CN103477446A - 包含下转换材料的透光热塑性树脂及其在光伏模块中的用途 - Google Patents
包含下转换材料的透光热塑性树脂及其在光伏模块中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
揭示了一种用作光伏模块中的透光层(即包封层)的热塑性树脂制剂,其包含:(a)透光热塑性树脂;(b)至少一种下转换材料,该材料在280-500纳米范围内具有入射辐射吸收的最大值,在400-900纳米范围的较长波长下具有辐射发射的最大值,并且该材料改善了光伏模块中光伏电流产生的效率;以及(c)光稳定剂添加剂,其透射至少约40%波长范围约为280-380纳米的紫外(UV)电磁辐射。还揭示了由这些树脂制备的片层材料以及包含此类片层材料的光伏模块。
Description
本申请要求2011年3月31日提交的临时申请序列号61/470184的优先权,其通过参考全文结合于此。
本发明涉及包含下转换材料的透光热塑性树脂。在另一种实施方式中,本发明还涉及此类树脂作为光伏(“PV”)模块中膜或层的用途。本发明的树脂具有改善的光伏模块耐久性、能量转换和成本效率的组合。
如人们所知,光伏模块主要在可见光谱范围或近可见光谱范围将电磁辐射转化为电能。将光或光子转化为电流的效率也称作“量子效率”。已知人们使用“下转换”材料尝试通过将较短波长光转化为较长波长光来改善光伏模块对较高能量、较短波长光的光谱响应的面积。下转换材料通常是一种或多种已知的有机或无机材料,该材料能够吸收较高能量、短波长光(即,在PV电池显示低的外部量子效率的范围内)并以较低能量、较长波长(即,在PV电池显示较高的外部量子效率的范围内)再发射该光。
许多文献描述了该“下转换”(有时也称作“下位移("down-shifting"))效应和提议材料,所述文献例如包括:W02007/043496;W02009/002943;W02009/157879W02003/079457;US2005/0265935;US2006/0169971;以及US2010/0186801。
人们已知,光伏模块需要能够经受长时间(例如,超过20年)直接暴露于紫外("UV")辐射下的运行。已知所选类型的热塑性聚合物树脂可提供光学、电学和物理性质之间良好且低成本的平衡,并且在许多应用中具有良好表现,但是难以将它们用于光伏模块应用中所经受的严苛暴露条件。当使用热塑性聚合物树脂时,许多类型的热塑性聚合物树脂需要保护其免受紫外辐射的稳定化添加剂,已知紫外辐射会造成许多类型的热塑性聚合物树脂的降解,否则这些热塑性聚合物树脂在经历长时间的紫外辐射过程中会快速降低该聚合物性质。
当要求热塑性聚合物树脂的紫外稳定性时,人们通常希望能够阻隔、吸收和/或降低较短波长紫外辐射的透过,或者可以将该较短波长紫外辐射“下转换”并且以对于光伏电池有用的辐射形式透过,用于转化成电能。由于紫外稳定化会破坏所需的下转换效应,因此,不希望这种紫外稳定的热塑性树脂有效包含和使用下转换材料。但是,在不进行稳定化的条件下,在下转换过程中紫外辐射会透入层中至少一段有限的距离,并使聚合物降解。
因此,人们希望获得紫外稳定的(至少部分透紫外光的)热塑性树脂和该树脂的膜或层,所述热塑性树脂包含至少一种下转换材料,该片材在光伏模块中具有良好的转换效率。人们还希望获得包含此类热塑性聚合物树脂材料的光伏模块以及其制备方法。因此,本发明的一个目的在于提供这些和其它结果。
发明内容
本发明提供了上述和各种其它期望结果中的一个或多个,在一种实施方式中,本发明是一种用作光伏模块中透光层的热塑性树脂制剂,该制剂包含:
(a)透光热塑性树脂;
(b)至少一种下转换材料,该材料在280-500纳米范围内具有入射辐射吸收的最大值,在400-900纳米范围的较长波长下具有辐射发射的最大值,并且该材料改善了光伏模块中光伏电流产生的效率;以及
(c)光稳定剂添加剂,其透射至少约40%波长范围约为280-380纳米的紫外(UV)电磁辐射。
在其它替代性实施方式中,本发明是如上所述的热塑性树脂制剂,其中,所述下转换材料在300-500纳米的光谱范围内具有电磁辐射的吸收最大值,和/或在400-600纳米的光谱范围内具有电磁辐射的发射最大值。在其它替代性实施方式中,本发明的热塑性树脂制剂包含选自下组的光稳定剂:Cyasorb3346;Cyasorb3529;Chimassorb944LD;Tinuvin622;Univul4050;Univul5050;以及Hostavin N30和Chimassorb119。
其它替代性实施方式包括如本文另外描述的这种热塑性树脂制剂,其中所述下转换材料包含选自下组的材料:
(a)选自下组的无机纳米颗粒:
(i)含有选自下组的光致发光镧系阳离子的化合物的纳米颗粒:La、Ce、Pr、Eu、Nd、Pm、Sm、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm和Yb;以及
(ii)选自半导体纳米晶体化合物的量子点,所述半导体纳米晶体化合物可由日光的一个高能光子产生不止一个激子;
并且所述无机纳米颗粒包括具有芯-壳结构的复合材料,该复合材料包含一种或多种上述纳米颗粒(i)或半导体纳米晶体化合物(ii),所述纳米颗粒或纳米晶体的尺寸范围约为1-200纳米;以及
(b)选自下组的有机发光下转换添加剂及其衍生物:罗丹明、香豆素、红荧烯、Alq3、TPD、Gaq2Cl、二萘嵌苯染料、萘碳酸以及蒽酮紫或异蒽酮紫。
在另一种替代性实施方式中,本发明是用作光伏电池中透光层的片材,所述片材包含选自上述热塑性树脂制剂的热塑性树脂制剂。
在另一种实施方式中,本发明是用于将入射电磁辐射转化为电能的光伏模块,其包括:(i)透光外表面覆盖片;(ii)至少一种由上述热塑性树脂制剂制备的透光包封片材,该片材为光伏电池提供保护使其免受环境影响;(iii)保护性外表面背面片层;以及(iv)至少一个适于将穿过覆盖片和包封膜的电磁辐射转化为电能的光伏电池。在其它替代性实施方式中,本发明是此类光伏模块,其中,所述光伏电池包含以下材料中的至少一种:CdS;Si;CdTe;InP;GaAs;Cu2S;以及二硒化铜铟镓(CIGS),晶体硅(c-Si)、非晶硅(a-Si)或CIS。
附图简要说明
图1是显示由二萘嵌苯染料、LumogenTM570紫产生的波长“下转换”效应的图。
图2a和2b是显示对于一系列膜,200-400纳米波长范围内透过该膜的入射光的百分数图。
图3是PV模块的一个示例结构的截面图。
发明详述
下转换材料
