CN103392255B - 集成电极组件和使用其的二次电池 - Google Patents
集成电极组件和使用其的二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103392255B CN103392255B CN201280010575.0A CN201280010575A CN103392255B CN 103392255 B CN103392255 B CN 103392255B CN 201280010575 A CN201280010575 A CN 201280010575A CN 103392255 B CN103392255 B CN 103392255B
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- electrode assembly
- integrated electrode
- negative pole
- sealing coat
- positive pole
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229950000845 politef Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920006219 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种集成电极组件,包含正极、负极和集成在所述正极与所述负极之间的隔离层。所述隔离层包含3个相,包含:含有离子盐的液相组分,所述液相组分在制备所述集成电极组件期间部分地从所述隔离层流入所述正极和所述负极中以提高所述正极和所述负极的离子传导率;支持所述正极与所述负极之间的所述隔离层的固相组分;以及对所述液相组分具有亲和力并为所述正极和所述负极提供结合力的聚合物基体。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及集成电极组件和使用其的二次电池,更具体地,本发明涉及包含正极、负极和集成在所述正极与所述负极之间的隔离层的集成电极组件,所述隔离层包含3个相,包含:含有离子盐的液相组分,其在制备集成电极组件期间部分地从隔离层流入电极(即正极和负极)中以大大提高电极的润湿性质并提高电极的离子传导率;支持所述正极与所述负极之间的隔离层的固相组分;以及对液相组分具有亲和力并为所述正极和所述负极提供结合力的聚合物基体。
背景技术
由于化石燃料的耗尽而导致能源价格的提高和对环境污染关注的增加已经导致对作为未来生活不可缺少的元素的环境友好替代能源的要求日益增加。已经持续对各种发电技术如核能发电、太阳能发电、风能发电和潮汐能发电技术进行了研究,且用于更有效使用这些被产生的能量的储能装置也持续引起了巨大关注。已经将二次电池用作这种储能装置。在二次电池中,已经开始将锂二次电池用于移动装置,且随着对低重量以及高电压和容量的增加的需求,已经将锂二次电池的用途有效扩展到电动车辆、混合电动车辆和基于智能电网的辅助电源。
然而,在锂二次电池能够用作大容量电源之前,仍有尚需要解决的大量问题。一个重要问题是提高能量密度并延长寿命。另一个重要问题是缩短工艺时间并对大面积电极实现均匀的润湿。许多研究者已经对能够在提高能量密度的同时满足低成本的要求的材料进行了深入的研究,且已经对提高安全性的材料也尝试进行了研究。
比常规使用的LiCoO2具有更高容量的Ni基材料或Mn基材料是为了提高能量密度而研究的材料的典型实例。基于与Si或Sn进行的Li合金化反应的材料,而不是基于嵌入反应的材料,是作为常规石墨基材料的替代物而进行研究的负极用材料的典型实例。
为了提高安全性,已经对稳定的橄榄石类正极活性材料如LiFePO4、正极活性材料如Li4Ti5O12等进行了研究。然而,提高安全性的这种材料固有地具有低能量密度,且不能从根本上解决与锂二次电池的结构相关的安全性问题。
二次电池的安全性可大致分为内部安全性和外部安全性,且可还分为电安全性、撞击安全性和热安全性。这些安全性问题的发生通常涉及温度升高,这必然导致通常使用的拉伸隔膜的收缩。
尽管许多研究者已经提出了全固态电池以解决这种安全性问题,然而全固态电池在替代市售电池方面存在大量问题。
