CN103189136A - 催化剂制备方法 - Google Patents

催化剂制备方法 Download PDF

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CN103189136A
CN103189136A CN2011800520960A CN201180052096A CN103189136A CN 103189136 A CN103189136 A CN 103189136A CN 2011800520960 A CN2011800520960 A CN 2011800520960A CN 201180052096 A CN201180052096 A CN 201180052096A CN 103189136 A CN103189136 A CN 103189136A
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S·J·K·弗雷斯特
J·G·奥利弗
S·A·弗兰驰
M·P·U·卡尔森
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Abstract

本发明描述了制备催化剂的方法,其包括以下步骤:(i)在≥40℃的温度下用包含醋酸镍的溶液浸渍包含金属铝酸盐的煅烧的载体并干燥浸渍过的载体,(ii)煅烧所述干燥的浸渍过的载体以在所述载体的表面上形成氧化镍,和(iii)任选对氧化镍涂布的载体重复步骤(i)和(ii)。所述方法提供蛋壳型催化剂,其中金属氧化物富集在载体的外层上。

Description

催化剂制备方法
本发明涉及负载在金属铝酸盐载体上的催化剂的制备方法。
金属铝酸盐负载的催化剂用于许多工业工艺中,包括甲烷化和蒸汽重整工艺,例如预转化、一段转化和二段转化。在这种情况下,催化活性金属通常为镍,但也可以使用其它过渡金属或贵金属。
在甲烷化和蒸汽重整工艺中,通常安装在氧化铝或铝酸钙上的包含氧化镍的颗粒并原位进行氧化镍到活性元素镍的还原。
US4707351描述了由以鞍状构造的低氧化硅铝酸钙水泥组合物制成的蒸汽重整催化剂。所述催化剂通过混合铝酸钙与水和聚乙酸乙烯酯、由所得材料冲压成型、干燥并在至多1400℃下煅烧鞍状物,随后用硝酸镍浸渍来制备。将浸渍的鞍状物进一步干燥并煅烧以产生催化剂前体。在该方法中,使铝酸钙载体在成型过程期间水合,且随后在用硝酸镍浸渍之前煅烧以增加其强度并限定微观性质。
迄今为止,已经将浸渍载体视为实现在颗粒内均匀分散镍化合物所必需的,以使得经过煅烧,金属氧化物均匀分散在颗粒内,由此使金属表面积最大化,且因此使催化剂活性最大化。
已经发现,通过在高温下使用醋酸镍的水溶液,可生产蛋壳型催化剂前体,其中经煅烧形成的金属氧化物作为外表面层富集在金属铝酸盐载体上且并未均匀分布。此外,与已知催化剂相比,这种催化剂的性质得以增强。
因此,本发明提供制备催化剂的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(i)在≥40℃的温度下用包含醋酸镍的溶液浸渍包含金属铝酸盐的煅烧的载体并干燥浸渍过的载体,
(ii)煅烧所述干燥的浸渍过的载体以在所述载体的表面上形成氧化镍,和
(iii)任选对氧化镍涂布的载体重复步骤(i)和(ii)。
本发明进一步提供可通过所述方法获得的蛋壳型催化剂。
本发明进一步提供对烃进行蒸汽重整的方法,其包括在高温和高压下使烃与蒸汽的混合物与蛋壳型催化剂接触的步骤。
术语“蛋壳型催化剂”是指催化活性金属并未均匀分布在催化剂载体内,而是富集在表面上,且因此形成薄层,其中在该层下面不存在所述金属。蛋壳层的厚度优选≤1000μm、更优选≤800μm、最优选≤300μm。所述层的厚度可使用电子探针显微分析(EPMA)或截面催化剂的光学显微法而容易确定。
