US3669158A - Continuous carbon fiber tapes - Google Patents
Continuous carbon fiber tapes Download PDFInfo
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- US3669158A US3669158A US17265A US3669158DA US3669158A US 3669158 A US3669158 A US 3669158A US 17265 A US17265 A US 17265A US 3669158D A US3669158D A US 3669158DA US 3669158 A US3669158 A US 3669158A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tape
- carbon fiber
- tow
- fiber
- fibers
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- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 42
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005727 Friedel-Crafts reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 Friedel-Crafts Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001342 Bakelite® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000004637 bakelite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane;4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound ClCC1CO1.C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003319 Araldite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004218 chloromethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(Cl)* 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004184 methoxymethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-n'-phenylcarbamimidoyl chloride Chemical compound CN(C)C(Cl)=NC1=CC=CC=C1 GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011208 reinforced composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002990 reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229920006305 unsaturated polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D3/00—Woven fabrics characterised by their shape
- D03D3/005—Tapes or ribbons not otherwise provided for
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D13/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the special disposition of the warp or weft threads, e.g. with curved weft threads, with discontinuous warp threads, with diagonal warp or weft
- D03D13/002—With diagonal warps or wefts
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
- D03D15/20—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
- D03D15/242—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads inorganic, e.g. basalt
- D03D15/267—Glass
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
- D03D15/20—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
- D03D15/242—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads inorganic, e.g. basalt
- D03D15/275—Carbon fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
- D03D15/40—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads
- D03D15/47—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads multicomponent, e.g. blended yarns or threads
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
- D03D15/50—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the properties of the yarns or threads
- D03D15/573—Tensile strength
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
- D10B2101/02—Inorganic fibres based on oxides or oxide ceramics, e.g. silicates
- D10B2101/06—Glass
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
- D10B2101/10—Inorganic fibres based on non-oxides other than metals
- D10B2101/12—Carbon; Pitch
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2321/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D10B2321/10—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polymers of unsaturated nitriles, e.g. polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene cyanide
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2401/00—Physical properties
- D10B2401/06—Load-responsive characteristics
- D10B2401/063—Load-responsive characteristics high strength
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2505/00—Industrial
- D10B2505/02—Reinforcing materials; Prepregs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to tape containing unidirectional carbon fibers which may be resin impregnated and used to produced reinforced plastic articles by applying to or winding on a former followed by curing.
- Misalignment of fibers in carbon fiber reinforced articles can cause weakness because the relatively small extension at break of carbon fibers means that in a composite in which the fibers are not properly aligned individual fibers may fail before other fibers in a different orientation are taking an appreciable proportion of the load.
- a tape containing unidirectional carbon fiber comprises a plurality of warp members, which include carbon fiber tows, and a continuous weft-thread woven through said warp members at a frequency of between about and 2 threads per inch said weft thread being arranged to maintain the warp members parallel to and contiguous with one another.
- warp members are not individual filaments but aggregations of individual filaments and conveniently a warp member is a tow of carbon fiber of about 10,000 ends or filaments although for particular purposes the number of ends or filaments in any given carbon fiber tow warp member may be any number down to about 500 as may be convenient.
- the warp members may be entirely carbon tows or a proportion thereof may be replaced by bundles or tows of glass fiber and up to 90 percent by weight of the total warp may be bundles or tows of glass fiber.
- Tows of carbon fiber and tows of glass fiber may alternate as warp members or a plurality of adjacent warp membersmay be of carbon fibers and/or a plurality of adjacent warp members may be of glass fiber so that the tape has a banded structure wherein the carbon and glass fiber are grouped together in the warp.
- a single tow of glass fiber or a single tow of carbon fibers may be interposed between two groups of fiber of the opposite type. For example if a tape containing both carbon fiber and glass fiber has to be trimmed at the edges it is more economical to have the edges to be trimmed off entirely of glass fiber because of the cost of car bon fiber, so long as this does not detract from the properties of the finished composite.
- the tows of glass fiber and tows of carbon fiber are substantially the same size so that the weave of the finally produced tape remains even.
- the sizes may, however, vary quite markedly if this does not spoil the evenness of the weave of the finally produced tape or permit misalignment of the carbon fibers in a finally produced composite such that an appreciable number of carbon fibers break under strain before substantially all the carbon fibers are loaded.
- the unidirectional carbon fiber tows of the warp members are of high strength high modulus carbon fiber manufactured by one or more of the processes described in the specifications of [1.11. Pat. Nos. 1,110,791, 1,148,874, 1,166,251, 1,166,252, 1,168,619, 1,180,441 and U.K. application No. 28881/66 now UK. Pat. No. 1,193,263.
