CN102859659B - p型扩散层形成组合物、p型扩散层的制造方法和太阳能电池元件的制造方法 - Google Patents
p型扩散层形成组合物、p型扩散层的制造方法和太阳能电池元件的制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102859659B CN102859659B CN201180020188.0A CN201180020188A CN102859659B CN 102859659 B CN102859659 B CN 102859659B CN 201180020188 A CN201180020188 A CN 201180020188A CN 102859659 B CN102859659 B CN 102859659B
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Abstract
本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物含有:含受体元素并且寿命扼杀剂元素的总量为1000ppm以下的玻璃粉末;和分散介质。通过涂布该p型扩散层形成组合物,实施热扩散处理,从而制造p型扩散层和具有p型扩散层的太阳能电池元件。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能电池元件的p型扩散层形成组合物、p型扩散层的制造方法和太阳能电池元件的制造方法,更详细地说,涉及使作为半导体基板的硅基板的内部应力减小、能够抑制晶粒间界的损伤、抑制结晶缺陷增长和抑制翘曲的p型扩散层形成技术。
背景技术
对以往的硅太阳能电池元件的制造工序进行说明。
首先,为了促进光封闭效果而实现高效率化,准备形成了纹理结构的p型硅基板,接着,在氧氯化磷(POCl3)、氮气、氧气的混合气体气氛中在800~900℃下进行数十分钟的处理,在基板上均匀地形成n型扩散层。对于该以往的方法而言,由于使用混合气体进行磷的扩散,因此不仅表面形成n型扩散层,而且在侧面、背面也形成n型扩散层。因此,进行用于将侧面的n型扩散层除去的侧蚀刻。此外,背面的n型扩散层必须变换为p+型扩散层,在背面印刷铝糊剂,将其烧成,在使n型扩散层成为p+型扩散层的同时,得到了欧姆连接。
但是,由铝糊剂形成的铝层的电导率低,为了降低薄膜电阻,通常在整个背面形成的铝层在烧成后必须具有10~20μm左右的厚度。进而,如果形成这样厚的铝层,则由于硅和铝的热膨胀率大大不同,因此在烧成和冷却的过程中在硅基板中产生大的内部应力,有时成为晶粒间界的损伤、结晶缺陷增长和翘曲的原因。
为了解决该问题,有使糊剂组合物的涂布量减少、使背面电极层变薄的方法。但是,如果减少糊剂组合物的涂布量,则从p型硅半导体基板的表面向内部扩散的铝的量变得不足。其结果,由于不能实现所需的BSF(Back Surface Field,背场)效果(由于p+型扩散层的存在而使生成载流子的收集效率提高的效果),因此产生太阳能电池的特性降低的问题。
因此,例如,日本特开2003-223813号公报中提出了一种糊剂组合物,其含有:铝粉末;有机质载体;热膨胀率比铝小并且熔融温度、软化温度和分解温度的任一者比铝的熔点高的无机化合物粉末。
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
但是,在使用了日本特开2003-223813号公报中记载的糊剂组合物的情况下,有时也不能充分地抑制翘曲。
本发明鉴于以上以往的问题而完成,其课题在于提供p型扩散层形成组合物、p型扩散层的制造方法和太阳能电池元件的制造方法,该p型扩散层形成组合物在使用了硅基板的太阳能电池元件的制造工序中能够抑制硅基板中的内部应力、抑制基板的翘曲的发生,同时能够形成p型扩散层,在具有由此得到的p型扩散层的基板中载流子的寿命没有大幅度降低。
用于解决课题的手段
解决上述课题的手段如下所述。
<1>p型扩散层形成组合物,其含有:含受体元素并且寿命扼杀剂元素的总量为1000ppm以下的玻璃粉末;和分散介质。
<2>如上述<1>所述的p型扩散层形成组合物,其中,上述受体元素为从B(硼)、Al(铝)和Ga(镓)中选择的至少1种。
<3>如上述<1>或<2>所述的p型扩散层形成组合物,其中,含上述受体元素的玻璃粉末含有从B2O3、Al2O3和Ga2O3中选择的至少1种的含有受体元素的物质和从SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、Tl2O、SnO、ZrO2和MoO3中选择的至少1种的玻璃成分物质。
<4>如<1>~<3>中任一项所述的p型扩散层形成组合物,其中,上述寿命扼杀剂元素为从Fe(铁)、Cu(铜)、Ni(镍)、Mn(锰)、Cr(铬)、W(钨)和Au(金)中选择的至少1种。
