CN103647063B - Ni-MH二次电池用贮氢电极合金及其制备方法 - Google Patents
Ni-MH二次电池用贮氢电极合金及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 229910018095 Ni-MH Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229910018477 Ni—MH Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910019565 RE1-xMgx Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
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- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
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- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 7
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- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019578 La0.7Mg0.3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002335 LaNi5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种Ni-MH二次电池用贮氢电极合金及其制备方法,化学式组成为:RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin;0.2≤x≤0.3,0.02≤y≤0.08,3.0≤z≤3.5,0.05≤m≤0.15,0.05≤n≤0.15。稀土元素除含有镧以外,还必须含有钐、钇、钕、镨中的至少一种。制备方法是在惰性气体保护下采用感应加热熔炼,将熔融合金直接注入水冷铜模,在惰性气体保护下随炉冷却至室温,获得合金铸锭,在真空热处理炉中均匀退火;本发明合金中添加钛及硅,提高合金的耐蚀性,改善合金的电化学循环稳定性。充分利用稀土元素,使合金具有良好的综合电化学性能。合金的制备工艺易于掌握,适用于规模化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于贮氢合金材料技术领域,特别是提供了一种Ni-MH二次电池用高容量长寿命RE-Mg-Ti-Ni-Al-Si系A2B7型贮氢电极合金及其制备方法。
背景技术
Ni-MH电池由于其优良的性能被广泛地应用于小型电子设备及混合动力汽车,特别是稀土基AB5型贮氢合金已经在中国及日本实现了大规模产业化。然而,由于这种合金的容量偏低(其理论电化学容量也只有372mAh/g),正在受到锂离子电池的挑战,特别是在小型电子设备领域,Ni-MH电池所占份额日渐减少。
因此,研究一种高容量的新型电极合金迫在眉睫。
1997年,日本研究者Kadir.K和Kohno等发现La0.7Mg0.3Ni2.8Co0.5合金的最大放电容量可达410mAh/g,被认为是最具应用前景的新型电极材料。然而,合金的电化学循环稳定性较差,难以满足Ni-MH电池的使用要求。
围绕如何提高合金的电化学循环稳定性的关键问题,国内众多研究单位在国家“863计划”等项目的支持下做了大量的卓有成效的工作,特别是浙江大学、钢铁研究总院、有色金属研究院等单位的工作尤为突出。
研究发现,导致合金容量衰退的主要原因是合金在吸放氢过程中的粉化及电解液的腐蚀氧化,由于合金中含有极易腐蚀的元素镁,因此,提高合金的耐蚀性成为问题的核心。
元素替代及通过制备工艺技术改善合金的组织结构被认为是提高合金性能的有效方法。
发明内容