- the carbon fiber tows of this invention include high strength high modulus carbon fiber produced by one or more of the processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,062.
- polyacrylonitrile fibers is used by those skilled in this art to include copolymers or terpolymers of acrylonitrile with other monomers e.g. methyl methacrylate or vinyl acetate, either alone or to which have been added polymers compatible with them for example phenolic resins or Friedel-Crafts condensates. lt is in this sense that the term polyacrylonitrile fibers is used throughout said U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,062.
- the high temperature carbonizing is performed under vacuum or in a nonoxidizing atmosphere such as hydrogen.
- the preliminary low temperature oxidizing step which forms part of said method should not be of too short duration as the fibers are then left with a soft core and upon subsequent high temperature heat treatment holes are formed in the resulting fibers.
- a process of producing carbon fibers comprises initially heating fibers of polyacrylonitrile while held under tension in an oxidizing atmosphere at from 200-250C for suffcient time to permit substantially complete permeation of oxygen throughout the individual fibers and subsequent further heating of the fibers so formed to a carbonizing temperature of at least 1,000C under non-oxidizing conditions.
- the duration of the initial heating required will depend to a large extent on the diameter of the fibers concerned but for a temperature of 220C complete oxygen permeation of the fibers takes place after heating for about 24 hours for 2% denier fibers and after about 50 hours for 4% denier fibers.
- the fibers are tensioned so that longitudinal shrinkage which normally takes place during this initial heating is reduced, eliminated or is such as to cause the fibers to elongate.
- the tensioning of fibers may also be maintained during the subsequent carbonizing and/or heat treatment.
- the weft is intended to prevent the phenomenon of barrelling described above and maintain the fibers in alignment and the material used is selected to be sufficiently strong to achieve this end although it must also be selected to be compatible with the unidirectional carbon fiber used as reinforcement, with the plastic to be reinforced, and with any additive thereto.
- the weft thread may be of continuous carbon fiber but this is not in general successful.
- the weft thread is glass fiber and it has been found that between 1 and 10 ends or filaments of fine glass fiber is preferred.
- A represents warp members which may be tows of carbon fiber or a mixture of tows of carbon fiber and tows of glass fiber as described above and B represents the continuous weft thread, which is woven at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch and which is between 1 and 10 filaments of :fine glass fiber. More particularly, as shown in said drawing, B represents the continuous weft thread, which is continuously woven throughout the length of said warp members and zigzaggedly crossing said warp members at an oblique angle at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch.
- the tape may be woven by the well known means of the weaving art and preferably prior to the weaving process the carbon fiber tows are treated by the process of dressing described in U.l(. Pat. Application Nos. 52,653/67 and 4,711/68, now issued as a single U.K. Pat. No. 1,195,219 which discloses a dressing for facilitating the handling and processing of carbon fibers comprising a dilute solution of not more than 35 percent by weight of resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent.
- the resin may comprise an epoxy, phenolic, Friedel-Crafts, polyimide or polyester resin.
- Suitable solvents are acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as ethylene dichloride and 1.2 dichloroethane.
- epoxy resins which have been used are Araldite (Registered Trade Mark) LY 5 58 and Shell (Registered Trade Mark) Epikote 828.
- Other epoxy resins may be used, it being desirable that they should have a high viscosity and that brittle resins be avoided.
- Low viscosity resins of the cycloaliphatic type, such as a cyclopentadiene based resin, may be blended with other more viscous resins in order to obtain the overall required viscosity.
- a process for rendering carbon fibers readily handleable comprises impregnating the fibers with a dressing comprising a weak solution of resin, such as an epoxy, phenolic, Friedel-Crafts, polyimide or polyester resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent, and allowing the solvent to evaporate, evaporation of the solvent leaving the carbon fibers in a close knit handleable form.
- a weak solution of resin such as an epoxy, phenolic, Friedel-Crafts, polyimide or polyester resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent
- Friedel-Crafts resin means a resin formed from an aromatic compound with an aromatic linking agent which has two chloromethyl or methoxymethyl groups attached to an aromatic nucleus by means of a polycondensation reaction involving the nuclear hydrogen atoms and may be aided by the presence of a small amount of F riedel-Craft type catalyst such as stannic chloride.
- the tape may then be impregnated with an appropriate resin and converted to a pre-impregnated tape suitable for use as described above.