<5>一种p型扩散层的制造方法,其具有:涂布上述<1>~<4>中任一项所述的p型扩散层形成组合物的工序;和实施热扩散处理的工序。
<6>太阳能电池元件的制造方法,其具有:在半导体基板上涂布上述<1>~<4>中任一项所述的p型扩散层形成组合物的工序;实施热扩散处理而形成p型扩散层的工序;和在已形成的上述p型扩散层上形成电极的工序。
发明的效果
根据本发明,在使用了硅基板的太阳能电池元件的制造工序中,能够在抑制硅基板中的内部应力、基板的翘曲的同时形成p型扩散层,且形成了p型扩散层的基板中的载流子的寿命没有大幅度降低。
具体实施方式
首先,对本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物进行说明,其次,对使用p型扩散层形成组合物的p型扩散层和太阳能电池元件的制造方法进行说明。
需要说明的是,本说明书中“工序”这一用语不仅是指独立的工序,如果即使在与其他工序不能明确地区分的情况下也能实现该工序的所预期的作用,则也包含在本用语中。
此外,本说明书中“~”,表示包含其前后记载的数值分别作为最小值和最大值的范围。
此外,本说明书中提及组合物中的各成分时,在组合物中存在多种属于各成分的物质的情况下,只要无特别说明,则意味着组合物中存在的该多种物质的总量。
本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物含有:至少含受体元素且寿命扼杀剂元素的总量为1000ppm以下的玻璃粉末(以下有时简称为“玻璃粉末”)和分散介质,进而考虑到涂布性等,可根据需要含有其他的添加剂。
在此,所谓p型扩散层形成组合物,是指如下材料:含有受体元素,且能够通过例如在硅基板上涂布后进行热扩散处理(烧成),从而使该受体元素热扩散,形成p型扩散层的材料。通过使用本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物,从而能够将p+型扩散层形成工序和欧姆连接形成工序分离,用于欧姆连接形成的电极材料的选择范围变宽,同时电极的结构的选择范围也变宽。例如,如果将银等低电阻材料用于电极,则能够以薄的膜厚实现低电阻。此外,电极也不必在整面上形成,可如梳形等形状那样部分地形成。通过如上所述形成薄膜或梳形形状等部分性的形状,能够抑制硅基板中的内部应力、抑制基板的翘曲的发生,同时能够形成p型扩散层。
因此,如果应用本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物,能够使在以往广泛采用的方法即将铝糊剂印刷并将其烧成来使n型扩散层成为p+型扩散层并同时得到欧姆连接的方法中产生的基板中的内部应力和基板的翘曲的发生得以抑制。
进而,玻璃粉末中的受体成分在烧成中也难以挥散,因此抑制由于挥散气体的发生而使p型扩散层形成到所需的区域以外的情况。作为其理由,可认为是受体成分与玻璃粉末中的元素结合,或者进入玻璃中,因此难以挥散。
此外,本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物,由于其中所含的玻璃粉末中的寿命扼杀剂元素的总量为1000ppm以下,因此形成了p型扩散层的基板中的载流子的寿命不会大幅度降低。寿命扼杀剂元素的详细情况将后述。
对本发明涉及的含受体元素的玻璃粉末进行详细说明。
所谓受体元素,是通过在硅基板中掺杂而能够形成p型扩散层的元素。作为受体元素,能够使用第13族的元素,可列举例如B(硼)、Al(铝)和Ga(镓)等。
作为用于将受体元素导入玻璃粉末的含有受体元素的物质,可列举B2O3、Al2O3和Ga2O3,优选使用从B2O3、Al2O3和Ga2O3中选择的至少1种。
此外,对于玻璃粉末,通过根据需要调节成分比率,能够控制熔融温度、软化点、玻璃化转变温度、化学耐久性等。优选还含以下所示的成分。
作为玻璃成分物质,可列举SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、Tl2O、V2O5、SnO、ZrO2、MoO3、La2O3、Nb2O5、Ta2O5、Y2O3、TiO2、GeO2、TeO2和Lu2O3等,优选使用从SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、Tl2O、SnO、ZrO2和MoO3中选择的至少1种。
作为含受体元素的玻璃粉末的具体例,可列举含上述含有受体元素的物质和上述玻璃成分物质这两者的体系,可列举B2O3-SiO2系(以含有受体元素的物质-玻璃成分物质的顺序记载,下同)、B2O3-ZnO系、B2O3-PbO系、B2O3单独系等含B2O3作为含有受体元素的物质的体系、Al2O3-SiO2系等含Al2O3作为含有受体元素的物质的体系、Ga2O3-SiO2系等含Ga2O3作为含有受体元素的物质的体系等玻璃粉末。
