CN102482381B - 用于制造聚合物,涂覆电极及缔合的聚合物和电极的方法 - Google Patents
用于制造聚合物,涂覆电极及缔合的聚合物和电极的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102482381B CN102482381B CN201080039540.0A CN201080039540A CN102482381B CN 102482381 B CN102482381 B CN 102482381B CN 201080039540 A CN201080039540 A CN 201080039540A CN 102482381 B CN102482381 B CN 102482381B
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- sulfonic acid
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 14
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- DZSVIVLGBJKQAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)propan-1-one Chemical compound CCC(=O)C1CC(C(C)C)CC=C1C DZSVIVLGBJKQAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960003761 propamidine Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylolacrylamide Chemical compound OCNC(=O)C=C CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UTSYWKJYFPPRAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(butoxymethyl)prop-2-enamide Chemical compound CCCCOCNC(=O)C=C UTSYWKJYFPPRAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004160 Ammonium persulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004159 Potassium persulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019395 ammonium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052728 basic metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003818 basic metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005340 bisphosphate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- KCTMTGOHHMRJHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-methylpropoxymethyl)prop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(C)COCNC(=O)C=C KCTMTGOHHMRJHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019394 potassium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- IAXXETNIOYFMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4,7,7-trimethyl-3-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl) 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound C1CC2(C)C(OC(=O)C(=C)C)CC1C2(C)C IAXXETNIOYFMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- TWYISXLZCIVDDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-n-(2-methylpropoxymethyl)prop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(C)COCNC(=O)C(C)=C TWYISXLZCIVDDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NYUTUWAFOUJLKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-prop-2-enoyloxypropane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCCOC(=O)C=C NYUTUWAFOUJLKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OHJMTUPIZMNBFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N biuret Chemical compound NC(=O)NC(N)=O OHJMTUPIZMNBFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SNCZNSNPXMPCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCC(N)=O SNCZNSNPXMPCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- -1 sulfopropyl Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 5
- KVNYFPKFSJIPBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1CC KVNYFPKFSJIPBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CCJAYIGMMRQRAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]butyliminomethyl]phenol Chemical group OC1=CC=CC=C1C=NCCCCN=CC1=CC=CC=C1O CCJAYIGMMRQRAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000004391 aryl sulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004177 diethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DNTMQTKDNSEIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)NCO DNTMQTKDNSEIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- IRLPACMLTUPBCL-KQYNXXCUSA-N 5'-adenylyl sulfate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O IRLPACMLTUPBCL-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010013786 Dry skin Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 0 NC(*C(N)=O)=O Chemical compound NC(*C(N)=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical group [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001420 alkaline earth metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004448 alkyl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004644 alkyl sulfinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004390 alkyl sulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005140 aralkylsulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005129 aryl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005161 aryl oxy carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromotrifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)Br RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZKRXPZXQLARHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-dienylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XZKRXPZXQLARHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004218 chloromethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(Cl)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000219 ethylidene group Chemical group [H]C(=[*])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940017705 formaldehyde sulfoxylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SBGKURINHGJRFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxymethanesulfinic acid Chemical compound OCS(O)=O SBGKURINHGJRFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010997 low field NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001160 methoxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002816 methylsulfanyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004092 methylthiomethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])SC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CFHIDWOYWUOIHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomethyl Chemical compound O=[CH] CFHIDWOYWUOIHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004964 sulfoalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ILMRJRBKQSSXGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl(dimethyl)silicon Chemical group C[Si](C)C(C)(C)C ILMRJRBKQSSXGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002769 thiazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003866 trichloromethyl group Chemical group ClC(Cl)(Cl)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/38—Esters containing sulfur
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/04—Polymerisation in solution
- C08F2/10—Aqueous solvent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
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Abstract
本发明提供一种方法,该方法包含:使包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体以及磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚,其中R1为CH3或H。提供通过所述方法制造的聚合物。提供涂覆电极的方法,该方法包含:提供电极;提供自由基引发剂、包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体的溶液;用所述溶液润湿所述电极;并加热该润湿的电极;借此使得包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚;其中R1为CH3或H。提供通过所述方法涂覆的电极。
Description
背景
离子交换聚合物在许多应用中有用,例如,制作用于离子分离过程的离子交换膜或涂层。生产离子交换聚合物的一般技术涉及使非离子,非水溶性的二乙烯式交联剂(例如,二乙烯基苯)与单体(比如苯乙烯)在非水性溶剂(比如二乙基-苯)中聚合。生成的固态聚合物(例如薄片状或薄膜状)用溶剂(比如二氯乙烷(ethylene dichloride))平衡或洗涤若干次,以除去并替换所述二乙基-苯溶剂。在期望阳离子交换膜的地方,随后使所述薄膜与三氧化硫和二氯乙烷的溶液反应以形成磺酸基,该磺酸基在用甲醇洗涤并用碳酸氢钠中和时赋予所述聚合物强碱性的离子交换性质。非水溶性单体以及在非水性溶剂中进行的聚合反应和随后的反应,使化学处理难题与伴随的有机溶剂损失不可避免。
已开发出在水性溶剂体系中可聚合的水溶性交联剂来克服上述难题。聚合物的交联通过两种单体之间的缩合反应发生而且与聚合同时发生,因此不需要二乙烯式单体。同时,消除了石油衍生的溶剂的开支及其处理的难题。
但是,大多数目前可用的水溶性交联剂昂贵且环境不友好。同时,一些应用,例如,超级电容器电极,优选具有低电阻,低溶胀率及良好的涂层形态并且可被涂覆以降低能量消耗并提高电极的电流效率的聚合物。
因而,期望具有从水溶性,便宜且环境友好的材料制造低溶胀率的聚合物的方法,以及用此聚合物涂覆电极以减小电极的电阻并提高电流效率的方法。
简述
根据本文描述的实施方案,提供一种方法,该方法包含:使包含至少两个酰胺基的单体,式(a)的单体与磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚,其中R1为CH3或H。
根据本文描述的实施方案,也提供通过以上方法制造的聚合物及包含该聚合物的薄膜。