所述催化剂载体包括金属铝酸盐。该金属铝酸盐可为II族铝酸盐,例如铝酸镁或铝酸钙,和/或可包含过渡金属铝酸盐,例如铝酸镍。该载体已经经过煅烧,即经受加热步骤而改变其物理化学性能。用醋酸镍溶液浸渍该煅烧过的载体。
所述催化剂载体优选由铝酸钙水泥制备。术语“铝酸钙水泥”包括含有一种或多种式nCaO.mAl2O3的铝酸钙化合物的那些水硬水泥,其中n和m为整数。这种铝酸钙化合物的实例包括单铝酸钙(CaO.Al2O3)、铝酸三钙(3CaO.Al2O3)、三铝酸五钙(5CaO.3Al2O3)、五铝酸三钙(3CaO.5Al2O3)和七铝酸十二钙(12CaO.7Al2O3)。一些铝酸钙水泥(例如所谓的“高氧化铝”水泥)可能含有与这种铝酸钙化合物混合、溶解于其中或与其组合的氧化铝。例如,众所周知的商业高氧化铝水泥具有相当于约18%氧化钙、79%氧化铝和3%水和其它氧化物的组成。该材料具有约1∶5的钙∶铝原子比,即2CaO.5Al2O3。铝酸钙常被铁化合物污染,但是并不认为这些对本发明有害。合适的水泥包括市售的Ciment Fondu和自Kerneos购得的Secar 50、Secar 71、Secar 80及自Almatis购得的CA-25、CA-14、CA-270。
本发明中使用的载体组合物优选具有在1∶3至1∶12范围内、更优选在1∶3至1∶10范围内、最优选在1∶4至1∶8范围内的钙∶铝原子比。在铝酸钙水泥为“高氧化铝”水泥的情况下,可能不需要另外的氧化铝,但是一般而言,载体理想地由铝酸钙水泥制成,已经向该铝酸钙水泥中加入了另外量的氧化铝,该氧化铝可以以过渡型氧化铝、单水合物或三水合物形式。
为了加速硬化,也可以将一定量的生石灰(CaO)(例如占组合物的至多15wt%)并入载体组合物中。
因此,所述载体优选包括由氧化铝的煅烧混合物、一种或多种所述铝酸钙化合物和非必要的生石灰组成的耐火组合物。
其它氧化材料(例如氧化钛、氧化锆或氧化镧)可以存在于载体组合物中。虽然在一些情况下可以并入氧化硅以用作蒸汽重整载体,但是希望低氧化硅含量,即基于载体组合物中氧化材料重量的小于1wt%、优选小于0.5wt%,因为氧化硅在蒸汽重整条件下具有明显的挥发性。所述载体组合物优选包含≤25wt%、更优选≤15wt%、最优选≤10wt%的除了氧化铝和金属铝酸盐以外的氧化材料。
成型的催化剂载体可以通过使铝酸钙水泥粉末,任选与另外的氧化铝和/或生石灰,成型为所需形状,使水泥固化且随后煅烧成型的载体而制得。
可以在成型之前将加工助剂(例如石墨和/或金属硬脂酸盐(例如硬脂酸镁或硬脂酸铝)并入组合物中。石墨的比例通常为所述组合物的1-5wt%。所包括的金属硬脂酸盐的量可以在0.1-2.0wt%范围内。
适于颗粒形成的典型组合物包含与24-48wt%的氧化铝、0-15wt%的生石灰和2-5wt%的石墨混合的30-70wt%的铝酸钙水泥(包含65-85wt%的氧化铝和15-35wt%的CaO)。
所述组合物理想地使用已知技术成型为颗粒,但也可以制备为挤出物或细粒。这种成型的单元的长度、宽度和高度可以在3-50mm范围内。所述载体可以以如在上述US 4707351中所述的鞍状物形式,但优选以例如在WO 2004/014549中所述,载体被压成圆柱体形式的颗粒,其可以具有一个或多个通孔。更优选成型的载体为圆柱形颗粒形式,所述颗粒具有1-12个贯穿其中延伸的孔,特别是圆形截面的3-10个孔,和任选沿颗粒长度延伸的2-20个凹槽或凸起。这种颗粒的合适直径在4-40mm范围内且纵横比(长度/直径)优选≤2。特别优选的形状为以具有长度C和直径D的圆柱体形式的高度圆盖形的圆柱形颗粒,其具有一个或多个贯穿其中延伸的孔,其中所述圆柱体具有长度为A和B的圆盖形末端,使得(A+B+C)/D在0.50-2.00范围内且(A+B)/C在0.40-5.00范围内。这种形状描述在WO 2010/029323 A1和WO 2010/029324A1中,C优选在1-25mm范围内且D优选在4-40mm范围内。