本发明需要解决的技术问题就在于克服现有技术的缺陷,提供一种Ni-MH二次电池用贮氢电极合金及其制备方法,通过本发明,使贮氢电极合金在保持高容量的前提下电化学循环稳定性得到很大提高。
为解决上述问题,本发明采用如下技术方案:
本发明提供了一种Ni-MH二次电池用贮氢电极合金,所述合金含有钛、硅及多种稀土元素,其化学式组成为:RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin,式中x、y、z、m、n为原子比,且0.2≤x≤0.3,0.02≤y≤0.08,3.0≤z≤3.5,0.05≤m≤0.15,0.05≤n≤0.15;稀土元素除含有原子比为0.4-0.6的镧以外,还必须含有钐、钇、钕或镨中的至少一种。
优选的,本发明所述化学式组成的原子比为x:y:z:m:n=0.22:0.03:3.4:0.10:0.07。
本发明同时提供了一种所述的Ni-MH二次电池用贮氢电极合金的制备方法,制备方法是在惰性气体保护下采用感应加热熔炼,将熔融合金直接注入水冷铜模,在惰性气体保护下随炉冷却至室温,获得合金铸锭,然后在真空热处理炉中进行均匀化退火;
具体地,其制备步骤包括:
A、按化学式组成RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin进行配料,式中0.2≤x≤0.3,0.02≤y≤0.08,3.0≤z≤3.5,0.05≤m≤0.15,0.05≤n≤0.15;RE为除镧以外钐、钇、钕或镨中的至少一种;其中,所述化学式组成中的镁和稀土在配比时增加5%-10%的质量烧损量,原材料的金属纯度≥99.5%;
B、用感应加热熔炼配比好的原材料,首先抽真空至1×10-2-5×10-5Pa,充入0.01-0.1MPa的惰性气体作为保护气体,保护气体为纯氦气或者氦气+氩气混合气体,所述混合气体的体积比为1:1,熔融温度1300-1600℃,获得熔融的RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin液态母合金;
C、在熔融状态下保持5分钟后,在保护气体气氛下,将液态母合金直接注入水冷铜模,在惰性气体保护下随炉冷却至室温,获得合金铸锭;
D、将合金铸锭放入真空热处理炉,抽真空至10-2-10-4Pa,加热到800-1100℃,保温5-10小时,保温后随炉冷却至室温,获得退火态合金;
E、将获得的上述合金通过机械粉碎,过200目筛,获得直径≤74μm的合金粉末,将合金粉与颗粒直径2.5μm的羰基镍粉按质量比1:4混合均匀,在35MPa的压力下冷压成直径为15mm的圆柱状电极片。
本发明制备方法中,所述感应加热方式包括电弧熔炼,感应加热熔炼或可使原材料完全熔化的其它加热熔炼方式。
本发明的特点在于,在成分设计上采用添加少量钛及硅元素,在提高合金的耐腐蚀性能的同时,能保持合金的电化学容量;添加多元稀土元素,有利于发挥不同稀土元素的综合作用。在工艺技术方面,采用惰性气体保护可以抑制镁在熔炼过程中的挥发;采用与AB5型储氢合金常用的感应熔炼冶炼方法制备,制备方法简单,易于大规模产业化生产。特别是已有的AB5型贮氢合金的生产厂家,在不增加设备投入的条件下,可以实现该合金的产业化。铸态合金经真空退火后,其组织和结构均匀,合金的电化学容量大于380mAh/g,电化学循环稳定性完全满足Ni-MH电池的使用要求。
附图说明
图1为本发明通过快淬和退火后,各实施例合金的XRD衍射谱。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图以及示例性实施例,进一步详细描述本发明的设计思想以及形成机理,以使本发明的技术解决方案更加清楚。
本发明经过研究发现,通过成分设计及改善合金的微观结构可以显著提高合金的综合电化学性能,特别是使合金的电化学循环稳定性显著提高。在成分设计上采用添加钛及硅在合金表面形成保护膜从而提高其抗腐蚀氧化性能。在合金中添加稀土多组元,发挥了不同稀土元素的综合优势,进一步提高合金的电化学循环稳定性。
本发明应用感应炉熔炼加氦气保护,基本上避免了金属镁的挥发损失,保证所制备的贮氢合金成分符合设计组份摩尔配比。通过退火处理,可以消除合金的成分偏析及消除铸造应力,使合金的综合电化学性能进一步提升。