此外,可以是如Al2O3-B2O3系、Ga2O3-B2O3系等这样的含2种以上的含有受体元素的物质的玻璃粉末。
上述中例示了1种成分玻璃或含2种成分的复合玻璃,也可以是如B2O3-SiO2-Na2O系、B2O3-SiO2-CeO2系等这样的含3种成分以上的物质的玻璃粉末。
使载流子的寿命降低的元素(寿命扼杀剂元素)在玻璃粉末中的总量为1000ppm以下,优选500ppm以下,更优选100pm以下,进一步优选50ppm以下。
作为寿命扼杀剂元素,可列举Fe、Cu,Ni、Mn、Cr、W和Au。这些元素的量能够用ICP质谱分析装置(ICP-MS)、ICP发射光谱分析装置、原子吸收光谱分析装置进行分析。此外,载流子的寿命能够采用微波光导电衰减法(μ-PCD法)测定。
玻璃粉末中的玻璃成分物质的含有比率,希望考虑熔融温度、软化温度、玻璃化转变温度、化学耐久性而适当设定,一般地,优选为0.1质量%以上95质量%以下,更优选为0.5质量%以上90质量%以下。
玻璃粉末的软化温度,从扩散处理时的扩散性、液体滴流的观点出发,优选为200℃~1000℃,更优选为300℃~900℃。玻璃粉末的软化温度,能够采用公知的差示热分析装置(DTA),由其吸热峰测定。
作为玻璃粉末的形状,可列举大致球状、扁平状、块状、板状和鳞片状等,从形成n型扩散层形成组合物时的对于基板的涂布性、均匀扩散性的方面出发,希望为大致球状、扁平状或板状。
玻璃粉末的粒径,希望为50μm以下。使用了具有50μm以下的粒径的玻璃粉末的情况下,容易获得平滑的涂膜。而且,玻璃粉末的粒径更希望为10μm以下。此外,对下限并无特别限制,优选为0.01μm以上。
其中,玻璃的粒径表示平均粒径,能够采用激光散射衍射法粒度分布测定装置等测定。
含受体元素的玻璃粉末按以下的顺序制作。
最初秤量原料,填充到坩埚中。作为坩埚的材质,可列举铂、铂-铑、铱、氧化铝、石英、碳等,可考虑熔融温度、气氛、与熔融物质的反应性等来适当选择。
接下来,在与玻璃组成相应的温度下用电炉加热而形成熔融液。此时,为了使熔融液均匀,希望进行搅拌。
接着,将得到的熔融液浇铸到氧化锆基板、碳基板等上,使熔融液成为玻璃。
最后,将玻璃粉碎而成为粉末状。对于粉碎,能够应用喷射磨机、珠磨机、球磨机等公知的方法。
p型扩散层形成组合物中的含受体元素的玻璃粉末的含有比率,考虑涂布性、受体元素的扩散性等而决定。一般地,p型扩散层形成组合物中的玻璃粉末的含有比率优选为0.1质量%以上95质量%以下,更优选为1质量%以上90质量%以下。
接下来,对分散介质进行说明。
所谓分散介质,是在组合物中使上述玻璃粉末分散的介质。具体地,作为分散介质,可采用粘结剂、溶剂等。
作为粘结剂,例如,可适当选择(甲基)丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯聚合物、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酰胺类、聚乙烯基酰胺类、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚(甲基)丙烯酸类、聚环氧乙烷类、聚磺酸、丙烯酰胺烷基磺酸、纤维素醚类、纤维素衍生物、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、乙基纤维素、明胶、淀粉及淀粉衍生物、海藻酸钠类、黄原胶、瓜尔胶及瓜尔胶衍生物、硬葡聚糖及硬葡聚糖衍生物、黄耆胶及黄耆胶衍生物、糊精及糊精衍生物、丙烯酸树脂、丙烯酸酯树脂、丁二烯树脂、苯乙烯树脂、及它们的共聚物、以及二氧化硅等。这些可单独使用1种,或者将2种以上组合使用。
对粘结剂的分子量并无特别限制,希望考虑作为组合物的所需的粘度来适当调节。
作为溶剂,可列举例如丙酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基正丙基酮、甲基异丙基酮、甲基正丁基酮、甲基异丁基酮、甲基正戊基酮、甲基正己基酮、二乙基酮、二丙基酮、二异丁基酮、三甲基壬酮、环己酮、环戊酮、甲基环己酮、2,4-戊二酮、丙酮基丙酮等酮系溶剂;二乙醚、甲基乙基醚、甲基正丙基醚、二异丙基醚、四氢呋喃、甲基四氢呋喃、二噁烷、二甲基二噁烷、乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二乙醚、乙二醇二正丙醚、乙二醇二丁醚、二甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二乙醚、二甘醇甲基乙基醚、二甘醇甲基正丙基醚、二甘醇甲基正丁基醚、二甘醇二正丙醚、二甘醇二正丁醚、二甘醇甲基正己基醚、三甘醇二甲醚、三甘醇二乙醚、三甘醇甲基乙基醚、三甘醇甲基正丁基醚、三甘醇二正丁基醚、三甘醇甲基正己基醚、四甘醇二甲醚、四甘醇二乙醚、四甘醇甲基乙基醚、四甘醇甲基正丁基醚、二甘醇二正丁醚、四甘醇甲基正