CN102438537A - 手术装置和方法 - Google Patents

手术装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN102438537A
CN102438537A CN2010800144421A CN201080014442A CN102438537A CN 102438537 A CN102438537 A CN 102438537A CN 2010800144421 A CN2010800144421 A CN 2010800144421A CN 201080014442 A CN201080014442 A CN 201080014442A CN 102438537 A CN102438537 A CN 102438537A
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约翰·艾维·鲁普
格雷格·马吉
周明文
鲁本·布雷维尔
克里斯托弗·史蒂文·佩尔
布赖恩·J·杜甘
董之晨
托马斯·鲁比
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Leland Stanford Junior University
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Abstract

披露了一种用于腹部手术的系统和方法。该系统可以具有一个或多个端部受动器,其能够附接于导引器和/或盘,并且通过穿过患者脐部的大穿孔插入腹腔中。端部受动器可以具有手术工具,诸如抓持件。该系统可以具有可操作的控制臂,其可以通过穿过患者体壁的小穿孔插入腹部中。端部受动器可以附接至控制臂,并同时或同步地与导引器或盘分离。控制臂可以进而操作端部受动器,以执行手术。

Description

手术装置和方法
赵子君 
约翰·艾维·鲁普 
格雷格·马吉 
周明文 
鲁本·布雷维尔 
克里斯托弗·史蒂文·佩尔 
布赖恩·J·杜甘 
董之晨 
托马斯·鲁比 
相关申请交叉引证 
本申请要求2009年4月3日提交的美国临时申请No.61/166,654、2009年4月27日提交的美国临时申请No.61/173,147、2009年6月15日提交的美国临时申请No.61/187,078、2010年3月17日提交的美国临时申请No.61/314,595的权益,其整体内容通过引证方式结合于此。 
背景技术
由于医学技术的发展,手术的侵入性变得越来越小。腹腔镜方法是目前使用的具有优势的侵入小最小的手术(MIS)方法,其已经替代了很多传统的“开腔”方法。在腹腔镜手术中,套管针(典型的是3-5个)被放 置在手术区域内的分开的多个点处。这些套管针用作进入体腔(诸如腹腔)的端口,通过这些端口,可以插入特定的长的且细的工具。从身体外部对这些工具的操作被机械地转换成体腔内的运动。根据工具头部的设计,不同工具具有不同的功能。根据外科医生在手术不同阶段的需要,选择正确的工具。 
最小侵入性手术(MIS)提供的优点是,对于腹腔壁的损伤最小,从而术后的疼痛减轻,伤口的复杂性较小,患者能够更早的移动,留院时间缩短。当进行侵入性最小的腹部手术时,进入腹膜空间的腹腔镜方法是主要的MIS方法。 
近期的临床研究显示,切口的尺寸和数量的进一步减小提供了很多附加的益处,诸如,较快的恢复、较少疼痛、较短的手术时间以及改进的外观效果。这些益处在身体以及心理上具有影响。 
近来出现的一种潮流是无疤技术,包括自然孔径穿腔内窥镜手术(NOTES)以及单端口手术,其满足了进一步降低外科手术所需的开口的需要。公知具有用于解释这些新方法的细节的充足信息。在二者中,在目前技术水平的条件下,单端口手术在外科手术界被认为是更可行的方法。 
单端口手术包括一个多通道端口,其通常位于脐处。这产生的结果是在手术后伤疤被隐藏了。通过这些通道,可以插入标准的腹腔镜工具。但是,由于脐孔径较紧且腹腔壁中的连接较强的器官使得所有的器具必须彼此相关的移动,因此操作较为困难。由于这些限制,外科医生的手挤在一起。大大损失了三角剖分(triangulation)。这使得相对于标准方法来说,该手术执行起来更为困难。 
已经设计出多种市场上可以获得的工具,以解决这些限制中的一部分。一部分是标准腹腔镜装置的变型,但具有连接工具头。这种设计的目的在于再次形成三角布置。但是,脐端口的限制迫使这些连接工具交叉, 因此,外科医生手的动作与他在视频监视器上看到的动作是左右相反的。而且,连接操作后面的复杂机构使得成本显著升高。 
需要一种改进的腹腔镜技术和工具,其减少手术引起的损伤,但保持了外科医生所习惯的人体工程和可视性。这使得这种方法对于患者更安全。对于年轻人来说,可能更具吸引力的是没有疤痕的效果,但是,对于儿童和老人来说,损伤较少的方法的潜在健康益处显著更高。 