在成型之后,应该使在成型的催化剂载体中的水泥固化并使载体通常在200℃以下干燥且随后煅烧。铝酸钙水泥的固化可以在干燥步骤之前或期间发生,例如在干燥之前通过用水喷雾或浸没成型的催化剂载体或在使残留水挥发之前在控制的相对湿度的条件下加热成型的催化剂载体来发生。煅烧通常通过在空气中将成型的单元加热到400-1400℃历时1-16小时来进行。随着煅烧温度增加,催化剂载体强度增加,同时孔隙率和表面积减小。因此,载体煅烧应该在足以获得所需机械强度但不应高到使表面积和孔隙率过度降低的温度下进行。
成型的煅烧的催化剂载体优选具有如由氮吸附测量的0.5-40m2g-1、特别1-15m2g-1的总表面积,和如由水银孔率法测定0.1-0.3cm3·g-1的孔隙体积。
在最终煅烧之前,载体可以通过用例如氢氧化钾的碱溶液浸渍来“碱化”。这用以使在蒸汽重整期间碳在催化剂上的沉积最少化。可以使用在煅烧的载体上至多约5wt%的碱金属氧化物(例如氧化钾(potash))水平。
随后用包含醋酸镍[Ni(OOCCH3)2](其可作为水合盐提供)的溶液浸渍煅烧的催化剂载体。优选所有的镍作为醋酸镍提供。所述浸渍溶液可包含一种或多种附加金属化合物,例如一种或多种过渡金属化合物,例如铬、锰钴、铁、铜或锌、或镧系元素例如镧或铈。
优选使用水性浸渍溶液。而可以在水溶液中使用或包括有机溶剂例如甲醇、乙醇或丙酮,这是不太优选的。
在浸渍溶液中镍的浓度理想地为0.5-1.0M。
浸渍应在≥40℃,优选≥50℃,更优选≥60℃,最优选≥70℃的温度下进行。希望最高温度低于沸点。浸渍可在大气压或高压下使用已知技术进行,所述已知技术包括在醋酸镍溶液中浸没煅烧的催化剂载体,或者通过所谓的“初始润湿”浸渍,其中所使用溶液的体积近似等于载体材料的孔隙体积。
在浸渍之后,将浸渍过的载体干燥并煅烧。载体干燥优选在25-250℃,更优选在50-150℃的温度、在大气压或减压下进行。干燥时间可为1-24小时。使浸渍的醋酸镍转化为氧化镍的煅烧步骤优选在250-850℃的温度下进行。煅烧可在空气或惰性气体例如氮气中进行。干燥和煅烧可以一步法进行。凭借使用醋酸镍、较低的金属含量和在催化剂表面上增加的金属浓度,本发明的优势在于与当前催化剂材料相比较,使在煅烧期间温室气体的排放最小化,特别是消除氮氧化物的排出量。
所得催化剂的催化金属含量可以通过许多因素例如溶液的金属含量和浸渍条件来测定。通过浸渍形成的蒸汽重整催化剂通常具有在10-35wt%范围内的NiO含量。沉淀的预转化催化剂可以具有40-80wt%或更大的NiO含量。甲烷化催化剂通常具有在30-35wt%范围内的NiO含量。在本发明中,因为催化金属氧化物富集在载体的表面上,所以可以在降低的金属负载量下实现改善的催化剂活性。这具有明显的商业益处。煅烧的催化剂的催化金属氧化物(NiO)含量优选在2-25wt%范围内,优选为4-15wt%。另一方面,一次浸渍可足以产生所需催化剂,优选重复浸渍、干燥和/或煅烧步骤,直到煅烧材料的催化金属氧化物含量为≥2.5wt%、优选≥3wt%、更优选≥4wt%。在这些水平下,Ni在该蛋壳层中的浓度优选为≥10wt%。
催化金属(Ni)的比表面积合适地在0.1-50m2/g催化剂的范围内。在该范围内,对于在600℃以下的反应,优选较大面积。
可以将一种或多种助催化剂化合物浸渍到干燥的载体和/或金属氧化物涂布的载体中。因此,一种或多种助催化剂化合物可以包括在醋酸镍浸渍溶液中或助催化剂可以随后通过单独浸渍而加入。所述助催化剂可以限制在蛋壳层中或可以遍布催化剂载体分布。助催化剂包括贵金属,例如铂、钯、铱、钌、铑和金。镧系元素金属例如镧和铈也可以作为助催化剂而包括。可以将水溶性盐(特别是醋酸盐)用作金属助催化剂的来源。可以存在多于一种助催化剂且也可以加入另外的碱金属。助催化剂金属的量通常将在煅烧过的催化剂材料的0.1-5wt%范围内。