首先,目前使用的电极活性材料处于固态。由此,当使用固体电解质或聚合物电解质时,与用于锂离子移动的活性材料接触的电解质的表面积明显减少。因此,即使当固体或聚合物电解质具有类似于当前液体电解质的电导率10-5s/cm时,离子传导率仍非常低。第二,基于相同的原因,在固体-固体界面处或固体-聚合物界面处的离子传导率会低得多。第三,即使当使用具有高传导率的固体电解质时,因为为了提供形成电池所需要的结合力而应使用的聚合物粘合剂而导致离子传导率仍非常低。第四,为了形成电池,不仅隔离层需要具有离子传导率,而且正极和负极活性材料也需要使用用于提高离子传导率的材料以提高电极的离子传导率。然而,如果包括固体电解质或聚合物电解质以作为电极组分,则容量下降。
由此,迫切需要提供一种防止因隔膜收缩而造成短路并提供优异的电池性能的电池结构。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,为了解决上述问题和尚未解决的其他技术问题而完成了本发明。
作为多种广泛且细致的研究和各种实验的结果,本发明人已经发现,包括包含三相的隔离层的集成电极组件防止了由隔膜收缩造成的短路,大大提高了电极的润湿性质并提高了离子传导率,所述三相包括:含有离子盐的液相组分;支持正极与负极之间的隔离层的固相组分;以及在其中并入所述液相组分和所述固相组分的聚合物基体。根据该发现完成了本发明。
技术问题
因此,本发明的集成电极组件包括正极、负极和集成在所述正极与所述负极之间的隔离层,所述隔离层包含3个相,包含:含有离子盐的液相组分,所述液相组分在制备所述集成电极组件期间部分地从所述隔离层流入所述正极和所述负极中以大大提高所述正极和所述负极的润湿性质并提高所述正极和所述负极的离子传导率;支持所述正极与所述负极之间的所述隔离层的固相组分;以及对所述液相组分具有亲和力并为所述正极和所述负极提供结合力的聚合物基体。
由本发明人进行的实验显示,当二次电池处于具有高能量的充电状态下时二次电池的内部危险最高,且当二次电池处于充电状态下时,在如下四种情况中会因隔膜的收缩等造成短路:(1)充电的正极和充电的负极相互接触;(2)充电的正极和负极集电器相互接触;(3)负极集电器和正极集电器相互接触;和(4)正极集电器和充电的负极相互接触。
在干燥室内利用充电的电极在所有状况下进行的实验显示,在充电的负极与正极集电器之间发生接触时发生最严重的热失控,与预期的相反。通过深入研究,我们发现,这种热失控是由例如在充当正极集电器的Al箔处的快速放热反应4Al+3O2->2Al2O3造成的。在发生电池爆炸的所有情况中都难以识别Al箔的形状。
尽管实验显示仅当充电的负极和正极集电器相互接触时发生热失控,但不能推断,其他三种状况是安全的。在电池中,正极部分与负极部分之间的任何接触都是危险的。
另一方面,根据本发明的集成电极组件具有优异的高温安全性,这是因为聚合物基体和固相组分在高温下不会收缩,防止在上述实验中发生的诸如爆炸的灾祸的发生。
另外,可提高电极(即负极和正极)的离子传导率,由此提高电池性能,这是因为在电极组件的制备过程中例如在层压过程中液相组分流入并浸渍电极。此外,由于电解质均匀润湿电极,所以可将通过电解质的不均匀渗透造成的电极劣化最小化,这是与大面积电极相关的最严重的问题。因此,可以以得自隔离层的部分液相组分被包括在或并入电极中的方式限定本发明电极组件的电解质状态。此处,对被包括在或并入电极中的得自隔离层的液相组分的量没有特别限制。例如,基于被包括在电极组件中的液相组分的总量,被包括在或并入电极中的液相组分的量可以为10~90%。
液相组分对聚合物基体的重量比优选为3:7~9:1。当液相组分的含量过低时,不充足的液相组分会流入电极中,导致难以提高电极的离子传导率。相反,当液相组分的含量过高时,过量的液相组分会对工艺造成负面影响。因此,液相组分对聚合物基体的重量比更优选为5:5~8:2。
聚合物基体可以为线性聚合物和交联聚合物的混合物的形式。在此情况中,线性聚合物对交联聚合物的重量比优选为1:9~8:2,但线性聚合物对交联聚合物的重量比没有特别限制,只要能够形成粘弹性结构即可。过低或过高含量的线性聚合物是不期望的,这是因为这降低弹性并劣化机械性质,从而降低液相组分的浸渍性能。
尽管构成本发明中聚合物基体的聚合物的类型没有特别限制,但聚合物的优选实例包括选自氧化物类非交联聚合物、极性非交联聚合物以及具有三维网络结构的交联聚合物中的至少一种聚合物。
更优选地,聚合物基体包括氧化物类非交联聚合物和极性非交联聚合物两者。
氧化物类非交联聚合物的非限制性实例包括选自聚环氧乙烷、聚环氧丙烷、聚甲醛和聚(二甲基硅氧烷)中的至少一种。