- Such a process lends itself to the continuous production of thin carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- a continuous supply of carbon fibers as from a process in which carbon fibers are produced continuously, are drawn in turn through a bath containing said dressing, a drying region in which surplus dressing drains from the fiber and that remaining on the fibers is dried, a second bath containing a heat catalyzed polyester resin in which the fibers are immersed and between a pair of rollers between which the composite material comprising the fibers, dressing which has been softened by the polyester resin and the resin are flattened to a tape like form.
- the resin content of the tape may subsequently be cured by the application of heat.
- a non-continuous process for producing a plastics composite material 80 grams of 10,00 filament tow carbon fibers of 7 microns diameter of the type disclosed in British Pat. No. 1,110,791 and having an ultimate tensile strength of 280 X 10 lg/sq in. and a Youngs modulus of 55 X 10 lb/sq in. were supported in a glass fiber cloth cradle or sling and dipped into a tank containing 3 liters of polyester resin solution comprising 1 part by weight of Bakelite (Registered Trade Mark) S.R. 17,449 polyester resin and 4 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketone.
- Bakelite Registered Trade Mark
- the cradle supporting the fibers was removed from the solution and the surplus solution allowed to drain off.
- the fibers, with residual dressing adhering to them, were then suspended vertically for 2 hours at room temperature until dry.
- the resulting clumped fibers were then incorporated as a reinforcement in a matrix comprising parts by weight S.R. 17,449 polyester resin, 2 parts peroxide catalyst and 2 parts cobalt naphthenate, the fibers comprising approximately 40 percent by volume of the resulting composite formed when curing of the resin was complete.
- the tape of the present invention may be used advantageously when it is desired to tension the unidirection carbon fibers while the moulding process is being carried out.
- This has the advantage that individual carbon fibers are aligned substantially parallel during the curing process and also helps to ensure that the load of the composite finally produced is evenly distributed among the carbon fibers. This is important in view of the relatively small extension at break of carbon fibers which means that in a composite in which fibers are not properly aligned individual fibers may fail before other fibers in a different fibers in a different orientation are taking an appreciable share of the load.
- a pre-impregnation tape comprising a plurality of warp members parallel to and contiguous with one another selected from the group consisting of tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fibers, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of said tow of carbon fibers, and a continuous weft thread continuously woven through said warp members at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch, said weft thread being selected from the group consisting of continuous glass fiber and continuous carbon fiber.
- a tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the weft thread comprises between 1 and 10 filaments of glass fiber.
- a tape as claimed in claim 1 and impregnated with resin 6.
- a pre-impregnation tape comprising a plurality of war members parallel to and contiguous with one another selected from the group consisting of tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fibers, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of said tow of carbon fibers, and a continuous weft thread continuously woven throughout the length of said warp members and zigzaggedly crossing said warp members at an oblique angle at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch, said weft thread being selected from the group consisting of continuous glass fiber and continuous carbon fiber.
- a method of preparing a cured tape comprising immersing carbon fiber in a dressing solution of not more than 35 percent by weight of resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent and drying to remove said solvent in order to provide a dressing on said carbon fiber, preparing a plurality of warp members from tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fiber comprising said dressed carbon fiber, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of tow of carbon fibers, and weaving a continuous weft thread through said warp members and continuously throughout the length thereof at a frequency of between about methyl ethyl ethylene dichloride dichloroethane.
- the dressing solution comprises a 1-5 percent by weight of epoxy resin in acetone.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
- Woven Fabrics (AREA)
Abstract
Tape containing continuous high strength high modulus carbon fibers and optionally also glass fibers suitable for use as preimpregnated tape in mechanical winding processes is disclosed wherein there is a light cross-weave of 1-10 filaments of fine glass fiber at a frequency of about 10-2 threads per inch.