对于直径为≥3mm的颗粒,催化剂中NiO的蛋壳层厚度优选为0.15-1mm。
所述催化剂可以氧化或还原形式使用。因此,煅烧产物可以以其氧化形式提供,且用含氢的气体还原氧化镍以形成元素镍可原位(即在其中将使用催化剂的反应器)进行。可以使用已知的还原技术。
或者,可以非原位还原氧化催化剂且随后使用含氧气体将元素金属用氧化物的薄钝化层涂布。用这种方法,可以将催化剂安全地传输给用户,且减少产生活性催化剂的还原时间和在随后活化期间使用的氢量。这对用户具有明显的益处。因此,在一个实施方案中,制备催化剂的方法进一步包括用含氢气体混合物将氧化镍还原成元素形式且随后用含氧气体钝化元素镍的表面的步骤。例如如在US 4090980中所述,可以使用氧气和二氧化碳气体。
根据本发明制备的蛋壳型催化剂可以用于蒸汽重整工艺,例如一段蒸汽重整、一段转化气体混合物的二段转化和预转化中。所述催化剂也可以用于甲烷化反应、氢化反应和以氧化未还原的形式用于分解水溶液中的次氯酸盐。
在蒸汽重整中,在常包含镍的催化活性材料上使烃(通常是含甲烷的气体,例如天然气或石脑油)与蒸汽和/或在适当情况下与二氧化碳反应以产生含氢气和碳氧化物的气体。氢气生成反应为:
Figure BDA00003113886300061
“CH2”+H2O→CO+2H2
(“CH2”表示比甲烷高级的烃,例如通常气态的烃和在至多200℃下沸腾的通常液态的烃)。与二氧化碳的类似反应可以单独进行或与蒸汽反应一起进行。
CH4+CO2→2CO+2H2
“CH2”+CO2→2CO+H2
这些反应强烈吸热且当反应在外部加热下(如在管状蒸汽重整中)进行时该工艺特别合适。或者,热量可以通过加热反应物且使蒸汽在绝热床中或在复合工艺(其中氧气为反应物)中穿过催化剂来供应,使得在氧化中放出的热由吸热反应所吸收。该复合工艺可以应用到管状或绝热工艺的产物(即,在“二段转化”中)或应用到新鲜原料(“催化部分氧化”或“自热转化”)。这些反应通常伴随着水-气变换反应:
Figure BDA00003113886300071
如果原料烃为“CH2”且温度相对低,则也可能发生甲烷化反应(放热)。
CO+3H2→CH4+H2O
CO2+4H2→CH4+2H2O
然而,蒸汽重整工艺优选在净吸热条件下操作且所生成的含氢气体含有以干基计算至少30%v/v的氢气。优选其含有以干基计算小于30、特别小于10%v/v的甲烷。对于含氢气的合成气的生产,出口温度优选为至少600℃以确保低甲烷含量。虽然对于制备用于氨或甲醇生产的合成气来说,温度通常在750-900℃范围内,但是为了生产冶金还原气体,其可以高达1100℃,或为了生产城市煤气,其可以低至700℃。对于使用氧气的复合工艺,该温度在催化床的最热部分中可以高达1300℃。
在预转化中,使烃/蒸气混合物经受绝热低温蒸汽重整步骤。在这一工艺中,将烃/蒸气混合物加热到通常400-650℃范围的温度,且随后使其绝热穿过合适微粒催化剂的固定床,催化剂通常具有例如大于40wt%的高镍含量。所述催化剂可为简单圆柱体或多孔凸起的形状。预转化催化剂通常以预还原并钝化的形式提供,尽管也可以安装氧化催化剂。在该绝热低温转化步骤中,使比甲烷高级的任何烃与蒸汽在催化剂表面上反应以给出甲烷、碳氧化物和氢气的混合物。希望使用这种绝热转化步骤(通常称为预转化)以确保到蒸汽重整器的进料不含比甲烷高级的烃并且含有显著量的氢气。为了使在下游蒸汽重整器中在催化剂上形成碳的危险最小化,这是合乎需要的,