极性非交联聚合物的非限制性实例包括选自聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚(偏二氟乙烯-共-六氟丙烯)、聚乙撑亚胺以及聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)中的至少一种。
包括在本发明中的聚合物基体中的交联聚合物可包括得自具有至少两个官能团的单体的聚合物或得自具有至少两个官能团的单体和具有一个官能团的极性单体的共聚物。
尽管具有至少两个官能团的单体的类型没有特别限制,但单体优选包括选自如下物质中的至少一种:乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基苯、聚酯二甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基醚、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯和乙氧基化双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯。
尽管具有一个官能团的极性单体的类型没有特别限制,但极性单体优选包括选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、乙二醇甲基醚丙烯酸酯、乙二醇甲基醚甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯腈、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯和氟乙烯中的至少一种。
基于聚合物基体的重量,隔离层优选包括2~80重量%的固相组分。当基于聚合物基体的重量,隔离层包括小于2重量%的固相组分时,不利地,支持隔离层的效果(例如隔离层的机械强度)会不足。当基于聚合物基体的重量,隔离层包括超过80重量%的固相组分时,不利地,离子传导率会下降,导致电池性能下降,且在充/放电期间由于刚性高而产生脆性。因此,基于聚合物基体的重量,隔离层更优选包括20~50重量%的固相组分。
尽管液相组分的组成没有特别限制,只要液相组分能够部分流入电极中而提高电极的离子传导率即可,但是液相组分优选为含有离子盐的电解质。
例如,离子盐可包括但不限于锂盐,且锂盐可包括但不限于选自LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂和四苯基硼酸锂中的至少一种。
电解质可包括但不限于选自碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、环丁砜、乙酸甲酯和丙酸甲酯中的至少一种。
固相组分是不与锂离子反应的固体化合物,并优选包括具有10nm~5μm平均粒径的固相粒子。当固相组分的平均粒径太小时,不利地,固相组分以簇的形式存在,导致难以正常支持隔离层。相反,当固相组分的平均粒径太大时,不利地,隔离层的厚度比所需要的大。因此,固相组分的平均粒径更优选为50nm~200nm。
在优选实施方案中,固体化合物可包括但不限于选自不与锂离子反应的氧化物、氮化物和碳化物中的至少一种物质。
不与锂离子反应的氧化物的优选实例可包括而不限于:选自MgO、TiO2(金红石)和Al2O3中的至少一种物质。
在本发明的电极组件中,例如可通过如下步骤来制造正极:将包含正极活性材料的正极混合物添加至诸如NMP的溶剂中以制备浆料,并将浆料涂布到正极集电器上,随后干燥。任选地,正极混合物可还包含粘合剂、导电材料、填料、粘度控制剂和粘合促进剂。
通常将正极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可使用任意正极集电器而没有特别限制,只要提供高电导率而不会在电池中造成化学变化即可。正极集电器的实例包括:不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;或经碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铝或不锈钢。与负极集电器类似,正极集电器可在其表面上包含细小的不规则处,从而提高对正极活性材料的粘附。另外,可以以诸如膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用正极集电器。