用于制备本发明的热塑性聚合物树脂材料的重要组分是合适的电磁辐射下转换材料,该材料能吸收较短波长的入射辐射并再发射较长波长的辐射。有多种已知的有机和无机材料和化合物适合于该用途;其中一些也称作发光材料。在本发明的多种实施方式中,可使用单个下转换材料,或者可使用下转换材料的组合或“链”,例如用来提供下转换“级联(cascade)”。
在一种实施方式中,此类下转换材料有效吸收主要来自紫外光谱区(约280-400纳米(nm))内辐射的电磁能并发出较高波长的辐射。理想地,该材料在该范围内具有至少一个电磁能的“吸收最大值”,在存在不止一个吸收最大值的情况下,优选所有这些吸收最大值都在该范围内。下转换材料的“吸收最大值”指的是太阳电磁波谱(对于这些材料而言是紫外范围)之外化合物吸光量达最大时的光波长,优选地光能的最大吸收量如光能吸收对比波长范围的图中的峰所示。这可从图1中看出。在一些情况中,下转换材料可具有不止一个吸收最大值。关于该测量,使用已知的市售紫外可见光分光光度计来测量吸收。如人们所知,在约280-400纳米的紫外光谱范围内,现有技术的光伏电池中使用的常规半导体材料的响应显著减少,意味着该范围不能非常有效地产生电流。在该一般范围内,下转换材料吸收最大值优选至少约325纳米,更优选至少约350纳米。优选地,吸收最大值通常小于约400纳米,优选小于约380纳米。如图1所示,LumogenTM570紫的吸收最大值波长在吸收波长曲线的峰值处,约375纳米。
在一个实施方式中,这种下转换材料在约400-900纳米的太阳光谱范围内具有一个或多个电磁辐射的发射最大值。在存在不止一个发射最大值的情况中,优选所有的下转换材料发射最大值都落入该范围内,这对于某些下转换材料来说是可能的。例如参见图1。在该光谱范围内,现有技术光伏电池的光谱响应通常较高,或者至少优于紫外范围内的光谱响应。结合上述最大吸收范围,所述下转换材料将电磁辐射从光谱响应较差的范围有效转换为光伏电池的光谱响应较高的范围。下转换材料的“发射最大值”指的是太阳电磁波谱之外化合物发光量达最大时的光波长,优选地光能的最大百分数如光能发射值对比波长范围的图中的峰所示。对于该测量,通常通过已知的荧光计使用单激发波长和单检测波长来测量光能发射。在该范围内,发射最大值波长优选至少在约380纳米,优选至少约400纳米,并且小于约900纳米,更优选小于约500纳米。如图1所示,LumogenTM570紫的发射最大值波长在发射波长曲线的峰值处,约410纳米和435纳米。因此,如图1所示,LumogenTM570紫是下转换材料的一个例子。
存在许多已知的能满足上述一般性能标准的下转换材料,并且它们适于根据本发明的用途。合适的下转换材料包括一种或多种以下出版物中所公开的材料(单独地,或者以混合物的形式):
US2006/0169971,其示出了无机量子点化合物;
WO2009/157879,其示出了亚微米级、稀土离子掺杂的、有机、无机或杂合复合物,包括有机和磷光体发光添加剂,该复合物能够下转换光。
WO2007/042438,其示出了微包封的有机和无机发光颜料;以及
WO2008/110567,其示出了一些下转换材料及其在光伏应用中的用途;
将这些出版物通过参考全部纳入本文。
上述出版物中一般性公开的合适的下转换材料是以下具体的无机和有机类下转换材料。
无机下转换材料纳米颗粒包括选自下组的下转换化合物:
(i)含有选自下组的光致发光镧系阳离子的化合物的纳米颗粒:La、Ce、Pr、Eu、Nd、Pm、Sm、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm和Yb;以及
(ii)选自半导体纳米晶体化合物的量子点,所述半导体纳米晶体化合物可由日光的一个高能光子产生不止一个激子。
包括这种含有选自下组元素的半导体纳米晶体化合物下转换材料:
1)元素周期表第2族和第16族元素,包括二元化合物:MgO、MgS、MgSe、MgTe、CaO、CaS、CaTe、SrO、SrS、SrSe、SrTe、BaO、BaS、BaSe、BaTe;
2)元素周期表第12族和第16族元素,包括二元化合物:CdO、CdSe、CdTe、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe和ZnTe,并且包括三元化合物,CdSeS、CdSeTe、CdSTe、ZnSeS、ZnSeTe、ZnSTe、CdZnS、CdZnSe和CdZnTe;
3)元素周期表第13族和第15族元素,包括二元化合物:包括GaN、GaP、GaAs、GaSb、InP、InAs和InSb,三元化合物,包括GaNP、GaNAs、GaNSb、GaPAs、GaPSb、InNP、InNAs、InNSb、InPAs、InPSb和GaAlNP;
4)元素周期表第14族和第16族元素,包括二元化合物PbO、PbO2、PbS、PbSe、PbTe、SnS、SnSe、SnTe、SiO2、GeO2、SnO2,包括三元化合物,PbSeS、PbSeTe、PbSTe、SnPbS、SnPbSe和SnPbTe;
5)元素周期表第14族元素,包括一元化合物Si和Ge,以及二元化合物SiC和SiGe。
并且包括具有芯-壳结构的下转换复合材料,该复合材料包含一种或多种上述纳米颗粒或纳米晶体,所述纳米颗粒或纳米晶体的尺寸范围约为1-200纳米。
具有下转换性质的合适的有机发光添加剂可选自下类有机化合物及其衍生物:罗丹明、香豆素、红荧烯、Alq3、TPD、Gaq2Cl、二萘嵌苯染料、萘碳酸以及蒽酮紫或异蒽酮紫。
下转换方法几乎可用于所有目前制备的光伏模块,包括硅晶片基器件,以及一些薄膜光伏模块。因此,可以选择和配制下转换材料,以提高具体光伏模块的短波长响应,从而提高产生的电流量。为了涵盖相关光伏模块的较差量子效率的区域,可以选择多个分别具有较窄吸收带的下转换材料(例如染料混合物)。通常从紫外范围开始选择染料,然后增加具有较短波长吸收和发射光谱的染料。对于具有高发光量子效率的荧光染料,由于能量级联降至最低能量,混合的宽带吸收剂通过最长波长染料展现其大部分发射,因此其仍将具有高发光量子效率。
根据将下转换材料结合至透光热塑性聚合物中所需的温度以及PV模块组装工艺中使用的温度,使用可耐受较高温度的下转换材料可能很重要。对于在200℃或200℃附近的较高加热熔融混合或溶液结合步骤,或者在约150℃的PV模块层压工艺,一些荧光染料,例如BASF Lumogen F系列(二萘嵌苯染料,参见WO2008/110567(即US2010/0186801),通过参考将其纳入本文)中的荧光染料,是较稳定的,并且不会被不利地影响。优选地,所述下转换材料在最高至少约230℃,更优选至少约200℃温度下保持稳定,并且在升高至所述温度后依然能够进行下转换。
