CN103292576A - 通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备 - Google Patents

通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN103292576A
CN103292576A CN2013100624956A CN201310062495A CN103292576A CN 103292576 A CN103292576 A CN 103292576A CN 2013100624956 A CN2013100624956 A CN 2013100624956A CN 201310062495 A CN201310062495 A CN 201310062495A CN 103292576 A CN103292576 A CN 103292576A
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tower
liquid
transported
air
oxygen
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B·哈
J-R·布吕格罗勒
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Publication of CN103292576A publication Critical patent/CN103292576A/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04436—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using at least a triple pressure main column system
    • F25J3/04448—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using at least a triple pressure main column system in a double column flowsheet with an intermediate pressure column
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2235/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
    • F25J2245/02—Recycle of a stream in general, e.g. a by-pass stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2250/00—Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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Abstract

在一种通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法中，空气被净化、冷却并输送到塔系统（ASU）的第一蒸馏塔（100），在所述第一蒸馏塔中，空气被分离成氧增浓液体（10）和氮增浓气体，氧增浓液体或从其衍生的液体从第一塔被输送到在比第一塔的压力低的压力下工作的第二塔（102）的顶部冷凝器（107）并被部分地气化，第二塔的底部经由底部再沸器（106）加温，来自第二塔的底部的液体被输送到在比第二塔的压力低的压力下工作的第三塔（103）的中间位置，来自第二塔的顶部的氮增浓液体被输送到第三塔的顶部，富氧液体从第三塔的底部被取出、加压并通过与空气换热而气化，并且来自第二塔的顶部冷凝器的氧增浓液体被输送到第二塔的中间位置以在其中进行分离。

Description

通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法和设备。特别地，本发明涉及一种使用用于生产气态氧的三个低温蒸馏塔来分离空气的方法。
背景技术
