CN102947079A - 由实心线性型材形成的结构件 - Google Patents
由实心线性型材形成的结构件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102947079A CN102947079A CN2011800287190A CN201180028719A CN102947079A CN 102947079 A CN102947079 A CN 102947079A CN 2011800287190 A CN2011800287190 A CN 2011800287190A CN 201180028719 A CN201180028719 A CN 201180028719A CN 102947079 A CN102947079 A CN 102947079A
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Abstract
由多个合并的带(12)形成了包含实心线性型材(516,600,700)的结构件。每个带包括包埋在热塑性聚合物基体内的沿单一方向排列的连续纤维。在拉挤期间将连续纤维带(12)层合在一起以形成具有非常高的拉伸强度性能的整体实心型材(516,600,700)。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2010年6月11日提交的临时申请序列No.61/353,885的优先权,通过引用将其全部内容并入本文。
发明背景
通常借助于将一个或多个纤维增强带拉挤通过模具使所述带成型为所需构造来形成实心型材。所述带可以包括包埋在聚合物基体内的沿单一方向排列的连续纤维。因为所述型材具有沿机器方向(纵向)取向的连续纤维,它们通常沿机器方向表现出良好的拉伸强度。然而,遗憾的是,可获得的最大程度的拉伸强度由于在加工非常高强度的材料中的困难而受到限制。如此,目前对表现出优异的拉伸强度、却可以按相对有效且简单的方式进行制造的实心型材存在需要。
发明概述
根据本发明的一个实施方案,公开了一种包含实心线性型材的结构件。所述实心线性型材含有由多个带(ribbons)的合并层合体形成的第一组成部分(component),其中所述层合体的每个带包含:基本沿纵向取向的多个连续纤维、和含有一种或多种热塑性聚合物且在其中埋入所述连续纤维的树脂基体。所述连续纤维占所述带的约40wt.%-约90wt.%,所述热塑性聚合物占所述带的约10wt.%-约60wt.%。挠曲模量为约10千兆帕或更大。
根据本发明的另一个实施方案,公开了一种形成实心线性型材的方法,该方法包括提供多个单独带。每个带包含:基本沿纵向取向的多个连续纤维、和含有一种或多种热塑性聚合物且在其中埋入所述连续纤维的树脂基体,所述连续纤维占所述带的约40wt.%-约90wt.%,所述热塑性聚合物占所述带的约10wt.%-约60wt.%。将所述带加热到处于或高于所述树脂基体软化温度的温度。将所述加热的带牵拉通过第一模具以使所述带合并在一起并且形成层合体以及牵拉通过第二模具以使所述层合体成型。将成型的层合体冷却以形成实心型材。
下面更为详细地给出本发明的其它特征和方面。
附图简要描述
包括参照附图,在本说明书的其余部分中更具体地给出本发明的全部和实施内容,包括对本领域技术人员而言其最佳的模式,其中:
图1是用于本发明的浸渍系统的一个实施方案的示意性描述;
图2A是图1中所示的浸渍模具的截面图;
图2B是可用于本发明的浸渍模具的歧管组件和浇道的一个实施方案的分解图;
图2C是可用于本发明的至少部分限定出浸渍区的板片(plate)的一个实施方案的透视图;
图3是可用于本发明的拉挤系统的一个实施方案的示意性描述;
图4是可用于图3系统的拉挤模具的一个实施方案的透视图;
图5是本发明实心型材的一个实施方案的截面图;
图6是本发明实心型材的另一个实施方案的截面图;以及
图7是本发明实心型材的又一个实施方案的截面图。
本说明书和附图中重复使用的参考标记意欲表示本发明的相同或类似的特征或要素。
代表性实施方案的详述
定义
如本文所使用的,术语“型材”通常是指拉挤部件。型材可以具有多种截面形状,例如方形、矩形、圆形、椭圆形、三角形、I形、C形、U形、J形、L形等。
如本文所使用的,术语“线性”通常是指沿型材整个长度基本相同的截面形状。
如本文所使用的,术语“连续纤维”通常是指具有大于约8毫米,在一些实施方案中,约15毫米或更大,在一些实施方案中,约20毫米或更大的长度的纤维、细丝、纱线或粗纱(例如纤维束)。
如本文所使用的,术语“不连续纤维”通常是指不连续的纤维、细丝、纱线或粗纱。这类纤维典型地具有约8毫米或更小的长度。例如,不连续纤维可以包括短纤维或长纤维。“长纤维”典型地是具有约0.5-约8毫米,在一些实施方案中,约0.8-约6毫米,和在一些实施方案中,约1-约5毫米的长度的那些纤维。“短纤维”典型地是具有约0.5毫米或更小,在一些实施方案中,约0.01-约0.4毫米,和在一些实施方案中,约0.05-约0.3毫米的长度的那些纤维。
详述
本领域普通技术人员应理解,目前的论述仅仅是示例性实施方案的描述,并且不意欲限制本发明的更宽泛方面。
一般而言,本发明涉及用于多种应用,例如窗户、门、外墙挂板、铺板(decking)、地板等的结构件。该结构件含有由多个合并的带形成的实心线性型材,每个合并的带包括埋入热塑性聚合物基体内的沿单一方向排列的连续纤维。在拉挤期间将所述连续纤维带层合在一起以形成具有非常高的拉伸强度性能的整体实心型材。与常规思维相反,本发明人发现对拉挤工艺某些方面上的仔细控制可允许在没有不利地影响拉挤设备的情况下易于使这样的高强度型材成形。现将更为详细地描述本发明的各个实施方案。