优选地下转换添加剂包括TINOPAL OB,购自巴斯夫公司(BASF)的LumogenTMF黄083和Lumogen F紫570。所使用的下转换材料的量将取决于各种因素,包括所选具体材料的效率和其用于光伏模块中的热塑性聚合物中的方式。通常,热塑性聚合物中下转换材料的浓度为约0.1-5000重量份下转换材料/百万重量份热塑性聚合物组合物(ppm)。理想地,该含量至少约为10ppm,优选至少约50ppm。在一些实施方式中,最大含量小于或等于约1000ppm,优选小于或等于约500ppm。
已证实这些范围具有在改善大多数下转换材料的量子效率方面具有有益的效果。然而,精确的最佳浓度可取决于下转换材料和/或基质材料的特性。另外,如下文所讨论,在下转换材料的浓度和位置方面,光伏模块的结构可决定其最佳利用。
热塑性聚合物树脂稳定化材料
除了上述下转换材料,需要选定的光稳定剂化合物以提供本发明的热塑性聚合物稳定化和光伏性能的优化组合。一定程度上根据所稳定的热塑性树脂,可选择稳定剂化合物以提供对聚合物物理性质的所需保护来抵抗紫外引发的降解,并且仍能够实现电磁辐射的较高能量波长的下转换,以提供改进的电池性能。
优选使用一种或多种具有以下性质的光稳定剂添加剂:当将该光稳定剂添加剂用于树脂和膜时,其浓度足以提供所需的稳定化水平,该光稳定剂添加剂能透射至少约40%的波长在约280-380纳米的紫外(UV)范围的紫外电磁辐射。这意味着,当测试该光稳定剂化合物在该波长范围内的光透射率时,其在全范围内测量时具有至少50%的透射率。可以确定,光稳定剂添加剂透射至少约40%的波长在约280-380纳米的紫外(UV)范围内的紫外电磁辐射,这是通过观察以下方法获得的各波长下辐射透射率的图或图表而测得的:使用紫外可见光分光光度计并测量在该波长范围内在每个波长下光透射率为至少约50%。
理想地,稳定剂化合物分子量至少约为500AU,更优选至少约为1000AU,较高分子量将减缓添加剂在现场应用中的迁移。
关于这一点,特别有用的是使用至少一种位阻胺光稳定剂(“HALS”),该稳定剂能提供稳定化作用,同时不会阻隔或吸收目标波长辐射的透射。不以任何方式构成对本发明范围的限制,从理论上来说,这些添加剂清除了通过紫外辐射在热塑性聚合物中产生的自由基,否则将造成聚合物降解过程。这可以用通过已知的称作丹尼索夫循环(Denisov Cycle)过程形成的硝酰基来解释,在该循环中硝酰基(R-O·)与聚合物中的自由基结合。通常,该类添加剂不会大量吸收UVA(320纳米和380纳米)或UVA和UVB(280-320纳米)范围内的波长的电磁辐射,该电磁辐射可使用一种或多种上述下转换材料进行下转换。不受任何理论的限制,从理论上来说,作为该类稳定剂化合物的另一个有利特性是该类光稳定剂与下转换材料存在极性-极性相互作用和/或氢键作用。理论上,如果有的话,这将会减缓下转换材料和紫外添加剂在聚合物基质中的迁移,改善下转换材料的紫外稳定性和/或添加剂在某些热塑性聚合物(特别是聚烯烃)中的分散性。
除了HALS型,还存在其它合适的非HALS型光稳定剂,例如激发态猝灭剂、氢过氧化物分解剂和自由基清除剂。其例子包括:Cyasorb UV-1084([2,2-硫代二(4-叔辛基苯酚根合(pheonlato))]-正丁基胺,镍)、氢过氧化物分解剂和CyasorbUV-2908(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸,十六烷基酯)、自由基清除剂。一些合适的光稳定剂如下表所示:
表1–光稳定剂
名称 | 供应商 | MW | 类型 |
Cyasorb3346 | 骏龙公司(Cytech) | 1600 | HALS |
Cyasorb3529 | 骏龙公司 | 1700 | HALS |
Cyasorb2908 | 骏龙公司 | 475 | 非-HALS |
Cyaborb3853 | 骏龙公司 | 400-500____ | HALS___ |
Chimassorb944LD | 汽巴公司(Ciba) | 2000-3100 | HALS |
Tinuvin622 | 汽巴公司 | 3100-4000 | HALS |
Tinuvin123 | 汽巴公司 | 737-1630____ | HALS___ |
Univul4050 | 巴斯夫公司(BASF) | 450 | HALS |
Univul5050 | 巴斯夫公司 | 3500 | HALS |
Hostavin N30 | 克莱瑞特公司(Clariant) | >1000 | HALS |
Chimassorb UV119 | 汽巴公司 | 2285 | HALS |
这些添加剂所需的能够提供光稳定化作用的含量在一定程度上取决于具体稳定剂,但以所稳定的聚合物的重量为基准计,其含量通常为约0.01-5重量%。具体而言,以热塑性聚合物组合物的总重量为基准计,光稳定剂的所需量优选为约0.02-0.5重量%,更优选约0.05-0.15重量%。
任意其它稳定化添加剂的选择(如果有的话)应当与预期的紫外下转换性能相协调。通常而言,应避免会对下转换造成不利影响的紫外吸收剂。
还可使用含磷稳定剂化合物,包括例如亚膦酸酯/盐(PEPQ)和亚磷酸酯/盐(Weston399,TNPP,P-168和Doverphos9228)。加工稳定剂的量通常约为0.02-0.5%,优选约为0.05-0.15%。
因此,这类其它添加剂包括但不限于:
粘着添加剂(如聚异丁烯);
抗粘连剂;
抗滑剂;
颜料和填料(根据应用中的透射率/透明性要求所允许)。
还可使用过程中添加剂,例如硬脂酸钙、矿物油、水等。按照与本领域公知相同的方式和量使用其它可能的添加剂。
热塑性聚合物组件
如下文所详细讨论,可将高透光性热塑性聚合物(具体为热塑性聚烯烃共聚物)用于一种或多种不同光伏模块元件或组件。以下术语用来表示使用了它们的聚合物材料、层、膜、元件和/或组件。
“组合物”等术语是指两种或更多种材料的混合物。组合物包括反应前、反应和反应后混合物,所述反应后混合物包括反应产物和副产物以及反应混合物的未反应组分和分解产物(如果有的话),它们由所述反应前或反应混合物中的一种或多种组分形成。
“掺混物”、“聚合物掺混物”等术语是指两种或更多种聚合物的组合物。此类掺混物可以混溶或不可以混溶。此类掺混物可以相分离或不可以相分离。此类掺混物可以包含或不含一种或多种域构型(domain configurations),如通过透射电子光谱学、光散射、X-射线散射和本领域已知的其它方法测定的。掺混物不是层压体,但层压体的一层或多层可包含掺混物。