正极活性材料为包含两种以上过渡金属作为引起电化学反应的物质的锂过渡金属氧化物,且其实例包括但不限于,被一种或多种过渡金属置换的层状化合物如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)或锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2);被一种或多种过渡金属置换的锂锰氧化物;由式LiNi1-yMyO2表示的锂镍基氧化物(其中M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zn或Ga,包含至少一种所述元素的锂镍基氧化物,0.01≤y≤0.7);由式Li1+zNibMncCo1-(b+c+d)MdO(2-e)Ae如Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2或Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2(其中-0.5≤z≤0.5,0.1≤b≤0.8,0.1≤c≤0.8,0≤d≤0.2,0≤e≤0.2,b+c+d<1,M=Al、Mg、Cr、Ti、Si或Y,A=F、P或Cl)表示的锂镍钴锰复合氧化物;以及由式Li1+xM1-yM′yPO4-zXz(其中M=过渡金属,优选Fe、Mn、Co或Ni,M′=Al、Mg或Ti,X=F、S或N,-0.5≤x≤+0.5,0≤y≤0.5,且0≤z≤0.1)表示的橄榄石基锂金属磷酸盐。
粘合剂的实例包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、纤维素、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶、各种共聚物以及聚合物皂化的聚乙烯醇。
可以使用任意导电材料而没有特别限制,只要提供合适的电导率而不会在电池中造成化学变化即可。导电材料的实例包括:石墨;炭黑如乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末、铝粉末和镍粉末;导电晶须如氧化锌晶须和钛酸钾晶须;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;和聚亚苯基衍生物。商购可获得的导电材料的具体实例包括:各种乙炔黑产品(可得自雪佛龙化工公司(ChevronChemicalCompany)、电气化学工业株式会社新加坡私有公司(DenkaSingaporePrivateLimited)和海湾石油公司(GulfOilCompany))、科琴黑EC系列(可得自艾美克公司(ArmakCompany))、VulcanXC-72(可得自卡博特公司(CabotCompany))和SuperP(可得自特密高公司(Timcalcompany))。
可以使用任意填料而没有特别限制,只要其为不会在电池中造成化学变化的纤维状材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃类聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维状材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
粘度控制剂是用于控制电极混合物的粘度以促进电极混合物的混合及其到集电体上的涂布的组分,且基于负极混合物的总重量,所述粘度控制剂以最高30重量%的量添加。粘度控制剂的实例包括但不限于,羧甲基纤维素和聚偏二氟乙烯。在某些情况中,上述溶剂也可以充当粘度控制剂。
粘合促进剂是用于提高活性材料对集电器的粘附而添加的辅助成分。相对于粘合剂,可以以不超过10重量%的量添加粘合促进剂。粘合促进剂的实例包括草酸、己二酸、甲酸、丙烯酸衍生物和衣康酸衍生物。
例如可以通过如下步骤来制造负极:将包含负极活性材料的负极混合物添加至诸如NMP的溶剂中以制备浆料,并将浆料涂布至负极集电器,随后进行干燥。任选地,负极混合物可还包括其他组分如粘合剂、导电材料、填料、粘度控制剂和粘合促进剂,所述其他组分如同上面关于正极的构造所描述的。