根据本文描述的实施方案,提供涂覆电极的方法,该方法包含:提供电极;提供自由基引发剂、包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体与磺酸或磺酸盐单体的溶液;用所述溶液润湿所述电极;并加热润湿的电极;借此使包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚;其中R1为CH3或H。
根据本文描述的实施方案,提供通过以上方法涂覆的电极。
详述
本文用在整个说明书和权利要求中的近似语可用来修改任何数量的表达,所述表达可允许改变而不引起与其相关的基本功能的变化。因此,通过术语(比如″约″或″实质上″)修饰的值,不应限于指定的精确值。在一些情况下,近似语可相当于测量该值的仪器的精度。
根据本文描述的实施方案,提供一种方法,该方法包含:包含使包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚;其中R1为CH3或H。
另一方面,提供通过所述方法制造的聚合物和包含该聚合物的薄膜。
根据本文描述的实施方案,提供涂覆电极的方法,该方法包含:提供电极;提供自由基引发剂、包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体与磺酸或磺酸盐单体的溶液;用所述溶液润湿所述电极;并加热该润湿的电极;借此使包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚;其中R1为CH3或H。
根据本文描述的实施方案,提供通过以上方法涂覆的电极。
式(a)的合适的单体单元是例如水溶性的乙烯式不饱和化合物,该化合物可通过自由基聚合并含有N-羟甲基(-NH-CH2OH)或其醚化的衍生物(-NH-CH2OR,其中R=C1-C6烷基)。优选的单体单元是N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(N-(羟甲基)丙烯酰胺,NMA)、N-羟甲基甲基丙烯酰胺(NMMA)、N-(异丁氧基甲基)-丙烯酰胺(IBMA)、N-(异丁氧基甲基)-甲基丙烯酰胺以及N-(正丁氧基甲基)-丙烯酰胺(NBMA)。尤其优选的单体单元是N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺和N-(异丁氧基甲基)-丙烯酰胺。
在一些实施方案中,所述磺酸或磺酸盐单体具有式(b):
其中
R2为CH3或H;X为NH或O且Y为烷基。合适的磺酸或磺酸盐单体是例如水溶性的乙烯式不饱和化合物,所述化合物可通过自由基聚合且含有磺酸或磺酸基-SO3M,其中M=H或碱金属、铵或碱土金属离子。优选的单体单元为2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、磺基烷基(甲基)-丙烯酸酯、磺烷基衣康酸酯,在每种情况下优选具有C1至C6烷基、乙烯基磺酸和其铵、碱金属或碱土金属盐。尤其优选的单体单元是2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、对苯乙烯磺酸、磺丙基丙烯酸酯、磺丙基衣康酸酯和乙烯基磺酸及其铵、钠、钾及钙盐。
本文使用的术语″烷基″指的是饱和烃基。合适的烷基的实例包括正丁基、正戊基、正庚基、异丁基、叔丁基以及异戊基。
在一些实施方案中,包含至少两个酰胺基的单体选自羰基二胺和式(c)的化合物,其中R3是NH、脂族基或醚单元。
本文使用的术语″脂族基″指的是具有至少一个化合价,由非环状线性或支化原子排列组成的有机基。脂族基限定为包含至少一个碳原子。包含脂族基的原子排列可包括杂原子比如氮、硫、硅、硒和氧或可仅仅由碳和氢组成。为了方便,术语″脂族基″在本文限定为包含被各类官能团取代的有机基作为所述″非环状线性或支化原子排列″的一部分,所述官能团比如烷基、烯基、炔基、卤代烷基、共轭二烯基、醇基、醚基、醛基、酮基、羧酸基、酰基(例如羧酸衍生物比如酯和酰胺)、胺基、硝基等。例如,4-甲基戊-1-基基团是包含甲基的C6脂族基,所述甲基为官能团(其为烷基)。类似地,4-硝基丁-1-基基团是包含硝基的C4脂族基,所述硝基为官能团。脂族基可以是包含一个或多个卤素原子的卤代烷基,所述卤素原子可以相同或不同。卤素原子包括例如氟、氯、溴和碘。包含一个或多个卤素原子的脂族基包括烷基卤化物三氟甲基、溴二氟甲基、氯二氟甲基、六氟异亚丙基、氯甲基、二氟亚乙烯基、三氯甲基、溴二氯甲基、溴乙基、2-溴三亚甲基(例如-CH2CHBrCH2-)等。脂族基的其他实例包括烯丙基、氨基羰基(即,-CONH2)、羰基、2,2-二氰基异亚丙基(即,-CH2C(CN)2CH2-)、甲基(即,-CH3)、亚甲基(即,-CH2-)、乙基、亚乙基、甲酰基(即-CHO)、己基、六亚甲基、羟甲基(即-CH2OH)、巯基甲基(即,-CH2SH)、甲硫基(即,-SCH3)、甲硫基甲基(即,-CH2SCH3)、甲氧基、甲氧基羰基(即,CH3OCO-)、硝基甲基(即,-CH2NO2)、硫代羰基、三甲基甲硅烷基(即,(CH3)3Si-)、叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基、3-三甲氧基硅丙基(即,(CH3O)3SiCH2CH2CH2-)、乙烯基、亚乙烯基等。作为其他实例,C1-C10脂族基含有至少一个但不多于10个碳原子。甲基(即,CH3-)是C1脂族基的实例。癸基(即,CH3(CH2)9-)是C10脂族基的实例。
如本文使用的,术语″醚单元″指的是结合氧的取代或未被取代的亚烷基部分,通常相当于式-C(R4)2-C(R4)2-O-,其中R4每次出现分别为氢、卤素、硝基、氰基、C1-20烃基或由以下一项或多项取代的C1-20烃基:卤代基、氰基、硝基、硫代烷基、叔胺基、烷氧基、芳氧基、芳烷氧基、羰基二氧基烷基、羰基二氧基芳基、羰基二氧基芳烷基、烷氧基羰基、芳氧基羰基、芳烷氧基羰基、烷基羰基、芳基羰基、芳烷基羰基、烷基亚磺酰基、芳基亚磺酰基、芳烷基亚磺酰基、烷基磺酰基、芳基磺酰基或芳烷基磺酰基。