Description
United States Patent I 117/161 LC, 228; 57/140 G; 161/87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93; 139/383 R, 384 R, 420 R, 420 G; 28/75 Phillips 1 June 13, 1972 [54] CONTINUOUS CARBON FIBER TAPES [56] References Cited [72] inventor: Leslie Nathan Phillips, Famborough, En- UNITED STATES PATEMS l d 9 2,962,386 11/1960 Doll et a1. ..1 17/228 [73] Assignee: Minister of Technology in Her Brltannic 3,073,004 1/1963 l i l39/420 Majestys Government of the United Klng- 3,239,403 3/ 1966 Williams.. 17/228 dom or Great Britain and Northern Ire- 3,444,l20 5/1969 Boyes 117/161 28 land, London, England 3,494,888 2/1970 McEh-oy ..i 17/ 161 28 1 Filed: March 6, 1970 FOREIGN PATENTS 0R APPLICATIONS [21] Appi- No.1 17,265 790,216 2/1958 Great Britain ..l39/420 G Primary Examiner-Henry S. Jaudon [30] Foreign Appncmon Priority V Attorney-Stevens, Davis, Miller & Mosher March 10, 1969 Great Britain.... I 2 Nov. 6, 1969 Great Britain ..54,452/69 [57] ABSTRACT I Tape containing continuous high strength high modulus car- [52] 11.8. CI. ..l39/420 R, wit/28088621493, hon fibers and optionally also glass fibers suitablefor use as 139/ pre-impregnated tape in mechanical winding processes is dis- [51] Illl. Cl. "D0311 15/00 closed wherein there is a light crmweave f 0 filaments [58] FieldoiSeerch ..117/161ZB,161P,161LE,
of fine glass fiber at a frequency of about 10-2 threads per inch.
10 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure CONTINUOUS CARBON FIBER TAPES The present invention relates to tape containing unidirectional carbon fibers which may be resin impregnated and used to produced reinforced plastic articles by applying to or winding on a former followed by curing.
It is well known to produce composite shaped articles by winding a resin pre-impregnated tape upon a former or mandrel of a suitable shape and then to place the former and tape in a mould either without further addition of resin or after further resin has been impregnated into the tape. However, it has been discovered that the parallel alignment of the reinforcing fibers in the tape is not retained in the mould because in the early stages of cure the resin is liquid and under the influence of the hydrostatic pressure in the liquid resin the individual reinforcing fibers in the pre-impregnated tape are forced apart and the phenomenon known as barrelling takes place. This results in misalignment of the reinforcing fibers and may lead to failure to realize the full strength possible of the composite material.
Misalignment of fibers in carbon fiber reinforced articles can cause weakness because the relatively small extension at break of carbon fibers means that in a composite in which the fibers are not properly aligned individual fibers may fail before other fibers in a different orientation are taking an appreciable proportion of the load.
In accordance with the present invention, a tape containing unidirectional carbon fiber comprises a plurality of warp members, which include carbon fiber tows, and a continuous weft-thread woven through said warp members at a frequency of between about and 2 threads per inch said weft thread being arranged to maintain the warp members parallel to and contiguous with one another.
Normally the warp members are not individual filaments but aggregations of individual filaments and conveniently a warp member is a tow of carbon fiber of about 10,000 ends or filaments although for particular purposes the number of ends or filaments in any given carbon fiber tow warp member may be any number down to about 500 as may be convenient.
The warp members may be entirely carbon tows or a proportion thereof may be replaced by bundles or tows of glass fiber and up to 90 percent by weight of the total warp may be bundles or tows of glass fiber.
Tows of carbon fiber and tows of glass fiber may alternate as warp members or a plurality of adjacent warp membersmay be of carbon fibers and/or a plurality of adjacent warp members may be of glass fiber so that the tape has a banded structure wherein the carbon and glass fiber are grouped together in the warp. In an extreme example a single tow of glass fiber or a single tow of carbon fibers may be interposed between two groups of fiber of the opposite type. For example if a tape containing both carbon fiber and glass fiber has to be trimmed at the edges it is more economical to have the edges to be trimmed off entirely of glass fiber because of the cost of car bon fiber, so long as this does not detract from the properties of the finished composite.
Conveniently the tows of glass fiber and tows of carbon fiber are substantially the same size so that the weave of the finally produced tape remains even. The sizes may, however, vary quite markedly if this does not spoil the evenness of the weave of the finally produced tape or permit misalignment of the carbon fibers in a finally produced composite such that an appreciable number of carbon fibers break under strain before substantially all the carbon fibers are loaded.
Preferably the unidirectional carbon fiber tows of the warp members are of high strength high modulus carbon fiber manufactured by one or more of the processes described in the specifications of [1.11. Pat. Nos. 1,110,791, 1,148,874, 1,166,251, 1,166,252, 1,168,619, 1,180,441 and U.K. application No. 28881/66 now UK. Pat. No. 1,193,263.
The carbon fiber tows of this invention include high strength high modulus carbon fiber produced by one or more of the processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,062.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,062, there is described a method of making carbon fibers having a Young's modulus parallel to the fiber axis of not less than 16 X 10 pounds per square inch comprising the steps of oxidizing an organic polymer fiber by simultaneously heating the fiber in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of from about 200 to 250C for a time suffcient to permit substantially complete permeation of oxygen throughout the core of the fiber while the fiber is held under longitudinal tension, said tension being sufficient at least to limit shrinkage of the fibers during heating to not more than about 12 percent of the length of the fiber, and carbonizing the fiber by heating the oxidized fiber in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature of up to about at least 1,000C. Preferably the organic polymer fiber is polyacrylonitrile.