己基醚、四甘醇二正丁醚、丙二醇二甲醚、丙二醇二乙醚、丙二醇二正丙醚、丙二醇二丁醚、二丙二醇二甲醚、二丙二醇二乙醚、二丙二醇甲基乙基醚、二丙二醇甲基正丁基醚、二丙二醇二正丙醚、二丙二醇二正丁醚、二丙二醇甲基正己基醚、三丙二醇二甲醚、三丙二醇二乙醚、三丙二醇甲基乙基醚、三丙二醇甲基正丁基醚、三丙二醇二正丁醚、三丙二醇甲基正己基醚、四丙二醇二甲醚、四丙二醇二乙醚、四丙二醇甲基乙基醚、四丙二醇甲基正丁基醚、二丙二醇二正丁醚、四丙二醇甲基正己基醚、四丙二醇二正丁醚等醚系溶剂;醋酸甲酯、醋酸乙酯、醋酸正丙酯、醋酸异丙酯、醋酸正丁酯、醋酸异丁酯、醋酸仲丁酯、醋酸正戊酯、醋酸仲戊酯、醋酸3-甲氧基丁酯、醋酸甲基戊酯、醋酸2-乙基丁酯、醋酸2-乙基己酯、醋酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯、醋酸苄酯、醋酸环己酯、醋酸甲基环己酯、醋酸壬酯、乙酰乙酸甲酯、乙酰乙酸乙酯、醋酸二甘醇单甲醚、醋酸二甘醇单乙醚、醋酸二甘醇单正丁醚、醋酸二丙二醇单甲醚、醋酸二丙二醇单乙醚、乙二醇二醋酸酯、乙酸甲氧三甘酯(methoxytriglycolacetate)、丙酸乙酯、丙酸正丁酯、丙酸异戊酯、草酸二乙酯、草酸二正丁酯、乳酸甲酯、乳酸乙酯、乳酸正丁酯、乳酸正戊酯、乙二醇甲基醚丙酸酯、乙二醇乙基醚丙酸酯、乙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯、乙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇甲基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇乙基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇正丁基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇丙基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯、γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯等酯系溶剂;乙腈、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N-乙基吡咯烷酮、N-丙基吡咯烷酮、N-丁基吡咯烷酮、N-己基吡咯烷酮、N-环己基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜等非质子性极性溶剂;甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、正戊醇、异戊醇、2-甲基丁醇、仲戊醇、叔戊醇、3-甲氧基丁醇、正己醇、2-甲基戊醇、仲己醇、2-乙基丁醇、仲庚醇、正辛醇、2-乙基己醇、仲辛醇、正壬醇、正癸醇、仲十一烷醇、三甲基壬醇、仲十四烷醇、仲十七烷醇、苯酚、环己醇、甲基环己醇、苄醇、乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甘醇、二丙二醇、三甘醇、三丙二醇等醇系溶剂;乙二醇甲基醚、乙二醇乙基醚、乙二醇单苯基醚、二甘醇单甲基醚、二甘醇单乙基醚、二甘醇单正丁基醚、二甘醇单正己基醚、乙氧基三甘醇、四甘醇单正丁基醚、丙二醇单甲基醚、二丙二醇单甲基醚、二丙二醇单乙基醚、三丙二醇单甲基醚等二醇单醚系溶剂;α-萜品烯、α-萜品醇、月桂烯、别罗勒烯、柠檬烯、双戊烯(dipentene)、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、萜品醇、香芹酮、罗勒烯、水芹烯(phellandrene)等萜烯系溶剂;水等。这些可单独使用1种,或者将2种以上组合使用。
制成p型扩散层形成组合物的情况下,从对基板的涂布性的观点出发,作为优选的溶剂,可列举α-萜品醇、二甘醇单正丁醚、醋酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯。
p型扩散层形成组合物中的分散介质的含有比率,可以考虑涂布性、受体浓度而决定。
p型扩散层形成组合物的粘度,考虑涂布性,优选为10mPa·S以上1000000mPa·S以下,更优选为50mPa·S以上500000mPa·S以下。
此外,上述玻璃粉末中的寿命扼杀剂元素的总量为1000ppm以下的情况下,p型扩散层形成粗组合物中的寿命扼杀剂元素的总量大约为1100ppm以下。因此,上述p型扩散层形成粗组合物中的寿命扼杀剂元素的总量优选为500ppm以下,更优选为100ppm以下。
接下来,对本发明的p型扩散层和太阳能电池元件的制造方法进行说明。
首先,对作为p型半导体基板的硅基板给予碱溶液,将损伤层除去,通过蚀刻得到纹理结构。