该方法对于在介于30bar abs与45bar abs之间的压力下生产气态氧特别有效，其中通过从蒸馏塔取出液氧、对氧加压和通过与空气换热使加压液体气化来生产氧。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个目的，提供了一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法，其中空气被净化、冷却并输送到塔系统的第一蒸馏塔，在所述第一蒸馏塔中，空气被分离成氧增浓液体和氮增浓气体，氧增浓液体或从其衍生的液体从第一塔被输送到在比第一塔的压力低的压力下工作的第二塔的顶部冷凝器并在其中被部分地气化，第二塔的底部经由底部再沸器加温，来自第二塔的底部的液体被输送到在比第二塔的压力低的压力下工作的第三塔的中间位置，来自第二塔的顶部的氮增浓液体被输送到第三塔的顶部，氧增浓液体从第三塔的底部被取出、加压并通过与空气换热而气化，所述方法的特征在于，来自第二塔的顶部冷凝器的氧增浓液体被输送到第二塔的中间位置以在其中分离。
根据其它可选特征：
-所有被输送到第二塔中进行分离的流体都来自顶部冷凝器或来自顶部冷凝器和第三塔。
-所有从第一塔的底部被取出的氧增浓流体都被输送到顶部冷凝器。
-氧增浓液体或从其衍生的液体在从顶部冷凝器被取出之后并在被输送到第二塔之前被加压。
-液体通过泵和/或通过流体静压力加压。
-被输送进行分离的液体由所述氧增浓液体通过在比第二塔的压力低的压力下工作的第四塔中的低温分离而获得，以使所述富氧液体更进一步增浓氧。
-第四塔在顶部处被供给来自第一塔的氮增浓液体。
-第四塔在底部处被供给给送空气。
-该方法包括使经净化和经冷却的空气膨胀并将其输送到第四塔。
-富氧液体被加压到介于30bar abs与45bar abs之间的压力。
-没有气态氮流作为气态产品从第一塔被取出。
-空气在热交换器中从0℃以上的温度被冷却到-150℃以下的温度，空气的至少一部分从热交换器的中间位置被取出，在冷压缩机中被压缩，被输送回到热交换器，并且在塔系统中分离。
-被输送到塔系统的空气的至少35%、优选至少40%、或甚至至少50%在第一涡轮中膨胀到第三塔或第四塔的压力。
-第一涡轮的入口温度低于冷压缩机的入口温度。
根据本发明的另一个目的，提供了一种通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的设备，该设备包括：塔系统，其具有第一塔、第二塔和第三塔；热交换器；用于将经净化、冷却后的空气从热交换器输送到第一蒸馏塔的装置，所述空气在第一蒸馏塔中被分离成氧增浓液体和氮增浓气体；用于将氧增浓液体或从其衍生的液体从第一塔输送到在比第一塔的压力低的压力下工作的第二塔的顶部冷凝器的管道，所述第二塔具有底部再沸器；用于将液体从第二塔的底部输送到在比第二塔的压力低的压力下工作的第三塔的中间位置的管道；用于将氮增浓液体从第二塔的顶部输送到第三塔的顶部的管道；用于从第三塔的底部取出富氧液体的管道；用于对富氧液体加压的泵；用于将加压富氧液体输送到热交换器以通过与空气换热而气化的管道，所述设备的特征在于，其包括用于将氧增浓液体从第二塔的顶部冷凝器输送到第二塔的中间位置以在其中进行分离的管道。
该设备还可包括
-加压装置，其可以是泵和/或流体静压力，用于在第二塔的中间位置上游对来自顶部冷凝器的液体加压。
-涡轮以及用于将空气从热交换器输送到涡轮的管道和用于将膨胀空气从涡轮输送到第三塔和/或第四塔的管道。
-第四塔，其适于将氧增浓液体从第四塔输送到顶部冷凝器。
-第四塔定位在第三塔上方或第二塔上方。
本发明的一个优点在于，通过将大量膨胀空气输送到第二塔或（在存在的情况下）第四塔，使输送到第二塔的液体回流量减小。因此，由于所产生的气态氮的量是恒定的，应理解的是，通往低压塔的给料流和回流与通常情况相比将被较大程度地过冷却，以使得存在较少的闪蒸。
与输送到第二塔或（在存在的情况下）第四塔的空气的高涡轮流量有关的另一个优点在于，涡轮温度可以较低且因此可在涡轮出口处形成液体。在这种情况下，大约4.5%的膨胀空气在涡轮中液化。这意味着更多给送空气能以气态形式被输送到蒸馏塔。
附图说明
将参照附图更详细地描述本发明。
图1示出了用于根据本发明的方法中的塔系统。图2和图3示出了用于图1、图4或图5的方法中的热交换系统。图3示出了热交换系统。
图4和图5示出了用于根据本发明的方法中的塔系统。图6示出了用于图1、图4或图5的方法中的热交换系统。
