CN103748090B - 糖苷衍生物及其用于治疗糖尿病的用途 - Google Patents
糖苷衍生物及其用于治疗糖尿病的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103748090B CN103748090B CN201280028536.3A CN201280028536A CN103748090B CN 103748090 B CN103748090 B CN 103748090B CN 201280028536 A CN201280028536 A CN 201280028536A CN 103748090 B CN103748090 B CN 103748090B
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Classifications
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- C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
- C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D407/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
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- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/357—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
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- C07F9/6558—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing at least two different or differently substituted hetero rings neither condensed among themselves nor condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
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Abstract
本发明提供了式I的化合物;本发明化合物的制备方法及其治疗用途。本发明还提供了药理学活性剂的组合和药物组合物。
Description
发明背景
糖尿病为代谢性障碍,特征在于与单一疾病或病症不同的反复发作的或持久的高血糖症(高血糖)和其他表征。葡萄糖水平异常可以导致严重的长期并发症,包括心血管疾病、慢性肾衰、视网膜损害、神经损害(几种类型)、微血管损害和肥胖。
I型糖尿病也称为胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(IDDM),其特征在于胰腺胰岛产生胰岛素的β-细胞减少,导致胰岛素缺乏。II型糖尿病曾经称为成人发作性糖尿病、成熟发作性糖尿病或非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(NIDDM)-是由于肝脏葡萄糖输出增加、胰岛素分泌匮乏以及胰岛素抵抗或胰岛素敏感性降低(组织对胰岛素的响应性有缺陷)而导致的。
慢性高血糖症也可能导致葡萄糖毒性的发作或发展,特征在于β-细胞的胰岛素分泌减少、胰岛素敏感性降低;糖尿病为自身加重性的疾病[Diabetes Care,1990、13,610]。
血糖水平的慢性升高也导致血管的损害。在糖尿病中,产生的问题可以分类为“微血管疾病”(由于小血管损害导致的)和“大血管疾病”(由于动脉损害导致的)。微血管疾病的实例包括糖尿病性视网膜病、神经病和肾病,而大血管疾病的实例包括冠状动脉疾病、中风、外周血管疾病以及糖尿病性肌坏死。
糖尿病性视网膜病的特征在于视网膜中弱化的血管生长以及黄斑水肿(黄斑肿胀),它能够导致严重的视力损害或失明。视网膜损害(微血管病导致)在美国非老年人成年中是最常见的失明原因。糖尿病性神经病的特征在于下肢神经功能受损。当与血管受损一起发生时,糖尿病性神经病能够导致糖尿病足。其他形式的糖尿病性神经病可能为单神经炎或自发性神经病。糖尿病性肾病的特征在于肾脏受损,它能够导致慢性肾衰,最终需要透析。糖尿病在世界范围内为成年肾衰的最常见的原因。高糖饮食(即能够导致高餐后血糖的膳食组成的饮食)已知为肥胖发展的诱因之一。
II型糖尿病的特征在于胰岛素抵抗和/或响应于血糖水平升高的胰岛素分泌不足。II型糖尿病的治疗的目标在于提高胰岛素敏感性(例如TZDs)、肝脏葡萄糖利用(例如双胍类)、直接调节胰岛素水平(例如胰岛素、胰岛素类似物和胰岛素促分泌剂)、增加肠促胰岛素的作用(例如艾塞那肽和西他列汀)或抑制饮食中的糖吸收(例如α糖苷酶抑制剂)[Nature2001,414,821-827]。
葡萄糖不能通过细胞膜扩散,需要转运蛋白的协助。葡萄糖向上皮细胞内的转运需要通过二级活性共转运系统,钠-D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白(SGLT),它通过Na+/K+-ATP酶产生的钠-梯度驱动。上皮细胞中蓄积的葡萄糖通过GLUT转运蛋白促进扩散跨膜转运到血液中[Kidney International2007,72,S27-S35]。
SGLT属于钠/葡萄糖共转运蛋白家族SLCA5。两种不同的SGLT同工型SGLT1和SGLT2已经被鉴定为能够调节人类肾小管葡萄糖再吸收[Curr.Opinon in InvestigationalDrugs(2007):8(4),285-292和其中引述的参考文献]。它们两者的特征在于其对不同的底物具有不同的亲合力。尽管它们两者的氨基酸序列具有59%的同源性,但是它们的功能是不同的。SGLT1能够转运葡萄糖以及半乳糖,在肾脏和肠内表达,而SGLT2只是在肾近端小管的S1和S2段被发现。因此,肾小球过滤的葡萄糖可以通过SGLT2被再吸收到肾近端小管上皮细胞,是一个低亲合力/高容量系统,位于S1和S2小管段水平细胞的表面。很少量的葡萄糖通过SGLT1吸收,SGLT1为高亲合力/低容量系统,位于近端小管的更远端。在健康人类中,肾小球过滤的99%以上的血浆葡萄糖被再吸收,导致只有不到1%的总过滤葡萄糖被排泄到尿液中。据估计90%的总肾葡萄糖吸收是通过SGLT2促进的;剩余的10%可能通过SGLT1介导[J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr.2004,28,364-371]。
作为可供选择的钠葡萄糖共转运蛋白,SGLT2已经被克隆,其组织分布、底物特异性和亲合力据报道与那些在肾近端小管中具有低亲合力的钠葡萄糖共转运蛋白非常相似。具有SGLT2抑制的作用模式的药物是新的并且可以作为已经存在的用于糖尿病及其相关疾病的药物种类的补充,以满足患者对于控制血糖同时保留胰岛素分泌的需要。另外,SGLT2抑制剂能够导致过量葡萄糖(和由此的过量卡路里)的消耗,这使其具有治疗肥胖的额外的潜能。
实际上,已经发现了小分子SGLT2抑制剂,此类分子的抗糖尿病治疗价值在文献中已有报道[T-1095(Diabetes,1999,48,1794-1800;Dapagliflozin(Diabetes,2008,57,1723-1729)]。
作为SGLT-2抑制剂的各种O-芳基和O-杂芳基糖苷在专利出版物中已有报道,例如:WO01/74834、WO03/020737、US04/0018998、WO01/68660、WO01/16147、WO04/099230、WO05/011592、US06/0293252和WO05/021566。
作为SGLT-2抑制剂的各种吡喃葡萄糖基-取代的芳族和杂芳族化合物在专利出版物中也有报道,例如:WO01/27128、WO04/080990、US06/0025349、WO05/085265、WO05/085237、WO06/054629和WO06/011502。
SGLT1主要在肠内发现,它在D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖的吸收中发挥重要作用。因此,SGLT1抑制剂可能作用于肾脏和肠以减少卡路里摄取和高血糖。
WO2004/018491中公开了为SGLT1抑制剂的吡唑衍生物。
在现有技术中公开了通常在吡喃糖的C4、C5或C6位对糖部分进行修饰的吡喃葡萄糖基取代的芳族或杂芳族化合物(US06/0009400、US06/0019948、US06/0035841、US06/0074031、US08/0027014和WO08/016132)。
前药策略或方法可以用于显著地增强药物特性或克服药物的药学或药理学特性中的内在缺陷。前药是新的化学本体,其在对患者施用时在体内再生母体分子。前药可以提供调节母体药物再生条件和调节母体物理学、药学或药理学特性的选择。然而,鉴定具有期望的特性的前药通常是困难的。
发明概述
因此,本发明提供了式(I)化合物:
或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是氢、卤代或-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b独立地选自氢、C1-6烷基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、-C(O)C6-10芳基和-C(O)C1-6烷基;
R2和R2a每次出现时独立地选自卤素、羟基、C1-6烷基和C1-6烷氧基;
R3是卤素、羟基、C1-6烷基、卤代C1-6烷基、C3-10环烷基、C1-6烷氧基或卤代C1-3烷氧基;
R4选自:
R5是氨基酸侧链;
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-10环烷基、C3-10环烷基-C1-4烷基、3--10-元杂环烷基、(3--10-元杂环烷基)-C1-4烷基、C6-10芳基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、5--10-元杂芳基或(5--10-元杂芳基)-C1-4烷基;
R7每次出现时独立地是氢、C1-6烷基、C3-10环烷基、C3-10环烷基-C1-4烷基、3--10-元杂环烷基、(3--10-元杂环烷基)-C1-4烷基、C6-10芳基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、5--10-元杂芳基或(5--10-元杂芳基)-C1-4烷基;
n是0、1、2或3;且
q是0、1或2。
本发明的化合物用于治疗钠-D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白(SGLT)介导的疾病和病症,例如高血糖症、糖尿病等。本发明还提供了治疗这种疾病和病症的方法及其治疗用化合物和组合物等。
本发明化合物是在体内代谢时具有钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白(SGLT)的抑制作用的前药,该作用可以有益地用于预防、调节、治疗、控制进展或辅助治疗其中SGLT的抑制是有益的疾病和/或病症,所述疾病和/或病症例如糖尿病(包括I型和II型)、高血糖症、肥胖、血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗及其他代谢综合征和/或糖尿病相关并发症,包括视网膜病、肾病、神经病、缺血性心脏病、动脉硬化、β-细胞功能障碍,并作为肥胖的治疗和/或预防药物。
发明详述
定义
除非另有指定,否则术语“本发明的化合物”指式(I)的化合物(包括实施例)及其盐(优选可药用盐)以及所有的立体异构体(包括非对映异构体和对映体)、互变体和同位素标记的式(I)的化合物(例如氘取代物)和内在形成的部分(例如多晶形物、溶剂合物和/或水合物)。
基团例如烷基、烷氧基、芳基等的碳原子的必需数量在如下定义中表示为C1-6、C1-4等。例如,C1-6烷氧基具有1-6个碳原子,C1-10杂芳基具有1-10个碳原子。
本文中使用的术语“烷基”是指全饱和的支链或非支链烃部分。优选该烷基包含1-20个碳原子,更优选1-16个碳原子,1-10个碳原子,1-6个碳原子或1-4个碳原子。烷基的代表性实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、正-丙基、异-丙基、正-丁基、仲-丁基、异-丁基、叔-丁基、正-戊基、异戊基、新戊基、正-己基、3-甲基己基、2,2-二甲基戊基、2,3-二甲基戊基、正-庚基、正-辛基、正-壬基或正-癸基。
本文中使用的术语“卤代烷基”是指如本文所定义的烷基,其被一个或多个如本文所定义的卤素基团取代。卤代烷基可以是一卤代烷基、二卤代烷基或多卤代烷基,包括全卤代烷基。一卤代烷基可以在烷基内具有一个碘、溴、氯或氟。二卤代烷基和多卤代烷基可以在烷基内具有两个或多个相同的卤原子或不同卤素基团的组合。典型地,多卤代烷基包含至多12或10或8或6或4或3或2个卤素基团。卤代烷基的非限制性实例包括氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、氯甲基、二氯甲基、三氯甲基、五氟乙基、七氟丙基、二氟氯甲基、二氯氟甲基、二氟乙基、二氟丙基、二氯乙基和二氯丙基。全卤代烷基指具有所有氢原子被卤原子替代的烷基。
“亚烷基”是指直链或支链二价烃链,它具有1-12个碳原子,优选1-6个碳原子,它将分子的其余部分与基团相连。亚烷基的实例包括亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基、亚正丁基等。亚烷基通过单键与分子的其余部分相连,通过单键与基团相连。亚烷基与分子的其余部分以及与基团的连接点可以通过链中的一个碳或者任何两个碳。
“卤素”或“卤代”可以是氟、氯、溴或碘。
本文中使用的术语“烷氧基”是指烷基-O-,其中烷基如本文中上面所定义。烷氧基的代表性的实例包括但不限于甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、2-丙氧基、丁氧基、叔-丁氧基、戊氧基、己氧基、环丙氧基-、环己基氧基-等。优选烷氧基具有约1-6个碳,更优选约1-4个碳。
本文中使用的术语“卤代烷氧基”是指如如本文所定义的烷氧基,其被一个或多个如本文所定义的卤素基团取代。卤代烷氧基可以是一卤代烷氧基、二卤代烷氧基或多卤代氧基,包括全卤代烷氧基。一卤代烷氧基可以在烷氧基内具有一个碘、溴、氯或氟。二卤代烷氧基和多卤代烷氧基可以在烷氧基内具有两个或多个相同的卤原子或不同卤素基团的组合。典型地,多卤代烷氧基包含至多12或10或8或6或4或3或2个卤素基团。卤代烷基的非限制性实例包括氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基、三氟甲氧基、氯甲氧基、二氯甲氧基、三氯甲氧基、五氟乙氧基、七氟丙氧基、二氟氯甲氧基、二氯氟甲氧基、二氟乙氧基、二氟丙氧基、二氯乙氧基和二氯丙氧基。全卤代烷氧基是指具有所有氢原子被卤原子替代的烷氧基。
术语“芳基”还指在环部分上具有6-10个碳原子的单环或双环芳香烃基。实例包括苯基和萘基。
术语“芳基”还指其中芳基环与一个或多个非芳香碳环基稠合的基团,条件是环系上的至少一个环是芳香的。非限定性实例包括2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-基和1,2,3,4-四氢萘-2-基。
术语“芳基烷基”是指通过亚烷基基团与其他部分相连的芳基,它可以是支链或非支链的。芳基烷基的实例包括苄基、2-苯基-乙基、2-(萘-2-基)-丁-1-基等。
