CN102985776A - 用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN102985776A
CN102985776A CN2011800232605A CN201180023260A CN102985776A CN 102985776 A CN102985776 A CN 102985776A CN 2011800232605 A CN2011800232605 A CN 2011800232605A CN 201180023260 A CN201180023260 A CN 201180023260A CN 102985776 A CN102985776 A CN 102985776A
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G·齐克
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

一种用于为了生产具有介于75mol%与95mol%之间的纯度和小于5bar abs的压力的气态氧而对空气进行低温蒸馏的方法，使用包括高压塔（5）、中压塔（3）和低压塔（7）的三塔，所述中压塔借助于第一分凝器完全或部分与所述低压塔热联接，空气被输送至所述中压塔，塔釜液体从所述高压塔被输送至所述低压塔和/或至中压塔的顶部，塔顶气体经由压缩机从所述中压塔被输送至所述高压塔的底部，来自所述高压塔的塔釜液体被输送至所述低压塔的顶部，从所述低压塔的顶部抽取气体，并且从所述低压塔的底部抽取包含介于75mol%与95mol%之间的氧的流体，并且所述高压塔借助于第二分凝器与所述低压塔完全或部分热联接。

Description

用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备
背景技术
为了防止CO2排放到大气中，氧燃料燃烧循环日益受到关注。用于代替空气使用氧气燃烧的空气分离单元的尺寸必须比已有的空气分离单元大得多。为了不过度降低发电设备/空气分离单元组件的总体效率，需要具有很低比成本的氧气，同时保持投资成本尽可能低。实践中不需要生产氮气。
在三塔中，高压塔的顶部可与低压塔的底部和中压塔的底部热连接。或者，低压塔的底部与中压塔的顶部热连接并且中压塔的底部与高压塔的顶部热连接。在后一种情况下，安置在中压塔底部和/或低压塔底部的分凝器可提供热连结。如果分凝器位于这些塔之一的底部，则用于其他塔底部的热连结可由一个或多个再沸器提供。
在JP-A-2006349319和FR-A-2945111中，已知借助于分凝器来将中压塔与低压塔热连接。
根据FR-A-2945111的典型温度图在图1中示出。在图1中容易看到在塔端部由于在中压塔中施加压力的夹板处的最小温差而导致的大的温差。然而，作为主要熵形成来源的温差阻止减少分离能量。FR-A-2945111的图对于95mol%氧气纯度具有0.276kWh/Nm3左右的分离能量。该数值通过交换管线中的制冷单元获得。中压塔顶部处的压力仅为3.7bar左右。
本发明的一个目的是使用很低的分离能量生产处于很低的压力（介于1.2barabs与2barabs之间，例如1.7barabs）和低纯度（75mol%至95mol%，优选介于85mol%与95mol%之间）的氧气，同时考虑很高流速的制约。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个主题，提供一种对空气进行低温蒸馏的方法，所述方法用于生产具有介于75mol%与95mol%之间、优选介于85mol%与95mol%之间的纯度和小于5bar abs、优选小于2.5bar abs的压力的气态氧，
i）使用包括辅助塔、中压塔和低压塔的三塔，
ii）所述中压塔借助于第一分凝器完全或部分与低压塔热联接，
iii）空气被输送至所述中压塔，
iv）底部液体从所述辅助塔被输送至所述低压塔的顶部并可选地被输送至所述中压塔的顶部，
v）塔顶气体从所述中压塔被输送至所述辅助塔的底部，
vi）来自所述辅助塔的底部液体被输送至所述低压塔的顶部，
vii）在所述低压塔的顶部抽取气体，