具体实施方式
在图1的方法中，使用了如下的塔系统：该塔系统包括在高压下工作的第一塔100、在低于所述高压的中压下工作的第二塔102和在低于所述中压的低压下工作的、经由底部再沸器与第一塔热集成的第三塔。
通往第一塔100的主要给料是气态空气2，该第一塔还在比流2的导入位置高的导入位置被供给液态空气流4。液态空气流4被示出为单股流，但其也可以由从主热交换器的热优化产生的多股液态空气流（未示出）组成。空气流6在涡轮8中膨胀并被输送至第三塔103的中间位置。没有空气被直接输送到第二塔102，不过也可以设想这种情况。氧增浓液体10从塔100的底部被取出，在阀中膨胀，并被输送到第二塔102的顶部冷凝器107。在顶部冷凝器中，氧增浓液体通过与第二塔102的顶部气体换热而被部分地气化，由此使作为回流返回第二塔102的顶部气体冷凝。该选择为顶部冷凝器提供了最佳温度；但是，也可以例如仅将一部分氧增浓液体10输送至顶部冷凝器，并将其余氧增浓液体10输送至第三塔103。
来自冷凝器的未气化液体26被分成两部分。一部分25被输送到第三塔103且其余部分24在泵110中被加压并作为给料输送到第二塔102的下部区域。通过来自第一塔的顶部的气态氮增浓流体流来确保第二塔102的再沸。该流体在第二塔102的底部再沸器106中液化并作为流53被输送回到第一塔的顶部。相同气体的流也在第三塔的底部再沸器中冷凝。气态氮可作为产品流在第一塔的顶部被取出。
包含介于65%mol（摩尔百分比）和75%mol之间的氧的液体60从第二塔的底部被取出、膨胀并被输送到第三塔103。来自顶部冷凝器的气化的氧增浓液体123也被供给到塔103。来自第二塔102的顶部的氮增浓液体膨胀并作为流23被输送到第三塔103的顶部。
具有与空气相似的组分的液流62从第一塔被取出、膨胀并被输送到第三塔。来自第一塔的顶部的液态氮流作为流41被输送到第三塔的顶部。
氮增浓气体59从第三塔103的顶部被取出。氧增浓液体30从第三塔103的底部被取出，并在泵120中被加压到介于30bar和45bar之间以形成高压流31。
图2示出了用于冷却给料流并加热图1的产品流的热交换系统。因此，空气1在压缩机3中被压缩而形成压缩流5。在冷却并净化以去除水分和二氧化碳（未示出）之后，压缩空气被分成三部分。一部分72在热交换器10中被完全冷却并作为流2被输送到第一塔的底部，该塔系统被标为ASU。另一部分70在热增压压缩机11中增压，在热交换器10中被部分地冷却，并在涡轮8中膨胀而形成被输送到第三塔103的流6。
最后一部分71在另一热增压器9中被压缩，在热交换器10中被部分地冷却，在冷增压器13中被进一步压缩，在热交换器10中被冷却，液化，并作为液流4被输送到塔系统。
介于30bar与45bar之间的高压液氧31在热交换器10中气化而形成气态加压氧。氮增浓气体59也在热交换器10中被加温。增压器9和13可以由电动马达驱动。
图3示出了还可以将图2修改为避免使用增压器11。两股流70、72以压缩机1的出口压力进入热交换器。在这种情况下，可以使流72在热交换器中被部分冷却之后被输送到另一个涡轮18。在这种情况下，流70的作为空气8A的一部分的部分在热交换器10中被完全冷却，液化，并被输送到塔系统ASU。流70的其余部分在交换器10中被部分地冷却，在涡轮8中膨胀，并作为流8被输送到塔系统ASU。
在这种情况下，两个冷增压器13、13A串联布置以压缩待液化的空气4C。通过将流73的一部分冷却并液化以形成液流4B，可以提高效率。类似地，可以在增压器13A的压缩之后提取液流4A。所有液态空气流4A、4B、4C和8A都作为给料被输送到塔100。出于图示的目的，这些流可以结合并作为单股流4被示出。
介于30bar与45bar之间的高压液氧31在热交换器10中气化而形成气态加压氧。氮增浓气体59也在热交换器10中被加温。增压器9可以由电动马达驱动。流71在热增压器9中被压缩而形成流73。流73的一部分在热交换器中被完全冷却而形成流4B。其余部分被部分地冷却，在冷增压器13A中被压缩，在交换器中从一个中间温度被加温到另一个中间温度并分成两部分。一部分41被冷却到交换器的冷端并作为流4A膨胀。
其余部分4C在其入口温度低于压缩机13A的入口温度的冷压缩机13中被压缩，被输送回到处于中间温度的交换器，并在在塔系统中膨胀之前被冷却到交换器的冷端。
冷增压器13和13A两者都由涡轮8驱动。