“聚合物”或所述类型的聚合物是指通过聚合单体而制备的聚合材料或树脂,所有单体都是所述相同类型的或包括其它类型的一些单体单元。因此,一般性术语聚合物包括术语均聚物(其通常用于指仅由一种类型的单体制备的聚合物),以及如下文所定义的术语互聚物或共聚物。其还包括互聚物的所有形式,例如无规、嵌段等。术语“乙烯/α-烯烃聚合物”、“丙烯/α-烯烃聚合物”和“硅烷共聚物”表示下文所述的互聚物。
“互聚物”或“共聚物”可互换使用,并且指的是由至少两种不同单体聚合所制备的聚合物。该一般性术语包括由两种或更多种不同单体制备的共聚物,例如三元共聚物、四元共聚物等。
术语“高透光性”指的是一种针对太阳辐射的材料、膜或层,并且表示光透射率超过至少约85%,优选至少约90%,优选超过95%,更优选超过97%,这是由紫外可见光分光光度计(测量约280-1200纳米波长范围内的吸光度)测得的。透射率的另一种测量方法是ASTM D-1003-00的内部雾度方法。透射率可以是所测材料、膜或层的厚度的函数,如本文所用,指的是通常用于常规PV模块的膜或层中的以厚度计的“透射率”,通常在约50-1000微米(“μm”),约15-18密耳范围内。
通常而言,上文所述的下转换材料结合所选的位阻胺光稳定剂可用于宽范围的透光热塑性聚合物树脂(通常也称作聚合物、树脂、塑料和/或塑料树脂)。具体而言,根据其光学、电学和物理性质及成本效率的所需组合,可将宽范围的透光热塑性聚烯烃共聚物用于层压膜结构中的层中,只要能够将其制成薄膜或片层并提供所需的物理性质。本发明的其它或优选的实施方式可使用一种或多种特定类型的热塑性聚烯烃共聚物和/或以特定层形式的特定热塑性聚烯烃共聚物,这将在下文中讨论。优选地,所述透光热塑性聚合物的透射率大于50%,优选大于85%,更优选在可见光谱的全范围内大于85%。
可用于实施本发明的聚烯烃共聚物优选为聚烯烃互聚物或共聚物,更优选为乙烯/α-烯烃互聚物。这些互聚物具有提供指定密度所需的α-烯烃含量,以互聚物的重量为基准计,该含量通常至少为约15重量百分数(重量%),优选至少约20重量%,更优选至少约25重量%。以互聚物的重量为基准计,这些互聚物的α-烯烃含量通常小于约50重量%,优选小于约45重量%,更优选小于约40重量%,更优选小于约35重量%。α-烯烃的存在及其含量是使用Randall(Rev.Macromol.Chem.Phys.,C29(2&3))中所述的方法由13C核磁共振(NMR)光谱测定的。通常,互聚物的α-烯烃含量越高,互聚物的密度越低且越无定形。
所述α-烯烃优选为C3-20直链、支链或环状α-烯烃。C3-20α-烯烃的例子包括丙烯、1-丁烯、4-甲基-1-戊烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯、1-癸烯、1-十二碳烯、1-十四碳烯、1-十六碳烯和1-十八碳烯。所述α-烯烃还可包含环状结构,例如环己烷或环戊烷,形成α-烯烃例如3-环己基-1-丙烯(烯丙基环己烷)和乙烯基环己烷。虽然并不是该术语的经典意义上的α-烯烃,但是,为了本发明的目的,某些环状烯烃,例如降冰片烯和相关的烯烃是α-烯烃,并且可用于代替一些或所有的上述α-烯烃。类似地,苯乙烯及其相关烯烃(例如,α-甲基苯乙烯等)是出于本发明的目的的α-烯烃。但是,丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸以及它们各自的离聚物,以及丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯以及其它类似的极性不饱和共聚单体不是出于本发明的目的的α-烯烃。示例性聚烯烃共聚物包括乙烯/丙烯、乙烯/丁烯、乙烯/1-己烯、乙烯/1-辛烯、乙烯/苯乙烯等。乙烯/丙烯酸(EAA)、乙烯/甲基丙烯酸(EMA)、乙烯/丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯、乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯以及类似的具有极性不饱和共聚单体的共聚物等不是出于本发明范围目的的热塑性聚烯烃共聚物或互聚物。出于本发明范围的目的,可以是热塑性聚烯烃共聚物或互聚物的示例性三元共聚物包括乙烯/丙烯/1-辛烯、乙烯/丙烯/丁烯、乙烯/丁烯/1-辛烯和乙烯/丁烯/苯乙烯。所述共聚物可以是无规型或嵌段型的。
通常,较低密度的热塑性聚烯烃共聚物可用于实施本发明。通常,它们优选是接枝的或官能化以包含烷氧基硅烷的“基础”聚合物,或者在含烷氧基硅烷的共聚物的情况中,所述聚合物将发生聚合并包含共聚的烷氧基硅烷。通常,它们的密度将小于约0.930克/厘米3(g/cm3),优选小于约0.920克/厘米3,优选小于约0.910克/厘米3,优选小于约0.905克/厘米3,更优选小于约0.890克/厘米3,更优选小于约0.880克/厘米3,更优选小于约0.875克/厘米3。在大多数情况下,聚烯烃共聚物的密度没有严格的下限,但出于树脂的生产、制粒、操作和/或加工的常规工业化方法的目的,它们的密度通常为大于约0.850克/立方厘米,优选大于约0.855克/立方厘米,更优选大于约0.860克/立方厘米。使用ASTM D-792的步骤测定密度。这些较低密度的聚烯烃共聚物的特征通常在于半晶体、挠性、耐水蒸气渗透性以及具有良好的光学性质,例如可见光和紫外光的高透射率和低雾度。
通常,可用于实施本发明的热塑性聚烯烃共聚物所需的熔点小于约125℃。这通常使得能够使用已知的并且市售可得的玻璃层压方法和设备来进行层压。如下文所述,在可用于实施本发明的热塑性聚烯烃共聚物的具体类型的情况中,可存在优选的熔点范围。如本领域技术人员所已知,热塑性聚烯烃共聚物的熔点可通过差示扫描量热法("DSC")测量,如下所述该方法还可用于测定玻璃化转变温度("Tg")。
这些共聚物的其它理想特征任选地包括以下性质中的一种或多种:
小于约150兆帕(MPa)的2%割线模量(通过ASTM D-790测定);以及
小于约-35℃的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)(由DSC测得)。
可用于实施本发明的聚烯烃共聚物的熔体指数通常大于或等于约0.10克/10分钟(g/10min),优选大于或等于约1克/10分钟,且小于或等于约75克/10分钟,优选小于或等于约10克/10分钟。熔体指数由ASTM D-1238(190℃/2.16kg)的步骤测量。