It is to be noted that the term polyacrylonitrile fibers is used by those skilled in this art to include copolymers or terpolymers of acrylonitrile with other monomers e.g. methyl methacrylate or vinyl acetate, either alone or to which have been added polymers compatible with them for example phenolic resins or Friedel-Crafts condensates. lt is in this sense that the term polyacrylonitrile fibers is used throughout said U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,062.
The high temperature carbonizing is performed under vacuum or in a nonoxidizing atmosphere such as hydrogen.
The preliminary low temperature oxidizing step which forms part of said method should not be of too short duration as the fibers are then left with a soft core and upon subsequent high temperature heat treatment holes are formed in the resulting fibers.
In a further embodiment according to said U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,062, a process of producing carbon fibers comprises initially heating fibers of polyacrylonitrile while held under tension in an oxidizing atmosphere at from 200-250C for suffcient time to permit substantially complete permeation of oxygen throughout the individual fibers and subsequent further heating of the fibers so formed to a carbonizing temperature of at least 1,000C under non-oxidizing conditions.
The duration of the initial heating required will depend to a large extent on the diameter of the fibers concerned but for a temperature of 220C complete oxygen permeation of the fibers takes place after heating for about 24 hours for 2% denier fibers and after about 50 hours for 4% denier fibers.
The fibers are tensioned so that longitudinal shrinkage which normally takes place during this initial heating is reduced, eliminated or is such as to cause the fibers to elongate.
Further improvements in the characteristics of the fibers produced are achieved if, subsequent to carbonizing to about 1,000C the fibers are further heat treated to above 2,000C in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
The tensioning of fibers may also be maintained during the subsequent carbonizing and/or heat treatment.
For further details, please refer to the: examples of said U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,062.
The weft is intended to prevent the phenomenon of barrelling described above and maintain the fibers in alignment and the material used is selected to be sufficiently strong to achieve this end although it must also be selected to be compatible with the unidirectional carbon fiber used as reinforcement, with the plastic to be reinforced, and with any additive thereto.
The weft thread may be of continuous carbon fiber but this is not in general successful. Advantageously the weft thread is glass fiber and it has been found that between 1 and 10 ends or filaments of fine glass fiber is preferred.
An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing in which A represents warp members which may be tows of carbon fiber or a mixture of tows of carbon fiber and tows of glass fiber as described above and B represents the continuous weft thread, which is woven at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch and which is between 1 and 10 filaments of :fine glass fiber. More particularly, as shown in said drawing, B represents the continuous weft thread, which is continuously woven throughout the length of said warp members and zigzaggedly crossing said warp members at an oblique angle at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch.
The tape may be woven by the well known means of the weaving art and preferably prior to the weaving process the carbon fiber tows are treated by the process of dressing described in U.l(. Pat. Application Nos. 52,653/67 and 4,711/68, now issued as a single U.K. Pat. No. 1,195,219 which discloses a dressing for facilitating the handling and processing of carbon fibers comprising a dilute solution of not more than 35 percent by weight of resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent.
The resin may comprise an epoxy, phenolic, Friedel-Crafts, polyimide or polyester resin.
Suitable solvents are acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as ethylene dichloride and 1.2 dichloroethane.
In one example it was found that a solution of l-5 percent by weight of epoxy resin in acetone formed a satisfactory dressing.
Examples of epoxy resins which have been used are Araldite (Registered Trade Mark) LY 5 58 and Shell (Registered Trade Mark) Epikote 828. Other epoxy resins may be used, it being desirable that they should have a high viscosity and that brittle resins be avoided. Low viscosity resins of the cycloaliphatic type, such as a cyclopentadiene based resin, may be blended with other more viscous resins in order to obtain the overall required viscosity.
It a further example it was found that a solution of 5-20 percent by weight of polyester resin in methyl ethyl ketone formed a satisfactory dressing.
It was also found that either a hot or cold setting polyester resin was satisfactory, e.g. Bakelite (Registered Trade Mark) S.R. 17449 resin an unsaturated polyester made from a glycol, a dicarboxylic acid and maleic anhydride has been found satisfactory.