本发明中所用的连续纤维可以由本领域已知的任何常规材料,例如金属纤维;玻璃纤维(如E-玻璃、A-玻璃、C-玻璃、D-玻璃、AR-玻璃、R-玻璃、S1-玻璃、S2-玻璃),碳纤维(如石墨),硼纤维,陶瓷纤维(如氧化铝或二氧化硅),芳族聚酰胺(aramid)纤维(如E.I.duPont de Nemours,Wilmington,DE销售的),合成有机纤维(如聚酰胺、聚乙烯、聚对苯撑(paraphenylene)、对苯二甲酰胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚苯硫醚),和已知用于增强热塑性组合物的各种其它天然或合成的无机或有机纤维性材料。玻璃纤维和碳纤维对用于连续纤维是特别期望的。这类纤维通常具有约4-约35微米,在一些实施方案中,约9-约35微米的标称直径。所述纤维可以是绞合的或直的。如果需要,所述纤维可以是含有单一纤维类型或不同类型纤维的粗纱(例如纤维束)形式。可以在单根粗纱中含有不同的纤维,或者可替代地,每根粗纱可以含有不同的纤维类型。例如,在一个实施方案中,某些粗纱可以含有连续的碳纤维,而其它粗纱可以含有玻璃纤维。每根粗纱中含有的纤维数量可以不变或者在粗纱与粗纱之间存在变动。典型地,粗纱可以含有约1,000纤维-约50,000单根纤维,在一些实施方案中,约2,000-约40,000纤维。
可以使用任何各种热塑性聚合物形成其中埋入连续纤维的热塑性基体。用于本发明的合适的热塑性聚合物可以包括例如聚烯烃(如聚丙烯、丙烯-乙烯共聚物等),聚酯(如聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(“PBT”)),聚碳酸酯,聚酰胺(如NylonTM),聚醚酮(如聚醚醚酮(“PEEK”)),聚醚酰亚胺,聚亚芳基酮(如聚亚苯基二酮(“PPDK”)),液晶聚合物,聚芳硫醚(如聚苯硫醚(“PPS”)),含氟聚合物(如聚四氟乙烯-全氟甲基乙烯基醚聚合物、全氟烷氧基烷烃聚合物、四氟乙烯(petrafluoroethylene)聚合物、乙烯-四氟乙烯聚合物等),聚缩醛,聚氨酯,聚碳酸酯,苯乙烯类聚合物(如丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(“ABS”)),等等。聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(“PBT”)是特别合适的热塑性聚合物。
通常使用挤出装置形成本发明的连续纤维带,在该挤出装置中用热塑性基体包埋连续纤维。尤其地,挤出装置促进将热塑性聚合物施涂到纤维整个表面的能力。所得带还具有非常低的空隙率,这有助于提高所述带的强度。例如,所述空隙率可以为约3%或更小,在一些实施方案中,约2%或更小,在一些实施方案中,约1%或更小。空隙率可以使用本领域技术人员熟知的技术进行测定。例如,空隙率可以使用“树脂烧除(resin burn off)”试验进行测量,在该试验中将样品置于烘箱中(例如在600℃下3小时)以烧掉树脂。然后可以测量剩余纤维的质量以计算重量分数和体积分数。可以按照ASTM D 2584-08进行这种“烧除”测试以确定纤维和热塑性基体的重量,然后可以使用它们按以下方程式计算“空隙率”:
Vf=100*(ρt-ρc)/ρt
其中,
Vf是以百分数计的空隙率;
ρc是使用已知技术例如用液体或气体比重计(如氦气比重计)测得的复合物密度;
ρt是使用下面方程式测定的复合物的理论密度:
ρt=1/[Wf/ρf+Wm/ρm]
ρm是热塑性基体的密度(例如在适当的结晶度下);
ρf是纤维的密度;
Wf是纤维的重量分数;和
Wm是热塑性基体的分数。
或者,空隙率可以按照ASTM D 3171-09通过将树脂化学溶解来进行测定。“烧除”方法和“溶解”方法特别适用于玻璃纤维,玻璃纤维通常耐受熔化和化学溶解。然而,在其它情形中,可以按照ASTMD 2734-09(方法A)基于热塑性聚合物、纤维和带的密度间接计算空隙率,其中ASTM D 792-08方法A可以测定所述密度。当然,还可以使用常规显微镜法设备估计空隙率。
参照图1,例如,显示了挤出装置的一个实施方案,其可以用于用热塑性聚合物浸渍纤维。更具体地,该设备包括挤出机120,该挤出机含有安装在机筒122内的螺杆轴124。将加热器130(例如电阻加热器)安装在机筒122的外部。在使用期间,通过料斗126将热塑性聚合物原料127供给到挤出机120。将热塑性原料127通过螺杆轴124输送到机筒122内部并通过机筒122内部的摩擦力以及通过加热器130进行加热。一旦受到加热,原料127通过机筒法兰128离开机筒122并进入浸渍模具150的模具法兰132中。
将连续纤维粗纱142或多个连续纤维粗纱142从一个或多个卷轴144供给到模具150。在浸渍之前,通常使粗纱142保持分开一定距离,例如至少约4毫米,在一些实施方案中,至少约5毫米。原料127可以在模具内部通过安装在模具150中或在模具150周围的加热器133进一步加热。通常在足以使热塑性聚合物发生熔化和浸渍的温度下操作所述模具。典型地,所述模具的操作温度高于热塑性聚合物的熔化温度,例如在约200℃-约450℃的温度。当以这种方式加工时,连续纤维粗纱142变得埋入聚合物基体中,所述聚合物基体可以是由原料127加工的树脂214(图2A)。然后将该混合物从浸渍模具150挤出以产生挤出物152。
压力传感器137(图2A)感测浸渍模具150附近的压力以允许通过控制螺杆轴124的转动速度,或进料器的进料速率(federate)对挤出速度施加控制。换言之,将压力传感器137定位在浸渍模具150附近使得可操作挤出机120以输送正确量的树脂214用以与纤维粗纱142的相互作用。在离开浸渍模具150后,挤出物152,或浸渍的纤维粗纱142,在进入两个相邻辊190之间形成的辊隙前,可以进入任选的预成型段或导向段(未示出)。虽然为任选,但是辊190可有助于使挤出物152合并成带(或条)的形式,以及增强纤维浸渍并且压挤出任何多余的空隙。除辊190外,还可以使用其它成型装置,例如模具系统。通过安装在辊上的滚道162和164牵拉所得的合并的带156。滚道162和164还将挤出物152从浸渍模具150且经过辊190牵拉出。如果需要,合并的带156可以在工段171进行卷取。一般而言,所述带相对薄且典型地具有约0.05-约1毫米,在一些实施方案中,约0.1-约0.8毫米,和在一些实施方案中,约0.2-约0.4毫米的厚度。