烷氧基硅烷纳入之前或不包括烷氧基硅烷纳入的可用于本发明的聚烯烃共聚物的更具体的例子包括非常低密度聚乙烯(VLDPE)(例如,由陶氏化学公司(DowChemical Company)制备的乙烯/1-己烯聚乙烯),均匀支化的、直链乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物(例如三井石化公司(Mitsui Petrochemicals Company Limited)的和埃克森化学公司(Exxon Chemical Company)的),和均匀支化的,基本上直链的乙烯/α-烯烃聚合物(例如,可购自陶氏化学公司的和聚乙烯),以及烯烃嵌段共聚物(OBC’s),例如USP7,355,089中所述的共聚物(例如,可购自陶氏化学公司的)。聚烯烃共聚物的具体优选类型包括烯烃嵌段型共聚物(OBC)和均匀支化的、基本直链的乙烯共聚物(SLEP)。
关于优选的均匀支化的基本直链的乙烯共聚物(SLEP),它们是“无规聚烯烃共聚物”的例子,这些类型聚合物的描述及其在PV包封膜中的用途在2008/036708中讨论,USP5,272,236、5,278,272和5,986,028中进行了更全面的描述,这些文献通过参考全部纳入本文。已知优选使用单中心(single site)催化剂,例如金属茂催化剂或受限几何构型催化剂(constrained geometry catalyst)制备SLEP-型聚烯烃共聚物。这些聚烯烃共聚物的熔点通常小于约95℃,优选小于约90℃,更优选小于约85℃,更优选小于约80℃,更优选小于约75℃。
类似地,优选烯烃嵌段共聚物(OBC)型的聚烯烃共聚物,该共聚物是“嵌段型聚烯烃共聚物”的例子,并且通常使用链穿梭型催化剂来制备。这些类型的聚合物在PV包封膜中的用途的描述在2008/036707中有所讨论,该文献通过参考纳入本文。这些嵌段型聚烯烃共聚物的熔点通常小于约125℃,优选为约95-125℃。
对于使用多中心催化剂制备的其他类型的聚烯烃共聚物,例如齐格勒-纳塔(Zeigler-Natta)和菲利普斯(Phillips)催化剂,熔点通常为约115-135℃。该熔点是通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)来测量的,如例如USP5,783,638中所述。具有较低熔点的聚烯烃共聚物通常具有在制造本发明的模块中有用的理想的挠性和热塑性。类似合适的聚合物是如USP5,798,420中所述的基于乙基的嵌段型聚合物,其具有A嵌段和B嵌段,以及当A嵌段中存在二烯时通过两种或更多种嵌段聚合物的偶联形成的结节状聚合物(nodular polymer)。
任意上述热塑性聚烯烃共聚物树脂的掺混物也可用于本发明,并且具体而言,可将所述热塑性聚烯烃共聚物用一种或多种其它聚合物掺混或稀释至以下程度:(i)聚合物可相互混溶;(ii)其它聚合物对所述聚烯烃共聚物的所需性质(例如光学性质和低模量)的影响(如果有的话)很小;以及(iii)本发明的热塑性聚烯烃共聚物占该掺混物的至少约70重量%,优选至少约75重量%,更优选至少约80重量%。优选地,掺混物本身也具有上述密度、熔体指数和熔点性质。
还如人们所知,为了提供某些在粘合性、耐热性和韧性相关的物理性质方面具有理想的或所需的改进的透光热塑性聚合物(具体而言是热塑性聚烯烃共聚物),可以通过在聚合过程中使用已知的单体反应物、已知的接枝技术或其它官能化技术将烷氧基硅烷基团纳入至热塑性聚合物树脂中。能有效改进热塑性聚烯烃树脂的粘合性、耐热性和/或韧性相关的物理性能以及能与其接枝或纳入其中并随后发生交联的任意类型和任意量的含烷氧基硅烷基团的化合物或单体可用于实施本发明。能促进纳入的催化剂和其它技术的用途、烷氧基硅烷基团的用途和性能也是已知的,并且可以尽可能且适当地用于本发明所用的含烷氧基硅烷的透光热塑性聚合物。
一定程度上根据热塑性聚合物中所用的具体下转换材料,可以以人们所熟知的纳入热塑性树脂添加剂的任意技术将下转换材料和光稳定剂一起或依次纳入热塑性聚合物中。可将聚合材料与含下转换材料的母料(例如含染料的聚合物(如染料掺杂的PMMA)的颗粒)混合,或者可直接混合下转换材料(如半导体量子点(纳米晶体))。此类混合技术和器件包括但不限于使用单或双螺杆挤出机、捏合机、混合机等的已知类型的熔融混合,包括称作班伯里(Banbury)和哈克(Haake)的混合技术和器件。可将某些下转换材料(如某些有机染料)溶解于透光热塑性聚合物中。
如上文所述,根据本发明,包含下转换材料的稳定化的热塑性聚合物组合物可较好地用于多种不同类型的结构和应用,所述结构和应用包括用于光伏模块的层或膜。以下术语表示此类膜、层、结构和应用的组件和结构:
涉及包含下转换材料的热塑性聚合物用途的“层”或“膜”指的是较薄的、单片、厚度、涂层或层。“膜”材料通常由已知的方法制得,并回收用于后续使用(包括以“层”的形式)。在“层”的情况中,通过已知的方法(如共挤出)或众多已知的涂覆技术中的一种,任选地与一层或多层附加层一起,在层压结构之内或之上内部或外部连续地或非连续地提供膜或较薄的涂层或层。
“多层”是指至少两层。
“面部表面”等术语指的是所述膜或层的两个主要表面,即(膜的)外部表面或向外表面或与层压结构中相邻层的相对表面和相邻表面接触的表面。面部表面区别于边缘表面。矩形膜或层包含两个面部表面和四个边缘表面。圆形膜或层包含两个面部表面和一个连续的边缘表面。
处于“面部接触”(以及类似术语)的层是指两层不同的相邻层的整个面部表面基本上完全接触。
“粘附接触”(以及类似术语)中的层指的是两层不同层的面部表面相接触并且彼此结合接触,这样在不破坏一层或两层的相接触的面部表面的情况下无法将一层从另一层上移除。
一定程度上根据使用含下转换材料和光稳定剂的热塑性聚合物的具体结构和方法,通常将热塑性聚合物组合物制成膜,或膜的至少一层,该膜和膜结构可通过大量已知的膜制备方法中的任意一种来制备,所述方法包括但不限于挤出法或共挤出法,例如吹塑膜(blown-film)、改性的吹塑膜、压延和流延。可根据提供多个层以及提供几乎任意数量的层的已知技术(例如)将组件纳入至多层膜的相同层或不同层中,所述任意数量的层最多为并且包括现有技术中已知的含有较大数量的层并且常称作“微层”结构的结构。有许多可用于多层膜(最多为并且包括微层膜)的已知技术,包括例如USP5,094,788、USP5,094,793、WO/2010/096608、WO2008/008875、USP3,565,985、USP3,557,265、USP3,884,606、USP4,842,791和USP6,685,872中所述,所有文献通过参考在此纳入本文。