在蒸汽重整工艺中的压力通常在1-50巴绝对压力范围内,但建议至多120巴绝对压力的压力。通常使用过量的蒸气和/或二氧化碳,特别是在1.5-6摩尔范围内、例如在2.5-5摩尔范围内的蒸气或二氧化碳/在原料烃中的每克碳原子。
在将催化剂用于甲烷化中以从含氢气体中除去低浓度的CO和CO2(0.1-0.5%体积)的情况下,通常在230-450℃的温度和至多约50巴绝对压力或更高、至多约250巴绝对压力的压力下使所述含氢气体穿过含镍催化剂的颗粒固定床。与蒸汽重整不同,催化剂优选为没有通孔的简单圆柱形颗粒,尽管如果需要,也可以使用具有通孔的颗粒。典型的颗粒直径在2.5-6mm范围内,其长度在相同范围内。该催化剂可以以氧化形式或预还原并钝化的形式提供。
参考以下实施例和图1进一步说明本发明。
图1为描述氧化镍的蛋壳层的根据本发明制备的圆柱形催化剂颗粒的截面的EMPA图像。
实施例1.催化剂的制备
将铝酸钙水泥与三水合氧化铝和生石灰共混以获得具有10∶43的Ca∶Al比的混合物。加入石墨(4wt%),所得混合物使用液压制片机制成颗粒以给出直径为5.4mm且长度为5.4mm的圆柱体。使颗粒经受水固化并煅烧以获得煅烧的成型载体。用浓度为0.851M的醋酸镍(Ni(O2C2H3).4H2O)在70℃下浸渍颗粒20分钟。之后,通过在290℃下使浸渍过的载体在空气中煅烧4小时来分解Ni前体。再重复浸渍和煅烧两次。最终催化剂的Ni含量为4.37wt%。
所得催化剂颗粒在颗粒中心没有Ni的载体表面上具有明显的Ni表面富集(作为NiO)。所述蛋壳层经电子探针显微分析(EPMA)测定为约0.75mm厚。EPMA如下进行:通过在环氧树脂中树脂安装颗粒制备样品的抛光截面的标本,打磨和抛光,用二氧化硅抛光润饰。磨光表面为真空碳涂布的。使用具有5个波长色散谱仪和1个SDD(硅漂移二极管)EDX检测器的Jeol JXA-8500F电子探针显微分析仪测定。200nA的电子束电流与20kV的加速电压一起使用。在50分钟的时间内每8μm取一个点。EPMA图像描绘在图1中。
在相同的铝酸钙载体材料上重复这一试验,不过是使用旋转压片机成型为更小的圆柱形颗粒(3.3mm x3.3mm)。在50℃和在70℃经浸渍观察到具有NiO的颗粒表面的蛋壳型富集。在截面颗粒上通过光学显微法测定的蛋壳层的厚度在50℃下为约0.40mm和在70℃为约0.20mm。在这两种情况下,颗粒中心看起来不包含任何NiO。当在20-25℃下经浸渍重复该试验时,没有观察到表面富集并且NiO遍布整个颗粒。
在70℃下浸渍的3.3mm x3.3mm颗粒具有以下Ni含量。
Figure BDA00003113886300091
3号浸渍和煅烧产品称为催化剂1A。
实施例2(使用硝酸镍的对比例)
a)在50℃下浸渍硝酸镍。在50℃下,用浓度为0.851M的硝酸镍(Ni(NO3)2.4H2O)浸渍来自实施例1的3.3mm x3.3mm的煅烧的铝酸钙载体颗粒20分钟。之后,通过在290℃下使浸渍过的载体在空气中煅烧4小时来分解Ni前体。不同于用醋酸镍的相应试验,没有观察到具有NiO的颗粒表面的蛋壳型富集并且NiO遍布颗粒分布。
b)在70℃下浸渍硝酸镍。在70℃下,用浓度为3.41M的硝酸镍(Ni(NO3)2.4H2O)浸渍来自实施例1的3.3mm x3.3mm的煅烧的铝酸钙载体颗粒5分钟。然后移出浸渍过的颗粒并且使其滴水10分钟且在110℃下干燥6小时。然后将干燥了的浸渍的颗粒以100℃/h加热至650℃且随后在650℃下保持6小时,以将硝酸镍转化为氧化镍。在含氧化镍的颗粒上重复浸渍、干燥和煅烧程序另外两次。在最终煅烧后的这一材料的NiO含量为约16.5wt%。没有观察到颗粒表面的蛋壳型表面富集并且NiO遍布颗粒分布。该对比材料称为催化剂2A。
实施例3:试验