通过下面的实施例对本发明所涉及的动力电池贮氢合金成分以及制备方法作进一步的说明。
本发明的Ni-MH电池用贮氢电极合金中添加了钛及硅元素,并含有多种稀土元素,其成分化学式为:RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin,式中x,y,z,m,n为原子比,且0.2≤x≤0.3,0.02≤y≤0.08,3.0≤z≤3.5,0.05≤m≤0.15,0.05≤n≤0.15。优选的原子比x:y:z:m:n=0.22:0.03:3.4:0.10:0.07。稀土元素除含有原子比为0.4-0.6的镧以外,还必须含有钐、钇、钕、镨中的至少一种。
本发明Ni-MH电池用高容量、长寿命贮氢电极合金的制备方法包括以下步骤:
A、按所设计的化学式原子比进行称重配比。由于镁和稀土元素熔点较低易于挥发,因此,在配比时增加5%-10%比例的烧损量,其中,镁以8%及稀土以5%为佳;
B、采用感应加热进行熔炼,将配好的原料置于氧化镁坩埚中,除镁置于坩埚顶层外,其他材料加入坩埚不分先后。盖好炉盖后抽真空至1×10-2-5×10-5Pa,然后充入0.01-0.1MPa惰性保护气体,即氦气或者氩气+氦气混合气体,其混合气体体积比约为1:1;熔炼温度1300-1600℃,视合金的成分进行温度调整,以确保金属原料完全熔化;在惰性气体气氛保护下,获得熔融的RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin液态母合金;
C在熔融状态下保持5分钟后,在保护气体气氛下,,将液态合金直接注入水冷铜模,在惰性气体保护下随炉冷却至室温,获得合金铸锭。
D将合金铸锭放入真空热处理炉,抽真空至10-2-10-4Pa,加热到800-1100℃,保温5-10小时,保温后随炉冷却至室温,获得退火态合金。其加热温度可优选950℃左右,保温时间可优选6小时左右。
然后对上述制备的合金进行结构表征和性能测试,采用x射线衍射仪(XRD)测试合金的结构,用SEM观察合金的形貌,用模拟电池测试仪测试合金的电化学放电容量及循环稳定性。
本发明具体实施例的化学成分及比例选择如下:
实施例1:La0.6Sm0.15Mg0.22Ti0.03Ni3.4Al0.1Si0.07
实施例2:La0.6Nd0.15Mg0.22Ti0.03Ni3.4Al0.1Si0.07
实施例3:La0.6Y0.15Mg0.22Ti0.03Ni3.4Al0.1Si0.07
实施例4:La0.6Pr0.15Mg0.22Ti0.03Ni3.4Al0.1Si0.07
实施例5:La0.55Pr0.1Sm0.1Mg0.22Ti0.03Ni3.4Al0.1Si0.07
实施例6:La0.55Y0.1Sm0.1Mg0.22Ti0.03Ni3.4Al0.1Si0.07
实施例7:La0.55Y0.1Nd0.1Mg0.22Ti0.03Ni3.3Al0.15Si0.05
实施例8:La0.55Y0.1Pr0.1Mg0.20Ti0.08Ni3.4Al0.1Si0.1
按各实施例的化学式组成选取块状稀土金属、金属镁、金属镍、金属铝、金属钛、硅。这些金属及硅的纯度≥99.5%,将金属打磨除去表面氧化层后,按化学剂量比称重。其中,金属镁及稀土金属在配比时增加5%-10%比例的烧损量,镁及稀土烧损量分别为8%和5%;在制备过程中,各阶段技术参数如:感应加热时真空至1×10-2-5×10-5Pa,施加0.01-0.1MPa的纯氦气或者氦气+氩气混合气体,混合气体的体积比约为1:1;熔融温度为1300-1600℃。将熔融合金直接注入水冷铜模中,随炉冷却至室温,获得合金铸锭。将合金铸锭加热到800-1100℃,保温5-10小时后,随炉冷却至室温,所有工艺参数均可在上述范围内进行适当选择,制备出合格的贮氢电极合金。因此,本发明虽然仅举了一个典型的实施例,但该实施例适用于不同参数的制备方法。
实施例1的工艺技术参数:将按照化学式组成称好的金属原料置于中频感应炉的氧化镁坩埚中,然后盖好炉盖,抽真空至真空度为1×10-2Pa以上,再充入压力为0.04MPa的氩气+氦气混合气体,调节功率使金属全部熔化,温度控制在1500℃左右,在熔融条件下保持5分钟,然后将液态合金注入水冷铜模中,获得直径为30mm的圆柱状铸锭。将合金铸锭放入真空热处理炉,抽真空至5×10-3Pa,加热到950℃,保温6小时后,随炉冷却至室温,获得退火态合金。