如本文使用的,术语″酰胺基″指的是-R5CONH2基团,其中R5为氢或烷基。
在一些实施方案中,包含至少两个酰胺基的单体选自缩二脲和琥珀酰胺。
本文“水溶性”一般是指在23℃下在水中的溶解度至少为10重量%。
制备根据本发明的共聚物优选在反应温度下(优选为40℃-80℃)在水性溶液中通过自由基聚合而进行。所述聚合可通过起初将反应混合物的全部或个别成分引入反应容器,或通过起初引入部分组分并补足反应混合物的成分或个别成分而进行。
所述引发借助于形成自由基的惯常的水溶性试剂进行,基于所述单体的总重量,所述试剂的使用量优选为0.01-3.0重量%。这些试剂的实例是过硫酸铵和过硫酸钾、2,2′-(偶氮二(2-甲基丙脒)二盐酸盐、过氧化氢以及过氧二磷酸钾、过氧二磷酸钠和过氧二磷酸铵。如果合适,提到的自由基引发剂也用已知方式与0.01-1.0重量%(基于所述单体总重量)的还原剂结合,在此情况下可使所述聚合在较低的温度下进行。例如,甲醛次硫酸碱金属盐和抗坏血酸合适。
将以下实施例包括在内以为本领域普通技术人员实施请求保护的本发明提供另外指导。因此,这些实施例不限制如附加权利要求中限定的本发明。
单体溶液制备:
将2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸(20g,取自Sigma-Aldrich)、28g N-(羟甲基)丙烯酰胺和8.3g尿素(羰基二胺)与44g去离子水在强烈搅拌下混合在一起。将所述单体充分溶解之后,将1g 2,2′-(偶氮二(2-甲基丙脒)二盐酸盐加入此溶液并搅拌溶液直到2,2-(偶氮二(2-甲基丙脒)二盐酸盐溶解。
2,2′-(偶氮二(2-甲基丙脒)二盐酸盐取自Sigma-Aldrich。N-(羟甲基)丙烯酰胺和尿素取自中国上海Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co,Ltd.
涂覆电极:
将碳电极(16cm*32cm*1.0mm)(通过将压延的活性炭薄片压制在Ti网上并夹在两片聚(对苯二甲酸亚乙酯)(PET)薄膜(16cm*32cm)之间而制备)密封在热塑袋中,而使该热塑袋上的3个小开口(直径为10mm)开着。通过开口将制备的溶液加入热塑袋中。随后将整个热塑袋夹在两片玻璃板(24cm*40cm)之间,U型橡胶垫(17cm*34cm)位于热塑袋和玻璃板之间,以确保整个电极表面浸入所述溶液中。将该组合件放进真空箱并脱气6分钟以加速所述溶液对电极的润湿。然后,从真空箱中取出组合件并从中将U型垫拆卸。从所述热塑袋中挤压出过量的溶液并用夹具将两个玻璃板彼此相对地夹住。将该新组合件放进烘箱,在80℃下2.5小时。
该新组合件冷却之后,取出所述涂覆的电极并测量其厚度为1.1mm,相比于未涂覆的裸电极为1.0mm。从所述热塑袋中取一些干燥的聚合物废料样品来测试聚合物的溶胀率和-SO3 -浓度(density)。电极的电阻和电流效率在组装电池中测试。
溶胀率
将干燥的聚合物样品(0.327g)放进一个小瓶中并将1.129g蒸馏水加入该瓶中。24小时之后,用低场NMR测试溶胀的样品。低场NMR波谱中出现两种质子信号。一种属于吸附水(溶胀水)而另一种属于游离水。游离水信号与游离水质子强度具有线性关系,即通过改变水饱和的聚合物样品中水的总量,得到对应的游离水信号强度变化。因而,获得游离水量与游离水质子强度的回归函数。通过所述回归函数由游离水质子强度计算出游离水量为0.669g。吸附水量计算如下:吸附水=总水-游离水=1.129g-0.669g=0.46g。溶胀率(重量)=(吸附水/干燥聚合物)*100%=0.46/0.327*100%=140%。
-SO3 -浓度
将干燥的聚合物(1.32g)在HCl溶液(200ml,1N)中浸泡24小时。将浸泡的聚合物用去离子水漂洗直到滤液变成中性。然后将所述聚合物放在NaCl溶液(100ml,1N)中使它平衡24小时。取出10ml平衡的溶液并用NaOH溶液(0.01N)滴定此10ml平衡的溶液。-SO3-浓度=ΔVNaOH*0.01N*10/干燥的聚合物=(23.5*0.01*10)/1.32=1.78毫摩尔/克干燥聚合物。
电阻
将所述涂覆的电极与相对的裸碳电极组合在一起而将聚合物流隔片(尺寸:16cm*24cm,厚度:0.7mm)夹在两个电极之间,以在1600ppm NaCl溶液中测试其电阻,所述聚合物流隔片通过将聚合物网热压到乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)聚合物薄膜中以形成一个流通道而制备。Land电池测试器CT2001B和CT2001D(来自中国武汉Wuhan JinnuoElectronics Co.,Ltd.)用于所述测试且充电电流为1250mA。
涂覆的电极电阻计算如下:电阻=电池电阻-溶液电阻-对电极电阻。电池电阻通过所述Land电池测试器CT2001B和CT2001D获得(电池电阻=Δ电压/电流=0.125/1.25=0.10Ohm)。所述溶液电阻通过溶液电导率计算(溶液电阻=1/电导率*厚度=1/3.2*0.07=0.02Ohm)。使用与涂覆的电极相同的测试方法在两个相同裸碳电极电池中预测试对电极电阻,其中电池电阻=0.12Ohm且溶液电阻为0.02Ohm。对电极电阻=(0.12-0.02)/2=0.05Ohm。因而,涂覆的电极电阻=0.10-0.02-0.05=0.03Ohm。
为了比较研究,将传统的IX薄膜改性的碳电极(其中将一片IX薄膜(CR-67,GE Water&Process Technologies,Watertown,MA,US)附在裸碳电极上)与裸碳电极组装,而将聚合物流隔片(尺寸:16cm*24cm,厚度:0.7mm)夹在两个电极之间,以在1600ppm NaCl溶液中测试其电阻。使用Land电池测试器CT2001B和CT2001D且充电电流为1250mA。