本文中使用的术语“杂环基”是指任选取代的、饱和的或不饱和的非芳族环或环系,例如,它可以为3、4-、5-、6-或7-元单环;7-、8-、9-、10-、11-或12-元双环;或10-、11-、12-、13-、14-或15-元三环环系,并且含有至少一个选自O、S和N的杂原子,其中N和S也可以任选被氧化为各种氧化态。杂环基团可以连接于杂原子或碳原子。杂环基可以包括稠合环或桥环以及螺环。杂环的实例包括二氢呋喃基、[1,3]二氧戊环基、1,4-二噁烷基、1,4-二噻烷基、哌嗪基、1,3-二氧戊环基、咪唑烷基、咪唑啉基、吡咯烷基、二氢吡喃基、氧硫杂环戊环基(oxathiolanyl)、二硫戊环基、1,3-二噁烷基、1,3-二噻烷基、氧硫杂环己烷基、硫吗啉基、氧杂环丙基、氮杂环丙基、氧杂环丁基、氮杂环丁基、四氢呋喃基、吡咯烷基、四氢吡喃基、哌啶基、吗啉基、氮杂基、氧杂基(0xapinyl)、氧氮杂基和二氮杂基。
本文所用的术语″碳环基″是指3-12个碳原子、优选3-9或3-7个碳原子的饱和或部分不饱和(但不是芳族的)单环、双环或三环烃基。典型单环烃基包括但不限于环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环戊烯基、环己基或环己烯基、典型双环烃基包括冰片基、十氢萘基、双环[2.1.1]己基、双环[2.2.1]庚基、双环[2.2.1]庚烯基、6,6-二甲基双环[3.1.1]庚基、2,6,6-三甲基双环[3.1.1]庚基或双环[2.2.2]辛基。典型三环烃基包括金刚烷基。“环烷基”是完全饱和的碳环基。
本文中使用的术语“杂芳基”是指5-14元单环-或双环-或多环-芳族环系,在环系上具有1-8个选自N、O或S的杂原子和至少一个碳原子、优选1-10个、更优选1-6个碳原子。优选杂芳基为5-10或5-7元环系。单环杂芳基的实例包括吡啶基、噻吩基、呋喃基、吡咯基、吡唑基、咪唑基(imidazoyl)、唑基、异唑基、噻唑基、异噻唑基、三唑基、二唑基、噻二唑基和四唑基。双环杂芳基的实例包括吲哚基、苯并呋喃基、异喹啉基、吲唑基、二氢吲哚基、异吲哚基、中氮茚基、苯并咪唑基(benzamidazolyl)和喹啉基。
术语“杂芳基”还指其中杂芳族环与一或多个非芳族碳环基或杂环基稠合的基团,条件是环系上的至少一个环是芳族的且至少一个环包含杂原子,例如,3,4-二氢-2H-苯并[b][1,4]噁嗪-7-基和1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉-7-基。
杂芳基可以为单-、双-、三-或多环,优选单-、双-或三-环,更优选单-或双环。
术语“杂芳基烷基”是指通过亚烷基与其他部分连接的杂芳基,所述亚烷基可以是支链或非支链的。杂芳基烷基的实例包括2-(吡啶-3-基)-乙基、3-(喹啉-7-基)-丁-1-基等。
“杂芳基”和“杂环基”也应当包括氧化的S或N(例如亚磺酰基、磺酰基)和叔环氮原子的N-氧化物。
除非另有明确的表述,否则如果基团的组合称作一个部分,例如芳基烷基,则最后举出的基团包含这样的原子,通过它所述部分与分子的其余部分连接。
氨基酸具有如下结构式:
其中R”是氨基酸侧链。术语“氨基酸侧链”是指天然存在的氨基酸和非标准氨基酸的侧链。天然存在的氨基酸包括甘氨酸(侧链是氢)、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸。非标准氨基酸包括3,5-二溴酪氨酸、3,5-二碘酪氨酸、gem-二甲基甘氨酸、羟赖氨酸、α-氨基丁酸、羟脯氨酸、羊毛硫氨酸、甲状腺氨酸、鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸。优选的氨基酸侧链是缬氨酸侧链。
“立体异构体”指由通过相同键结合的相同原子组成但是具有不同的三维结构的化合物,它们不可彼此互换。本发明应当包括各种立体异构体及其混合物,包括“对映异构体”,它是指其分子彼此镜像不能重叠的两种立体异构体。
本发明化合物可能存在一或多个几何、光学、对映体、非对映体和互变异构形式,包括但不限于顺式-和反式-、E-和Z-形式、R-、S-和meso-形式、酮式-和烯醇-形式。所有的此类异构形式均包含在本发明中。异构形式可以是异构体纯的形式或者是富集的形式,也可以是异构体混合物(例如外消旋混合物或非对映体混合物)。
因此,本发明提供了:
·式(I)化合物的立体异构体混合物;
·式(I)化合物的非对映体富集异构体或者非对映体纯的异构体;或者
·式(I)化合物的对映体富集异构体或者对映体纯的异构体。
适当的异构体可以通过应用已知方法(例如色谱技术和重结晶技术)或其改良方法自其混合物中分离。适当的异构体可以通过应用已知方法(例如不对称合成)或其改良方法制备。
除非另外说明,本发明应当包括所有此类可能存在的异构体以及它们的外消旋和光学纯形式。光学活性(+)和(-)、(R)-和(S)-或(D)-和(L)-异构体可以采用手性合成子或手性试剂进行制备,或者采用常规技术拆分,例如采用手性柱的HPLC。当本文中所述的化合物含有烯烃双键或其他几何不对称中心时,除非特别说明,它应当理解为该化合物包括E和Z两种几何异构体。同样,本发明也应当包括所有的互变异构形式。
本文所用的术语“盐”指本发明化合物的酸加成盐或碱加成盐。“盐”特别地包括“可药用盐”。术语“可药用盐”指保持本发明化合物的生物有效性和特性并且典型地无生物学、否则就是不期望的特性的盐。在许多情况中,本发明的化合物能够提供存在的氨基和/或羧基或与之类似的基团形成酸和/或碱式盐。
可以与无机酸和有机酸形成可药用的酸加成盐,例如乙酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、溴化物/氢溴酸盐、碳酸氢盐/碳酸盐、硫酸氢盐/硫酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、氯化物/盐酸盐、chlortheophyllonate、柠檬酸盐、乙二磺酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、葡糖酸盐、葡糖醛酸盐、马尿酸盐、氢碘酸盐/碘化物、羟乙基磺酸盐、乳酸盐、乳糖醛酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、扁桃酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲基硫酸盐、萘甲酸盐、萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、十八烷酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、磷酸盐/磷酸氢盐/磷酸二氢盐、聚半乳糖醛酸盐、丙酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、磺基水杨酸盐、酒石酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐和三氟乙酸盐。
可以衍生盐的无机酸包括,例如,盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸和磷酸等。
可以衍生盐的有机酸包括,例如,乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、草酸、马来酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、甲苯磺酸、磺基水杨酸等。可药用碱加成盐可以采用无机碱和有机碱形成。
可以衍生盐的无机碱包括,例如铵盐和来自周期表I-XII族的金属。在一些实施方案中,盐衍生自钠、钾、铵、钙、镁、铁、银、锌和铜;特别适合的盐包括铵、钾、钠、钙和镁的盐。
可以衍生盐的有机碱包括,例如伯胺类、仲胺类和叔胺类、取代的胺类包括天然存在的取代胺类、环胺类、碱性离子交换树脂等。一些有机胺类包括异丙胺、苄星青霉素、胆酸盐(cholinate)、二乙醇胺、二乙胺、赖氨酸、葡甲胺、哌嗪和氨丁三醇。
本发明可药用盐可以由碱或酸部分通过常规的化学方法合成。一般而言,这种盐可以通过使这些化合物的游离酸形式与化学计算量的适合的碱(例如Na、Ca、Mg或K的氢氧化物、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐等)反应或通过使这些化合物的游离碱与化学计算量的适合的酸反应制备。这种反应典型地在水或有机溶剂中或在两者的混合物中进行。一般而言,如果切实可行,则应用非水介质如乙醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、异丙醇或乙腈是期望的。另外适合的盐的清单可以在例如“Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences”,第20版,Mack PublishingCompany,Easton,Pa.,(1985);和Stahl和Wermuth的“Handbook of PharmaceuticalSalts:Properties,Selection and Use”(Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,Germany,2002)中找到。
此外,本发明化合物包括其盐还可以以其水合物或溶剂合物形式得到,包括用于其结晶的溶剂。本发明的化合物可以内在地或通过设计与可药用溶剂(包括水)形成溶剂合物;因此,应当理解本发明包括溶剂化和未溶剂化形式。术语″溶剂合物″指本发明化合物(包括其可药用盐)与一种或多种溶剂分子的分子配合物。这种溶剂分子是常用于制药领域的那些,已知它们对接受者而言无害,例如水、乙醇等。术语″水合物″指其中溶剂分子是水的配合物。
本发明的化合物包括其盐、水合物和溶剂合物可以内在地或通过设计形成多晶形物。
为清楚起见,本发明的化合物包括存在于式(I)和本文公开的任意实施例或实施方案中的原子的所有同位素。例如,H(或氢)表示氢的任意同位素形式,包括1H、2H(D)和3H(T);C表示碳的任意同位素形式,包括12C、13C和14C;O表示氧的任意同位素形式,包括16O、17O和18O;N表示氮的任意同位素形式,包括13N、14N和15N;P表示磷的任意同位素形式,包括31p和32p,S表示硫的任意同位素形式,包括32S和35S;F表示氟的任意同位素形式,包括19F和18F;Cl表示氯的任意同位素形式,包括35Cl、37Cl和36C等。在一个优选的实施方案中,式(I)表示的化合物包含其中的原子以其天然存在的丰度形式的异构体。然而,在一些情况中,期望富含一种或多种具体的同位素原子,其通常可以以较低的丰度存在。例如,1H通常可以以大于99.98%的丰度存在;然而,本发明的化合物在一个或多个其中存在H的位置上富含2H或3H。在式(I)的化合物的具体的实施方案中,例如,当富含氘同位素的氢时,符号″D″可以用于表示富含氘。在一个实施方案中,当本发明的化合物富含放射性同位素时,例如3H和14C,该化合物可以用于药物和/或底物组织分布分析。同样,富集正电子发射同位素例如11C、18F、15O和13N可以用于正电子发射断层摄影术(PET)研究,以检查底物受体占有率。应理解,本发明包括抑制SGLT的所有这种同位素形式。
同位素富集的式(I)化合物通常可以根据本领域技术人员已知的常规技术制备,或者根据本文中所述类似方法采用适当的富含同位素的试剂代替先前使用的非富含同位素的试剂制备。
包含能够作为氢键供体和/或受体起作用的基团的本发明的化合物即式(I)的化合物能够于适合的共结晶形成剂一起形成共结晶。这些共晶可以由式(I)的化合物通过公知的共结晶形成方法制备。这种方法包括研磨、加热、共升华、共熔或在溶液中在结晶条件下使式(I)的化合物接触共结晶形成剂和分离由此形成的共结晶。适合的共结晶形成剂包括WO2004/078163中所述的那些。因此,本发明还提供了包含式(I)的化合物的共结晶。
在一个实施方案中,本文所用的术语“治疗″任意的疾病或障碍指改善疾病或障碍(即缓解或阻止或减轻疾病或其至少一种临床症状发展)。在另一个实施方案中,“治疗″指缓解或改善至少一种身体参数,包括可能无法由患者辨别得出的那些。在又一个实施方案中,“治疗″指在身体上(例如稳定可辨别的症状)、生理学上(例如稳定身体参数,例如血糖)或它们两者调节疾病或障碍。在又一个实施方案中,“治疗″指预防或延迟疾病或障碍发作或发生或发展。
如本文使用,如果个体能够从此类治疗中在生物、医药或生活质量方面获益,那么该个体为“需要”治疗。
所施用的本发明的化合物的量应是:治疗有效量,其中化合物或衍生物用于治疗其疾病或病症或症状;和预防有效量,其中化合物或衍生物用于预防其疾病或病症或症状。
术语本发明化合物的“治疗有效量”是指引起个体生物学或医学响应例如降低或抑制酶或蛋白质活性或改善症状、缓解病症、减缓或延迟疾病发展或预防疾病等的本发明化合物的用量。在一个非限制性实施方案中,术语“治疗有效量”是指在对个体施用时有效地达到如下目的的本发明化合物的用量:(1)至少部分缓解、抑制、预防和/或改善病症或疾病或其症状,其中所述病症或疾病或其症状:(i)由SGLT1和/或SGLT2介导;(ii)与SGLT1和/或SGLT2活性相关;(iii)特征在于SGLT1和/或SGLT2活性(正常或异常);或(2)通过降低或抑制SGLT1和/或SGLT2活性缓解。在另一个非限制性实施方案中,术语“治疗有效量”指当对细胞或非细胞生物材料或介质施用时有效地至少部分降低或抑制SGLT1和/或SGLT2活性的本发明化合物的用量;或至少部分减少或抑制SGLT1和/或SGLT2表达的本发明化合物的用量。确切剂量一般取决于施用时患者的状态。在确定剂量时需要考虑的因素包括患者所患疾病的严重程度、患者的一般健康状况、年龄、体重、性别、饮食、施用的时间、频率和途径、联合用药情况、反应敏感性以及患者对治疗的耐受性或响应。精确的量可以通过常规实验确定,但是最终取决于医师的判断。通常,有效剂量应当在0.01mg/kg/天(药物的量与患者重量的比值)至1000mg/kg/天之间,例如1mg/kg/天至100mg/kg/天或1mg/kg/天至10mg/kg/天。组合物可以单独给患者施用,或者可以与其他活性剂、药物或激素一起组合施用。
本文使用的术语“个体”指动物。该动物的典型为哺乳动物。个体还指例如灵长类动物(如,人类,包括雄性和雌性)、牛、绵羊、山羊、马、狗、猫、兔、大鼠、小鼠、鱼、鸟等。在一些实施方案中,个体为灵长类动物。在其他实施方案中,个体为人类。
本文所用的术语“抑制”指减少或抑制指定病症、症状或障碍或疾病,或者指显著减少生物活性或过程的基线活性。
本文中使用的术语“疾病”和“病症”可以互换使用,或者在致病原因未知(病因学的问题尚未解决)的特定疾病或病症中它们可以是不同的,因此,它还没有被认可为疾病,只是作为不受欢迎的症状或综合征,其中或多或少的特定几种症状已经可以由医师加以鉴别了。本文中使用的术语“障碍”与“病症”同义。
术语“包含”包括“包括”和“由...组成”,例如组合物“包含”X可以仅由X组成或可以包括另外的成分,例如X+Y。
措词“基本上”不排除“完全”,例如组合物“基本上不含”Y可以完全不含Y。如果必要,则措词“基本上”可以从本发明定义中排除。
与数值相关的术语“约”指,例如,x±10%。
除非本文另有表述或上下文中有明确相反的说明,否则本文所述的所有方法可以以任意适合的顺序进行。除非权利要求中另有限定,否则本文提供的任意和所有实例或典型语言(例如″例如”)的应用应当理解为仅为了更好地示例本发明,而不对本发明的范围作出限定。
除非本文另有指示或上下文中有明确相反的说明,否则本文上下文中(尤其是权利要求上下文中)所用的术语“一(a)”、“一(an)”、”该”和类似术语用以覆盖单数和复数。
除非有明确地说明基团是被取代的或可以任选地被取代,否则应理解该基团未被取代。
本发明的化合物
本发明的各种实施方案如本文所述。认为每个实施方案中指定的特征可以与其他指定的特征合并以提供另外的实施方案。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物:
或其药学可接受的盐,其中:
A选自
V是氢、卤代或-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b独立地选自氢、C1-6烷基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、-C(O)C6-10芳基和-C(O)C1-6烷基;
R2和R2a每次出现时独立地选自卤素、羟基、C1-6烷基和C1-6烷氧基;
R3是卤素、羟基、C1-6烷基、卤代C1-6烷基、C3-10环烷基、C1-6烷氧基或卤代C1-3烷氧基;
R4选自:
R5是氨基酸侧链;