在图4中，第四塔104被安置在第三塔103的顶部上方并在刚好略低于第三塔的压力下工作。该塔104在顶部处被供给氮增浓液体40的一部分42，其余部分43与以前一样被输送到第三塔103的顶部。气体52和气体51分别从第三塔和第四塔的顶部被取出，两者都被氮增浓。来自第四塔的底部的液体21经由泵210或者在布局允许的情况下通过流体静压头被输送到顶部冷凝器107而在其中气化，以确保顶部冷凝器的充分冷却。
第四塔也在底部处被供给空气流6，不再经由涡轮8被输送到塔103。
在其它方面，该塔系统与在图1中的塔系统一样。
在图5中，第四塔104被置于第二塔上方，使得顶部冷凝器107变成第四塔的底部再沸器。第四塔可以在略低于第三塔的压力的压力下工作。第二塔在2.3bar下工作。氧增浓液体10膨胀并给被供送到第四塔104的底部并且在塔中分离。来自涡轮8的空气也经由流6被输送到第四塔104的底部。氮增浓气态流51从第四塔的顶部被取出。离开顶部冷凝器107的液流26被分成两部分且液体24与以前一样用于供给到第二塔102。
图6示出了热交换系统，其中在压缩机3中被压缩到7.7bar的空气被分成两部分。一部分71被增压到9.6bar并分成流73、74。在于热交换器中被再次冷却到冷端并作为流2被输送到塔系统之前，流73在热交换器10中被部分地冷却并在涡轮18中膨胀。处于压缩机3的出口压力的流70被冷却到热交换器10中的中间位置，在涡轮8中膨胀，并作为流6被输送到塔系统的图3或图4的第三塔103或第四塔104。其余部分74在增压器9中增压到12bar，在热交换器中被部分地冷却并分成两部分。一部分在冷压缩机13中被压缩到53bar，从而具有4.5的压缩比，在交换器10中被进一步冷却，且然后膨胀进入塔系统。在增压器9中增压的空气的其余部分被冷却到冷端，膨胀，并被输送到塔系统。
具有95%mol的氧的氧流30被加压并在40bar abs下气化。
该特定设置的优点在于，由于第二塔102处于2.3bar的较低——与图3的2.5bar相对——压力下，因此可以提高第二塔的底部中的氧含量。
在所有附图中，在涡轮8中膨胀的流6可以被部分地液化。优选地，介于2%与5%之间的膨胀空气被液化。
在所有附图中，空气流70代表待分离的总给送空气的至少35%、优选至少40%或甚至至少50%。由于被直接输送到第二塔或第四塔的大量空气，第一塔与通常情况（的塔）相比可具有小得多的直径，例如为通常情况（的塔）的二分之一。在涡轮膨胀空气被输送到第四塔104的情况下，第三塔也可以具有大幅减小的直径。
该方法的另一个优点在于，大部分废气59不被输送到用于净化空气的吸附系统的再生。该特征允许第四塔或尖塔在与第三塔相比较低的压力下工作。
大量空气在涡轮中膨胀到特别低的温度产生大量冷量并且冷增压器的使用可以有效地消耗该冷量使得可以大幅减少能耗。
对于所有附图而言，优选的是，再沸器106是降膜蒸发器。最低温差为0.5℃且平均温差介于0.9℃与1.1℃之间。预计的蒸发率小于33%。对于所有附图而言，优选的是，冷凝器107是降膜蒸发器。最低温差为0.5℃且平均温差介于0.9℃与1.1℃之间。同样，预计的蒸发率小于33%。
尽管图中未示出，但可以以气态或液态形式将给送空气输送到第二塔。在所有附图中，该方法不产生或产生少量作为最终产品的液态产品（氧产品的约3%）。
在所有附图中，泵110可以由流体静压力替换或补充。

Claims (15)

1.一种通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法，其中，空气被净化、冷却并被输送到塔系统（ASU）的第一蒸馏塔（100），在所述第一蒸馏塔中，空气被分离成氧增浓液体（10）和氮增浓气体，氧增浓液体或从其衍生的液体从所述第一塔被输送到在比所述第一塔的压力低的压力下工作的第二塔（102）的顶部冷凝器（107）并在所述顶部冷凝器中被部分地气化，所述第二塔的底部经由底部再沸器（106）加温，来自所述第二塔的底部的液体被输送到在比所述第二塔的压力低的压力下工作的第三塔（103）的中间位置，来自所述第二塔的顶部的氮增浓液体被输送到所述第三塔的顶部，富氧液体从所述第三塔的底部被取出、加压并通过与空气换热而气化，所述方法的特征在于，来自所述第二塔的所述顶部冷凝器的氧增浓液体被输送到所述第二塔的中间位置以在所述第二塔中分离。