Also, according to the present invention a process for rendering carbon fibers readily handleable comprises impregnating the fibers with a dressing comprising a weak solution of resin, such as an epoxy, phenolic, Friedel-Crafts, polyimide or polyester resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent, and allowing the solvent to evaporate, evaporation of the solvent leaving the carbon fibers in a close knit handleable form.
It is to be noted that the term Friedel-Crafts resin means a resin formed from an aromatic compound with an aromatic linking agent which has two chloromethyl or methoxymethyl groups attached to an aromatic nucleus by means of a polycondensation reaction involving the nuclear hydrogen atoms and may be aided by the presence of a small amount of F riedel-Craft type catalyst such as stannic chloride.
Once the tape is obtained it may then be impregnated with an appropriate resin and converted to a pre-impregnated tape suitable for use as described above.
Such a process lends itself to the continuous production of thin carbon fiber reinforced composite material. In an example of such a process a continuous supply of carbon fibers, as from a process in which carbon fibers are produced continuously, are drawn in turn through a bath containing said dressing, a drying region in which surplus dressing drains from the fiber and that remaining on the fibers is dried, a second bath containing a heat catalyzed polyester resin in which the fibers are immersed and between a pair of rollers between which the composite material comprising the fibers, dressing which has been softened by the polyester resin and the resin are flattened to a tape like form. The resin content of the tape may subsequently be cured by the application of heat.
In one example a non-continuous process for producing a plastics composite material 80 grams of 10,00 filament tow carbon fibers of 7 microns diameter of the type disclosed in British Pat. No. 1,110,791 and having an ultimate tensile strength of 280 X 10 lg/sq in. and a Youngs modulus of 55 X 10 lb/sq in. were supported in a glass fiber cloth cradle or sling and dipped into a tank containing 3 liters of polyester resin solution comprising 1 part by weight of Bakelite (Registered Trade Mark) S.R. 17,449 polyester resin and 4 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketone.
After immersion for 30 seconds, the cradle supporting the fibers was removed from the solution and the surplus solution allowed to drain off. The fibers, with residual dressing adhering to them, were then suspended vertically for 2 hours at room temperature until dry. The resulting clumped fibers were then incorporated as a reinforcement in a matrix comprising parts by weight S.R. 17,449 polyester resin, 2 parts peroxide catalyst and 2 parts cobalt naphthenate, the fibers comprising approximately 40 percent by volume of the resulting composite formed when curing of the resin was complete.
The tape of the present invention may be used advantageously when it is desired to tension the unidirection carbon fibers while the moulding process is being carried out. This has the advantage that individual carbon fibers are aligned substantially parallel during the curing process and also helps to ensure that the load of the composite finally produced is evenly distributed among the carbon fibers. This is important in view of the relatively small extension at break of carbon fibers which means that in a composite in which fibers are not properly aligned individual fibers may fail before other fibers in a different fibers in a different orientation are taking an appreciable share of the load.
I claim:
1. A pre-impregnation tape comprising a plurality of warp members parallel to and contiguous with one another selected from the group consisting of tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fibers, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of said tow of carbon fibers, and a continuous weft thread continuously woven through said warp members at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch, said weft thread being selected from the group consisting of continuous glass fiber and continuous carbon fiber.
2. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the warp members are composed entirely of carbon fiber tow.
3. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the carbon fiber tow include high modulus carbon fiber having a Youngs modulus parallel to the fiber axis of not less than 16 X 10' pounds per square inch.
4. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the weft thread comprises between 1 and 10 filaments of glass fiber.
5. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the carbon fiber tows have a surface dressing comprising a resin selected from the group consisting of epoxy, phenolic, Friedel-Crafts, polyimide and polyester resin.
6. A tape as claimed in claim 1 and impregnated with resin.
7. A pre-impregnation tape comprising a plurality of war members parallel to and contiguous with one another selected from the group consisting of tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fibers, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of said tow of carbon fibers, and a continuous weft thread continuously woven throughout the length of said warp members and zigzaggedly crossing said warp members at an oblique angle at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch, said weft thread being selected from the group consisting of continuous glass fiber and continuous carbon fiber.
8. A method of preparing a cured tape comprising immersing carbon fiber in a dressing solution of not more than 35 percent by weight of resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent and drying to remove said solvent in order to provide a dressing on said carbon fiber, preparing a plurality of warp members from tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fiber comprising said dressed carbon fiber, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of tow of carbon fibers, and weaving a continuous weft thread through said warp members and continuously throughout the length thereof at a frequency of between about methyl ethyl ethylene dichloride dichloroethane.