通常将负极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可以使用任意负极集电器而没有特别限制,只要提供合适的电导率而不会在电池中造成化学变化即可。负极集电器的实例包括:铜;不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;经碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢;以及铝-镉合金。负极集电器可在其表面上包含细小的不规则处,从而提高对负极活性材料的粘附。另外,可以以诸如膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式提供集电器。
所述负极活性材料的实例包括碳-石墨材料如天然石墨、人造石墨、膨胀石墨、碳纤维、非石墨化碳、炭黑、碳纳米管、富勒烯和活性炭;可与锂形成合金的金属如Al、Si、Sn、Ag、Bi、Mg、Zn、In、Ge、Pb、Pd、Pt和Ti以及含有这些元素的化合物;金属或其化合物与碳-石墨材料的复合材料;和含锂的氮化物。在这些材料中,更优选碳基活性材料、锡基活性材料、硅基活性材料或硅-碳基活性材料,且所述材料可单独或以其两种以上组合的方式使用。
本发明还提供用于制备上述集成电极组件的方法。
用于制备集成电极组件的方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将线性聚合物、交联聚合物用单体、包含离子盐的液相组分、固相组分和聚合引发剂匀化成混合物;
(2)将所述混合物涂布在一个电极上;
(3)通过UV照射或加热诱发聚合反应以形成隔离层;以及
(4)将对电极放置在隔离层上,随后压制。
其中准备模具以在正极与负极之间形成空间并将聚合物-单体混合物引入所述空间中,随后进行聚合的常规方法具有许多工艺困难。
另一方面,其中将混合物涂布在一个电极上并随后聚合的上述方法能够简化工艺。上述方法也适用于电池性能的提高,这是因为在步骤(4)中的压制期间,隔离层的液相组分部分流入电极中并浸渍电极,从而提高电极的离子传导率。
在步骤(1)中,以聚合物的形式而不是单体的形式对线性聚合物进行混合,使得线性聚合物在步骤(3)中聚合成交联聚合物期间部分渗入交联聚合物凝胶(g)中以形成物理连接结构。这种结构更适用于制备具有高结构稳定性和粘弹性的隔离层。渗入交联聚合物凝胶中的线性聚合物部分的尺寸基于线性聚合物的总尺寸优选为小于50%,且更优选为5~45%。
本发明还提供包含所述集成电极组件的锂二次电池。所述锂二次电池可包含集成电极组件和任选的含锂盐的非水电解质。在优选实施方案中,锂二次电池可不含或仅含有少量的含锂盐的非水电解质。
这是可能的,因为步骤(4)中的压制使得隔离层的液相组分部分流入电极中,从而浸渍电极。考虑电解质浸渍是电池制造工艺中的瓶颈,所以本发明能够在高工艺效率下提供二次电池。
本发明还提供包含锂二次电池作为单元电池的中型或大型电池模块和包括所述电池模块的电池组。
所述电池组可用于各种中型或大型装置中,尤其是需要高温安全性和高倍率性质的那些装置中。可使用电池组作为电源的中型或大型装置的实例包括但不限于,由电机提供动力的电动工具;电动车辆(EV),包括混合电动车辆(HEV)和插电式混合电动车辆(PHEV);电动双轮车辆,包括电动自行车(E-自行车)和电动踏板车(E-踏板车);电动高尔夫球车;以及电力存储系统。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明一个实施方案的集成电极组件的示意性横断面视图;
图2是根据本发明一个实施方案的3相隔离层的示意性放大的内部视图;
图3是显示根据本发明实施例1的拉伸强度的测量结果的图;以及
图4是显示根据本发明实施例2的充/放电结果的图。
具体实施方式
现在,参考附图对本发明进行说明,所述附图显示本发明的实施方案。然而,应注意,提供实施方案的说明是为了更好地理解本发明而不是限制本发明的范围。
图1是根据本发明一个实施方案的集成电极组件的示意性横断面视图,图2是根据本发明一个实施方案的3相隔离层的示意性放大的内部视图。
如图1和2中所示,根据本发明一个实施方案的电极组件100包括正极110、负极120和3相隔离层130。正极110具有其中将正极混合物112和113涂布在正极集电器111两侧上的结构,负极120具有其中将负极混合物122和123涂布在负极集电器121两侧上的结构,且3相隔离层130位于所述正极110与所述负极120之间。
3相隔离层130包含固相组分131、液相组分132和聚合物基体,在所述聚合物基体中线性聚合物133和交联聚合物134与并入所述聚合物基体中的固相组分131和液相组分132形成粘弹性结构。
