CN103988036B - 用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN103988036B
CN103988036B CN201280057446.7A CN201280057446A CN103988036B CN 103988036 B CN103988036 B CN 103988036B CN 201280057446 A CN201280057446 A CN 201280057446A CN 103988036 B CN103988036 B CN 103988036B
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J-R·布吕格罗勒
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract

一种用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备,该设备包括:塔系统,该塔系统包括双塔(100,101)、在介于高压塔的压力和低压塔的压力之间的压力下操作的中压塔(103)、和氩塔(102);热交换器(200);用于将经净化的压缩空气送至热交换器中冷却的导管;用于将冷却的经净化的压缩空气至少部分地从热交换器送至高压塔的导管;用于使来自低压塔的富氧液体(30)加压和气化的装置;用于加压和气化富氮液体(40)的装置;用于将富氩气体(50,54)从低压塔送至具有顶部冷凝器(105)的氩塔的导管;用于从氩塔的顶部取出富氩流体(80)的导管;用于将液态空气流(4,20,22)至少部分地送至中压塔的顶部冷凝器(107)以在其中部分地气化而形成蒸气和液体的导管;用于将在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中形成的蒸气(123)送至低压塔的导管;和用于将液体(24)从中压塔的顶部冷凝器送至中压塔以进行分离的导管。

Description

用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法/工艺和设备。
背景技术
大多数氧气发生器是基于LOX泵送循环的,其中液氧通过泵加压,并通过冷凝加压空气而气化,然后升温以形成加压的气态氧产品。通常约25%至35%的进料空气通过使氧产品气化而液化。液体泵送循环不仅适用于液氧而且一些液氮也可以基于相同的概念被气化。当液氧和液氮两者被泵送和通过冷凝空气而气化以形成加压的氧气和氮气时,高达总进料空气的50%的大量空气必须被液化。
通过泵送液体来生产气态氧和氮产品,可以避免昂贵的产品压缩机而导致显著的成本降低。然而,通过使大量的进料空气液化,双塔工艺的高压塔失去了气态进料空气,使得对其向低压塔提供回流液体的能力产生不利影响。进料空气的减少还减少了高压塔顶部的冷凝气体,并且这转化成对于低压塔的较少的再沸器负荷。当液氧和液氮两者都以显著量通过冷凝空气泵送时,蒸馏性能将受到影响。因此,会发生氧回收的损失。当所有的液氧和大约相同的摩尔流率的液氮被气化时,可以预期多达7-10%的氧气回收率损失。需要更多的动力和更多进料空气、即更大的发生器尺寸以生产相同量的氧。
在低温空气分离技术中,中压塔可以被添加到双塔工艺以提高蒸馏性能。中压塔的主要功能是蒸馏高压塔底部的富液以得到用于低压塔的额外的富氮液体回流。中压塔通常是通过冷凝来自高压塔顶部的富氮气体而底部加热或再沸。双塔工艺可具有用于提取氩的侧臂塔。有时,中压塔的再沸可通过向氩侧臂塔供给气体来提供或由从氩塔本身产生的一些气体提供。中压塔在介于低压塔的压力和高压塔的压力之间的压力下操作。
例如,氩塔和中压塔可以与双塔工艺一起使用,以生产氩气和最大限度地从高压塔提取高压氮。可以实现良好的工艺效率。在这些工艺中,高压塔的底部的富氧液体被供给至中压塔,然后从中压塔的底部提取所得到的液体在中压塔和氩塔的顶部冷凝器中部分地气化以提供所需的回流。
然而,在液氧和液氮两者都被气化,以及有时具有液体生产要求的情况下,形成过多的液态空气使得高压塔底部的富液的量急剧减少。由于这种效果,使用具有氩塔的中压塔变得不那么有效或不实用,原因很简单,没有足够的富液以驱动氩塔和中压塔。在一些情况下,为了保证中压塔的冷凝器中的正的温度差,一些液态空气或富氮液体必须被注入或与底部液体混合以降低它的沸点温度。这种混合可以在蒸馏系统中引入不可逆性并造成效率的损失。新工艺通过提供一种替代技术以有效地处理附加的液态空气而解决了上述缺点。