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-10碳环基、C3-10碳环基-C1-4烷基、3--10-元杂环基、(3--10-元杂环基)-C1-4烷基、C6-10芳基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、5--10-元杂芳基或(5--10-元杂芳基)-C1-4烷基;
R7每次出现时独立地是氢、C1-6烷基、C3-10碳环基、C3-10碳环基-C1-4烷基、3--10-元杂环基、(3--10-元杂环基)-C1-4烷基、C6-10芳基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、5--10-元杂芳基或(5--10-元杂芳基)-C1-4烷基;
n是0、1、2或3;且
q是0、1或2。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中n是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中q是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中A是
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中V是-OR1b。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R1、R1a和R1b是氢。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是C1-4烷基或C3-6环烷基。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是乙基或环丙基。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是乙基。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R5是天然存在的氨基酸侧链,其选自甘氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸的侧链。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R5是缬氨酸的侧链。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R5是非标准氨基酸侧链,其选自3,5-二溴酪氨酸、3,5-二碘酪氨酸、gem-二甲基甘氨酸、羟赖氨酸、α-氨基丁酸、羟脯氨酸、羊毛硫氨酸、甲状腺氨酸、鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸的侧链。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R6是C1-6烷基、C3-8碳环基-C1-4烷基或苯基-C1-4烷基。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R6是甲基、乙基、异丁基、叔丁基、双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基甲基或1-苯基-乙-1-基。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7每次出现时独立地是氢或C1-6烷基。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7各自是乙基。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7各自是氢。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b是氢;
R3是C1-6烷基或C3-10环烷基;
R4是:
R5是氨基酸侧链;且
n和q是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b是氢;
R3是C1-6烷基或C3-10环烷基;
R4是:
R5是缬氨酸侧链;且
n和q是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是氢、卤素或-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b是氢;
R3是C1-6烷基或C3-10环烷基;
R4是:
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-10碳环基-C1-4烷基或C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基;且
n和q是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是氢、卤素或-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b是氢;
R3是C1-6烷基或C3-10环烷基;
R4是:
R6是甲基、乙基、异丁基、叔丁基、双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基甲基或1-苯基-乙-1-基;且
n和q是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是氢、卤素或-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b是氢;
R3是C1-6烷基或C3-10环烷基;
R4是:
R7每次出现时独立地是氢或C1-6烷基;且
n和q是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是氢、卤素或-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b是氢;
R3是C1-6烷基或C3-10环烷基;
R4是:
R7各自是氢或R7各自是乙基;且
n和q是0。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中该化合物选自:
(R)-2-氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯乙酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯异丁酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯乙酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯异丁酯;
碳酸叔丁酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基甲酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(S)-1-苯基-乙酯;
磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯;
磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯;
磷酸一-{(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲基}酯。
在另一个实施方案中,式(I)中的变量是由下文实施例部分中的基团定义的那些。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的各化合物是如下部分实施例中举出的那些。
疾病和病症的治疗
已经发现式(I)化合物为SGLT抑制剂。本文中使用的SGLT的抑制是指仅抑制SGLT2、仅抑制SGLT1或者同时抑制SGLT1和SGLT2。
本发明提供了用于治疗的式(I)化合物或其可药用盐。本发明还提供了含有式(I)化合物或其可药用盐以及与之组合的可药用的赋形剂的药物组合物。
本发明还提供了用于治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症的方法,该方法包括给个体施用治疗有效量的式(I)化合物或其可药用盐的步骤。本发明还提供了式(I)化合物或其可药用盐在制备用于治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症的药物中的用途。本发明还提供了用于治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症的式(I)化合物或其可药用盐。
本发明化合物的SGLT抑制活性可以根据下面所公开的SGLT2和SGLT1实验证实。本发明的优选的化合物在SGLT2实验中的IC50<100nM,在一个实施方案中<30nM,在一个实施方案中<20nM,在一个实施方案中<10nM,在另一个实施方案中<5nM,在另一个实施方案中<1nM,在另一个实施方案中<0.5nM。在另一个实施方案中,本发明的优选的化合物在SGLT1实验中的IC50<10,000nM,在一个实施方案中<1500nM,在一个实施方案中<1000nM,在一个实施方案中<700nM,在另一个实施方案中<500nM,在另一个实施方案中<200nM。
本发明也提供了治疗糖尿病的方法,该方法包括给需要的个体施用式(I)化合物或其可药用盐。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了在哺乳动物中治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症的方法,该方法包括给需要该治疗的哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐。
本发明化合物可以用于预防和治疗与SGLT-2和/或SGLT-1的抑制相关的疾病或病症。
1.由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症
本发明用于治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症。由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症包括:代谢性障碍、视网膜病、肾病、糖尿病足、溃疡、大血管并发症、代谢性酸中毒或酮症、反应性低血糖、高胰岛素血症、葡萄糖代谢性障碍、胰岛素抵抗、代谢综合征(例如血脂异常、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压、微量白蛋白血症(microalbuminemia)、高尿酸血症和高凝性)、不同起因的血脂异常、动脉硬化症及相关疾病、高血压、慢性心衰、水肿、高尿酸血症、X综合征、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖耐受降低(也称为葡萄糖耐受受损IGT)、非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、II型糖尿病、I型糖尿病、糖尿病并发症、体重障碍、失重、体重指数和瘦素蛋白相关性疾病。在一个实施方案中,所述疾病和病症包括代谢综合征(例如血脂异常、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压、微量白蛋白血症、高尿酸血症和高凝性)、X综合征、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖耐受降低(也称为葡萄糖耐受受损IGT),非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、II型糖尿病、I型糖尿病、糖尿病并发症、体重障碍、失重、体重指数和瘦素蛋白相关性疾病。在一个实施方案中,所述疾病或障碍是葡萄糖耐量降低、II型糖尿病或肥胖。
式(I)化合物或其可药用盐也可以适用于预防β-细胞退化,例如胰脏β细胞的凋亡或坏死;以提高或恢复胰细胞功能、增加胰脏β细胞的数量和大小;作为利尿剂或降压药;并用于预防和治疗急性肾衰。
另一方面,本发明涉及用于治疗选自I型和II型糖尿病、糖尿病并发症的障碍的方法,该方法包括施用有效量的式(I)化合物或其可药用盐。
本文中使用的患者是指如果该患者显示至少一个下列特征,那么该患者患有“肥胖”疾病:
·体重指数(BMI)(即患者的重量(kg)除以患者身高(m))的平方)为30或大于30;
·男性的绝对腰围>102cm,或如性的绝对腰围>88cm;
·男性腰围与臀围的比值>0.9,或女性的>0.85;或者
·男性体脂肪百分比>25%,或女性>30%。
本文中使用的患者是如果他们符合世界卫生组织对于糖尿病诊断的标准(糖尿病和中度高血糖症的定义和诊断,WHO,2006),即所述患者具有至少一个下列特征,那么该患者患有“II型糖尿病”:
·空腹血糖≥7.0mmol/l(126mg/dl);或者
·口服摄入75g葡萄糖后2小时的静脉血糖≥11.1mmol/l(200mg/dl)。
本文中使用的患者是如果他们符合世界卫生组织对于IGT诊断的标准(糖尿病和中度高血糖症的定义和诊断,WHO,2006),即所述患者同时具有下列两个特征,那么该患者患有“IGT”:
·空腹血糖<7.0mmol/l(126mg/dl);并且
·口服摄入75g葡萄糖后2小时的静脉血糖≥7.8和<11.1mmol/l(200mg/dl)。
施用和制剂
概述
对于药学用途而言,本发明化合物可以作为药物通过下列途径施用:肠或胃肠外途径,包括静脉内、肌肉、皮下、透皮、呼吸道(气雾剂)、经口、鼻内、直肠、阴道和局部(包括颊腔和舌下)。应当对式(I)化合物的生物药学特性(例如溶解度和溶液稳定性(不同pH条件下)、渗透性等)加以评估从而选择用于治疗建议适应症的最佳剂型和施用途径。在一个实施方案中,通过口服施用所述化合物。
本发明化合物可以作为晶体或无定形产品施用。本发明化合物可以单独施用,或者与一或多种其他本发明化合物组合施用,或者与一或多种其他药物组合施用(或者作为其任何组合产品施用)。通常,它们与一或多种可药用的赋形剂一起作为制剂的形式施用。术语“赋形剂”包括除了本发明化合物之外的任何成分,它们可以赋予制剂功能性特性(例如控制药物释放速度)和/或非功能性特性(例如加工助剂或稀释剂)。赋形剂的选择在很大程度上取决于多种因素,例如具体的施用模式、赋形剂对于溶解度和稳定性的作用以及剂型的性质。
本发明提供了药物组合物,其包含式(I)化合物或其可药用盐和可药用的赋形剂。
典型的可药用的赋形剂或载体包括:
·稀释剂,例如乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、山梨醇、纤维素和/或甘氨酸;
·润滑剂,例如硅胶、滑石粉、硬脂酸、硬脂酸镁或钙盐和/或聚乙二醇;
·粘合剂,例如硅酸镁铝、淀粉糊、明胶、黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠和/或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;
·崩解剂,例如淀粉、琼脂、海藻酸或其钠盐或泡腾混合物;和/或
·吸收剂、着色剂、矫味剂和/或甜味剂。
可药用赋形剂的深入论述可以参见:Gennaro,Remington:The ScienceandPractice of Pharmacy(药学科学与实践)2000,第20版(ISBN:0683306472)。
因此,在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了药物组合物,其包含式(I)化合物或其可药用盐和一种或多种可药用的载体。
2.口服施用
本发明化合物可以口服施用。口服施用可以包括吞咽动作从而使得化合物进入胃肠道,和/或通过颊腔、舌旁或舌下施用使得化合物自口腔直接进入血流。
适合于口服施用的制剂包括固体填料、固体微粒、半固体和液体(包括多相或分散系统),例如片剂;包含多颗粒或纳米粒的软或硬胶囊;液体(例如水溶液)、乳剂或粉末;锭剂(包括液体填充的);口香糖;凝胶;快速分散剂型;薄膜;阴道栓(ovules);喷雾剂;和口含/粘膜粘着贴剂。