在浸渍模具内,通常期望粗纱142横向穿过浸渍区250以用聚合物树脂214浸渍所述粗纱。在浸渍区250中,可以通过浸渍区250中产生的剪切力和压力,迫使聚合物树脂通常横向穿过粗纱,这显著提高浸渍程度。这在由高纤维含量,例如约35%重量分数(“Wf”)或更大,和在一些实施方案中,约40%Wf或更大的带形成复合物时特别有用。典型地,模具150可包括多个接触表面252,例如至少2、至少3、4-7、2-20、2-30、2-40、2-50或更多个接触表面252从而在粗纱142上产生足够程度的渗透和压力。虽然接触表面252的具体形状可以改变,但是它们典型地具有曲线表面,例如曲形叶(curved lobe)、棒等。接触表面252还典型地由金属材料制成。
图2A显示了浸渍模具150的截面图。如所示,浸渍模具150包括歧管组件220、浇道270和浸渍区250。提供的歧管组件220用于使聚合物树脂214从中流动通过。例如,歧管组件220可以包括一个通槽222或多个通槽222。提供给浸渍模具150的树脂214可以流经通槽222。
如图2B中所示,通槽222的一些部分可以呈曲线,在示例性实施方案中,通槽222具有沿中心轴224的对称取向。此外,在一些实施方案中,所述通槽可以是多个分岔浇口222,其可以包括第一分岔浇口组232、第二组234、第三组236和如果需要时的更多分岔浇口组。每个组可以包括从前一组的浇口222开始,或从初始通槽222开始分岔的2、3、4或更多个的浇口222。
分岔浇口222和其对称取向通常均匀地分配树脂214,从而使离开歧管组件220并涂覆粗纱142的树脂214的流量(flow)基本上均匀地分布在粗纱142上。这理想地允许获得粗纱142的通常均匀浸渍。
此外,在一些实施方案中歧管组件220可以限定出出口区242,该出口区通常包括树脂214从中离开的通槽或浇口222的至少下游部分。在一些实施方案中,设置在出口区242中的通槽或浇口222的至少一部分沿树脂214的流向244具有提高的面积。逐渐提高的面积允许在树脂214流经歧管组件220时树脂214的扩散和进一步分布,其还允许树脂214在粗纱142上基本上均匀地分布。
如图2A和2B的进一步描述,树脂214在流经歧管组件220后,可以流经浇道270。浇道270设置在歧管组件220和浸渍区250之间,并且提供来自歧管组件220的树脂214的流动使得树脂214涂覆粗纱142。因此,如所示,离开歧管组件220,例如通过出口区242的树脂214,可以进入浇道270并从中流动通过。
在树脂214离开如图2A中所示模具150的歧管组件220和浇道270时,使其与横向穿过模具150的粗纱142接触。如上文所论述,树脂214可以基本上均匀地涂覆粗纱142,这是因为树脂214在歧管组件220和浇道270中的分布。此外,在一些实施方案中,树脂214可以撞击在每根粗纱142的上表面,或每根粗纱142的下表面,或者每根粗纱142的上表面和下表面。对粗纱142的初始撞击提供了用树脂214对粗纱142的进一步浸渍。
如图2A中所示,涂覆的粗纱142沿行进方向282横向穿过浸渍区250,将该浸渍区配置成用树脂214浸渍粗纱142。例如,如图2A和2C中所示,在浸渍区中粗纱142横过接触表面252。粗纱142在接触表面252上的撞击产生足以用树脂214浸渍粗纱142的剪切力和压力从而涂覆粗纱142。
在一些实施方案中,如图2A中所示,浸渍区250限定在两个间隔开的对向的板256和258之间。第一板256限定出第一内表面257,而第二板258限定出第二内表面259。接触表面252可以限定在如下上或者从如下延伸:第一和第二内表面257和259两者,或者第一和第二内表面257和259中仅一个。图2C描述了根据这些实施方案的第二板258和上面形成浸渍区250的至少一部分的多个接触表面。在示例性的实施方案中,如图2A中所示,接触表面252可以交替地限定在第一和第二表面257和259的上面使得粗纱交替地撞击在第一和第二表面257和259上的接触表面252上。因此,粗纱142可以按波形、曲折形(tortuous)或正弦曲线形(sinusoidual)的路径通过接触表面252,这增加了剪切力。
粗纱142横过接触表面252所成的角度254通常可以足够高以增加剪切力,但是不可以高至造成可破坏纤维的过度的力。因此,例如,角度254可以为约1°-约30°,在一些实施方案中,约5°-约25°。
在备选实施方案中,浸渍区250可以包括多个销(pin)(未示出),每个销具有接触表面252。所述销可以是固定的(static)、自由旋转的或旋转驱动的。在其它备选实施方案中,接触表面252和浸渍区250可以根据需要或要求包含任何合适的用于用树脂214浸渍粗纱142的形状和/或结构。
为了进一步促进粗纱142的浸渍,还可以使它们在存在于浸渍模具内的同时保持在拉紧状态下。张力可以例如为每根粗纱142或纤维丝束(tow)约5-约300牛顿,在一些实施方案中,约50-约250牛顿,在一些实施方案中,约100-约200牛顿。
如图2A中所示,在一些实施方案中,到达区280可以沿粗纱142的行进方向282设置在浸渍区250的下游。粗纱142在离开模具150之前可以横越通过到达区280。如图2A中进一步所示,在一些实施方案中,面板290可以邻接浸渍区250。通常将面板290配置成计量(meter)来自粗纱142的过量树脂214。因此,可以调节粗纱142从中横向穿过的面板290中的孔隙的大小使得在粗纱142从中横越通过时,孔隙的尺寸使过量的树脂214从粗纱142除去。