EP-A-0828123所述的工艺利用中压塔提高在液氧和液氮两者被泵送和气化时的氩回收率。为了弥补富氧液体不足的问题,一些液态空气被送至中压塔以生产附加的中压塔底部液体。具有类似于空气的成分的中间液体与中压塔的底部液体混合,以提供中压塔顶部冷凝器的冷却。氩塔的顶部冷凝器也通过使中压塔的底部液体气化而冷却。
在技术公开IPCOM000019394D中,图2公开了使用中压塔以增强氩的回收。该工艺类似于EP-A-0828123的工艺,但更多或几乎所有从高压塔中提取的液态空气被送至中压塔以获得附加的液氮回流。中压塔的底部流在其顶部冷凝器中部分地气化以冷却。液态馏分被送至氩塔的顶部冷凝器并被气化以供给所需的冷却。在这种布置中,中压塔和氩塔的两个顶部冷凝器在从中压塔的底部接收气化液体而言是串联的。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个目的,提供一种用于在塔系统中通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法,该塔系统包括高压塔、低压塔、中压塔和氩塔,低压塔的底部与高压塔的顶部热联接,中压塔在介于高压塔的压力和低压塔的压力之间的压力下操作,在该方法中:
i)经净化的压缩空气在热交换器中冷却和至少部分地被送至高压塔,
ii)富氮液体被从高压塔的顶部送至低压塔的顶部,
iii)富氧液体被从低压塔取出、加压和在所述热交换器或另一热交换器中气化,
iv)富氮液体被从塔系统取出、加压和在所述热交换器或另一热交换器中气化,
v)富氩气体被从低压塔送至具有顶部冷凝器的氩塔,并且从氩塔的顶部取出富氩流体,
vi)来自高压塔底部的富氧液体在氩塔的顶部冷凝器中部分气化,和由此形成的气体被送至低压塔,
vii)在高压塔的中间位置取出一中间流并至少部分地送至中压塔的顶部冷凝器,其在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中部分地气化以形成蒸气和液体,
viii)在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中形成的蒸气被送至低压塔,
ix)来自中压塔的顶部冷凝器的液体被送至中压塔进行分离,
x)来自中压塔底部的液体被送至低压塔,和
xi)来自中压塔顶部的液体被送至低压塔的顶部。
优选地:
-中压塔具有底部再沸器,其中来自低压塔的富氩气体在底部再沸器中冷凝。
-从中压塔的顶部冷凝器送出的液体是向中压塔的唯一进料。
-来自高压塔的所有富氧液体被送至氩塔的顶部冷凝器或被送至低压塔和氩塔的顶部冷凝器,而不经过中压塔的顶部冷凝器。
-中压塔的所有的底部液体被送至低压塔,而不经过中压塔的顶部冷凝器。
-来自中压塔的顶部冷凝器的液体的一部分被送至低压塔。
-来自顶部冷凝器的液体被送至中压塔的介于中压塔底部上方2和5个理论塔板之间的位置。
-至少部分空气被冷却到热交换器的中间温度、在压缩机中被压缩、在热交换器中进一步冷却并被至少送至高压塔。
-中压塔的底部液体含有至少70mol%的氧。
-中压塔的底部再沸器和顶部冷凝器中的至少一个是降膜再沸器。
-进料空气的至少一部分在热增压器中从第一压力被压缩到第二压力、在第二压力下被供给到热交换器、冷却、在第一涡轮膨胀机中膨胀并被送至高压塔,进料空气的至少另一部分在第一压力下被送至热交换器,并且分为三份,第一份在冷增压器中从第一压力被压缩到第三压力、冷却、膨胀并被送至高压塔,第二份在第二涡轮膨胀机中膨胀和送至高压塔,第三份被冷却至热交换器的冷端和送至高压塔。
根据本发明的另一目的,提供了一种用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备,该设备包括:塔系统,该塔系统包括高压塔、低压塔、中压塔和氩塔,低压塔的底部与高压塔的顶部热联接,中压塔在介于高压塔的压力和低压塔的压力之间的压力下操作;热交换器;用于传送经净化的压缩空气以使其在热交换器中冷却的装置;用于将冷却的经净化的压缩空气至少部分地从热交换器送至高压塔的装置;用于将富氮液体从高压塔的顶部送至低压塔的顶部的导管;用于从低压塔取出富氧液体的、连接到第一加压装置的导管;用于将加压的富氧液体从第一加压装置送至所述热交换器或另一热交换器的导管;用于从塔系统取出富氮液体的、连接到第二加压装置的导管;用于将第二加压装置连接至所述热交换器或另一热交换器的导管;用于将富氩气体从低压塔送至具有顶部冷凝器的氩塔的导管;用于从氩塔的顶部取出