适用于口服施用的制剂也可以设计为以速释模式或缓释模式传递式(I)化合物,其中所述释放模式可以是延迟、脉冲的、受控的、持续的或延缓和持续的或改良的,从而使得所述化合物的疗效最佳。以缓释模式传递化合物的方法在本领域中是已知的,包括缓释聚合物,其可以与所述化合物配伍从而控制其释放。
缓释聚合物的实例包括可降解和不可降解聚合物,它们可以通过扩散或者通过扩散与聚合物溶蚀的结合方式而释放所述化合物。缓释聚合物的实例包括羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、黄原胶、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚氧乙烯和聚乙二醇。
液体(包括多相和分散系统)制剂包括乳剂、混悬液、溶液、糖浆和酏剂。此类制剂可以填充到软或硬胶囊(例如制备自明胶或羟丙基甲基纤维素)中,它们通常含有载体(例如水、乙醇、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、甲基纤维素或适当的油类)和一或多种乳化剂和/或悬浮剂。液体制剂也可以通过固体的重构制备,例如自小袋(sachet)重构。
本发明化合物也可以用于快速溶解、快速崩解剂型,例如描述于:Liang和Chen,Expert Opinion in Therapeutic Patents2001,11(6):981-986中的那些。
片剂剂型论述于H.Lieberman和L.Lachman,药物剂型:片剂(PharmaceuticalDosage Forms:Tablets)1980,第1卷(Marcel Dekker,纽约)。
3.胃肠外施用
本发明化合物可以通过胃肠外进行施用。
本发明化合物可以直接施用于血流、皮下组织、肌肉或内脏器官。适当的施用方法包括静脉内、动脉内、鞘内、心室内、尿道内、胸骨内、颅内、肌肉内、滑膜内和皮下。适当的施用装置包括针头(包括显微操作针(microneedle))注射器、无针注射器和输液技术。
肠胃外制剂通常为水溶液或油溶液。当溶液为水时,赋形剂为例如糖类(包括但不限于葡萄糖、甘露醇、山梨醇等)、盐、碳水合物和缓冲剂(优选pH在3-9),但是,在某些应用中,它们更适合制成无菌非水溶液,或者作为干燥形式与适当的载体结合使用,所述载体例如无菌无热原的水(WFI)。
肠胃外制剂可以包括来源于可降解聚合物的植入剂,所述聚合物例如聚酯(即聚乳酸、聚交酯、聚(丙交酯-乙交酯)共聚物、聚己内酯、聚羟基丁酸酯)、聚原酸酯和聚酸酐。这些制剂可以通过外科切口植入皮下组织、肌肉组织,或者直接植入特定器官。
无菌条件下肠胃外制剂的制备(例如通过冷冻干燥方法制备)可以采用本领域技术人员所熟知的标准制药技术容易地完成。
在胃肠外溶液剂制备中使用的式(I)化合物的溶解度可以采用适当的制剂技术而得以提高,例如采用共溶剂和/或溶解度改善剂,例如表面活性剂、胶束结构和环糊精。
4.吸入和鼻内施用
本发明化合物可以鼻内施用或通过吸入施用,通常可以通过干粉吸入器以干粉末的形式施用(单独施用;作为混合物的形式施用,例如与乳糖的干混合物;或者作为混合成分颗粒施用,例如与磷脂如磷脂酰胆碱混合);通过压缩容器、泵、喷雾器、旋转喷雾器(优选采用电流体力学产生细微雾化的旋转喷雾器)或雾化器以气雾剂的形式施用,它可以采用或者不采用适当的抛射剂,例如1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷或1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷;或者以滴鼻剂的形式施用。对于鼻内应用而言,所述粉末可以含有生物粘附剂,例如壳聚糖或环糊精。
压力容器、泵、喷雾器、旋转喷雾器或雾化器可以含有本发明化合物的溶液或混悬液,例如乙醇、乙醇水溶液或适当的用于活性成分分散、溶解或缓释的可供选择的成分、作为溶剂的抛射剂以及任选的表面活性剂,例如脱水山梨醇三油酸酯、油酸或低聚乳酸。
使用干粉或混悬液制剂之前,应当将药物微粉化为适合于通过吸入传递的大小(通常小于5微米)。这可以通过任何适当的粉碎方法完成,例如螺旋气流磨、流化床气流磨、形成纳米颗粒的超临界流体工艺、高压乳化方法或喷雾干燥方法。
在吸入器或吹入器中使用的胶囊(例如由明胶或羟丙基甲基纤维素制备)、泡罩和套筒(cartridges)可以配制为含有本发明化合物、适当的粉末基质(例如乳糖或淀粉)和性能改性剂(例如1-亮氨酸、甘露醇或硬脂酸镁)的粉末混合物。乳糖可以是无水的或者是单水合物形式,优选后者。其他适当的赋形剂包括葡聚糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇、木糖醇、果糖、蔗糖和海藻糖。
用于吸入/鼻内施用的制剂可以配制为速释和/或改性释放制剂,采用例如PGLA。改性释放制剂包括延迟释放、缓释、脉冲释放、控释、靶向释放和程序化释放。
透皮施用
用于透皮应用的适当制剂包含治疗有效量的本发明化合物和载体。有益的载体包括可吸收的、药理学上可接受的有助于通过宿主皮肤的溶剂。从特征上来讲,透皮装置为绷带形式,它包括被衬、含有化合物以及任选的载体的储库、任选的能够以受控和预定的速度在持续的时间内将化合物传递通过宿主皮肤的速度控制屏障和将该装置固定在皮肤上的构件。
组合疗法
本发明的式(I)化合物或其可药用盐可以与另一种药理活性化合物组合使用,或者与两种或多种其他药理活性化合物组合使用,用于治疗。例如,如上文所定义的式(I)化合物或其药可药用盐可以与一或多种的药物同时、顺序或分别施用,用于治疗上述障碍。
适合于此类组合的治疗药物包括:例如糖尿病治疗药物,如二甲双胍、磺酰脲类(例如格列本脲、甲苯磺丁脲、格列美脲)、那格列奈、瑞格列奈、噻唑烷二酮类(例如罗格列酮、吡格列酮)、PPAR-γ-激动剂(例如Gl262570)和拮抗剂、PPAR/γ/α调节剂(例如KRP297)、α-糖苷酶抑制剂(例如阿卡波糖、伏格列波糖)、DPPIV抑制剂(例如LAF237、MK-431)、α2-拮抗剂、胰岛素和胰岛素类似物、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物(例如exendin-4)或人胰淀素(amylin)。该类药物还包括:蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1抑制剂;影响肝脏中葡萄糖生成下调的物质,例如葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶抑制剂或果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶、糖原磷酸化酶、胰高血糖素受体拮抗剂;和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧基激酶抑制剂、糖原合酶或丙酮酸脱氢酶抑制剂;降脂药,例如HMG-CoA-还原酶抑制剂(例如辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀)、贝特类(例如苯扎贝特、非诺贝特)、烟酸及其衍生物;PPAR-α激动剂、PPAR-δ激动剂、ACAT抑制剂(例如阿伐麦布)或胆固醇吸收抑制剂,例如依泽替米贝;胆酸-结合剂,例如,消胆胺;回肠胆酸转运抑制剂;升高HDL化合物,例如CETP抑制剂或ABC1调节剂;或治疗肥胖的活性物质,例如西布曲明或奥利司他(Tetrahydrolipostatin);右芬氟拉明、睫状神经营养因子(axokine)、大麻素受体拮抗剂、MCH-1受体拮抗剂、MC4受体激动剂、NPY5或NPY2拮抗剂或β3-激动剂(例如SB-418790或AD-9677)和5HT2c受体激动剂。
另外,下列药物也适合于组合治疗:影响高血压、慢性心力衰竭或动脉硬化症的药物,例如A-II拮抗剂或ACE抑制剂、ECE抑制剂、利尿药、β-阻断剂、Ca-拮抗剂、作用于中枢的降压药、α-2-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂、中性肽链内切酶抑制剂、血小板聚集抑制剂等或其组合。血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂的实例为坎地沙坦酯、氯沙坦钾、甲磺酸依普罗沙坦、缬沙坦、替米沙坦、伊贝沙坦、EXP-3174、L-158809、EXP-3312、奥美沙坦酯(olmesartan,medoxomil)、他索沙坦、KT-3-671、GA-0113、RU-64276、EMD-90423、BR-9701等。血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂优选用于治疗或预防高血压和糖尿病并发症,通常与利尿剂例如氢氯噻嗪组合使用。
与尿酸合成抑制剂或排尿酸药的组合可以适用于治疗或预防痛风。
与GABA-受体拮抗剂、Na-通道阻断剂、托吡酯、蛋白-激酶C抑制剂、晚期糖基化终产物抑制剂或醛糖还原酶抑制剂的组合可以用于治疗或预防糖尿病并发症。
此类组合可以在治疗中提供显著的益处,包括协同活性。
因此,本发明提供了:
选自下列的药物在制备用于在个体中治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症的药物中的用途:胰岛素、胰岛素衍生物或拟似物;胰岛素促分泌剂;促胰岛素磺酰脲受体配体;PPAR配体;胰岛素增敏剂;双胍类;α-糖苷酶抑制剂;GLP-1、GLP-1类似物、GLP-1拟似物;DPPIV抑制剂;HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂;角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂;FXR或LXR配体;消胆胺;贝特类;烟酸和阿司匹林,其中所述药物与式(I)化合物或其可药用盐组合施用。
式(I)化合物或其可药用盐在制备用于在个体中治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症的药物中的用途,其中所述化合物与选自下列的药物组合施用:胰岛素、胰岛素衍生物或拟似物;胰岛素促分泌剂;促胰岛素磺酰脲受体配体;PPAR配体;胰岛素增敏剂;双胍类;α-糖苷酶抑制剂;GLP-1、GLP-1类似物、GLP-1拟似物;DPPIV抑制剂;HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂;角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂;FXR配体、LXR配体;消胆胺;贝特类;烟酸和阿司匹林。
式(I)化合物或其可药用盐与选自下列的药物的组合的用途:胰岛素、胰岛素衍生物或拟似物;胰岛素促分泌剂;促胰岛素磺酰脲受体配体;PPAR配体;胰岛素增敏剂;双胍类;α-糖苷酶抑制剂;GLP-1、GLP-1类似物、GLP-1拟似物;DPPIV抑制剂;HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂;角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂;FXR配体、LXR配体;消胆胺;贝特类;烟酸和阿司匹林。
本发明也提供了药物组合物,它包含治疗有效量的式(I)化合物以及与之组合的治疗有效量下列药物:胰岛素、胰岛素衍生物或拟似物;胰岛素促分泌剂;促胰岛素磺酰脲受体配体;PPAR配体;胰岛素增敏剂;双胍类;α-糖苷酶抑制剂;GLP-1、GLP-1类似物或拟似物;DPPIV抑制剂;HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂;角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂;FXR或LXR配体;消胆胺;贝特类;烟酸或阿司匹林。
药物组合物可以包含单独的或与另一种治疗剂组合的治疗有效量的如上述所定义的本发明的化合物,例如它们各自的有效治疗剂量如本领域所报道的。这种治疗剂包括:
a)抗糖尿病药,例如胰岛素、胰岛素衍生物或拟似物;胰岛素促分泌剂,例如磺酰脲,例如格列吡嗪、格列本脲和亚莫利;促胰岛素磺酰基脲受体配体,例如氯茴苯酸类,例如那格列奈和瑞格列奈;蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶-1B(PTP-1B)抑制剂,例如PTP-112;GSK3(糖原合酶激酶-3)抑制剂,例如SB-517955、SB-4195052、SB-216763、NN-57-05441和NN-57-05445;RXR配体,例如GW-0791和AGN-194204;钠依赖性葡萄糖共转运蛋白抑制剂,例如T-1095;糖原磷酸化酶A抑制剂,例如BAY R3401;双胍类,例如二甲双胍;α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,例如阿卡波糖;GLP-1(胰高血糖素样肽-1)、GLP-1类似物例如Exendin-4和GLP-1拟似物;和DPPIV(二肽基肽酶IV)抑制剂,例如维格列汀;
b)降血脂药,例如3-羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂,例如洛伐他汀、匹伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、西立伐他汀、美伐他汀、velostatin、氟伐他汀、达伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀和rivastatin;角鲨烯合酶抑制剂;FXR(farnesoid X受体)和LXR(肝X受体)配体;考来烯胺;贝特类;烟酸胆汁酸结合树脂,例如考来烯胺;贝特类;烟酸和其他GPR109激动剂;胆固醇吸收抑制剂,例如依折麦布;CETP抑制剂(胆固醇-酯-转移-蛋白抑制剂)和阿司匹林;
c)减肥药,例如奥利司他、西布曲明和大麻素受体1(CB1)拮抗剂,例如利莫纳班;和
d)抗高血压药,例如髓袢利尿剂,例如依他尼酸、呋塞米和托拉塞米;血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂,例如贝那普利、卡托普利、依那普利、福辛普利、赖诺普利、莫昔普利、perinodopril、喹那普利、雷米普利和群多普利;Na-K-ATPase膜泵抑制剂,例如地高辛;中性肽链内切酶(NEP)抑制剂;ACE/NEP抑制剂,例如奥马曲拉、山帕曲拉和法西多曲;血管紧张素II拮抗剂,例如坎地沙坦、依普罗沙坦、厄贝沙坦、氯沙坦、替米沙坦和缬沙坦,特别是缬沙坦;肾素抑制剂,例如地替吉仑、占吉仑、特拉吉仑、阿利吉仑、RO66-1132和RO-66-1168;β-肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂,例如醋丁洛尔、阿替洛尔、倍他洛尔、比索洛尔、美托洛尔、纳多洛尔、普萘洛尔、索他洛尔和噻吗洛尔;正性肌力药,例如地高辛、多巴酚丁胺和米力农;钙通道阻滞剂,例如氨氯地平、苄普地尔、地尔硫卓、非洛地平、尼卡地平、尼莫地平、硝苯地平、尼索地平和维拉帕米;醛固酮受体拮抗剂;和醛固酮合酶抑制剂。
e)过氧化物酶体增殖子激活物受体激动剂,例如非诺贝特、吡格列酮、罗格列酮、替格列扎、BMS-298585、L-796449、特别描述在专利申请WO2004/103995中的化合物,即实施例1-35的化合物或特别在权利要求21中举出的化合物或特别描述在专利申请WO03/043985中的化合物,即实施例1-7的化合物或特别在权利要求19中举出的化合物且尤其是(R)-1-{4-[5-甲基-2-(4-三氟甲基-苯基)-噁唑-4-基甲氧基]-苯磺酰基}-2,3-二氢-1H-吲哚-2-甲酸或其盐。
因此,本发明提供了药物组合,其包含:
i)式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐;
ii)至少一种化合物,其选自:
a)抗糖尿病药;
b)降血脂药;
c)减肥药;
d)抗高血压药;
e)过氧化物酶体增殖子激活物受体激动剂。
生物学试验
可以使用下列试验方法证实式I的化合物对钠-依赖性葡萄糖共转运蛋白SGLT(SGLT1和SGLT2)的抑制作用。
