅、锡、LTO等,其可使锂离子嵌入或脱出。特别地,可以使用碳材料。碳材料可以是低结晶碳或者高结晶碳。低结晶碳的代表性实例可以是软碳或硬碳,且高结晶碳的代表性实例可以是天然石墨、凝析石墨、热解碳、中间相沥青基碳纤维、中间相碳微球、中间相沥青或高温烧结碳(如源自石油或煤焦油沥青的焦炭)。阳极可含有粘合剂。可使用各类粘合剂聚合物例如聚(偏二氟乙烯-共-六氟丙烯)(PVdF-co-HFP)共聚物、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)、聚丙烯腈、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)等作为粘合剂。
而且,隔膜可以由常用的多孔聚合物膜以单层或层叠形式形成,所述多孔聚合物膜例如由诸如乙烯均聚物、丙烯均聚物、乙烯-丁烯共聚物、乙烯-己烯共聚物或乙烯-甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物的聚烯烃系聚合物制备。或者,所述隔膜可以由常用的多孔非织造物形成,所述非织造物例如由高熔点玻璃纤维、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维等制成,但并不限于此。
本发明的锂二次电池可以具有各种形状,没有特别的限制。例如,它可具有圆柱形、角形、袋形或硬币形。
在下文,将通过实施例对本发明进行详细描述。然而,以下实施例仅用于说明目的,并且对本领域普通技术人员而言显而易见的是,本发明的范围并不限于这些实施例。
实施例1-3和对比实施例1:电解质的制备
将溶剂、锂盐和添加剂如表1所示进行混合,以制备本发明的电解质(实施例1-3)和一例用于对比的电解质(对比实施例1)。
表1
实施例4-6和对比实施例2:锂二次电池的制备
(阴极的制备)
阴极混合物浆料如下制备:将作为阴极活性材料的94重量%的锂钴氧化物、作为导电剂的3重量%的炭黑和作为粘合剂的3重量%的PVdF加入至作为溶剂的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中。将阴极混合物浆料涂布在作为阴极集电器的厚度为20μm的铝(Al)箔上,然后干燥以制备阴极。
(阳极的制备)
阳极混合物浆料如下制备:将作为阳极活性材料的96重量%的碳粉,作为粘合剂的3重量%的PVdF和作为导电剂的1重量%的炭黑加入至作为溶剂的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中。将阳极混合物浆料涂布在作为阳极集电器的厚度为10μm的铜(Cu)箔上,然后干燥以制备阳极。
(电池的组装)
通过堆叠组装上述制备的阴极和阳极以及由3层聚丙烯/聚乙烯/聚丙烯(PP/PE/PP)构成的隔膜,然后分别注入实施例1-3和对比实施例1的电解质来制备电池。
实施例4-6和对比实施例2的电池分别通过注入实施例1-3和对比实施例1的电解质而制备。
测试实施例:HPPC测试
对实施例4-6和对比实施例2的电池进行HPPC测试。
HPPC测试是国际标准化方法并且由美国能源部(DOE)规定(FreedomCAR Battery Test Manual for Power-Assist Hybrid ElectricVehicles,DOE/ID-11069,2003)。
HPPC测试结果示于图1-4。图1示出了在-30℃充电的HPPC输出数据。图2示出了在-30℃放电的HPPC输出数据。图3示出了在室温下充电的HPPC输出数据。图4示出了在室温下放电的HPPC输出数据。
从图1-4可以看出,根据本发明制备的电池(实施例4-6)与对比实施例2的电池相比,显示出改进的输出性能。特别地,它们显示出改进的低温输出性能。
Claims (11)
8.权利要求1的用于锂二次电池的电解质,其中添加剂的纳入量是0.1-10重量份,基于100重量份的电解质计。
9.权利要求1的用于锂二次电池的电解质,其中非水溶剂是选自下列的一种或多种溶剂:碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙酯、二甲亚砜、乙腈、二甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、γ-丁内酯和环丁砜。
10.权利要求1的用于锂二次电池的电解质,其中锂盐是选自下列的一种或多种锂盐:LiPF6、LiBF4、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiB10Cl10、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li和(CF3SO2)2NLi。
11.包括阴极、阳极和权利要求1的电解质的锂二次电池。
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