详细地说,用20质量%苛性钠将从锭进行切片时产生的硅表面的损伤层除去。接下来,利用1质量%苛性钠和10质量%异丙醇的混合液进行蚀刻,形成纹理结构。太阳能电池元件,通过在受光面(表面)侧形成纹理结构,从而促进光封闭效果,实现高效率化。
接下来,在氧氯化磷(POCl3)、氮气、氧气的混合气体气氛中在800~900℃下进行数十分钟的处理,均匀地形成n型扩散层。此时,由于是使用氧氯化磷气氛的方法,磷的扩散也波及到侧面和背面,n型扩散层不仅在表面形成,也在侧面、背面形成。因此,为了将侧面的n型扩散层除去,实施侧蚀刻。
然后,在p型半导体基板的背面即与受光面相反一侧的面的n型扩散层上,涂布上述p型扩散层形成组合物,形成p型扩散层形成组合物层。本发明中,对涂布方法并无限制,例如,有印刷法、旋涂法、刷毛涂布、喷涂法、刮刀法、辊式涂布法、喷墨法等。
作为上述p型扩散层形成组合物的涂布量,并无特别限制。例如,作为玻璃粉末量,能够为0.01g/m2~100g/m2,优选为0.1g/m2~10g/m2。
此外,根据p型扩散层形成组合物的组成,在涂布后,可设置用于使组合物中所含的溶剂挥发的干燥工序。这种情况下,在80~300℃左右的温度下,在使用热板的情况下,用1分钟~10分钟使其干燥,在使用干燥机等的情况下,用10分钟~30分钟左右使其干燥。该干燥条件依赖于n型扩散层形成组合物的溶剂组成,但本发明中并不特别限定于上述条件。
对涂布了上述p型扩散层形成组合物的半导体基板,在600~1200℃下进行热扩散处理。通过该热扩散处理,受体元素向半导体基板中扩散,形成p+型扩散层。对于热扩散处理,能够应用公知的连续炉、间歇炉等。此外,热扩散处理时的炉内气氛也能够适当地调节为空气、氧气、氮气等。
热扩散处理时间能够根据p型扩散层形成组合物中所含的受体元素的含有率等适当选择。例如,能够为1分钟~60分钟,更优选为5分钟~30分钟。
在形成的p+型扩散层的表面形成了玻璃层,因此通过蚀刻将该玻璃层除去。作为蚀刻,可应用浸渍于氢氟酸等酸的方法、浸渍于苛性钠等碱的方法等公知的方法。
此外,在现有的制造方法中,将铝糊剂印刷于背面,将其烧成,使n型扩散层成为p+型扩散层的同时,得到了欧姆连接。但是,由铝糊剂形成的铝层的电导率低,为了降低薄膜电阻,通常在整个背面形成的铝层在烧成后必须具有10~20μm左右的厚度。进而,如果形成这样厚的铝层,由于硅和铝的热膨胀率大大不同,因此在烧成和冷却的过程中在硅基板中产生大的内部应力,成为翘曲的原因。
该内部应力对结晶的晶粒间界产生损伤,存在电力损失变大的课题。此外,翘曲在模块工序中的太阳能电池元件的搬送、与称为极耳(tab)线的铜线的连接中,容易使太阳能电池元件破损。近年来,由于切片加工技术的提高,硅基板的厚度不断薄型化,而且太阳能电池元件倾向于容易断裂。
但是,根据本发明的制造方法,利用上述本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物将n型扩散层变换为p+型扩散层后,另外在该p+型扩散层上设置电极。因此,用于背面的电极的材料并不限于铝,能够应用例如Ag(银)、Cu(铜)等,背面的电极的厚度也能够形成得比以往的厚度薄,而且也没有必要整面地形成。因此,能够使烧成和冷却的过程中发生的硅基板中的内部应力和翘曲减轻。
在上述形成的n型扩散层上形成防反射膜。防反射膜采用公知的技术形成。例如,防反射膜为硅氮化膜的情况下,采用以SiH4和NH3的混合气体为原料的等离子体CVD法形成。此时,氢在结晶中扩散,不参与硅原子的结合的轨道,即悬空键与氢结合,使缺陷失活(氢钝化)。
更具体而言,在上述混合气体流量比NH3/SiH4为0.05~1.0、反应室的压力为0.1~2Torr、成膜时的温度为300~550℃、用于等离子体的放电的频率为100kHz以上的条件下形成。
在表面(受光面)的防反射膜上,采用丝网印刷法将表面电极用金属糊剂印刷涂布,使其干燥,形成表面电极。表面电极用金属糊剂以金属粒子和玻璃粒子为必要成分,根据需要含树脂粘结剂、其他的添加剂等。
接下来,在上述背面的p+型扩散层上也形成背面电极。如前所述,在本发明中,对背面电极的材质、形成方法并无特别限定。例如,可涂布含铝、银或铜等金属的背面电极用糊剂,使其干燥,形成背面电极。此时,为了模块工序中的电池间的连接,也可在背面部分地设置银电极形成用银糊剂。
将上述电极烧成,完成太阳能电池元件。如果在600~900℃的范围烧成数秒~数分钟,则在表面侧由于电极用金属糊剂中所含的玻璃粒子而使作为绝缘膜的防反射膜熔融,而且硅表面也一部分熔融,糊剂中的金属粒子(例如银粒子)与硅基板形成接触部,并凝固。由此,使形成的表面电极与硅基板导通。将其称为烧通(fire through)。
对表面电极的形状进行说明。表面电极由主栅线(bus bar)电极和与该主栅线电极交叉的指状电极构成。