这种集成电极组件具有优异的高温安全性,这是因为聚合物基体和固相组分在高温下不收缩,从而防止诸如爆炸的灾祸的发生。
另外,可提高电极110和120的离子传导率,从而提高电池性能,这是因为在电极组件制备过程中例如在层压过程中液相组分132以图2中所示的箭头方向流入电极110和120中,从而浸渍电极110和120。此外,由于电极110和120被电解质均匀润湿,所以可降低由电解质的不均匀浸渍造成的电极110和120的劣化,这是与大面积电极相关的最严重的问题。
下文中,将参考如下实例对本发明进行更详细的说明。然而,应注意,提供如下实例仅用于显示本发明,且不能将本发明的范围限制于此。
<实施例1>
以76:15.4:6.6:2的重量比准备1MLiPF6在EC:DEC(1:1)中的有机电解质、PEO、PEGDMA和Al2O3的混合物,并以相对于PEGDMA为3重量%的量添加苯偶姻作为UV引发剂,从而制备3相隔离层的前体。将前体涂布在玻璃板上,然后利用紫外光照射1分钟以通过光聚合制造3相隔离层。
<比较例1>
以76:22:2的重量比准备1MLiPF6在EC:DEC(1:1)中的有机电解质、PVdF-HFPPVdF-HFP和Al2O3的混合物,以相对于总重量为20重量%的量添加丙酮以作为溶剂,并将混合物匀化。然后将混合物浇铸在玻璃板上,并在手套箱内在氩气气氛下蒸发丙酮并持续10小时,以制造固体电解质膜。
<实验例1>
关于实施例1的3相隔离层和比较例1的固体电解质膜,分别测量了离子传导率和拉伸强度。
结果,实施例1和比较例1展示了1.2mS/cm和1.7mS/cm的类似水平的离子传导率。另一方面,从图3能够看出,拉伸强度的测量结果显示,相对于比较例1的固体电解质膜的拉伸强度,具有粘弹性结构的实施例1的3相隔离层的拉伸强度显著提高。
<实施例2>
将石墨、PVdF和炭黑添加至N-甲基吡咯烷酮中以制备浆料,并将浆料涂布至Cu箔。然后在约130℃下对浆料涂布的Cu箔干燥2小时以制备负极。另外,将Li(NiMnCo)O2/LiMnO2、PVdF和炭黑添加至N-甲基吡咯烷酮中以制备浆料,并将浆料涂布至Cu箔。然后在约130℃下对浆料涂布的Cu箔干燥2小时以制备正极。
将实施例1的3相隔离层前体涂布在负极上,然后利用紫外线照射1分钟以通过光聚合制造3相隔离层。
将正极放置在涂布有3相隔离层的负极上,随后层压以制备集成电极组件。然后在不需要浸渍工艺的条件下将集成电极组件插入袋中以制造二次电池。
<比较例2>
将聚烯烃类隔膜放置在实施例2的负极与正极之间,然后将其插入袋中。然后将1MLiPF6在EC:DEC(1:1)中的电解质引入袋中以制造二次电池。
<实验例2>
在0.1C的电流密度下以恒定电流(CC)模式将实施例2和比较例2的二次电池充电至4.2V,然后以恒定电压(CV)模式保持在4.2V下,当电流密度达到0.05C时完成充电。在放电期间,在0.1C的电流密度下以CC模式将二次电池放电至2.5V。然后,在与上述相同的条件下重复充/放电50次。将结果示于图4中。
从图4能够看出,实施例2的包括使用3相隔离层的集成电极组件的二次电池展示了与比较例2的使用液体电解质和隔膜的二次电池类似的充/放电性质,但实施例2的二次电池未经历浸渍过程。因此,实施例2的二次电池不存在电解质的浸渍差的问题,所述问题是固体电解质所存在的问题。
工业应用性
根据上述说明可清楚,根据本发明的集成电极组件的优势在于,可防止由隔膜收缩造成的短路。另外,在制备电极组件期间将电解质浸入电极中。因此,可大大减轻工艺时间长的问题以及与润湿相关的不均匀电极的问题。还可提高电极的离子传导率。
本领域技术人员应清楚,在不背离本发明的范围的条件下,根据上述说明能够完成各种应用和改变。
Claims (23)
1.一种集成电极组件,包含正极、负极和集成在所述正极与所述负极之间的隔离层,所述隔离层包含3个相,包含:
含有离子盐的液相组分,所述液相组分在制备所述集成电极组件期间部分地从所述隔离层流入所述正极和所述负极中以提高所述正极和所述负极的离子传导率;
支持所述正极与所述负极之间的所述隔离层的固相组分;以及
对所述液相组分具有亲和力并为所述正极和所述负极提供结合力的聚合物基体,
其中所述聚合物基体为线性聚合物和交联聚合物的混合物的形式,以及所述线性聚合物对所述交联聚合物的重量比为1:9~8:2以形成粘弹性结构。