富氩流体的导管;用于将富氧液体从高压塔的底部送至氩塔的顶部冷凝器以使其部分气化的导管;用于将由此形成的气体送至低压塔的导管;用于将在高压塔的中间位置处取出的中间流的至少一部分送至中压塔的顶部冷凝器使其在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中部分气化以形成蒸气和液体的导管;用于将在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中形成的蒸气送至低压塔的导管;用于将来自中压塔的顶部冷凝器的液体送至中压塔进行分离的导管;用于将液体从中压塔的底部送至低压塔的导管;和用于将液体从中压塔的顶部送至低压塔的顶部的导管。
优选地:
-中压塔具有底部再沸器,该设备包括用于将富氩气体从低压塔送至底部再沸器中冷凝的导管。
-来自中压塔的顶部冷凝器的液体在中压塔底部上方2和5个理论塔板之间被送至中压塔。
-该设备包括一压缩机、用于将被冷却至热交换器的中间温度的空气的至少一部分送至该压缩机的导管、用于将空气从压缩机送至热交换器中进一步冷却的导管、和用于将空气从压缩机经由热交换器至少送至高压塔的导管。
-该设备包括第三加压装置,其用于在将从中压塔的顶部冷凝器取出的液体送至中压塔进行分离之前对该液体加压。
已净化的空气已被处理以除去其含有的水和二氧化碳。
富氧液体含有至少70%mol(摩尔百分比)氧,优选至少85%mol氧。它含有小于100%mol氧。
富氮液体含有至少85%mol氮,优选至少90%mol氮。它含有小于100%mol氮。
富氧液体含有至少25%mol氧,或至少30%mol氧。
对于本发明,高压塔在4和8bar之间操作,中压塔在2和3bar之间操作,氩塔在1和2bar之间操作,低压塔在1和2bar之间操作。
所提到的所有压力都是绝对压力。
通过泵送和气化所生产的气态氧可以低至2bar和高达80bar或甚至100bar。泵送氧的高压的上限通常是由钎焊热交换器的最大允许工作压力所决定的。
从高压塔提取并送至中压塔的顶部冷凝器中的中间流含有18和25mol%之间的氧。
附图说明
为了说明本发明,图1示出了根据本发明操作的工艺的塔部分,图2和图3示出了两种可替代的相应的热交换器部分,用于高于15barabs(绝对压力)的氧气压力。
具体实施方式
在图1中,气态空气2和液态空气4被送至高压塔100。在高压塔100的底部形成的富氧液体10被分成两份。一份12膨胀并被送至低压塔101的中间位置。另一份11膨胀并被送至氩塔的顶部冷凝器105,在该处气化以形成流13,流13被送至低压塔101。可替代地,所有富氧液体10可被送至冷凝器105并部分地冷凝。在这种情况下,流12不存在,并且来自冷凝器105的液体被送至低压塔101。高压塔100的顶部与低压塔101的底部经冷凝器-再沸器104热联接。来自高压塔100的顶部的富氮液体40被分成两份,一份41被作为回流送至低压塔101的顶部。富氮气体从低压塔101的顶部被取出。
从塔100中提取具有类似于空气的组分的含有介于18%和25%mol之间的氧的侧液流20。可替代地,侧液流可以由液态空气流4的一部分或另一液态空气流来代替或补充。流20的一份22(或流4,未示出)在中压塔103的顶部冷凝器107中被部分气化。冷凝器107可以是降膜蒸发器。含有约10%mol氧气的蒸气123被送至低压塔101。然后将部分气化的液态馏分26的一份24送至塔103。塔103在约2bar下操作以及它的冷凝器107在1.4bar下操作。可使用重力进料或泵110以将该液体从冷凝器107送至介于中压塔103的底部上方2和5个理论塔板之间的位置。来自塔103的底部的含有优选介于70mol%和75mol%氧的富氧液体60膨胀并被送至低压塔。要注意的是,用于在主热交换器中气化液氧和液氮产品而从空气的冷凝形成的液态空气流可被送至中间塔的顶部冷凝器,而不是使用从高压塔提取的液态流20的一部分。
优选地,冷凝器106、107的平均温度差应该介于0.8℃和0.9℃之间。塔103为低压塔101的顶部生产附加回流液23。塔102是用于双塔工艺的典型侧臂氩塔。来自低压塔101的富氩进料气体的一份54在氩塔102中分离以形成气态形式的或所示的液态形式的氩产品80。来自氩塔的底部液体52被送回至低压塔101。来自低压塔101的富氩进料气体50的一份51在塔103的优选为降膜型的底部再沸器106中冷凝,以产生液体53,然后将液体53送至塔102或101进行分离。氩塔102配备有顶部冷凝器105,其使在高压塔100的底部生产的富氧液体10的一份11气化。