这样的表面电极,例如,能够采用上述的金属糊剂的丝网印刷、或电极材料的镀敷、利用高真空中的电子束加热的电极材料的蒸镀等手段来形成。通常使用由主栅线电极和指状电极组成的表面电极作为受光面侧的电极的作法是公知的,可应用受光面侧的主栅线电极和指状电极的公知的形成手段。
此外,对于上述的p型扩散层和太阳能电池元件的制造方法,为了在作为p型半导体基板的硅基板上形成n型扩散层,使用了氧氯化磷(POCl3)、氮气和氧气的混合气体,但也可使用n型扩散层形成组合物形成n型层。在n型扩散层形成组合物中含有P(磷)、Sb(锑)等第15族元素作为给体元素。
对于在n型扩散层的形成中使用n型扩散层形成组合物的方法,首先,将n型扩散层形成组合物涂布于作为p型半导体基板的表面的受光面,在背面涂布本发明的p型扩散层形成组合物,在600~1200℃下进行热扩散处理。通过该热扩散处理,在表面,给体元素向p型半导体基板中扩散,形成n型扩散层,在背面,受体元素扩散,形成p+型扩散层。除该工序以外,采用与上述方法同样的工序,制作太阳能电池元件。
此外,对于日本申请2010-100223的公开内容,作为参照将其全体并入本说明书中。
本说明书中记载的全部的文献、专利申请和技术标准,与具体且分别记载了各个文献、专利申请和技术标准的情况,同程度地作为参照援引于本说明书中。
实施例
以下更具体地对本发明的实施例进行说明,但本发明并不限于这些实施例。需要说明的是,只要无特别记载,药品全部使用了试剂。此外,只要无特别说明,“%”意味着“mol%”。
需要说明的是,以下所示的“载流子的寿命”是用相对值表示的,该相对值是实施例或比较例中制作的具有p型扩散层的n型硅基板的载流子的寿命相对于将含有B2O3的涂布液涂布于n型硅基板并进行热扩散处理而形成了p型扩散层的n型硅基板的载流子的寿命的值。载流子的寿命,从实用的观点出发,将70%以上作为合格。
[实施例1]
使用自动乳钵混炼装置对粒子形状为大致球状、平均粒径为3.3μm的SiO2-B2O3系玻璃(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素980ppm)粉末20g与乙基纤维素3g、醋酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯77g进行混合而形成糊剂,调制p型扩散层形成组合物。
需要说明的是,对于玻璃粉末中的寿命扼杀剂元素,采用高频电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析装置和高频电感耦合等离子体质谱分析装置,分析其含量和元素的种类。以下实施例中同样。玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
此外,玻璃粒子形状使用日立高新技术公司制TM-1000型扫描型电子显微镜观察来判定。玻璃的平均粒径使用Beckmancoulter(株)制LS 13320型激光散射衍射法粒度分布测定装置(测定波长:632nm)而算出。
接下来,通过丝网印刷将调制的糊剂(p型扩散层形成组合物)涂布于n型硅基板的表面,在150℃的热板上使其干燥5分钟。接着,用设定为1000℃的电炉进行10分钟热扩散处理,然后,为了将玻璃层除去,将基板浸渍于氢氟酸5分钟,进行流水洗涤,然后,进行干燥。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为80Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,判断为实质上没有形成p型扩散层。此外,载流子的寿命为74%。而且,没有发生基板的翘曲。
[实施例2]
除了将使用的玻璃粉末替换为SiO2-B2O3系玻璃粉末(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素530ppm、大致球状、平均粒径3.8μm)以外,与实施例1同样地进行了p型扩散层形成。在玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为82Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,判断为实质上没有形成p型扩散层。此外,载流子的寿命为82%。而且,没有发生基板的翘曲。
[实施例3]
除了将使用的玻璃粉末替换为SiO2-B2O3系玻璃粉末(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素470ppm、大致球状、平均粒径3.3μm)以外,与实施例1同样地进行了p型扩散层形成。在玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为78Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,判断为实质上没有形成p型扩散层。此外,载流子的寿命为87%。而且,没有发生基板的翘曲。