将催化剂1A和2A在具有1-英寸的转化器管内径的实验室规模蒸汽重整器中试验。将催化剂用熔融氧化铝片(筛分粒级3.35mm-4.74mm)稀释并在600℃下使用在N2中的50%体积的H2还原2小时。在催化剂还原之后,在750℃的温度下评价催化剂性能。原料气体为以3.0∶1的蒸汽∶碳比与蒸汽混合的天然气。出口气体组成通过气相色谱法分析。40小时后,在标准工艺条件下,催化剂1A比2A具有更高的性能(乙烷转化)(64.07%转化63.20%转化)。因而本发明的催化剂比从硝酸镍制备的常规催化剂提供更强的活性,尽管其Ni含量明显更低。

Claims (15)

1.制备催化剂的方法,包括以下步骤:
(i)在≥40℃的温度下用包含醋酸镍的溶液浸渍包含金属铝酸盐的煅烧的载体并干燥浸渍过的载体,
(ii)煅烧所述干燥的浸渍过的载体以在所述载体的表面上形成氧化镍,和
(iii)任选对氧化镍涂布的载体重复步骤(i)和(ii)。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述金属铝酸盐选自铝酸钙、铝酸镁和铝酸镍。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述金属铝酸盐为铝酸钙,其进一步包括使任选地具有另外的氧化铝和/或生石灰的铝酸钙水泥粉末成型,使所述水泥固化且随后煅烧成型的载体的步骤。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中所述载体通过在煅烧之前用碱金属的溶液浸渍来碱化。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的方法,其中所述载体为成型的颗粒、挤出物或细粒形式。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述载体为具有贯穿其中延伸的1-12个孔和任选2-20个凹槽或凸起的圆柱形颗粒。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的方法,其中浸渍溶液为在≥50℃,优选≥60℃,更优选≥70℃的温度下。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的方法,其中在浸渍溶液中Ni的浓度为0.5-1.0M。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项的方法,其中进行步骤(i)和(ii)直到所述煅烧的材料的氧化镍含量在2-25wt%范围内。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的方法,其中将一种或多种助催化剂化合物浸渍到干燥的载体和/或金属氧化物涂布的载体中。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项的方法,其中所述浸渍过的载体的煅烧在250-850℃的温度下进行。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的方法,进一步包括用含氢气的气体混合物还原所述氧化镍为元素形式的步骤。
13.蛋壳型催化剂材料,其可通过权利要求1-12中任一项的方法获得。
14.对烃进行蒸汽重整的方法,其包括在高温和高压下使烃与蒸汽的混合物与根据权利要求13的催化剂或根据权利要求1-12中任一项的方法制备的催化剂接触的步骤。
15.使含有在0.1-0.5%体积范围内的量的CO和CO2的氢气流气流甲烷化的方法,其包括在230-450℃的温度下使所述氢气流与权利要求13的催化剂或根据权利要求1-12中任一项的方法制备的催化剂接触的步骤。
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