上文所显示和描述的浸渍模具仅仅是可用于本发明的多种可能的构造之一。在备选实施方案中,例如,可以将纤维引入到相对于聚合物熔体流向成一定角度的十字头模具中。在纤维移动通过十字头模具并到达聚合物从挤出机机筒离开的位置时,迫使该聚合物与纤维接触。还应理解的是,还可以使用任何其它挤出机设计,例如双螺杆挤出机。还另外,还可以任选使用其它部件以辅助纤维的浸渍。例如,在某些实施方案中可以使用“气体喷射”组件以有助于贯穿合并的束的整个宽度均匀地铺展(spread)单个纤维的集束或束(它们可以各自含有高达24,000根纤维)。这有助于在带中获得强度性能的均匀分布。这样的组件可以包括供给以通常垂直的方式撞击在穿过出口端的移动纤维束上的压缩空气或另一种气体。然后可以将铺展的纤维束引入到用于浸渍的模具,例如上述模具中。
与所使用的技术无关,使连续纤维沿纵向取向(图1系统的机器方向“A”)以提高拉伸强度。除纤维取向外,还控制带和拉挤加工的其它方面以获得所需强度。例如,在带中使用相对高百分数的连续纤维以提供提高的强度性能。例如,连续纤维典型地占带的约40wt.%-约90wt.%,在一些实施方案中,约50wt.%-约85wt.%,和在一些实施方案中,约55wt.%-约75wt.%。同样,热塑性聚合物典型地占带的约10wt.%-约60wt.%,在一些实施方案中,约15wt.%-约50wt.%,和在一些实施方案中,约25wt.%-约45wt.%。
此外,型材还由多个连续纤维带的组合形成,所述纤维带层合在一起以形成具有所需厚度的强固整体结构。所使用的带的数量可以基于所需型材厚度和强度,以及所述带它们自身的性质而改变。然而,在大多数情形中,带的数量为5-40,在一些实施方案中,为10-30,在一些实施方案中,为15-25。
还仔细地控制使所述带集合在一起且成型的具体方式以确保在没有不利地碰撞拉挤设备的情况下形成高强度型材。参照图3,例如,显示了用于形成实心型材的系统和方法的一个特定实施方案。在该实施方案,最初在线轴架20上的绕组中提供了多个带12。线轴架20可以是包括配设有水平旋转主轴22(各自承载着捆束(package))的框架的回卷线轴架。还可以使用卷出线轴架,尤其是在如果需要在纤维中引入扭曲的情况下。还应理解的是,还可以随着型材的成形在线形成所述带。在一个实施方案中,例如,可以将从图1的浸渍模具150离开的挤出物152直接供给到用于形成型材的系统。还可以使用张力调节装置40以有助于控制带12中张力的程度。装置40可以包括位于与线轴架20的旋转主轴22平行的垂直面中的入口板30。张力调节装置40可以含有以交错构造排列的圆柱形棒41从而使带12在这些棒的上面和下面穿过以限定出波形图案。可调节这些棒的高度以修改波形图案的幅度和控制张力。
在进入合并模具之前在烘箱45中加热带12。可以使用任何已知类型的烘箱,如在红外烘箱、对流烘箱等中实施加热。在加热期间,使纤维沿单一方向取向以使对热的暴露最优化并且贯穿整个型材维持均匀加热。将带12加热到的温度通常足够高以使热塑性聚合物软化到带可结合在一起的程度。然而,温度没有高至破坏该材料的完整性。温度可以为例如约80℃-约250℃,在一些实施方案中,约90℃-约200℃,和在一些实施方案中,约100℃-约150℃。在一个特定实施方案中,例如,使用丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)作为聚合物,并将带加热至或高于ABS的熔点(其为约105℃)。在另一个实施方案中,使用聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)作为聚合物,并将带加热至或高于PBT的熔点(其为约224℃)。
一旦将带12进行加热,则将其提供到合并模具50用以结合在一起成为层合体14,以及用于型材初始形状的调整(alignment)和成形。如图4中所示,例如,将带12沿方向“A”导向通过模具50的通槽51。通槽51可以具有用于实现型材构造的任意各种形状和/或尺寸。理想地,通槽51的尺寸(宽度和/或高度)稍微大于层合体14的尺寸以允许热塑性聚合物在加热时膨胀从而使材料在模具50内阻塞(backup)的风险最小化,例如,通槽51的宽度可以比层合体14的宽度大出约2%或更大,在一些实施方案中,大出约5%或更大,和在一些实施方案中,大出约10%-约20%。类似地,通槽51的高度可以比层合体14的宽度大出约2%或更大,在一些实施方案中大出约5%或更大,在一些实施方案中,大出约10%-约20%。在模具50内,使所述带通常维持在处于或高于带中所用热塑性基体的熔点的温度以确保足够的合并。
如果需要,还可以使用将层合体14压制成型材最终形状的第二模具60(例如校正模具)。在使用时,通常期望的是,让层合体14在离开合并模具50之后和在进入任选的第二模具60之前简短地冷却。这允许合并的层合体14在进一步前进通过系统之前保持其初始形状。这样的冷却可以通过将层合体14简单暴露于环境气氛(例如室温)或者通过使用本领域已知的主动冷却技术(例如水浴或空气冷却)来完成。在一个实施方案中,例如,将空气吹到层合体14上(例如用空气环)。然而,这些阶段之间的冷却通常进行一小段时间以确保层合体14仍然足够软以进一步成型。例如,层合体14在离开合并模具50之后,在进入第二模具60之前,可以暴露于室温环境仅约1-约20秒,在一些实施方案中,约2-约10秒。在模具60内,使所述层合体通常维持在低于带中所用热塑性基体的熔点的温度从而可维持型材的形状。
虽然上文称作单一模具,但是应理解,模具50和60实际上可以由多个单独的模具(例如面板模具)形成。