“光伏电池”(“PV电池”)包含任意几种现有技术已知的且来自现有技术光伏模块教导的无机或有机类型的一种或多种光伏效应材料。例如,常用的光伏效应材料包括一种或多种已知的光伏效应材料,其包括但不限于晶体硅、多晶硅、非晶硅、(二)硒化铜铟镓(CIGS)、硒化铜铟(CIS)、碲化镉、砷化镓、染料敏化材料和有机太阳能电池材料。
所述PV电池具有至少一层光活性表面,该表面将入射光转化为电流。光伏电池是本领域从业人员熟知的,并且通常将其包装在光伏模块中,该模块可保护电池,并使其可以应用于各种应用环境中,通常为户外应用。如本文所用,PV电池在特性上可以是挠性或刚性的,并且包括光伏效应材料和任意保护性涂覆表面材料,将所述材料以及合适的配线和电子驱动回路(未显示)用于其制备中。
“光伏模块”(“PV”模块)包含一个或多个位于保护性外壳或包装内的PV电池,该保护性外壳或包装保护电池单元并使得光伏电池可用于各种应用环境,通常为户外应用。模块中通常使用包封膜设置和覆盖在PV电池的一个或两个表面上。
如本领域所众所周知,将入射电磁辐射转化为电能并且本发明热塑性聚合物组合物特别适用的光伏模块包括:(i)透光的外表面覆盖片;(ii)至少一层热塑性树脂包封膜或层,其为光伏电池提供保护使其免受环境影响;(iii)任选的保护性外表面背面片层以及(iv)至少一个适于将穿过覆盖片和包封膜的电磁辐射转化为电能的光伏电池。根据本发明的一种实施方式,层或组件(ii)是稳定化热塑性树脂片层材料,该材料包含至少一种适于至少部分地吸收入射辐射并且以较高波长将该辐射再发射的下转换材料。
从图3中可以看出,PV模块10包括至少一个被透光的保护性包封组件12(此处显示的是两个“夹心形式”的子层12a和12b的组合)包围或包封的光伏电池11(在这种情况中,具有光活性或有效表面,该表面向上朝向或面对页面的顶部方向)。透光的覆盖片13具有与包封膜层12a的前面部表面粘附接触的内表面,从而使该层12a设置在PV电池11之上并与PV电池11粘附接触。背面片层14作为基材,其支承PV电池11的后表面和任选的包封膜层12b,在这种情况下所述层12b设置在PV电池11的后表面之上。如果与背面片层14所相对的PV电池的表面不是有效的(即对日光有活性),则背面片层14(甚至以及包封子层12b)不需要为透光的。在该典型的刚性PV模块的实施方式中,包封膜12通过两层“夹心”包封PV电池11。这些层的厚度,无论是绝对情况还是彼此之间的相对情况,都对本发明不关键,因此这些厚度可根据总体设计和模块的目的在宽范围内变化。保护性层12a和12b的常规厚度范围约为0.125-2毫米(mm),覆盖片和背面片层的厚度范围约为0.125-1.25毫米。所述电子器件的厚度也可广泛变化。
在挠性PV模块的情况中,结构是类似的,而表述“挠性”表示它将包括具有单一光活性表面(朝向图2中页面的顶部方向)的挠性薄膜光伏电池11。顶层13覆盖并附着于透光的包封膜层12a的前面部表面,该层12a设置在薄膜PV电池11之上并与之粘附面部接触。挠性背面片层14是第二保护性层,其支承薄膜PV11的底表面(并且可以与包封层和/或顶层相同或相似),并且如果其支承的薄膜电池的表面对日光不是活性的话,则不需要是透光的。在一个挠性PV模块实施方式中,将PV电池11施加并直接粘附于背面片层14(其中无保护性层12b)上,并且薄膜光伏电池11被保护性层12a和背面片层14有效“包封”。常规刚性或挠性PV电池模块的总厚度通常在约5-50毫米的范围内。
透光的包封组件或层
包含本发明的下转换/光稳定剂制剂的透光热塑性聚合物可最好地用于PV模块的一层或多层透光性包封层。这些层在各种类型的PV模块结构中有时称作“包封”膜或层、或者“保护性”膜或层、或者“粘附性”膜或层。通常,这些层用来包封和保护内部光伏电池免受水分和其它类型的物理破坏的侵扰,并将其粘附于其它层,例如玻璃或其它顶部片材和/或背面片层。此类膜的所需品质有光学透明度、良好的物理性质和耐湿性、可模塑性以及低成本。可以以与已知的PV模块层压结构中所用的透光层相同的方式和量来使用本发明的聚合物组合物,特别是本发明的膜,例如如USP6,586,271、US专利申请公开US2001/0045229A1、WO99/05206和WO99/04971中所述的PV模块层压结构。这些材料可用作PV电池的透光性“皮肤”,即将这些材料施用至光活性器件的任意面部或表面。任选地,非常类似的但不包含所述下转换材料的材料和层可用作包封层用于非光活性器件的任意面部或表面。
如下文的进一步描述,对于该组件,可以将包含本发明的下转换/光稳定剂制剂的热塑性聚合物施用于PV电池器件作为单独的涂层或层,或者优选地,首先制备包含至少一层含有本发明下转换/光稳定剂制剂的热塑性聚合物的膜结构,然后将其顺序或同时施用于该器件的光活性面部表面。
透光性覆盖片
透光性覆盖片层(在各种类型的PV模块结构中有时称作“覆盖”层、“保护性”层和/或“顶部片”层)可以是一种或多种已知的刚性或挠性片层材料。除了玻璃之外,可将其它已知材料用于一个或多个层,本发明的层压膜可以与所述材料一起使用。此类材料包括例如以下材料:例如聚碳酸酯、丙烯酸类聚合物、聚丙烯酸酯、环状聚烯烃如乙烯降冰片烯、茂金属-催化的聚苯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯、含氟聚合物如ETFE(乙烯-四氟乙烯(ethylene-tetrafluoroethlene))、PVF(聚氟乙烯)、FEP(氟代乙烯-丙烯(fluoroethylene-propylene))、ECTFE(乙烯-氯代三氟乙烯)、PVDF(聚偏二氟乙烯),以及许多其它类型的塑料或聚合材料,包括两种或更多种这些材料的层压体、混合物或合金。具体层的位置以及对透光性和/或其它具体物理性质的需要将决定具体材料的选择。如果基于其组合物需要且可能的话,上述讨论的下转换/光稳定剂制剂可用于透明的覆盖片。但是,这些材料中的一些的固有稳定性可能不需要本发明的光稳定化。
当用于本发明的某些实施方式中时,用作透光的覆盖片的“玻璃”是指坚硬的脆性透光固体,例如用于窗户、许多瓶子或眼镜的固体,包括但不限于钠钙玻璃、硼硅酸盐玻璃、糖玻璃、云母(白云母(Muscovy-glass))或氧氮化铝。在技术角度上,玻璃是熔合的无机产物,其被冷却至刚性条件而没有结晶。许多玻璃包含二氧化硅作为其主要成分和玻璃形成剂。
纯的二氧化硅(SiO2)玻璃(与石英或其多晶形式、砂相同的化学物质)不吸收紫外光,其被用于在该区域中需要透明度的应用。石英的大的天然单晶是纯二氧化硅,碾碎后用于高品质的特种玻璃。合成的无定形二氧化硅(石英的几乎100%纯的形式)是大多数昂贵的特种玻璃的原料。