可以在试验设定情况中证实物质抑制SGLT-2活性的能力,其中用表达载体pZeoSV(Invitrogen,EMBL登记号L36849)稳定地转染CHO-K1细胞系(ATCC No.CCL61)或可选地HEK293细胞系(ATCC No.CRL-1573),所述表达载体包含用于人钠葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(基因库登记号NM_003041)(CHO-hSGLT2或HEK-hSGLT2)的编码序列的cDNA。这些细胞系将14C-标记的α-甲基-吡喃葡萄糖苷(14C-AMG,Amersham)以钠依赖性方式转入细胞内部。
SGLT-2试验如下进行:在具有10%胎牛血清和250μg/mL zeocin(Invitrogen)的Ham′s F12培养基(BioWhittaker)中培养CHO-hSGLT2细胞,在具有10%胎牛血清和250μg/mL zeocin(Invitrogen)的DMEM培养基中培养HEK293-hSGLT2细胞。通过用PBS洗涤2次、随后用胰蛋白酶/EDTA处理从培养烧瓶中分离细胞。在添加细胞培养基后,离心细胞,重新混悬于培养基,用Casy细胞计数器计数。然后将40,000细胞/孔接种入用聚-D-赖氨酸包被的白色96-孔培养板,在37℃,5%CO2温育过夜。用250μl试验缓冲液(Hanks平衡盐溶液,137mMNaCl,5.4mM KCl,2.8mM CaC12,1.2mM MgSO4和10mM HEPES(pH7.4),50μg/mL庆大霉素)将细胞洗涤2次。然后将250μl试验缓冲液和5μl测试化合物加入到每个孔中,用温育器再温育15分钟。5μl10%DMSO用作阴性对照。通过添加5μl14C-AMG(0.05μCi)到各孔中启动反应。在37℃,5%CO22小时温育后,用250μl PBS(200C)再次洗涤细胞,然后通过添加25μl0.1NNaOH(5min.,在37℃)裂解细胞。将200μl MicroScint20(Packard)加入到每个孔中,在37℃再持续温育20min。该温育后,用Topcount(Packard)、使用14C闪烁程序测定吸收的14C-AMG的放射性。
为了测定有关人SGLT1的选择性,设定类似的试验,其中在CHO-K1或HEK293细胞中表达hSGLTI(基因库登记号NM000343)的cDNA而不是hSGLT2cDNA。
本发明的化合物例如对SGLT2可以具有低于1000nM的EC50值,特别是低于100nM,最优选低于10nM。在上述试验中评价下列实施例的化合物,并且将其结果对照于下表1中。
表1
实施例编号 | SGLT2IC50nM(n=1-4) | SGLT1IC50nM(n=1-4) |
1 | 22.5 | 409.0 |
2 | 17.5 | 35.0 |
2a | 97.0 | 308.0 |
2b | 186.0 | 337.5 |
2c | 27.0 | 197.0 |
2d | - | - |
2e | 89.0 | 188.0 |
2f | 143.0 | 3443.0 |
2g | 567.0 | 1000.0 |
3 | >1000.0 | 814 |
3a | >1000.0 | 5650 |
4 | 2.4 | 89.3 |
由于本发明的化合物是前药,其在体内被代谢成母体化合物,所以母体化合物对SGLTI和SGLT2的抑制活性与本发明化合物的体内活性相关。在上述试验中评价本发明的各化合物的母体化合物,其结果对照于表2中。
表2:
可以看出,本发明的化合物用作SGLT抑制剂且由此用于治疗由SGLT介导的疾病和病症,例如本文公开的代谢性疾病。
制备方法
在另一个方面中,本发明提供了式(I)的化合物的制备方法。如下概述的方案显示式(I)的化合物的一般合成途径。一般而言,通过修饰糖苷环的伯醇基以形成前药制备本发明的化合物。可以保护糖苷环的仲醇基或可以使它们未被保护,从而利用伯醇比糖苷环的三个仲醇基增加的反应性,以修饰唯一的伯醇。典型地,可以用酯类、三甲基甲硅烷基(TMS)、叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基(TBDMS)、苄基等保护醇基。
可以通过使用形成酯键的标准方法制备氨基酸前药(参见方案I)。例如,可以用例如叔丁氧羰基(BOC)保护基保护氨基酸(ii)的胺基。然后可以使氨基酸(ii)的羧基与糖苷(i)的伯醇在偶合试剂例如N,N′-二环己基碳二亚胺、N,N′-二异丙基碳二亚胺或1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺的存在下、在碱的存在下反应,形成氨基酸前药(iii)。可以通过本领域公知的方法除去保护基,形成式(I)的化合物。
方案1:氨基酸前药
可以如方案II中所示通过使氯甲酸酯(v)与糖苷(iv)在碱的存在下反应制备碳酸酯前药。
方案II
可以如方案III中所示通过使糖苷(iv)与氯膦酸烷基酯(vii)在碱的存在下反应制备磷酸酯前药。
方案III
R7’是C1-6烷基、C3-10碳环基、C3-10碳环基-C1-4烷基、3--10-元杂环基、(3--10-元杂环基)-C1-4烷基、C6-10芳基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、5--10-元杂芳基或(5--10-元杂芳基)-C1-4烷基
可以如方案IV中所示通过使糖苷(iv)与磷酸亚氨酸(phosphoramidic acid)酯(ix)在四唑的存在下反应、然后用间-氯过苯甲酸处理制备磷酸酯前药。用amberlyst15处理,得到磷酸酯前药。
方案IV
原料的合成
式(xii)的化合物,其中Lg是离去基,例如卤素,且所有其他符号如上文所定义,可以与烷基锂或Mg反应,得到式(xiii)的化合物,其中M选自Li或Mg-卤素,且所有其他符号如上文所定义。式(xiii)的化合物可以与式(xiv)的化合物反应,其中PG是保护基,例如乙酰基。可以使用试剂例如三乙基硅烷BF3-醚合物使得到的中间体脱羧/去烷氧基化,得到式(v)的化合物,其中所有符号如上文所定义。
方案V
式(xiii)的化合物,其中M选自Li或Mg-卤素,且所有其他符号如上文所定义为,可以与式(xvi)的化合物反应,其中Lg是离去基,例如卤素、甲磺酸酯、甲苯磺酸酯或三氟甲磺酰基,且所有其他符号如上文所定义,得到式(xv)的化合物,其中所有符号如上文所定义。
方案VI:
可以如方案VII中所示通过使酰氯(xvii)与A表示的芳族化合物在AlCl3的存在下反应制备中间体(xii)。
方案VII
可以理解,上述详细描述和本文另外描述的方法仅用于示例本发明,而不应被视为限定。使用本领域技术人员已知的类似或相似试剂和/或条件的方法也可以用于得到本发明的化合物。
除非上下文中另有表述,否则在正文范围内,仅易于除去的并非本发明化合物的特别期望的终产物的组成部分的基团命名为″保护基″。用这种保护基保护官能团、保护基自身及其裂解反应描述在例如标准参考书中,例如J.F.W.McOmie,″Protective Groups inOrganic Chemistry",Plenum Press,London和New York1973,T.W.Greene和P.G.M.Wuts,″Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis",第3版,Wiley,New York1999,″ThePeptides″;第3卷(编辑:E.Gross和J.Meienhofer),Academic Press,London和NewYork1981,″Methoden der organischen Chemie″(Methods of Organic Chemistry),Houben Weyl,4th edition,Volume15/I,Georg Thieme Verlag,Stuttgart1974,H.-D.Jakubke和H.Jeschkeit,″Aminosiuren,Peptide,Proteine″(Amino acids,Peptides,Proteins),Verlag Chemie,Weinheim,Deerfield Beach和Basel1982;和JochenLehmann,″Chemie der Kohlenhydrate:Monosaccharide und Derivate″(Chemistry ofCarbohydrates:Monosaccharides and Derivatives),Georg Thieme Verlag,Stuttgart1974。保护基的特征在于它们易于被除去(即不出现不期望的二次反应),例如通过溶剂解、还原、光解或者在生理学条件下(例如通过酶裂解)。
可以基于成分的物理-化学差异、以公知方式将得到的终产物或中间体的任意混合物分离成纯的终产物或中间体,例如,通过色谱、蒸馏、分级结晶或如果适合或可能在环境下形成盐。
下列实施例预以示例本发明,但不视为对其限定。如果没有另外举出,则所有蒸发都减压进行。终产物、中间体和原料的结构已经通过标准分析方法证实,例如微量分析、熔点(m.p.)和光谱特征,例如MS和NMR。所用的缩写是本领域常用的那些。
原料
中间体1:乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯
步骤I:在0℃向搅拌的2-溴-5-碘苯甲酸(25.0g,76.48mmol)在二氯甲烷(200mL)中的溶液中加入草酰氯(10.3mL,114.74mmol),然后加入DMF(0.9mL)。添加完成后,将该反应混合物在室温搅拌3h。减压蒸发挥发性物质,得到2-溴-5-碘-苯甲酰氯(26.4g)。将粗产物即刻用于下一步。
步骤II:在0℃向搅拌的2-溴-5-碘-苯甲酰氯(26.4g,76.56mmol)在二氯甲烷(250mL)中的溶液中加入苯并(1,4)-二噁烷(10.41g,76.26mmol)。向该反应混合物中一次加入AlCl3(40.78g,305.47mmol)。在室温搅拌过夜后,将该反应混合物倾入碎冰。用二氯甲烷(500mL X2)萃取得到的混合物。合并二氯甲烷层,用水(200mL)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(200mL X2)和盐水(200mL)洗涤,然后用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩。将固体产物与己烷一起研磨,真空干燥研磨产物,得到(2-溴-5-碘-苯基)-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基)-甲酮(30g)。
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-D6):δ4.29-4.37(m,4H),7.02(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.16(d,J=2.4Hz,1H),7.18-7.19(m,1H),7.53(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.77-7.81(m,1H),7.82(d,J=2.0Hz,1H)。
步骤III:向搅拌的(2-溴-5-碘-苯基)-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基)-甲酮(30.0g,67.4mmol)在三氟乙酸(100mL)中的溶液中加入三乙基硅烷(86.2mL,539.3mmol),然后在室温加入三氟甲磺酸(6.0mL,67.42mmol)。在室温搅拌25min后,减压蒸发挥发性物质。将得到的残余物溶于乙酸乙酯,用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(200mL X2)、水(200mL)和盐水(200mL)洗涤,然后用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到6-(2-溴-5-碘-苄基)-2,3-二.氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英(26.5g)。
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-D6):δ3.90(s,4H),4.2(s,2H),6.65(dd,J=8.4Hz,J=2.0Hz,1H),6.68(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),6.77(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.39(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.50(dd,J=8.4Hz,J=2.4Hz1H),7.67(d,J=2.8Hz,1H)。
步骤IV:在-78℃向搅拌的6-(2-溴-5-碘-苄基)-2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英(26.5g,61.47mmol)在THF:甲苯2:1(300mL)中的溶液中加入1.6Mn-BuLi的己烷溶液(42.3mL,67.62mmol)。将该反应混合物搅拌1h,然后在-78℃转入搅拌的2,3,4,6-四-O-(三甲基甲硅烷基)-D-葡糖吡喃酮(28.69g,61.47mmol)在甲苯(100mL)中的溶液。搅拌1h后,滴加0.6N甲磺酸的甲醇溶液(265mL),在室温将该反应混合物搅拌16h。通过添加NaHCO3水溶液(~75mL)使反应停止,用乙酸乙酯(250mL X3)萃取,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到(3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-2-甲氧基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(28.4g)。
步骤V:在10℃向搅拌的(3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-2-甲氧基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(28.4g,57.1mmol)在乙腈-二氯甲烷1∶1(250mL)中的溶液中加入三乙基硅烷(36.5mL,228.4mmol)和三氟化硼二乙基醚合复合物(14.1mL,114.2mmol)。在10℃搅拌4h后,用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(~100mL)使反应停止。分离有机层,用乙酸乙酯(3X150mL)萃取水层。合并有机层,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,得到(3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(28.4g)。将粗产物不经纯化用于下一步反应。
步骤VI:在室温向搅拌的(3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(28.4g,60.81mmol)在二氯甲烷(300mL)中的溶液中加入吡啶(40mL,486.5mmol)、乙酐(50mL,486.5mmol)和DMAP(740mg,6.08mmol)。搅拌2h后,减压蒸发挥发性物质。将得到的残余物溶于乙酸乙酯(500ml),用1NHCl(200mL X2)洗涤,然后用盐水(200ml)洗涤,然后用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩。在65℃将得到的粗化合物溶于乙醇(320mL),冷却至室温,同时搅拌。过滤形成的淡黄色固体,用冷乙醇(150mL)、然后用己烷(200mL)洗涤,得到乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯粉末(22.5g,纯度98%)。