所得型材还可以施加有覆盖层以提高型材的审美吸引力和/或保护其不遭受环境条件。再次参照图3,例如,可以通过以任何所需角度进行取向的挤出机施加这样的覆盖层以将热塑性树脂引入到覆盖模具72中。所述树脂可以含有与用于形成型材的热塑性聚合物通常相容的本领域已知的任何合适的热塑性聚合物。合适的覆盖聚合物可以包括例如丙烯酸系聚合物、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)、ABS、聚烯烃、聚酯、聚缩醛、聚酰胺(polyamid)、聚氨酯等。虽然覆盖树脂通常不含纤维,然而其可以含有用于改善型材最终性能的其它添加剂。在该阶段所用的添加剂物质可以包括并不适合用于引入到连续纤维层或长纤维层中的那些添加剂物质。例如,可以期望将颜料加入到复合物结构中以降低成型制品的终饰工作量,或者可以期望将阻燃剂加入到复合物结构中以提高成型制品的阻燃特性。因为许多添加剂物质呈热敏感性,所以过量的热可以导致它们分解和产生挥发性气体。因此,如果在高加热条件下将热敏感添加剂物质与浸渍树脂一起挤出,则结果可能是添加剂物质的完全降解。添加剂物质可以包括例如无机增强剂、润滑剂、阻燃剂、吹泡剂、发泡剂、抗紫外光剂、热稳定剂、颜料和它们的组合。合适的无机增强剂可以包括例如碳酸钙、二氧化硅、云母、粘土、滑石、硅酸钙、石墨、硅酸钙、三水合氧化铝、铁酸钡和它们的组合。
虽然本文未详细显示,但是覆盖模具72可以包括本领域已知有助于实现覆盖层的所需施加的各种特征。例如,覆盖模具72可以包括与进入的型材对齐的入口导向装置。覆盖模具还可以包括在施加覆盖层之前将型材预加热以有助于确保充分结合的加热机构(例如加热板)。
在任选覆盖之后,然后使用本领域已知的冷却系统80将成型部件15进行最终冷却。冷却系统80可以是例如包括一个或多个块体(例如铝块)的真空定型机(sizer),在将热形体靠紧其壁边真空牵拉边冷却的同时所述块体将型材完全包封。可以向定型机供给冷却介质,例如空气或水以使型材以正确的形状凝固。
当使型材成型时典型地使用真空定型机。然而,即使不使用真空定型机,也通常期望在型材离开覆盖模具(或如果不施加覆盖时是合并模具或校准模具)后将其冷却。可以使用本领域已知的任何技术进行冷却,所述技术例如真空水箱、冷却空气流或空气喷射、冷却套、内部冷却通道、冷却流体循环通道等。无论如何,通常控制材料的冷却温度以获得最佳机械性能、部件尺寸公差、良好的加工和审美上令人愉悦的复合物。例如,如果冷却工段的温度过高,材料可能在工具中膨胀并且使过程中断。对于半结晶材料,过低的温度可同样导致该材料冷却得过快并且不允许完全结晶,从而危害复合物的机械和化学抗性。可以利用具有独立温度控制的多个冷却模具部分以赋予加工属性和性能属性的最佳平衡。在一个特定实施方案中,例如,使用保持在约0℃-约30℃,在一些实施方案中,约1℃-约20℃,在一些实施方案中,约2℃-约15℃的温度的真空水箱。
如可意识到的,可以控制型材在其行进通过本发明系统的任何部分时的温度以获得最佳制造性能和期望的最终复合物性能。任何或全部组件部分可以利用筒形电加热器、循环流体冷却等或本领域技术人员已知的任何其它温度控制装置进行温度控制。
再次参照图3,将牵拉装置82设置在冷却系统80的下游,所述牵拉装置牵拉成品型材16通过该系统用于复合物的最终定型。牵拉装置82可以是能够将型材以所需速率牵拉通过加工系统的任何装置。典型的牵拉装置包括例如履带式牵拉器和往复式牵拉器。如果需要,还可以使用一个或多个定型块体(未示出)。这类块体含有按准确型材形状切出的开口,从开始的超尺寸渐变为最终型材形状。在型材从中穿过时,抵抗其任何移动或松垂倾向,并将其牵拉回到(反复地)其正确形状。一旦定型,可以在切割工段(未示出),例如用能够实施截面切割的切断锯将型材切成所需长度。
通过控制上述各种参数,可以形成具有非常高的强度的型材。例如,所述型材可以表现出相对高的挠曲模量。术语“挠曲模量”通常是指挠曲变形(以单位面积的力为单位)中的应力与应变比,或材料弯曲的倾向性。其由通过“三点弯曲”试验(例如ASTM D790-10,程序A或ISO 178)产生的应力-应变曲线的斜率进行测定。例如,本发明的型材可以表现出约10千兆帕(“GPa)或更大,在一些实施方案中,约10-约80GPa,在一些实施方案中,约20-约70GPa,和在一些实施方案中,约30-约60GPa的挠曲模量。此外,最大挠曲强度(也称作断裂模量或弯曲强度)可以为约250兆帕(“MPa”)或更大,在一些实施方案中,约300-约1,000MPa,在一些实施方案中,约325-约700MPa。术语“最大挠曲强度”通常是指在室温下在通过“三点弯曲”试验(例如ASTM D790-10,程序A或ISO 178)产生的应力-应变曲线上达到的最大应力。其表示材料经受住施加的应力直到失效的能力。
所述型材还可以具有非常低的空隙率,例如约3%或更小,在一些实施方案中,约2%或更小,和在一些实施方案中,约1%或更小。可以按上述方式,例如使用根据ASTM D 2584-08的“树脂烧除”试验测定空隙率。
在图5中更为详细地显示了由上述方法所形成的作为元件516的型材的一个实施方案。如所描述,型材516具有通常矩形形状并且由连续纤维部件514形成,所述连续纤维部件514由多个层合的带形成。覆盖层519还围绕连续纤维部件514的周边延伸并且限定出型材516的外表面。可以对连续纤维部件514的截面厚度(“T”)进行策略性选择以有助于获得所述型材的特定强度。例如,连续纤维部件514可以具有约0.5-约40毫米,在一些实施方案中,约1-约20毫米,和在一些实施方案中,约4-约10毫米的厚度。同样地,截面宽度(“W”)可以为约1-约50毫米,在一些实施方案中,约4-约40毫米,和在一些实施方案中,约5-约30毫米。覆盖层519的厚度取决于该部件的预期功能,但是典型地为约0.01-约5毫米,在一些实施方案中,约0.02-约1.5毫米。型材516的总截面厚度或高度还可以为约0.5-约45毫米,在一些实施方案中,约1-约25毫米,在一些实施方案中,约4-约15毫米。