10. A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein the dressing solution comprises a 1-5 percent by weight of epoxy resin in acetone.
ketone, and 1,2-
l l i l
Claims (9)
- 2. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the warp members are composed entirely of carbon fiber tow.
- 3. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the carbon fiber tow include high modulus carbon fiber having a Young''s modulus parallel to the fiber axis of not less than 16 X 106 pounds per square inch.
- 4. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the weft thread comprises between 1 and 10 filaments of glass fiber.
- 5. A tape as claimed in claim 1 wherein the carbon fiber tows have a surface dressing comprising a resin selected from the group consisting of epoxy, phenolic, Friedel-Crafts, polyimide and polyester resin.
- 6. A tape as claimed in claim 1 and impregnated with resin.
- 7. A pre-impregnation tape comprising a plurality of warp members parallel to and contiguous with one another selected from the group consisting of tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fibers, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of said tow of carbon fibers, and a continuous weft thread continuously woven throughout the length of said warp members and zigzaggedly crossing said warp members at an oblique angle at a frequency of between about 10 and 2 threads per inch, said weft thread being selected from the group consisting of continuous glass fiber and continuous carbon fiber.
- 8. A method of preparing a cured tape comprising immersing carbon fiber in a dressing solution of not more than 35 percent by weight of resin in a volatile organic non-aqueous solvent and drying to remove said solvent in order to provide a dressing on said carbon fiber, preparing a plurality of warp members from tow of glass fiber and tow of unidirectional carbon fiber comprising said dressed carbon fiber, at least 10 percent by weight of said warp members consisting of tow of carbon fibers, and weaving a continuous weft thread through said warp members and continuously throughout the length thereof at a frequency of between about 10 and about 2 threads per inch whereby said warp members are maintained parallel to and contiguous with one another during curing of said tape, said weft thread being selected from the group consisting of continuous glass fiber and continuous carbon fiber, and curing said tape.
- 9. A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene dichloride and 1,2-dichloroethane.
- 10. A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein the dressing solution comprises a 1-5 percent by weight of epoxy resin in acetone.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB1244869 | 1969-03-10 | ||
GB5445269 | 1969-11-06 |
Publications (1)
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US3669158A true US3669158A (en) | 1972-06-13 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US17265A Expired - Lifetime US3669158A (en) | 1969-03-10 | 1970-03-06 | Continuous carbon fiber tapes |
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US (1) | US3669158A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2011320A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2034787B1 (en) |
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US3818082A (en) * | 1971-02-03 | 1974-06-18 | Celanese Corp | Process for the production of carbonaceous tapes |
US3859158A (en) * | 1971-04-20 | 1975-01-07 | Celanese Corp | Production of pervious low density carbon fiber reinforced composite articles |
US3914494A (en) * | 1973-04-03 | 1975-10-21 | Celanese Corp | Pervious low density carbon fiber reinforced composite articles |
US3925587A (en) * | 1973-04-03 | 1975-12-09 | Celanese Corp | Pervious low density carbon fiber reinforced composite articles |
US3926228A (en) * | 1971-02-03 | 1975-12-16 | Cellanese Corp | Carbonaceous tapes |
US3953641A (en) * | 1972-04-19 | 1976-04-27 | Societe Civile D'etudes Et De Recherches Pour L'obtention De Fibres Minerales (S.E.R.O.F.I.M.) | Ply of parallel filaments |
US3993829A (en) * | 1973-04-03 | 1976-11-23 | Celanese Corporation | Production of pervious low density carbon fiber reinforced composite articles |
US3995081A (en) * | 1974-10-07 | 1976-11-30 | General Dynamics Corporation | Composite structural beams and method |
US3995080A (en) * | 1974-10-07 | 1976-11-30 | General Dynamics Corporation | Filament reinforced structural shapes |
US4173128A (en) * | 1978-05-23 | 1979-11-06 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Composite drive shaft |
US4186696A (en) * | 1978-01-31 | 1980-02-05 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Push rods and the like |
US4932107A (en) * | 1987-08-03 | 1990-06-12 | Mitsubishi Rayon Company, Ltd. | Method of reducing open spaces in woven fabrics |
US5080141A (en) * | 1986-03-12 | 1992-01-14 | Vorwerk & Co. Interholding Gmbh | Multiply fabric having center portion with delicate warp threads and lateral portions with robust threads |
US5126191A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1992-06-30 | Establissements Les D'auguste Chomarat Et Cie | Process for the production of a textile reinforcing web for composite materials based on resins and new type of web |