[实施例4]
除了将使用的玻璃粉末替换为SiO2-B2O3系玻璃粉末(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素120ppm、大致球状、平均粒径3.7μm)以外,与实施例1同样地进行了p型扩散层形成。在玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为81Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,判断为实质上没有形成p型扩散层。此外,载流子的寿命为91%。而且,没有发生基板的翘曲。
[实施例5]
除了将使用的玻璃粉末替换为SiO2-B2O3系玻璃粉末(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素85ppm、大致球状、平均粒径3.5μm)以外,与实施例1同样地进行了p型扩散层形成。在玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为80Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,判断为实质上没有形成p型扩散层。此外,载流子的寿命为95%。而且,没有发生基板的翘曲。
[实施例6]
除了将使用的玻璃粉末替换为SiO2-B2O3系玻璃粉末(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素20ppm、大致球状、平均粒径3.2μm)以外,与实施例1同样地进行了p型扩散层形成。在玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为85Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,判断为实质上没有形成p型扩散层。此外,载流子的寿命为98%。而且,没有发生基板的翘曲。
[实施例7]
除了将使用的玻璃粉末替换为SiO2-B2O3系玻璃粉末(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素8ppm、大致球状、平均粒径3.5μm)以外,与实施例1同样地进行了p型扩散层形成。在玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为81Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,判断为实质上没有形成p型扩散层。此外,载流子的寿命为100%。而且,没有发生基板的翘曲。
[比较例1]
将粒子形状为大致球状、平均粒径为3.3μm的SiO2-B2O3系玻璃(SiO2:50mol%、B2O3:50mol%、寿命扼杀剂元素1180ppm)粉末20g和乙基纤维素3g、醋酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯77g混合,形成糊剂,调制p型扩散层形成组合物。在玻璃粉末中,作为寿命扼杀剂元素,含有Fe、Cu、Ni。
接下来,通过丝网印刷将调制的糊剂(p型扩散层形成组合物)涂布于p型硅基板表面,在150℃的热板上使其干燥5分钟。接着,用设定为1000℃的电炉进行10分钟热扩散处理,然后,为了将玻璃层除去,将基板浸渍于氢氟酸中5分钟,进行流水洗涤,然后,进行干燥。
涂布了p型扩散层形成组合物的一侧的表面的薄膜电阻为80Ω/□,B(硼)扩散,形成了p型扩散层。背面的薄膜电阻为1000000Ω/□以上,不能测定,没有形成p型扩散层。但是,载流子的寿命低至68%。
Claims (6)
1.一种p型扩散层形成组合物,其含有:含受体元素并且寿命扼杀剂元素的总量为1000ppm以下的玻璃粉末;和分散介质,所述玻璃粉末的粒径为50μm以下,所述p型扩散层形成组合物中的所述玻璃粉末的含有比率为0.1质量%以上95质量%以下。
2.如权利要求1所述的p型扩散层形成组合物,其中,所述受体元素为从硼B、铝Al和镓Ga中选择的至少1种。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的p型扩散层形成组合物,其中,含所述受体元素的玻璃粉末含有:
从B2O3、Al2O3和Ga2O3中选择的至少1种的含有受体元素的物质;和从SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、Tl2O、SnO、ZrO2和MoO3中选择的至少1种的玻璃成分物质。
4.如权利要求1所述的p型扩散层形成组合物,其中,所述寿命扼杀剂元素为从铁Fe、铜Cu、镍Ni、锰Mn、铬Cr、钨W和金Au中选择的至少1种。