如可意识到的,上述特定型材实施方案仅是通过本发明可能制造的示例性的多个设计。在各种可能的型材设计中,应理解除上述那些外还可以使用另外材料的层。在某些实施方案中,例如,可以期望形成多组成部分型材,其中一个组成部分由较高强度的材料形成,另一个组成部分由较低强度的材料形成。在对整个型材的较昂贵高强度材料的需要不作要求情况下,这类多组成部分型材特别可用于提高总强度。较低和/或较高强度的组成部分可以由含有埋入热塑性基体内的连续纤维的带形成。典型地,用于形成高强度材料的纤维和用于形成低强度材料的纤维的极限拉伸强度(在室温下)之比为约1.0-约3.0,在一些实施方案中,约1.2-约2.5,和在一些实施方案中,约1.4-约2.0。当使用具有这种强度差的材料时,通常期望使高强度材料关于型材的截面中心一般对称性地分布。这样的对称性分布有助于防止在拉挤期间由于材料强度的差异而可能发生的翘曲或其它机械问题。
参照图6,例如,显示了实心多组成部分型材600的一个实施方案,所述型材含有第一“较高强度”的组成部分620和第二“较低强度”的组成部分640。在该实施方案中,每个组成部分由含有包埋在热塑性聚合物基体内的连续纤维的多个带形成。较低强度的组成部分640的连续纤维可以例如是玻璃纤维(例如E-玻璃)而较高强度的组成部分的连续纤维可以是碳纤维。如图6中所示,设置较高强度的组成部分620使得其与较低强度的组成部分的上表面和下表面相邻,且因此使其关于型材600的截面中心“C”对称性地分布。可以使用本领域技术人员已知的技术形成这样的型材600。例如,未从线轴架20(图3)卷取的上带和下带可以是碳纤维带,而中心带可以是玻璃纤维带。然后可以将所有带进行层合并拉挤成本文所显示和所描述的期望形状。
图7显示了多组成部分型材700的另一个实施方案,所述型材含有较高强度的组成部分720和较低强度的组成部分740。在该特定实施方案,将较高强度的组成部分(例如碳纤维带)设置在型材700的中心区域并且分布在中心“C”附近。较低强度组成部分740(例如玻璃纤维带)同样分布在较高强度的组成部分720的周缘附近。
应理解,本发明决不限于上述实施方案。例如,型材可以根据所需应用而含有多个其它组成部分。另外的组成部分可以由例如本文所述的连续纤维带,以及其它类型的材料形成。在一个实施方案中,例如,型材可以含有不连续纤维(例如短纤维、长纤维等)的层以改善其横向强度。可以使不连续纤维进行取向从而使该纤维的至少一部分以相对于连续纤维延伸的方向成一定角度地进行定位。
如上所示,可以使用本发明的型材作为用于许多应用,包括在窗户、铺板(decking plank)、栏杆、支柱、屋顶瓦、护墙板、装饰板、管、围栏、柱子、灯柱、公路标识牌、路边标志杆等中的结构件。例如,窗户可以使用一个或多个含有本发明线性型材的结构件。例如,如Guhl的美国专利No.6,260,251中所述窗户可以包括窗框、窗格(sash)和窗玻璃,出于所有目的而通过引用将它们以其全文并入本文。窗框可由4个独立的窗框构件制成,而窗格可由制成4个独立的窗格构件制成。如果需要,本发明的型材可以用于窗户的任意部件,但是可以特别期望用于形成窗框构件和/或窗格构件的全部或部分。
参考以下实施例可以更好地理解本发明内容。
实施例1
使用基本如上述和图1-2中所示的挤出系统初始形成二十一(21)个连续纤维带。对于连续纤维而言使用玻璃纤维粗纱(E-玻璃,2200tex),每个单独带含有三(3)根纤维粗纱。用于浸渍所述纤维的热塑性聚合物是聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯,其具有约224℃的熔点。每个带含有65.6wt.%玻璃纤维和34.4wt.%PBS。所得的带具有0.2-0.4毫米的厚度和小于1%的空隙率。
一旦形成,则将所述二十一(21)个带给进到以15英尺/分钟的速度操作的拉挤生产线。在合并之前,在红外烘箱(功率设定为445)内加热所述带。然后将加热的带供给到例如上述和图3中所示的合并模具。该模具含有接收所述带的矩形通槽并将它们合并在一起并同时形成型材的初始形状。在该模具内,使所述带保持在约227℃的温度,刚好高于聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯基体的熔点。在合并时,使用以8.5psi的压力下供给环境空气的空气环/隧道式(tunnel)装置将所得层合体进行简短冷却。然后使所述层合体穿过在两个辊之间形成的辊隙,并然后到往校正模具用以最终成型。在该校正模具内,使所述层合体保持在约177℃的温度。然后将所得部件供给到若干个定型块体(模具)以赋予最终实心矩形形状并且使用在约7℃温度的水箱进行冷却。所述型材具有5.87毫米的厚度和19.94毫米的宽度。
为了确定型材的强度性能,按照ASTM D790-10,程序A进行“三点弯曲”试验。支承体半径和压头半径(nose radius)为5毫米,支承体跨距为3.68英寸,试样深度为16X,测试速度为0.1英寸/分钟。所得挠曲模量为34.6千兆帕,挠曲强度为546.8兆帕。该部件的密度为1.917g/cm3,空隙含量为0.51%。此外,灰分含量为66.5%。
实施例2
使用基本如上述和图1-2中所示的挤出系统初始形成十八(18)个连续玻璃纤维带和(6)个碳纤维带。对于连续纤维而言使用玻璃纤维粗纱(E-玻璃,2200tex)和碳纤维粗纱,每个单独带含有三(3)根纤维粗纱。用于浸渍所述纤维的热塑性聚合物是聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯,其具有约224℃的熔点。每个带含有65.6wt.%玻璃纤维和34.4wt.%PBT或者50wt.%碳纤维和50wt.%PBT。所得的带具有0.2-0.4毫米的厚度和小于1%的空隙率。