图1为实施例1-8退火合金的x-射线(XRD)衍射谱。用Jade6.0软件分析XRD数据发现,所有实施例的合金均具有多相结构,包括主相(La,Mg)2Ni7和LaNi5以及少量的LaNi2相。元素替代及退火处理并没有改变合金的相组成,但合金中各相的含量发生了明显改变。
将获得的上述各不同成分实施例的合金通过机械粉碎,过200目筛,获得直径≤74μm的合金粉末。将合金粉与羰基镍粉(颗粒直径≤2.5μm)按质量比1:4混合均匀后,在35MPa的压力下冷压成直径为15mm的圆柱状电极片,然后采用标准的三电极测试方法测试其电化学性能。
测试合金的活化性能与最大放电容量所采用的放电制度为:充放电电流密度为60mA/g,充电时间480min,放电截止电压为-0.5V;测试合金的电化学循环稳定性所采用的放电制度为:充放电电流密度为300mA/g,充电时间80min,放电截止电压为-0.6V。当充放电电流密度为300mA/g时,用S500表示500次循环后合金容量的保持率,即S500=C500,300/Cmax,300×100%。Cmax,300-充放电流密度为300mA/g时的最大放电容量;C500,300-充放电流密度为300mA/g时经500次充放循环后的放电容量。
上述实施例所制备的合金经测试的结果列于表1中。
测试结果表明,合金的电化学性能特别是放电容量远远高于目前市场销售的稀土基AB5型合金(330mAh/g),其综合电化学性能明显高于相似成分的铸态+退火态合金。
尽管本发明已对其优选实施方案作了说明,很显然本领域技术人员可采取其它实施方式,例如改变成分含量,加热温度等技术参数,在不脱离本发明设计思想的范围内,可以进行各种变形和修改,这些变化均属于本发明的保护范围。
表1实施例合金的电化学性能
实验合金 | 最大放电容量 (mAh/g) | S500 (%) |
实施例1 | 392.4 | 64.1 |
实施例2 | 394.6 | 68.5 |
实施例3 | 388.5 | 66.2 |
实施例4 | 391.7 | 61.7 |
实施例5 | 395.2 | 69.4 |
实施例6 | 391.7 | 67.3 |
实施例7 | 388.6 | 63.8 |
实施例8 | 378.5 | 71.4 |
最后应说明的是:显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之中。
Claims (1)
1.一种Ni-MH二次电池用贮氢电极合金的制备方法,其特征在于:Ni-MH电池用贮氢电极合金中添加了钛及硅元素,并含有多种稀土元素,其成分化学式为:RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin,式中x:y:z:m:n=0.22:0.03:3.4:0.10:0.07;RE为稀土元素,所述稀土元素除含有原子比为0.4-0.6的镧以外,还必须含有钐、钇、钕或镨中的至少一种;
制备方法包括以下步骤:
A、按所设计的化学式原子比进行称重配比;在配比时增加镁和稀土元素5%-10%重量比例的烧损量;
B、采用感应加热进行熔炼,将配好的原料置于氧化镁坩埚中,除镁置于坩埚顶层外,其他材料加入坩埚不分先后;盖好炉盖后抽真空至1×10-2-5×10-5Pa,然后充入0.01-0.1MPa惰性保护气体,即氦气或者氩气+氦气混合气体,其混合气体体积比为1:1;熔炼温度1300-1600℃,视合金的成分进行温度调整,以确保金属原料完全熔化;在惰性气体气氛保护下,获得熔融的RE1-xMgxTiyNizAlmSin液态母合金;
C在熔融状态下保持5分钟后,在保护气体气氛下,将液态合金直接注入水冷铜模,在惰性气体保护下随炉冷却至室温,获得合金铸锭;
D将合金铸锭放入真空热处理炉,抽真空至10-2-10-4Pa,加热到800-1100℃,保温5-10小时,保温后随炉冷却至室温,获得退火态合金。
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