US5180633A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1993-01-19 | Establissements les Fils D'Auguste Comarat & Cie | Composite textile material capable of being employed for resin reinforcement |
US5732748A (en) * | 1992-11-30 | 1998-03-31 | Brochier S.A. | Composite material fabric based on predominantly untwisted coarse multifilament warp & weft threads |
US5837624A (en) * | 1995-10-16 | 1998-11-17 | Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. | Woven glass cloth for printed wiring board and printed wiring products manufactured therefrom |
US20050186069A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2005-08-25 | General Electric Company | Use of biased fabric to improve properties of SiC/SiC ceramic composites for turbine engine components |
US7018578B2 (en) * | 1997-08-04 | 2006-03-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method of producing a hybrid matrix fiber composite |
USD671753S1 (en) * | 2012-01-16 | 2012-12-04 | Suncast Technologies, Llc | Resin wicker |
EP2395139A4 (en) * | 2009-02-06 | 2013-07-24 | Finetrack | Reinforcing tape, cloth produced by sewing said reinforcing tape, and web structure utilizing said reinforcing tape |
US20140173932A1 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2014-06-26 | Nike, Inc. | Woven Footwear Upper With Lockout |
US8859089B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 | 2014-10-14 | Ticona Llc | Reinforced hollow profiles |
US9096000B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 | 2015-08-04 | Ticona Llc | Thermoplastic prepreg containing continuous and long fibers |
US9238347B2 (en) | 2010-06-11 | 2016-01-19 | Ticona Llc | Structural member formed from a solid lineal profile |
US9409347B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 | 2016-08-09 | Ticona Llc | Method for forming reinforced pultruded profiles |
US10266292B2 (en) * | 2015-01-22 | 2019-04-23 | Neptune Research, Llc | Carriers for composite reinforcement systems and methods of use |
US20190233984A1 (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2019-08-01 | Japan Matex Co. Ltd. | Apparatus for manufacturing open carbon fiber superfine yarn |
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US3818082A (en) * | 1971-02-03 | 1974-06-18 | Celanese Corp | Process for the production of carbonaceous tapes |
US3926228A (en) * | 1971-02-03 | 1975-12-16 | Cellanese Corp | Carbonaceous tapes |
US3859158A (en) * | 1971-04-20 | 1975-01-07 | Celanese Corp | Production of pervious low density carbon fiber reinforced composite articles |
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US3995080A (en) * | 1974-10-07 | 1976-11-30 | General Dynamics Corporation | Filament reinforced structural shapes |
US3995081A (en) * | 1974-10-07 | 1976-11-30 | General Dynamics Corporation | Composite structural beams and method |
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US4173128A (en) * | 1978-05-23 | 1979-11-06 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Composite drive shaft |
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US5837624A (en) * | 1995-10-16 | 1998-11-17 | Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. | Woven glass cloth for printed wiring board and printed wiring products manufactured therefrom |
US7018578B2 (en) * | 1997-08-04 | 2006-03-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method of producing a hybrid matrix fiber composite |
US20070082201A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2007-04-12 | General Electric Company | USE OF BIASED FABRIC TO IMPROVE PROPERTIES OF SiC/SiC CERAMIC COMPOSITES FOR TURBINE ENGINE COMPONENTS |
US7306826B2 (en) | 2004-02-23 | 2007-12-11 | General Electric Company | Use of biased fabric to improve properties of SiC/SiC ceramic composites for turbine engine components |
US7579094B2 (en) | 2004-02-23 | 2009-08-25 | General Electric Company | Use of biased fabric to improve properties of SiC/SiC ceramic composites for turbine engine components |
US20050186069A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2005-08-25 | General Electric Company | Use of biased fabric to improve properties of SiC/SiC ceramic composites for turbine engine components |
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US20210025428A1 (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2021-01-28 | Takai Corporation | Method for manufacturing fiber-reinforced resin bolt and fiber-reinforced resin bolt |
US12076942B2 (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2024-09-03 | Takai Corporation | Method for manufacturing fiber-reinforced resin bolt and fiber-reinforced resin bolt |
US20190233984A1 (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2019-08-01 | Japan Matex Co. Ltd. | Apparatus for manufacturing open carbon fiber superfine yarn |
US11131041B2 (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2021-09-28 | Japan Matex Co. Ltd. | Apparatus for manufacturing open carbon fiber superfine yarn |
US11555260B2 (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2023-01-17 | Japan Matex Co. Ltd. | Apparatus for manufacturing open carbon fiber superfine yarn |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2034787A1 (en) | 1970-12-18 |
DE2011320A1 (en) | 1970-09-24 |
FR2034787B1 (en) | 1974-07-12 |
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