流40的另一份45由泵121泵至高压、气化并升温以产生高压氮产品。在塔101的底部生产的液氧30由泵120泵至高压、气化并升温以产生高压氧产品。
图2所示的实施例可以用于有效地气化液态产品31、42。液态产品在泵120、121中气化,氧被加压至介于15和80barabs之间的压力。所利用的冷压缩技术被描述如下:
由压缩机201压缩至约介于15和25bar之间的升高的压力的进料空气被干燥,它的CO2成分在前端净化单元208中除去。将得到的干燥和没有CO2的流80分成数份。份83在热交换器200中被冷却到其中间温度,份83的一部分91在涡轮膨胀机204中膨胀至高压塔100内。份83的第二部分84在入口温度即所述热交换器的中间温度下在冷增压器202中被冷压缩至较高的压力以产生流85。流85接下来在热交换器200中冷却并液化以形成液态空气流4。冷却的流83的另一部分79进一步冷却和液化以产生第二液态空气流6。流4和6至少部分地作为进料送至高压塔100。进料空气的第三份82在热增压器207中被进一步压缩,在交换器200中冷却以产生冷却的压缩流88,然后该压缩流88在涡轮膨胀机203中膨胀到高压塔100内。由涡轮膨胀机203和204所产生的动力可用于驱动增压器202和207。根据热交换器200中的待气化的氧和氮的压力水平和量,有时有益的是,也提取冷却的压缩流88的一份并使其在交换器200中以类似于流79的方式液化。然后,将所得到的液体流(未示出)送至塔系统。通过生成这些辅助液体流,较少的液体、即较低的流量需要由冷压缩机进行压缩以满足交换器的冷端的冷量平衡。更高效的系统可以通过减少所需的冷压缩流来实现。
图3所示的实施例可用于减少设备的动力消耗。添加一包括数个级209、210和211的多级增压压缩机以进一步压缩供给压缩机207的馏分82。多个加压流95和96可以通过增压压缩机生成以高效地使液态产品气化,从而形成液态空气流97和99。
对于较低的氧气压力,可以使用更传统的气化工艺。对于非常低的压力,氧在类似于浴式蒸发器的专用蒸发器中气化。
冷增压器具有-20℃以下的入口温度。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于在塔系统中通过低温蒸馏分离空气的方法,所述塔系统包括高压塔(100)、低压塔(101)、中压塔(103)和氩塔(102),所述低压塔的底部与高压塔的顶部热联接,所述中压塔在介于高压塔的压力和低压塔的压力之间的压力下操作,在所述方法中:
i)经净化的压缩空气在热交换器(200)中冷却和至少部分地被送至高压塔,
ii)将富氮液体(40,41)从高压塔的顶部送至低压塔的顶部,
iii)富氧液体被从低压塔取出、加压和在所述热交换器或另一热交换器中气化,
iv)富氮液体被从塔系统取出、加压和在所述热交换器或另一热交换器中气化,
v)将富氩气体从低压塔送至具有顶部冷凝器(105)的所述氩塔,并且从氩塔的顶部取出富氩流体,
vi)使来自高压塔底部的富氧液体(11)在氩塔的顶部冷凝器中部分气化,和将由此形成的气体送至低压塔,
vii)将液态空气流或从高压塔的中间位置提取的包含介于18mol%和25mol%之间的氧的流(20,22)至少部分地送至中压塔的顶部冷凝器(107),使其在所述中压塔的顶部冷凝器中部分地气化以形成蒸气和液体,
viii)在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中形成的蒸气(123)被送至低压塔,
ix)来自中压塔的顶部冷凝器的液体(24)被送至中压塔进行分离,
x)来自中压塔底部的液体被送至低压塔,和
xi)来自中压塔(103)顶部的液体被送至低压塔的顶部。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述中压塔具有底部再沸器,以及其中来自低压塔的富氩气体(51)在所述底部再沸器中冷凝。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,从中压塔的顶部冷凝器送出的液体(24)是在中压塔中分离的唯一进料。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,来自高压塔的所有富氧液体(10,11,12)被送至氩塔的顶部冷凝器(105),或被送至低压塔和氩塔的顶部冷凝器,而不经过中压塔的顶部冷凝器。