5.一种p型扩散层的制造方法,其具有:涂布权利要求1~4中的任一项所述的p型扩散层形成组合物的工序;和实施热扩散处理的工序。
6.一种太阳能电池元件的制造方法,其具有:
在半导体基板上涂布权利要求1~4中的任一项所述的p型扩散层形成组合物的工序;
实施热扩散处理而形成p型扩散层的工序;和
在已形成的所述p型扩散层上形成电极的工序。
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2011
- 2011-04-22 EP EP11772109.2A patent/EP2562793B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2011-04-22 JP JP2012511720A patent/JP5573946B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2011-04-22 CN CN201180020188.0A patent/CN102859659B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-04-22 KR KR1020127028224A patent/KR101868163B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2011-04-22 US US13/642,526 patent/US20130071968A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-04-22 TW TW103124862A patent/TWI548102B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-04-22 EP EP15168121.0A patent/EP2930740A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-04-22 WO PCT/JP2011/059970 patent/WO2011132778A1/ja active Application Filing
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2013
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CN101635317A (zh) * | 2009-05-26 | 2010-01-27 | 珈伟太阳能(武汉)有限公司 | 一种背面铝扩散n型太阳能电池及制作背电极方法 |
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US9520529B2 (en) | 2016-12-13 |
EP2562793A4 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
WO2011132778A1 (ja) | 2011-10-27 |
US20150214418A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
TW201448237A (zh) | 2014-12-16 |
TWI548102B (zh) | 2016-09-01 |
US20130071968A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
JP5573946B2 (ja) | 2014-08-20 |
KR101868163B1 (ko) | 2018-06-15 |
EP2562793B1 (en) | 2017-08-30 |
TWI495118B (zh) | 2015-08-01 |
EP2930740A1 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
JP2014099660A (ja) | 2014-05-29 |
CN102859659A (zh) | 2013-01-02 |
EP2562793A1 (en) | 2013-02-27 |
TW201138128A (en) | 2011-11-01 |
JPWO2011132778A1 (ja) | 2013-07-18 |
US20140065761A1 (en) | 2014-03-06 |
KR20130098142A (ko) | 2013-09-04 |
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