viii）从所述低压塔抽取包含介于75mol%与95mol%之间的氧的流体作为底部液体，
ix）所述辅助塔借助于交换器与所述低压塔部分地热联接，
所述方法的特征在于，所述辅助塔是高压塔，所述塔顶气体经由压缩机从所述中压塔被输送至所述高压塔的底部，所述中压塔借助于所述第一分凝器与所述低压塔的中部完全或部分热联接，并且所述高压塔借助于第二分凝器与所述低压塔的底部完全或部分热联接。
优选地：
-所述第一分凝器与所述低压塔的一区域换热，所述区域在所述第二分凝器与之换热的区域上方；
-来自所述中压塔的塔顶气体在被输送至所述高压塔之前至少部分地在冷增压器中压缩；
-所述冷压缩气体构成所述高压塔的唯一供料；
-所述高压塔以全回流运转；
-将来自所述中压塔的底部液体输送至所述高压塔的顶部和/或所述低压塔的优选在热联接区域上方的中部。
根据本发明的另一个主题，提供一种非绝热（diabatique）蒸馏单元，所述非绝热蒸馏单元包括：辅助塔、中压塔和低压塔；确保所述低压塔与所述高压塔之间的热交换的第一分凝器；确保所述中压塔与所述低压塔之间的热交换的第二分凝器；为所述中压塔供料的空气管线；将所述中压塔的顶部与所述高压塔的底部连接的管线，所述中压塔与压缩机之间未连接有再热装置；用于将来自所述高压塔的底部液体输送至所述低压塔的顶部并可选地输送至所述中压塔的顶部的管线；用于将来自所述中压塔的底部液体输送至所述低压塔的中间区域的管线；用于从所述低压塔抽取塔顶气体的管线；以及用于从所述低压塔抽取底部液体的管线，所述非绝热蒸馏单元的特征在于，所述辅助塔为高压塔，压缩机将所述中压塔的顶部与所述高压塔的底部连接，所述第一分凝器确保所述低压塔的底部与所述高压塔之间的热交换，并且所述第二分凝器确保所述中压塔与所述低压塔的上部区域之间的热交换。
泵可连接到低压塔的底部，以便将富氧产品的压力提升至其蒸发压力。这种情况下，氧在主交换管线的外部蒸发。
根据本发明的方法使用包含三个蒸馏塔的单元，其中在高压塔、中压塔和低压塔之间具有分凝器。在低压塔的底部抽取液氧，以便避免其蒸干并且该液体在空气作为热流体的外部再沸器中转化为蒸气。目的是减小各塔间的平均温差。为了实现这一点，提出将MP塔分为两个区段，即与LP塔的中部热联接的具有较低压力的塔（MP’塔）和与LP塔的底部热联接的具有略微较高压力的塔（HP’塔）。图2中示出了原理，并且图3中示出了塔中的温度与位置之间的关系。与具有两个塔的非绝热蒸馏不一样，由于MP’塔的供料的仅一部分被压缩至HP’塔的压力，所以将获得总压缩能量节省。
附图说明
将参考附图更详细地描述本发明，附图的图2表示根据本发明的工艺运转的单元。
具体实施方式
具有小于3.9bar的压力的气态空气流1被输送至MP’塔3的底部。MP’塔3借助于分凝器与LP塔（在小于1.8barabs的压力下工作）的中部热联接。在MP’塔3的底部抽取富氧液流9并在阀中膨胀和在交换器21中冷却后将其输送至LP塔7的较高高度。
从MP’塔3的顶部抽取富氮气态流11并将其分成两部分。一部分13被用作产品或被排出，并且其余部分15在不进行再热的情况下在冷压缩机17中被压缩并输送至HP’塔5的底部，该HP’塔5在高于MP’塔3的压力但低于5.5barabs的压力下运转。HP’塔5借助于分凝器与LP塔的下区段热连结。由于氮15是供给HP’塔5的唯一流，所以它在HP’塔5中被分离，以便可选地在HP’塔的顶部形成氮含量很高的相19和氧含量与流15一样或比流15大的底部流31，相19可被用作产品。液态底部流31可被分为两部分，一部分35经膨胀并作为回流增强物（非必要）被输送至MP’塔3的顶部，并且另一部分33经膨胀并被输送至LP塔7的顶部（在所有情况下）。
部分或完全液化的空气27的流在与液体9相同或高于液体9的高度、低于源自MP’塔的液体33的输送高度的高度被输送至LP塔7。
在LP塔7的顶部抽取包含低压氮的气态流29，并且液流23在LP塔7的底部被抽取、通过泵25被加压、并且可选地在专用的再沸器中或交换管线中与空气相互作用而气化。流23在泵25的下游处于介于1.2barabs与2barabs之间的压力下，并且处于包含介于75mol%与95mol%之间的氧、优选介于85mol%与95mol%之间的氧的低纯度。
通过降低氧的纯度，将显著减少分离能量。