层压结构的玻璃层通常包括但不限于以下玻璃中的一种:窗户玻璃、平板玻璃、硅酸盐玻璃、玻璃片、浮法玻璃、有色玻璃、特种玻璃(其可以例如包括用来控制太阳能加热的成分)、涂覆有溅射金属如银的玻璃,涂覆有氧化锑锡和/或氧化铟锡的玻璃、E-玻璃和SolexiaTM玻璃(购自宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的PPG工业公司(PPG Industries of Pittsburgh,PA))。
背面片层或后面层
此外,光伏模块可包括附加后面层,有时也称作“背面片层”等,其中所述后面层适于为光伏模块提供附加保护来抵抗水分,并且根据所使用的PV电池的能力,所述后面层是透光性的或不透光的。根据具体结构的需要,所述后面层可层压至以下结构中的一种或多种:包封元件、PV电池的背侧和/或透光的覆盖片。根据性质的所需组合,后面层可选自一系列材料,包括顶部片层材料,以及(如果允许的话)不透光材料,例如金属层,该后面层具有提供物理性质、水分阻挡和重量平衡的所需且成本效率平衡的功能。例如,已证实氟化聚合材料(如聚氟乙烯(例如“Tedlar”牌材料))是适合用于或作为后面层的材料,与后面玻璃片层相比,其重量轻、防水性良好且成本较低。如果基于具体结构类型和模块设计合适的话,例如当光从背面片层反射时,透光性后面层可任选地使用本发明的下转换/光稳定剂制剂。
层压的PV模块结构
本领域已知的制备PV模块的方法可容易地适于使用本方面的含下转换/光稳定剂制剂的透光热塑性聚合物,并且最优选地将其用于PV模块的一层或多层透光性包封层。例如,包含本发明的下转换/光稳定剂制剂的透光热塑性聚合物可用于PV模块及制备PV模块的方法,例如USP6,586,271、US专利申请公开US2001/0045229A1、WO99/05206和WO99/04971中所述的内容,并且优选地,可用于PV模块的一层或多层透光性包封层。
通常,在构建层压的PV模块的层压工艺中,至少使以下层进行面部接触:
具有“外部”光接收面部表面和“内部”面部表面的光接收顶部片层(例如玻璃层);
透光热塑性聚合物膜,该膜具有至少一层包含本发明的下转换/光稳定剂制剂的透光热塑性聚合物,具有一个朝向所述玻璃的面部表面以及一个朝向所述PV电池的光活性表面的面部表面并包封该电池表面;
PV电池;
如果需要,第二包封膜层(任选地依据本发明);以及
包括玻璃的背面层或其它背面层基材。
关于所需位置上组装的层或层子组件,组装过程通常需要层压步骤,并在足以在所述层之间形成所需粘附性的条件下进行加热和压缩,并且在一些层或材料中如果需要的话,需要引发其交联反应。如果需要的话,可将该层置于真空层压机中在层压温度下放置10-20分钟,以实现层与层的粘附,并且如果需要的话,进行包封元件的聚合材料的交联。通常,在下端,层压温度需要至少约为130℃,优选至少约140℃;在上端,层压温度小于或等于约170℃,优选小于或等于约160℃。
如本文所用,数值范围包括较低值和较高值之间的所有数值,包括这些较低值和较高值,增量为一个单位,只要任意较低值和任意较高值之间存在至少两个单位的间隔。例如,a参数为100-1000时,这表示所有单独数值例如100、101、102等,以及子范围例如100-144、155-170、197-200等都为示例性列举。对于包含数值的范围,该数值小于1或者包含大于1的分数(例如1.1、1.5等),根据情况认为一个单位为0.0001、0.001、0.01或0.1。对于包含小于10的一位数(例如1-5)的范围,通常认为一个单位是0.1。这些仅仅是特别提到的例子,在所列举的最低值和最高值之间的全部可能的数值组合都被认为在本说明书中有所描述。
术语“包含”及其派生词并不旨在排除可能存在任意其它组分、步骤或过程,无论这些是否已具体揭示。为了避免任意疑意,除非有相反的表述,通过使用术语“包含”所要求保护的任意方法或组合物可包括任意其它步骤、设备、添加剂、佐剂、或聚合或非聚合的化合物。相反,术语“基本由……组成”从任意后续叙述的范围内排除任意其它组分、步骤或过程,除了对可操作性不关键的其它组分、步骤或过程之外。术语“由…组成”排除未具体描述或列出的任意组分、步骤或过程。除非另有说明,术语“或”指的是所列成员以单独的形式以及以任意组合的形式。
以下实施例进一步说明本发明。除非另有说明,所有百分数和份数都是以重量计的。
实施例
首先,评估光稳定剂添加剂和制剂对300纳米(nm)光的“透明度”,以确定它们是否适合于与下转换材料一起使用。如下所述制备膜并对其进行评估,以确定包含所述光稳定剂材料的包封膜是否能充分透射较短波长、较高能量的光,从而能够用于光伏器件中的“下转换”层。由基础树脂制剂制备膜,该基础树脂制剂包含如下表2所示的光稳定剂组分,其用量如表3所示,且不使用任何下转换材料。如下表3和图2所示,存在多个能透射足够且适合用于下转换的辐射的稳定剂。
实施例膜样品1-20
基础树脂:
基础树脂是ENGAGETM8200牌热塑性聚烯烃共聚物。用常规烷氧基硅烷对其进行接枝以模拟常规PV模块包封层膜,通过中子活化分析测定其包含约1.2重量%接枝的三烷氧基硅烷基团。
ENGAGE
TM
8200牌热塑性聚烯烃共聚物
密度-0.870克/立方厘米(g/cc),由ASTM D792测得。
熔体指数-5克/10分钟,由ASTM D-1238(190℃/2.16kg)测得。
熔点-59℃,由差示扫描量热法测得。
2%割线模量-1570psi(10.8MPa),由ASTM D-790测得。
α-烯烃–1-辛烯
Tg为-63.4°F(-53℃),由差示扫描量热法测得。
光稳定化添加剂:
以表3中所示的量将下表2所示的下列光稳定化添加剂添加至树脂制剂中。表3中,光稳定剂识别号表示下表2中所示的化合物的商品名。纳入的添加剂的量示于括号中,单位为份数添加剂/百万份塑料基础树脂(ppm),百万分之1000份等于0.1重量%。
表2–稳定剂和添加剂
其它光稳定剂
紫外吸收剂
加工条件和膜样品制备:
通过以下方法制备膜样品:使用Haake Polylab牌体系在190℃和60rpm速度条件下混合5分钟,随后进行快速冷却过程,回收得到约3毫米厚的平板。使用New Hermes剪切机将配混的样品切割成约2.5×2.5厘米(cm)(1x1英寸)的较小方块,放置在模具中的Mylar膜之间,并如下所述使用15密耳(0.381毫米)间隔子(spacer)进行压缩,得到厚度为15密耳(0.381毫米)且具有光滑最终膜表面的膜。关于压缩,将上述模具置于预热至190℃的卡沃压缩模具(Carver Compression Molders)之间。样品经历三个压缩过程:3,000磅(1362千克)3分钟;10,000磅(4540千克)3分钟;以及20,000磅(9080千克)2分钟),随后在3,000磅(1362千克)压力和环境温度下进行猝冷过程3分钟。