中间体2:(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇
步骤I:向搅拌的乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(中间体1,10.0g,15.74mmol)在甲苯(200mL)中的溶液中加入三环己膦(1.76g,6.29mmol)、磷酸钾(13.3g,62.9mmol)水(15mL)溶液和乙基硼酸(3.4g,47.2mmol)。给该反应混合物脱气45min,然后加入乙酸钯(II)(529mg,2.3mmol)。回流过夜后,将该反应混合物冷却至室温,加入水。用乙酸乙酯(2X200mL)萃取得到的混合物,用水和盐水洗涤,然后用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过柱色谱法纯化,得到乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[3-(2,3-.氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(5.4g)。
步骤II:向搅拌的乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(9.3g,15.9mmol)在甲醇∶THF∶水3∶2∶1(170mL)中的溶液中加入氢氧化锂(764mg,19.1mmol)。在室温搅拌2h后,减压蒸发挥发性物质。将得到的残余物溶于乙酸乙酯(150mL),用盐水(75mL)、包含5mL5%KHSO4水溶液的盐水(75mL)洗涤,再用盐水(20mL)洗涤,然后用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,得到(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(6.5g)。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ1.07(t,J=7.6Hz,3H),2.57(q,J=7.6Hz,2H),3.34-3.50(m,4H),3.68(dd,J=12.0,5.6Hz,1H),3.85-3.91(m,3H),4.08(d,J=9.6Hz,1H),4.17(s,4H),6.53-6.58(m,2H),6.68(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.15-7.25(m,3H)。
MS(ES)m/z434.2(M+18)。
中间体3:(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-2氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇
步骤I:向搅拌的乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[4-溴-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(中间体1,10.0g,15.74mmol)在甲苯(100mL)中的溶液中加入三环己膦(1.76g,6.29mmol)、磷酸钾(13.3g,62.9mmol)的水(15mL)溶液和环丙基硼酸(4.06g,47.2mmol)。给该反应混合物脱气45min,然后加入乙酸钯(II)(529mg,2.3mmol)。将该反应混合物在90℃搅拌过夜,然后冷却至室温,通过硅藻土过滤。用乙酸乙酯(200mL)洗涤硅藻土。分离滤液的有机层,用水(100mL)、然后用盐水(100mL)洗涤,然后用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,得到粗产物,通过柱色谱法进一步纯化,得到乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(7.25g,纯度98%),用无水乙醇重结晶,得到白色固体(5.25g,纯度>99%)。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ0.57-0.62(m,2H),0.84-0.86(m,2H),L76(s,3H),1.77-1.80(m,1H),1.99(s,3H),2.05(s,3H),2.08(s,3H),3.78-3.82(m,1H),3.99-4.10(ABq,J=15.6Hz,2H),4.14(dd,J=12.4Hz,2.4Hz,1H),4.22(s,4H),4.26(d,J=12.4Hz,4.8Hz,1H),4.33(d,J=9.6Hz,1H),5.14(t,J=9.2Hz,1H),5.22(t,J=9.2Hz,1H),5.30(t,J=9.2Hz,1H),6.57-6.59(m,2H),6.76(dd,J=7.2Hz,2.0Hz,1H),6.98(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.02(d,J=1.6Hz,1H),7.17(dd,J=8.0Hz,1.6Hz,1H)。
MS(ES)m/z597.3(M+1)。
步骤II:向搅拌的乙酸(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-三乙酰氧基-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(10.5g,17.61mmol)在甲醇∶THF∶水3∶2∶1(120mL)中的溶液中加入氢氧化锂(813mg,19.37mmol)。在室温搅拌2h后,减压蒸发挥发性物质。将得到的残余物溶于乙酸乙酯(150mL),用盐水(75mL)、包含10mL5%KHSO4水溶液的盐水(75mL)洗涤,再用盐水(20mL)洗涤,然后用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,得到(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(7.25g)。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ0.53-0.56(m,2H),0.81-0.86(m,2H),1.80-1.82(m,1H),3.34-3.45(m,4H),3.67(dd,J=12.0,5.2Hz,1H),3.86(d,J=11.6Hz,1H),3.99-4.09(m,3H),4.17(s,4H),6.58-6.62(m,2H),6.68(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.96(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.19(m,2H)。MS(ES)m/z446.2(M+18)。
实施例
实施例1:(R)-2-氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯的合成
步骤I:向搅拌的(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[3-(2,3-二-氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(中间体2,6.0g,14.40mmol)在吡啶(60ml)中的溶液中加入三苯甲基氯(4.8g,17.28mmol),然后在室温加入DMAP(0.18g,1.44mmol)。然后将该反应混合物在80℃加热。搅拌16h后,减压蒸发吡啶。将得到的残余物溶于乙酸乙酯(100ml),用硫酸铜水溶液(50ml)、盐水(100ml)洗涤,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到8.10g的(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[3-(2,3-.二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-6-三苯甲氧基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇,为白色固体。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ1.11(t,J=7.6Hz,3H),2.62(q,J=7.6Hz,2H),3.25-3.28(m,1H),3.34-3.44(m,3H),3.54(d,J=4.8Hz,2H),3.94(s,2H),4.08-4.16(m,5H),6.56-6.59(m,2H),6.64(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.15-7.24(m,10H),7.30-7.33(m,2H),7.46-7.48(m,6H)。
步骤II:在0℃向搅拌的氢化钠(60%的矿物油溶液,2.2g,54.64mmol)在DMF(40ml)中的混悬液中加入(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-6-三苯甲氧基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(8.0g,12.14mmol)在DMF(10ml)中的溶液。在室温搅拌4h后,将反应混合物冷却至0℃,加入TBAI(0.45g,1.21mmol),然后加入苄基溴(5.1ml,42.50mmol)。然后使其达到室温,搅拌过夜。将反应混合物倾入冰冷水,用乙酸乙酯(2X80ml)萃取。用水(100ml)、盐水(100ml)洗涤有机层,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到8.5g6-[2-乙基-5-((2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5-三-苄氧基-6-三苯甲氧基甲基-四氢-吡喃-2-基)-苄基]-2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英,为无色油状物。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ1.21(t,J=7.2Hz,3H),2.67(q,J=7.6Hz,2H),3.24(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),3.55(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),3.62(t,J=10.0Hz,2H),3.76(t,J=9.2Hz,1H),3.85-4.00(m,3H),4.09-4.16(m,5H),4.26(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),4.42(d,J=10.4Hz,1H),4.50(d,J=10.0Hz,1H),4.78(d,J=9.6Hz,1H),4.91(dd,J=14.8,4.4Hz,2H),6.56(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.61(s,1H),6.67(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.92(d,J=6.4Hz,2H),6.99-7.00(m,2H),7.20-7.23(m,13H),7.26(s,3H),7.29-7.38(m,6H),7.45(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.54-7.55(m,6H)。
步骤III:在0℃向搅拌的6-[2-乙基-5-((2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5-三-苄氧基-6-三苯甲氧基甲基-四氢-吡喃-2-基)-苄基]-2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英(8.0g,8.6mmol)在DCM(80ml)中的溶液中加入氯化铝(1.72g,12.9mmol)在乙醚(50ml)中的溶液。将该体系在室温搅拌2h。将反应混合物倾入冰冷水,用DCM(2X80ml)萃取。用碳酸氢钠水溶液(100ml)、盐水(100ml)洗涤合并的有机层,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到5.56g{(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-三-苄氧基-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基}-甲醇,为无色油状物。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ1.16(t,J=7.6Hz,3H),2.63(q,J=7.6Hz,2H),3.47-3.51(m,1H),3.54(t,J=10.0Hz,1H),3.67(t,J=10.4Hz,1H),3.72(bs,1H),3.78-3.96(m,3H),3.87-3.96(m,3H),4.14-4.23(m,5H),4.35(d,J=10.8Hz,1H),4.69(d,J=10.8Hz,1H),4.83-4.95(m,3H),6.54(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.59(s,1H),6.67(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.88-6.90(m,2H),7.16-7.23(m,6H),7.27-7.36(m,10H)。
步骤IV:向搅拌的(R)-2-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(6.3g,29.1mmol)在DMF(40ml)中的溶液中加入N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(6.0g,29.1mmol)。在室温搅拌30min后,将反应混合物冷却至0℃,加入{(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-三-苄氧基-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基}-甲醇(4.0g,5.8mmol)在DMF(20ml)中的溶液,然后加入DMAP(360mg,2.9mmol),在环境温度搅拌过夜。通过添加水(150ml)使反应停止,用乙酸乙酯(2X80ml)萃取。用水(100ml)、盐水(100ml)洗涤合并的有机层,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到4.5g(R)-2-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-三-苄氧基-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯,为无色油状物。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ0.76(d,J=6.8Hz,3H),0.89(d,J=6.8Hz,3H),1.12-1.17(m,3H),1.42(s,9H),1.90-1.92(m,1H),2.59-2.63(m,2H),3.51-3.57(m,1H),3.60-3.65(m,2H),3.77-3.95(m,5H),4.15-4.18(m,5H),4.26-4.40(m,4H),4.61(dd,J=10.8,6.4Hz,1H),4.85-4.93(m,3H),6.52-6.59(m,2H),6.68(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.89-6.91(m,2H),7.15-7.23(m,7H),7.28-7.35(m,9H)。