Claims (11)

1.一种对空气进行低温蒸馏的方法，该方法用于生产具有介于75mol%与95mol%之间、优选介于85mol%与95mol%之间的纯度和小于5bar abs、优选小于2.5bar abs的压力的气态氧，
x）使用包括辅助塔（5）、中压塔（3）和低压塔（7）的三塔，
xi）所述中压塔借助于第一分凝器完全或部分地与所述低压塔热联接，
xii）空气被输送至所述中压塔，
xiii）底部液体从所述辅助塔被输送至所述低压塔的顶部并可选地被输送至所述中压塔的顶部，
xiv）塔顶气体从所述中压塔被输送至所述辅助塔的底部，
xv）来自所述辅助塔的底部液体被输送至所述低压塔的顶部，
xvi）在所述低压塔的顶部抽取气体，
xvii）从所述低压塔抽取包含介于75mol%与95mol%之间的氧的流体作为底部液体，
xviii）所述辅助塔借助于交换器与所述低压塔部分地热联接，
所述方法的特征在于，所述辅助塔是高压塔，所述塔顶气体经由压缩机从所述中压塔被输送至所述高压塔的底部，所述中压塔借助于所述第一分凝器与所述低压塔的中部完全或部分地热联接，并且所述高压塔借助于第二分凝器与所述低压塔的底部完全或部分地热联接。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述第一分凝器与所述低压塔（7）的一区域换热，所述区域在第二分凝器与之换热的区域上方。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，来自所述中压塔（3）的塔顶气体在被输送至所述高压塔（5）之前至少部分地在冷增压器（17）中被压缩。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其中，所述冷压缩气体构成所述高压塔（5）的唯一供料。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述高压塔（5）以全回流操作。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，来自所述中压塔（3）的底部液体被输送至所述高压塔（5）的顶部和/或所述低压塔（7）的优选在热联接区域上方的中部。
7.一种非绝热蒸馏单元，所述非绝热蒸馏单元包括：辅助塔（5）、中压塔（3）和低压塔（7）；确保所述低压塔与所述高压塔之间的热交换的第一分凝器；确保所述中压塔与所述低压塔之间的热交换的第二分凝器；为所述中压塔供料的空气管线；将所述中压塔的顶部与所述高压塔的底部连接的管线（11，15），所述中压塔与压缩机之间未连接有再热装置；用于将来自所述高压塔的底部液体输送至所述低压塔的顶部并可选地输送至所述中压塔的顶部的管线；用于将来自所述中压塔的底部液体输送至所述低压塔的中间区域的管线；用于从所述低压塔抽取塔顶气体的管线（29）；以及用于从所述低压塔抽取底部液体的管线，所述非绝热蒸馏单元的特征在于，所述辅助塔为高压塔，压缩机（17）将所述中压塔的顶部与所述高压塔的底部连接，所述第一分凝器确保所述低压塔的底部与所述高压塔之间的热交换，并且所述第二分凝器确保所述中压塔与所述低压塔的上部区域之间的热交换。
8.如权利要求7所述的单元，包括连接到所述低压塔的底部的泵（25）。
9.如权利要求7或8所述的单元，不具有用于给所述高压塔供给空气的装置。
10.如权利要求7、8或9所述的单元，包括用于从所述高压塔（5）的顶部抽取富氮气体的管线（19）。
11.如权利要求7至10中任一项所述的单元，其中，所述塔为蒸馏塔。
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