2.如权利要求1所述的集成电极组件,其中所述液相组分对所述聚合物基体的重量比为3:7~9:1。
3.如权利要求1所述的集成电极组件,其中所述聚合物基体包含选自氧化物类非交联聚合物、极性非交联聚合物以及具有三维网络结构的交联聚合物中的至少一种聚合物。
4.如权利要求3所述的集成电极组件,其中所述氧化物类非交联聚合物包含选自聚环氧乙烷、聚环氧丙烷、聚甲醛和聚二甲基硅氧烷中的至少一种。
5.如权利要求3所述的集成电极组件,其中所述极性非交联聚合物包含选自聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、聚乙撑亚胺以及聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺中的至少一种。
6.如权利要求3所述的集成电极组件,其中所述交联聚合物包含由具有至少两个官能团的单体制得的聚合物或由具有至少两个官能团的单体和具有一个官能团的极性单体制得的共聚物。
7.如权利要求6所述的集成电极组件,其中所述具有至少两个官能团的单体包含选自如下物质中的至少一种:乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基苯、聚酯二甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基醚、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯和乙氧基化双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯。
8.如权利要求6所述的集成电极组件,其中所述具有一个官能团的极性单体包含选自如下物质中的至少一种:甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、乙二醇甲基醚丙烯酸酯、乙二醇甲基醚甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯腈、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯和氟乙烯。
9.如权利要求1所述的集成电极组件,其中基于所述聚合物基体的重量,所述隔离层包含2重量%~80重量%的所述固相组分。
10.如权利要求1所述的集成电极组件,其中所述液相组分为含有离子盐的电解质。
11.如权利要求10所述的集成电极组件,其中所述离子盐为锂盐。
12.如权利要求11所述的集成电极组件,其中所述锂盐包含选自如下物质中的至少一种:LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂和四苯基硼酸锂。
13.如权利要求10所述的集成电极组件,其中所述电解质包含选自如下物质中的至少一种:碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、环丁砜、乙酸甲酯和丙酸甲酯。
14.如权利要求1所述的集成电极组件,其中所述固相组分是不与锂离子反应的固体化合物,并包含具有10nm~5μm平均粒径的固相粒子。
15.如权利要求14所述的集成电极组件,其中所述固体化合物包含选自不与锂离子反应的氧化物、氮化物和碳化物中的至少一种物质。
16.如权利要求15所述的集成电极组件,其中所述不与锂离子反应的氧化物包含选自MgO、金红石型TiO2和Al2O3中的至少一种物质。
17.如权利要求12所述的集成电极组件,其中所述氯硼烷锂是LiB10Cl10。
18.一种制备权利要求1的集成电极组件的方法,所述方法包括:
(1)将线性聚合物、交联聚合物用单体、包含离子盐的液相组分、固相组分和聚合引发剂匀化成混合物;
(2)将所述混合物涂布在一个电极上;
(3)通过UV照射或加热来诱发聚合反应以形成隔离层;以及
(4)将对电极放置在所述隔离层上,随后压制。
19.一种锂二次电池,包含权利要求1~17中任一项的集成电极组件。
20.一种电池模块,包含权利要求19的锂二次电池作为单元电池。
21.一种电池组,包含权利要求20的电池模块。
22.如权利要求21所述的电池组,其中所述电池组用作中型或大型装置的电源。
23.如权利要求22所述的电池组,其中所述中型或大型装置为电动车辆、混合电动车辆、插电式混合电动车辆或电力存储系统。
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