步骤V:向搅拌的(R)-2-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-三-苄氧基-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(4.5g,5.0mmol)在乙酸乙酯∶甲醇(1∶4混合物,50ml)中的溶液中加入氢氧化钯(2.0g)。在室温搅拌过夜后,通过硅藻土床过滤反应混合物,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到3.12g(R)-2-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯,为白色固体。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ0.79(d,J=6.8Hz,3H),0.83(d,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.06(t,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.40(s,9H),1.98-2.03(m,1H),2.56(q,J=7.6Hz,2H),3.35-3.40(m,2H),3.43-3.48(m,1H),3.56-3.60(m,1H),3.88(s,2H),3.98-4.07(m,2H),4.17(s,4H),4.34(dd,J=11.6,6.4Hz,1H),4.43-4.46(m,1H),6.53-6.58(m,2H),6.68(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.12-7.19(m,3H)。
步骤VI:在室温向搅拌的(R)-2-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(2.8g,4.6mmol)在甲醇(30ml)中的溶液中加入3N甲醇HCl(30ml)。回流2h后,减压蒸发挥发性物质。将得到的残余物溶于乙酸乙酯(50ml),用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(15ml)、盐水(15ml)洗涤,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过制备型HPLC纯化,得到410mg(R)-2-氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯,为白色固体。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ0.84(d,J=6.8Hz,3H),0.88(d,J=7.8Hz,3H),1.10(t,J=8.0Hz,3H),1.95-1.97(m,1H),2.60(q,J=8.0Hz,2H),3.29-3.51(m,4H),3.60-3.62(m,1H),3.92(s,2H),4.09(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),4.20(s,4H),4.38-4.46(m,2H),6.56-6.61(m,2H),6.71(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.16-7.22(m,3H)。MS(ES)m/z516.3(M+1)。
实施例2:碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯甲酯的合成
步骤I:在-40℃向搅拌的(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(中间体3,890mg,2.1mmol)在可力丁(7ml)中的溶液中加入氯甲酸甲酯(0.21ml,2.5mmol)在DCM(0.5ml)中的溶液。在相同温度搅拌1h后,将其在室温搅拌1.5h。将反应混合物倾入冰冷10%HCl溶液,用乙酸乙酯(2X10ml)萃取。用盐水(10ml)洗涤合并的有机层,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,得到1.1g碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯甲酯,为白色固体。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ0.54(d,J=4.8Hz,2H),0.81(d,J=8.0Hz,2H),1.76-1.83(m,1H),3.32-3.33(m,1H),3.92-3.43(m,2H),3.52(t,J=5.6Hz,1H),3.70(s,3H),4.01-4.06(m,3H),4.15(s,4H),4.26(dd,J=11.2,5.2Hz,1H),4.43(d,J=11.2Hz,1H),6.57-6.59(m,2H),6.66(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.94(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.12-7.14(m,2H)。MS(ES)m/z487.0(M+1)。
通过使用实施例2中所述的方法制备下列实施例。
实施例3:磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯的合成
在-40℃向搅拌的(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(中间体2,500mg,1.2mmol)在吡啶(5ml)中的溶液中加入二乙基氯磷酸酯(0.27ml,1.9mmol)。在相同温度搅拌1h后,通过添加1N HCl使反应停止,用乙酸乙酯(2X10ml)萃取。用盐水(10ml)洗涤合并的有机层,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,通过制备型HPLC纯化,得到220mg磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯,为白色固体。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):δ1.07(t,J=7.6Hz,3H),1.15(td J=7.2,1.2Hz,3H),1.22(td,J=6.8,0.8Hz,3H),2.57(q,J=7.6Hz,2H),3.36-3.46(m,3H),3.53-3.55(m,1H),3.89(s,2H),3.96-4.11(m,5H),4.17(s,4H),4.18-4.22(m1H),4.30-4.34(m,1H),6.52(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),6.57(dd,J=8.4,2.4Hz,1H),6.68(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.15-7.22(m,3H)。MS(ES)m/z553.3(M+1)。
通过使用实施例3中所示的方法制备下列实施例。
实施例4:磷酸一-{(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-.二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基
甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲基}酯的二钠盐的合成
在0℃向搅拌的(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-6-羟基甲基-四氢-吡喃-3,4,5-三醇(中间体2,1.0g,2.4mmol)在THF(15ml)中的溶液中加入2乙基-磷酸亚氨酸二-叔丁酯(780mg,3.12mmol)在THF(5ml)中的溶液,然后加入四唑(435mg,6.2mmol)在DCM(12.5ml)中的溶液。在相同温度搅拌5min后,将其在室温搅拌20min。将反应混合物冷却至-40℃,加入m-CPBA(830mg,4.8mmol)在DCM(5ml)中的溶液。将该反应混合物在相同温度搅拌5min,然后在室温搅拌2h。将反应混合物冷却至0℃,通过添加10%亚硫酸氢钠溶液(5ml)猝灭。用乙醚(3X10ml)萃取。用盐水(5ml)洗涤合并的有机层,用硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,得到700mg磷酸二-叔丁酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯。
向搅拌的磷酸二-叔丁酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(500mg)在甲醇(20mD中的溶液中加入amberlyst15离子交换树脂(250mg),回流过夜。将反应混合物冷却至室温,通过硅藻土床过滤,浓缩滤液,得到300mg磷酸一-{(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲基}酯。取粗物资用于下一步反应。
向磷酸一-{(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲基}酯(300mg,0.6mmol)在甲醇(5ml)中的溶液中加入1N碳酸氢钠水溶液(80mg,0.7mmol)。在室温搅拌2h后,减压蒸发挥发性物质。将得到的固体与乙醚一起研磨。通过制备型HPLC纯化得到的残余物,得到95mg磷酸一-{(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲基}酯的二钠盐。
1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD):61.06(t,J=7.4Hz,3H),2.56(q,J=7.3Hz,2H),3.34-3.41(m,2H),3.49(t,J=8.8Hz,1H),3.81-3.88(m,,3H),3.92-3.99(m,1H),4.05(d,J=9.3Hz,1H),4.16(s,4H),4.20-4.25(m,1H),6.54(m,2H),6.67(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.12-7.21(m,3H)。MS(ES)m/z497.1磷酸的(M+1)。
下面是本发明的另外的实施方案:
实施方案1:结构式(I)表示的化合物:
或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是氢、卤素或-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b独立地选自氢、C1-6烷基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、-C(O)C6-10芳基和-C(O)C1-6烷基;
R2和R2a每次出现时独立地选自卤素、羟基、C1-6烷基和C1-6烷氧基;
R3是卤素、羟基、C1-6烷基、卤代C1-6烷基、C3-10环烷基、C1-6烷氧基或卤代C1-3烷氧基;
R4选自:
R5是氨基酸侧链;
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-10碳环基、C3-10碳环基-C1-4烷基、3--10-元杂环基、(3--10-元条环基)-C1-4烷基、C6-10芳基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、5--10-元杂芳基或(5--10-元杂芳基)-C1-4烷基;
R7每次出现时独立地是氢、C1-6烷基、C3-10碳环基、C3-10碳环基-C1-4烷基、3--10-元杂环基、(3--10-元杂环基)-C1-4烷基、C6-10芳基、C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基、5--10-元杂芳基或(5--10-元杂芳基)-C1-4烷基;
n是0、1、2或3;且
q是0、1或2。
实施方案2:实施方案1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中n是0。
实施方案3:实施方案1或2的化合物或其可药用盐,其中q是0。
实施方案4:实施方案1-3任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中A是
实施方案5:上述实施方案任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中V是-OR1b。
实施方案6:上述实施方案任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R1、R1a和R1b是氢。
实施方案7:上述实施方案任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是C1-4烷基或C3-6环烷基。
实施方案8:上述实施方案任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是乙基或环丙基。
实施方案9:上述实施方案任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是乙基。
实施方案10:上述实施方案任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
实施方案11:实施方案10的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R5是天然存在的氨基酸侧链,其选自甘氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸的侧链。
实施方案12:实施方案11的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R5是缬氨酸侧链。
实施方案13:实施方案10的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R5是非标准氨基酸侧链,其选自3,5-二溴酪氨酸、3,5-二碘酪氨酸、gem-二甲基甘氨酸、羟赖氨酸、α-氨基丁酸、羟脯氨酸、羊毛硫氨酸、甲状腺氨酸、鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸的侧链。
实施方案14:实施方案1-9任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
实施方案15:实施方案14的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R6是C1-6烷基、C3-8碳环基-C1-4烷基或苯基-C1-4烷基。
实施方案16:实施方案15的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R6是甲基、乙基、异丁基、叔丁基、双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基甲基或1-苯基-乙-1-基。
实施方案17:实施方案1-9任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
实施方案18:实施方案17的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7每次出现时独立地是氢或C1-6烷基。
实施方案19:实施方案18的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7各自是乙基。