一旦形成,则将所述带给进到以15英尺/分钟的速度操作的拉挤生产线。在合并之前,在红外烘箱(功率设定为445)内加热所述带。然后将加热的带供给到例如上述和图3中所示的合并模具。该模具含有接收所述带的矩形通槽并将它们合并在一起并同时形成型材的初始形状。在该模具内,使所述带保持在约227℃的温度,刚好高于聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯基体的熔点。一旦合并,则用在5psi的压力下供给环境空气的空气环/隧道式装置将所得层合体进行简短冷却。然后使所述层合体穿过在两个辊之间形成的辊隙,并然后到往校正模具用以最终成型。在该校正模具内,使所述层合体保持在约177℃的温度。然后将所得部件供给到若干个定型块体(模具)以赋予最终实心矩形形状并且使用在约7℃温度的水箱进行冷却。所述型材具有5.87毫米的厚度和19.94毫米的宽度。
为了确定型材的强度性能,按照ASTM D790-10,程序A进行“三点弯曲”试验。支承体半径和压头半径为5毫米,支承体跨距为3.68英寸,试样深度为16X,测试速度为0.1英寸/分钟。所得挠曲模量为48千兆帕,挠曲强度为350兆帕。
在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,本领域普通技术人员可以对本发明实施这些和其它修改和变型。此外,应理解,各实施方案的多个方面可以进行全部或部分互换。此外,本领域技术人员将理解前述描述仅是作为举例形式,而不意欲对在所附权利要求书中进一步说明的发明进行限制。
Claims (27)
1.一种包含实心线性型材的结构件,其中所述实心线性型材含有由单独带的合并层合体形成的第一组成部分,其中所述层合体的每个带包含:基本沿纵向取向的多个连续纤维、和含有一种或多种热塑性聚合物且在其中埋入所述连续纤维的树脂基体,所述连续纤维占所述带的约40wt.%-约90wt.%,所述热塑性聚合物占所述带的约10wt.%-约60wt.%,其中所述型材挠曲模量为约10千兆帕或更大。
2.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述连续纤维包括玻璃纤维、碳纤维、或玻璃和碳纤维的组合。
3.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述热塑性聚合物包括聚烯烃、聚醚酮、聚醚酰亚胺、聚亚芳基酮、液晶聚合物、聚芳硫醚、含氟聚合物、聚缩醛、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、苯乙烯类聚合物、聚酯、聚酰胺、或它们的组合。
4.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述连续纤维占所述带的约50wt.%-约85wt.%。
5.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述带具有约2%或更小的空隙率。
6.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述层合体由10-30个单独带形成。
7.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述型材具有约30-约60千兆帕的挠曲模量。
8.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述型材具有约250兆帕或更大的挠曲强度。
9.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述型材具有约300-约2,000兆帕的挠曲强度。
10.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述型材具有约2%或更小的空隙率。
11.权利要求1的结构件,其中所述型材包含由单独带的合并层合体形成的第二组成部分,其中所述层合体的每个带包含:基本沿纵向取向的多个连续纤维、和含有一种或多种热塑性聚合物且在其中埋入所述连续纤维的树脂基体,并且其中第二组成部分的连续纤维比第一组成部分的连续纤维具有更大的沿纵向的拉伸强度。
12.权利要求11的结构件,其中沿纵向第二组成部分的连续纤维的拉伸强度与第一组成部分的连续纤维的拉伸强度之比为约1.2-约2.5。
13.权利要求11的结构件,其中使第二组成部分关于型材的截面中心一般对称性地分布。
14.权利要求11的结构件,其中第二组成部分的连续纤维包括碳纤维,第一组成部分的连续纤维包括玻璃纤维。
15.一种形成实心线性型材的方法,该方法包括:
提供多个单独带,其中每个带包含:基本沿纵向取向的多个连续纤维、和含有一种或多种热塑性聚合物且在其中埋入所述连续纤维的树脂基体,所述连续纤维占所述带的约40wt.%-约90wt.%,所述热塑性聚合物占所述带的约10wt.%-约60wt.%;
将所述带加热到处于或高于所述树脂基体软化温度的温度;
将所述加热的带牵拉通过第一模具以使所述带合并在一起并且形成层合体以及牵拉通过第二模具以使所述层合体成型;以及
将成型的层合体冷却以形成实心型材。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中所述连续纤维包括玻璃纤维、碳纤维、或玻璃和碳纤维的组合。
17.权利要求15的方法,其中所述热塑性聚合物包括聚烯烃、聚醚酮、聚醚酰亚胺、聚亚芳基酮、液晶聚合物、聚芳硫醚、含氟聚合物、聚缩醛、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、苯乙烯类聚合物、聚酯、聚酰胺、或它们的组合。
18.权利要求15的方法,其中所述连续纤维占所述带的约50wt.%-约85wt.%。