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,中压塔的所有底部液体(60)被送至低压塔,而不经过中压塔的顶部冷凝器。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,来自中压塔的顶部冷凝器(107)的液体的一部分(25)被送至低压塔。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,来自所述中压塔的顶部冷凝器的所述液体(24)被送至中压塔(103)的介于中压塔底部上方2和5个理论塔板之间的位置。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,至少部分空气被冷却到热交换器(200)的中间温度、在压缩机(202)中被压缩、在热交换器中进一步冷却并至少被送至高压塔(100)。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述中压塔(103)的底部液体含有至少70mol%氧。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述中压塔(103)的底部再沸器和顶部冷凝器(107)中的至少一个是降膜式再沸器。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,进料空气的至少一部分在热增压器(207)中被从第一压力压缩到第二压力,在第二压力下被供给至热交换器,冷却,在第一涡轮膨胀机(203)中膨胀并被送至高压塔,并且进料空气的至少另一部分在第一压力下被送至热交换器,被分为三份,第一份在冷增压器(202)中被从第一压力压缩到第三压力,冷却,膨胀并被送至高压塔,第二份在第二涡轮膨胀机(204)中膨胀并被送至高压塔,第三份被冷却至热交换器的冷端并被送至高压塔。
12.一种用于通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备,该设备包括:塔系统,该塔系统包括高压塔(100)、低压塔(101)、中压塔(103)和氩塔(102),所述低压塔的底部与高压塔的顶部热联接,所述中压塔在介于高压塔的压力和低压塔的压力之间的压力下操作;热交换器(200);用于将经净化的压缩空气送至热交换器中冷却的导管;用于将已冷却的经净化的压缩空气至少部分地从热交换器送至高压塔的导管;用于将富氮液体(40,41)从高压塔的顶部送至低压塔的顶部的导管;用于从低压塔取出富氧液体的、连接到第一加压装置的导管;用于将加压的富氧液体从第一加压装置送至所述热交换器或另一热交换器的导管;用于从塔系统取出富氮液体(40)的、连接到第二加压装置的导管;用于将第二加压装置连接至所述热交换器或另一热交换器的导管;用于将富氩气体(50,54)从低压塔送至具有顶部冷凝器(105)的氩塔的导管;用于从氩塔的顶部取出富氩流体的导管;用于将富氧液体(10,11)从高压塔的底部送至氩塔的顶部冷凝器以使其部分气化的导管;用于将由此形成的气体送至低压塔的导管;用于将液态空气流(4)或在高压塔的中间位置取出的包含介于18mol%和25mol%之间的氧的液流至少部分地送至中压塔的顶部冷凝器(107)、使其在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中部分气化以形成蒸气和液体的导管;用于将在中压塔的顶部冷凝器中形成的蒸气(123)送至低压塔的导管;用于将来自中压塔的顶部冷凝器的液体(24)送至中压塔进行分离的导管;用于将来自中压塔的底部的液体送至低压塔的导管;和用于将来自中压塔的顶部的液体送至低压塔的顶部的导管。
13.根据权利要求12所述的设备,其中,所述中压塔(103)具有底部再沸器(106),并且包括用于将来自低压塔的富氩气体(51)送至所述底部再沸器中冷凝的导管。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的设备,其中,来自所述中压塔的顶部冷凝器的液体(24)被送至中压塔(103)的介于中压塔底部上方2和5个理论塔板之间的位置。
15.根据权利要求12或13所述的设备,包括:压缩机;用于将被冷却到热交换器的中间温度的空气的至少一部分送至压缩机的导管;用于输送来自压缩机的空气以使其在热交换器中进一步冷却的导管;和用于将来自压缩机的空气经由热交换器至少送至高压塔的导管。
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