实施方案20:实施方案18的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7各自是氢。
实施方案21:实施方案1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中该化合物选自:
(R)-2-氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3S,4R,SR,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯乙酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯异丁酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯乙酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯异丁酯;
碳酸叔丁酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基甲酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(S)-1-苯基-乙酯;
磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯;
磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯;
磷酸一-{(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲基}酯。
实施方案22:药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐和一种或多种可药用载体。
实施方案23:组合,其包含治疗有效量的根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐和一种或多种共治疗活性剂。
实施方案24:抑制个体中钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白活性的方法,其中该方法包括对该个体施用治疗有效量的根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐。
实施方案25:治疗糖尿病的方法,包括对有此需要的个体施用根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐。
实施方案26:治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症的方法,包括对有此需要的哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐。
实施方案27:根据实施方案26的方法,其中所述疾病或病症是代谢综合征、X综合征、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖耐受降低、非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、II型糖尿病、I型糖尿病、糖尿病并发症、体重障碍、肥胖或瘦素蛋白相关性疾病。
实施方案28:根据实施方案27的方法,其中所述疾病或病症是血脂异常、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压、微量白蛋白血症、高尿酸血症或高凝性。
实施方案29:实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其用作药物。
实施方案30:实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其用于治疗糖尿病。
实施方案31:实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐,其用于治疗个体中由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的疾病或病症。
实施方案32:根据实施方案31的化合物或其可药用盐,其中所述疾病或病症是代谢综合征、X综合征、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖耐受降低、非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、II型糖尿病、I型糖尿病、糖尿病并发症、体重障碍、肥胖或瘦素蛋白相关性疾病。
实施方案33:根据实施方案32的化合物或其可药用盐,其中所述疾病或病症是血脂异常、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压、微量白蛋白血症、高尿酸血症或高凝性。
实施方案34:根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐在制备用于治疗糖尿病的药物中的用途。
实施方案35:实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐在制备用于治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的障碍或疾病的药物中的用途。
实施方案32:根据实施方案35的化合物或其可药用盐的用途,其中所述疾病或病症是代谢综合征、X综合征、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖耐受降低、非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、II型糖尿病、I型糖尿病、糖尿病并发症、体重障碍、肥胖或瘦素蛋白相关性疾病。
实施方案33:根据实施方案32的化合物或其可药用盐的用途,其中所述疾病或病症是血脂异常、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压、微量白蛋白血症、高尿酸血症或高凝性。
实施方案34:药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐与治疗有效量的另一种治疗剂。
实施方案35:药物组合,其包含:
i)根据实施方案1-21任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐
ii)至少一种化合物,其选自:
a)抗糖尿病药;
b)降血脂药;
c)减肥药;
d)抗高血压药;
e)过氧化物酶体增殖子-激活物受体激动剂。
Claims (24)
1.由结构式(I)表示的化合物:
式(I)
或其可药用盐,其中:
A选自
V是-OR1b;
R1、R1a和R1b是氢;
R3是C1-6烷基或C3-10环烷基;
R4选自:
R5是缬氨酸侧链;
R6是C1-6烷基、C3-10碳环基-C1-4烷基或C6-10芳基-C1-4烷基;
R7每次出现时独立地是氢或C1-6烷基。
2.权利要求1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是C1-4烷基或C3-6环烷基。
3.权利要求1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是乙基或环丙基。
4.权利要求1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R3是乙基。
5.权利要求1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
6.权利要求1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
7.权利要求6的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R6是C1-6烷基、C3-8碳环基-C1-4烷基或苯基-C1-4烷基。
8.权利要求7的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R6是甲基、乙基、异丁基、叔丁基、双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基甲基或1-苯基-乙-1-基。
9.权利要求1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R4是
10.权利要求9的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7各自是乙基。
11.权利要求9的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R7各自是氢。
12.权利要求1的化合物或其可药用盐,其中该化合物选自:
(R)-2-氨基-3-甲基-丁酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯乙酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯异丁酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙 基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯乙酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯异丁酯;
碳酸叔丁酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基甲酯(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯;
碳酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯(S)-1-苯基-乙酯;
磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯;
磷酸(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[4-环丙基-3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲酯二乙酯;
磷酸一-{(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[3-(2,3-二氢-苯并[1,4]二噁英-6-基甲基)-4-乙基-苯基]-3,4,5-三羟基-四氢-吡喃-2-基甲基}酯。
13.药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-12任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐和一种或多种可药用载体。
14.组合产品,其包含治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-12任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐和一种或多种共治疗活性剂。
15.根据权利要求1-12任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐在制备用于治疗糖尿病的药物中的用途。
16.根据权利要求1-12任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐在制备用于治疗由钠D-葡萄糖共转运蛋白所介导的障碍或疾病的药物中的用途。
17.根据权利要求16的用途,其中所述疾病或障碍是代谢综合征、糖尿病并发症或瘦素蛋白相关性疾病。
18.根据权利要求17的用途,其中代谢综合征是葡萄糖耐受降低或肥胖。
19.根据权利要求17的用途,其中所述的代谢综合征是糖尿病。
20.根据权利要求17的用途,其中所述的代谢综合征是胰岛素抵抗。
21.根据权利要求19的用途,其中所述的糖尿病是II型糖尿病、I型糖尿病。
22.根据权利要求17的用途,其中所述疾病或障碍是血脂异常、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压、微量白蛋白血症、高尿酸血症或血凝过快。
23.药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的根据权利要求1-12任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐与治疗有效量的另一种治疗剂。
24.药物组合产品,其包含:
i)根据权利要求1-12任意一项的化合物或其可药用盐
ii)至少一种化合物,其选自:
a)抗糖尿病药;
b)降血脂药;
c)减肥药;
d)抗高血压药;
e)过氧化物酶体增殖子-激活物受体激动剂。
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WO2012140597A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
MA35032B1 (fr) | 2014-04-03 |
EP2697217B1 (en) | 2016-12-28 |
ES2621007T3 (es) | 2017-06-30 |
BR112013026257A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
AR086086A1 (es) | 2013-11-20 |
KR20140027250A (ko) | 2014-03-06 |
AU2012241427B2 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
CL2013002973A1 (es) | 2014-03-07 |
SG194463A1 (en) | 2013-12-30 |
CU20130139A7 (es) | 2014-01-29 |
PE20141039A1 (es) | 2014-08-30 |
JP2014511874A (ja) | 2014-05-19 |
EA201391525A1 (ru) | 2014-02-28 |
TW201245219A (en) | 2012-11-16 |
US20120264700A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
JP5908973B2 (ja) | 2016-04-26 |
CA2832958A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
US20130018005A1 (en) | 2013-01-17 |
CN103748090A (zh) | 2014-04-23 |
AU2012241427A1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
EP2697217A1 (en) | 2014-02-19 |
IL228771A0 (en) | 2013-12-31 |
CO6781541A2 (es) | 2013-10-31 |
AP2013007179A0 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
MX2013011927A (es) | 2013-11-01 |
CR20130530A (es) | 2014-02-04 |
TN2013000413A1 (en) | 2015-03-30 |
US8614195B2 (en) | 2013-12-24 |
UY34018A (es) | 2012-11-30 |
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