19.权利要求15的方法,其中所述带具有约2%或更小的空隙率。
20.权利要求15的方法,其中使用10-30个单独带形成所述层合体。
21.权利要求15的方法,其中在红外烘箱中加热所述带。
22.权利要求15的方法,其中让所述层合体在离开第一模具之后和在进入第二模具之前冷却。
23.权利要求15的方法,其中用维持在约1℃-约15℃温度的水箱进行退火。
24.权利要求15的方法,其中所述带的第一部分比所述带的第二部分具有更大的沿纵向的拉伸强度。
25.权利要求的方法24,其中第一部分的连续纤维包括碳纤维,第二部分的连续纤维包括玻璃纤维。
26.权利要求15的方法,其中所述型材具有约2%或更小的空隙率。
27.权利要求15的方法,其中所述型材具有约10千兆帕或更大的挠曲模量和约250兆帕或更大的挠曲强度。
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- 2011-06-10 CN CN2011800287190A patent/CN102947079A/zh active Pending
- 2011-06-10 MX MX2012014176A patent/MX2012014176A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-06-10 RU RU2013100934/05A patent/RU2572892C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-06-10 BR BR112012031629A patent/BR112012031629A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-06-10 EP EP11727082.7A patent/EP2580050B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2011-06-10 WO PCT/US2011/039953 patent/WO2011156693A2/en active Application Filing
- 2011-06-10 US US13/698,389 patent/US9238347B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-06-10 KR KR1020127032066A patent/KR20130112705A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-06-10 JP JP2013514383A patent/JP5792293B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN105385183A (zh) * | 2014-08-28 | 2016-03-09 | 帝人株式会社 | 包含单向连续纤维和热塑性树脂的复合材料 |
CN105385183B (zh) * | 2014-08-28 | 2019-05-31 | 帝人株式会社 | 包含单向连续纤维和热塑性树脂的复合材料 |
CN107077835A (zh) * | 2014-09-16 | 2017-08-18 | 马赫莱匹克参与公司 | 复合簧片 |
CN106985422A (zh) * | 2017-06-02 | 2017-07-28 | 北京航空航天大学 | 制备复合材料型材填充条的设备及制备工艺 |
CN111576737A (zh) * | 2019-05-31 | 2020-08-25 | 成都辟思航空科技有限公司 | 一种整体式无焊接格构柱 |
CN111576737B (zh) * | 2019-05-31 | 2022-01-18 | 成都辟思航空科技有限公司 | 一种整体式无焊接格构柱 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US9238347B2 (en) | 2016-01-19 |
US20130136891A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
US20160096335A1 (en) | 2016-04-07 |
RU2572892C2 (ru) | 2016-01-20 |
CA2801267A1 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
EP2580050A2 (en) | 2013-04-17 |
WO2011156693A2 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
BR112012031629A2 (pt) | 2017-05-23 |
MX2012014176A (es) | 2013-05-28 |
WO2011156693A3 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
EP2580050B1 (en) | 2019-04-10 |
JP5792293B2 (ja) | 2015-10-07 |
US9919481B2 (en) | 2018-03-20 |
JP2013533137A (ja) | 2013-08-22 |
RU2013100934A (ru) | 2014-07-20 |
KR20130112705A (ko) | 2013-10-14 |
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