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所有被输送到所述第二塔（102）中进行分离的流体都来自所述顶部冷凝器（107）或来自所述顶部冷凝器和所述第三塔（103）。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述氧增浓液体（24）或从其衍生的液体在从所述顶部冷凝器（107）被取出之后并在被输送到所述第二塔（102）之前被加压。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述液体（24）通过泵和/或通过流体静压力加压。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，被输送进行分离的液体（24）由所述氧增浓液体通过在比所述第二塔的压力低的压力下工作的第四塔（104）中的低温分离而获得，以使所述富氧液体更进一步增浓氧。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，包括使经净化和经冷却的空气（6）膨胀并将其输送到所述第四塔（104）。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述富氧液体（30，31）被加压到介于30bar abs与45bar abs之间的压力。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，没有气态氮流作为气态产品从所述第一塔（100）被取出。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述空气（1）在热交换器（10）中从0℃以上的温度被冷却到-150℃以下的温度，所述空气的至少一部分从所述热交换器的中间位置被取出，在冷压缩机（13，13A）中被压缩，被输送回到所述热交换器，并在所述塔系统中分离。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，被输送到所述塔系统的空气的至少35%、优选至少40%、或甚至至少50%在第一涡轮（8）中膨胀到所述第三塔或所述第四塔的压力。
11.根据权利要求9和10所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第一涡轮（8）的入口温度低于所述冷压缩机（13，13A）的入口温度。
12.一种通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的设备，所述设备包括：塔系统，该塔系统具有第一塔（100）、第二塔（102）和第三塔（103）；热交换器（10）；用于将经净化的、冷却后的空气从所述热交换器输送到所述第一蒸馏塔的装置，所述空气在所述第一蒸馏塔中被分离成氧增浓液体和氮增浓气体；用于将氧增浓液体（10）或从其衍生的液体从所述第一塔输送到在比所述第一塔的压力低的压力下工作的所述第二塔的顶部冷凝器（107）的管道，所述第二塔具有底部再沸器（106）；用于将液体从所述第二塔的底部输送到在比所述第二塔的压力低的压力下工作的第三塔的中间位置的管道；用于将氮增浓液体从所述第二塔的顶部输送到所述第三塔的顶部的管道；用于从所述第三塔的底部取出富氧液体（30）的管道；用于对所述富氧液体加压的泵（120）；用于将加压富氧液体（31）输送到所述热交换器以通过与空气换热而气化的管道，所述设备的特征在于，所述设备包括用于将氧增浓液体（24）从所述第二塔的所述顶部冷凝器输送到所述第二塔的中间位置以在所述第二塔中进行分离的管道。
13.根据权利要求12所述的设备，其特征在于，所述设备包括加压装置（110），以在所述第二塔（102）的中间位置上游对来自所述顶部冷凝器（107）的液体加压，所述加压装置能够是泵和/或流体静压力。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的设备，其特征在于，所述设备包括涡轮（8）以及用于将空气（6）从所述热交换器（10）输送到所述涡轮的管道和用于将膨胀空气从所述涡轮输送到所述第三塔（103）和/或第四塔（104）的管道。
15.根据权利要求14所述的设备，其特征在于，所述设备包括第四塔（104），所述第四塔适于将氧增浓液体从所述第四塔输送到所述顶部冷凝器。
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