IX薄膜改性的碳电极电阻=电池电阻-溶液电阻-对电极电阻。电池电阻=Δ电压/电流=0.24/1.25=0.19Ohm。溶液电阻=1/电导率*厚度=1/3.2*0.07=0.02Ohm。对电极电阻=(0.12-0.02)/2=0.05Ohm。因而,IX薄膜改性的碳电极电阻=0.19-0.02-0.05=0.12Ohm。
所述涂覆的电极电阻为15.36Ohm*cm2(0.03Ohm*512cm2),相比于IX薄膜改性的碳电极为61.44ohm*cm2(0.12*500cm2)。
电流效率
电流效率也在一个二电极电池中在1600ppm NaCl中测试。电流效率=(除去的盐的摩尔*96500库仑/摩尔)/(总使用电荷的库仑)。除去的盐的摩尔通过计算从进料溶液到稀释溶液的溶液电导率变化获得,为4.4mmol。通过所述Land电池测试器CT2001B和CT2001D读出总使用电荷为450库仑。因此,电流效率=(除去的盐的摩尔*96500库仑/摩尔)/(总使用电荷的库仑)=(4.4*96500*0.001/450)*100%=94.4%。
本文描述的实施方案是具有和权利要求所述本发明元素相应的元素的组合物、结构、系统及方法的实例。此书面说明书可使本领域普通技术人员能够制作并使用具有替换元素的实施方案,所述替换元素同样和权利要求所述本发明元素相应。因而本发明的范围包括并不与权利要求的字面语言不同的组合物、结构、系统和方法,而且还包括与权利要求的字面语言具有非实质区别的其它结构、系统及方法。虽然本文仅仅说明和描述了某些特征和实施方案,但是相关领域普通技术人员可想到许多修改和改变。所附权利要求覆盖所有这些修改和改变。
Claims (1)
1.一种方法,其包含使含有至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a) 的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚,其中R1为CH3或H;
所述含有至少两个酰胺基的单体选自羰基二胺和式(c) 的化合物,其中R3为NH、脂族基或醚单元。
2. 权利要求1的方法,其中磺酸或磺酸盐单体具有式(b):
;
其中
R2为CH3或H;X为NH或O且Y为烷基。
3. 权利要求2的方法,其中所述磺酸或磺酸盐单体为2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸。
4. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述磺酸或磺酸盐单体为2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、具有C1至C6烷基的磺基烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、具有C1至C6烷基的磺基烷基衣康酸酯或乙烯基磺酸以及它们的铵、碱金属或碱土金属盐。
5. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述磺酸或磺酸盐单体为2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、磺基丙基丙烯酸酯、磺基丙基衣康酸酯或乙烯基磺酸以及它们的铵、钠、钾和钙盐。
6. 权利要求5的方法,其中所述苯乙烯磺酸为对苯乙烯磺酸。
7. 一种方法,其包含使含有至少两个酰胺基的单体、N-(异丁氧基甲基)-丙烯酰胺(IBMA)或N-(异丁氧基甲基)-甲基丙烯酰胺或N-(正丁氧基甲基)-丙烯酰胺(NBMA)的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚;
所述含有至少两个酰胺基的单体选自羰基二胺和式(c) 的化合物,其中R3为NH、脂族基或醚单元。
8. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述包含至少两个酰胺基的单体选自缩二脲和琥珀酰胺。
9. 权利要求1的方法,所述方法另外包含在自由基引发剂存在下共聚。
10. 权利要求9的方法,其中所述自由基引发剂包含过硫酸铵或过硫酸钾、2,2'-(偶氮二(2-甲基丙脒)二盐酸盐、过氧化氢或过氧二磷酸钾、过氧二磷酸钠或过氧二磷酸铵。
11. 一种通过权利要求1的方法制造的聚合物。
12. 一种包含权利要求11的聚合物的薄膜。
13. 一种用于涂覆电极的方法,该方法包含:
提供电极;
提供自由基引发剂、包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a) 的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体的溶液,所述包含至少两个酰胺基的单体选自羰基二胺和式(c) 的化合物,其中R3为NH、脂族基或醚单元;
利用所述溶液润湿所述电极;和
加热该润湿的电极;
借此使包含至少两个酰胺基的单体、式(a)的单体和磺酸或磺酸盐单体共聚;
其中
R1为CH3或H。
14. 权利要求13的方法,其中所述磺酸或磺酸盐单体具有式(b):
;
其中R2为CH3或H;X为NH或O且Y为烷基。
15. 权利要求14的方法,其中所述磺酸或磺酸盐单体为2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸。
16. 权利要求13的方法,其中所述磺酸或磺酸盐单体为对苯乙烯磺酸。
17. 权利要求13的方法,其中式(a)的单体为N-(羟甲基)丙烯酰胺。
18. 权利要求13的方法,其中所述自由基引发剂为2,2'-(偶氮二(2-甲基丙脒)二盐酸盐、过硫酸铵或过硫酸钾。
19. 权利要求13的方法,其中包含至少两个酰胺基的单体为羰基二胺。
20. 一种通过权利要求13的方法涂覆的电极。
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