用紫外可见光的透光性测量–使用带有扫描双单色仪和积分球配件的紫外可见光分光光度计,将SpectralonTM漫反射标准安装在LabsphereTM(60MM RSAASSY型)积分球的样品口和参比口。在样品入口或参比入口中没有样品的情况下进行200-1200纳米光谱范围的基线校正。狭缝宽度和光谱分辨率为2纳米,以1纳米/点获得光谱。然后以与样品束呈90度入射角将膜样品安装在样品口中。仪器初始化后,在获得基线校正后测量多个膜。膜1-19在300纳米波长下的透射率百分数如下表3所示。200-450纳米光谱范围的透射率百分数如图2a和2b所示,其中图号对应于表3的第2列中所示的识别号。
表3–光稳定剂透射率评估
从图2a和2b中可以看出,表3中的膜7-19透射至少约40%的紫外(UV)电磁辐射,该辐射的波长在约280-380纳米的紫外范围内。
实施例膜样品20-31;PV器件中的下转换效应
通过上述方法在具有或不具有下转换材料的情况下制备附加膜作为光伏器件中的包封层用于评估其“下转换”功效。由基础树脂制剂制备膜,该制剂包含硅烷接枝的ENGAGE8200树脂和上述选定的光稳定化组分以及下述下转换材料,其用量如表4和5所示:
下转换添加剂:
电池性能测试:测试所制得的膜在将标准照明度转化为电流方面的相对效率,也称作其IV特征测试。以电流-电压(IV)特征曲线的形式获得放置在光收集孔上的含有不同膜的器件效率,该曲线使用AAA类太阳能模拟器测得。效率百分数(效率%)是太阳能电池的标准品质因数,其是用太阳能电池产生的最大功率(W)除以总太阳能辐射(通常以1000W/米2测得)乘以电池面积(米2)计算得到。所有器件品质因数都是基于总器件面积(而不是活性器件面积)。
表4–CIGS PV膜的电池效率结果
表5:晶体硅(c-Si)PV电池的电池效率结果
膜样品24、26和31显示紫外光稳定剂和下转换材料的组合能够显著提高PV电池模块的效率。模块效率测试结果显示,含有下转换材料的膜比含有紫外吸收剂的膜具有更高的效率。
尽管本发明已通过前面的描述、附图和实施例进行了相当详细的描述,这些细节仅用于说明目的。本领域技术人员在不背离所附权利要求所述的本发明的精神和范围的情况下可以进行多种变化和修改。以上参考的所有美国专利以及公开的或允许的美国专利申请都通过参考纳入本文。
Claims (8)
1.一种用作光伏模块中的透光层的热塑性树脂制剂,其包含:
(a)透光热塑性树脂;
(b)至少一种下转换材料,该材料在280-500纳米范围内具有入射辐射吸收的最大值,在400-900纳米范围的较长波长下具有辐射发射的最大值,并且该材料改善了光伏模块中光伏电流产生的效率;以及
(c)光稳定剂添加剂,其透射至少约40%波长范围约为280-380纳米的紫外(UV)电磁辐射。
2.如权利要求1所述的热塑性树脂制剂,其特征在于,所述下转换材料在300-500纳米的光谱范围内具有电磁辐射吸收的最大值。
3.如权利要求1所述的热塑性树脂制剂,其特征在于,所述下转换材料在400-600纳米的光谱范围内具有电磁辐射发射的最大值。
4.如权利要求1所述的热塑性树脂制剂,其特征在于,所述下转换材料包含选自下组的材料:
(a)选自下组的无机纳米颗粒:
(i)含有选自下组的光致发光镧系阳离子的化合物的纳米颗粒:La、Ce、Pr、Eu、Nd、Pm、Sm、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm和Yb;以及
(ii)选自半导体纳米晶体化合物的量子点,所述半导体纳米晶体化合物可由日光的一个高能光子产生不止一个激子;
并且所述无机纳米颗粒包括具有芯-壳结构的复合材料,该复合材料包含一种或多种上述纳米颗粒(i)或半导体纳米晶体化合物(ii),所述纳米颗粒或纳米晶体的尺寸范围约为1-200纳米;以及
(b)选自下组的有机发光下转换添加剂及其衍生物:罗丹明、香豆素、红荧烯、Alq3、TPD、Gaq2Cl、二萘嵌苯染料、萘碳酸以及蒽酮紫或异蒽酮紫。
5.如权利要求1所述的热塑性树脂制剂,其特征在于,所述光稳定剂选自下组:Cyasorb3346;Cyasorb3529;Chimassorb944LD;Tinuvin622;Univul4050;Univul5050;以及Hostavin N30和Chimassorb119。
6.一种用作光伏电池中的透光层的片层材料,其包含:如权利要求1所述的热塑性树脂制剂。
7.一种用于将入射电磁辐射转化为电能的光伏模块,其包括:(i)透光外表面覆盖片;(ii)至少一种如权利要求6所述的透光包封片层材料,该片层材料为光伏电池提供保护使其免受环境影响;(iii)保护性外表面背面片层;以及(iv)至少一个适于将穿过所述覆盖片和包封膜的电磁辐射转化为电能的光伏电池。
8.如权利要求7所述的光伏模块,其特征在于,所述光伏电池包含以下材料中的至少一种:CdS;Si;CdTe;InP;GaAs;Cu2S;以及二硒化铜铟镓(CIGS),晶体硅(c-Si)、非晶硅或CIS。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2014512099A (ja) | 2014-05-19 |
CN106867091A (zh) | 2017-06-20 |
JP2018082206A (ja) | 2018-05-24 |
US20140007940A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
WO2012134992A2 (en) | 2012-10-04 |
WO2012134992A3 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
EP2671263A2 (en) | 2013-12-11 |
BR112013024526A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
KR20140027184A (ko) | 2014-03-06 |
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