在腹腔镜手术中的第一个步骤是将无害气体(诸如二氧化碳)吹入体腔,以便为这些工具增加工作空间。将套管针插入腹腔壁,并且将其设计成防止吹入气体的过多泄露,其总是具有大于3mm的切口。 
在内窥镜和腹腔镜手术中,套管针装置用于对患者身体穿孔,以提供穿过腹腔壁的进入端口,从而允许引入手术仪器。典型套管针需要一厘米切口。典型地,第一套管针位于脐上方以引入摄镜头,使得外科医生能够观察手术部位。摄像头的图像投射到身体外部的屏幕上,外科医生和其助手观看图像以便适当地操作位于体腔内的仪器。附加套管针用于引入手术仪器,诸如抓持工具,剪刀、夹子和电手术仪器。典型地,腹腔镜仪器从视频摄像头的任一侧朝向手术目标延伸。“仪器”的“三角形布置”为外科医生提供了最好的人体工程效果和直观感觉。 
相比于接受开腔手术的患者,接受腹腔镜手术的患者得益于较短的留院时间以及减少的手术引起的并发症。但是,在手术中使用的套管针的数量是有损失限制的。对于很多情况,对于需要5至7个端口的手术的情况,可能进行开腔手术更有益。即使较多的端口使得手术更易进行,但是外科医生经常犹豫是否要放置更多的端口,原因在于,每多一个切口都会使得伤口出现复杂性的危险增加(诸如,感染、开裂或脱肠)。 
发明内容
本发明涉及腹腔镜手术工具,其被设计成不留下可见的疤痕。这些腹腔镜手术工具包括手柄、穿腹部驱动系统和工具头/末端。穿腹部驱动系统用于将运动、能量和数据传输穿过患者体腔壁,而不留下永久疤痕。穿腹部驱动系统可以应用于腹腔镜手术中,包括但不限于附件切除、胆囊切除、脱肠修复和子宫切除。目前的腹腔镜工具需要端口或套管针穿过患者体腔壁而放置。所述的端口或套管针较大会留疤。腹腔镜工具的穿腹部驱动系统使得外科医生能够使用穿入体腔壁的腹腔镜工具,同时不留疤痕。 
披露了能够通过体壁中的小穿孔来使用标准腹腔镜技术的组件手术仪器及其使用方法。组装的组件仪器具有手柄、小直径针状的管轴(例如,小于或等于大约2.5mm直径)以及工具头。工具头最初通过在分离位置(诸如脐部)处的套管针端口而插入。该步骤依靠辅助导引器装置。管轴单元实际上是相对于彼此移动的两个同轴的轴。管轴穿透体壁进入体腔。管轴在身体内部附接于工具头。手柄附接于管轴的外部部分。该步骤可以在将管轴插入体腔之前或之后进行。一旦组件仪器被装配好,则可通过位于任何期望部位的穿孔操作工具头。在管轴与工具头之间具有同轴的锁定机构,该锁定机构锁定外部轴和内部“主动”轴两者。锁定机构使用一系列的通道和键槽(keyway),以使得工具末端被完全限制在管轴内,多余的锁定用于工具头的保持。利用附接于导引器或切除装置工具的互补/对应部件,使得工具头能够仅从管轴解锁。工具头可以具有各种形式和功能,其由操作者针对与手术相关的任务而特定地选择。用于驱动工具头的机构可以简单地是机械的(例如,通过同轴运动),动力驱动的(例如,扭矩动力钻)、能量激励的(例如,电烙术)、气动的(例如,真空抽吸)、或它们的结合。 
穿腹部驱动系统的另一实例由以下组成:针、驱动套管针、外部板、内部板、外部支撑件,内部支撑件、在所述板之间的附接机构、在内部支撑件与内部板之间的附接机构、在外部支撑件与外部板之间的附接机构、 在外部支撑机构与外部壳体之间的悬吊系统、在内部支撑机构与内部板之间的悬吊系统、或在内部支撑机构与手术工具的端部受动器之间的悬吊系统、以及外部壳体。穿腹部驱动系统可以磁力地耦接,以消除穿过皮层的需要。穿腹部驱动系统可以液压地耦接,以确保仅在脐部处的一处皮肤破坏。 
穿腹部驱动系统可以将运动、能量和数据传输穿过患者体腔壁,而不留下永久疤痕。穿腹部驱动系统可以应用于腹腔镜手术中,包括但不限于附件切除、胆囊切除、脱肠修复和子宫切除。穿腹部驱动系统使得外科医生能够使用穿入体腔壁的腹腔镜工具,同时不留疤痕。 
穿腹部驱动系统可以具有基于14规格针的驱动系统,其设计成在一个端部上与手柄匹配,并且在另一个端部上与端部受动器匹配。穿腹部驱动系统可以具有针、驱动套管针、外部板、内部板、外部支撑件,内部支撑件、在所述板之间的附接机构、在内部支撑件与内部板之间的附接机构、在外部支撑件与外部板之间的附接机构、在外部支撑机构与外部壳体之间的悬吊系统、在内部支撑机构与内部板之间的悬吊系统或在内部支撑机构与手术工具的端部受动器之间的悬吊系统、以及外部壳体。穿腹部驱动系统可以磁力地耦接,以消除穿过皮层的需要。穿腹部驱动系统可以液压地耦接,例如,以确保仅在脐处有一处皮肤破坏。 
本发明涉及执行可选择的手术过程以去除胆囊(腹腔镜胆囊切除术)而不会给患者留下明显疤痕所需的方法和设备。本发明通过使用可拆卸装置使得仅在腹部留下针眼穿孔,实现了无疤效果。 
附图说明
图1示出了包括辅助导引工具的外科装置的变型。 
图2示出了图1装置的工作部分的变型。 
图3a和图3b分别是工作工具及端部受动器的变型的侧部立体图和顶部立体图。 
图4a至图4c分别是端部受动器的锁定环组件的侧部立体图、远端立体图以及近端立体图。 
图4d是端部受动器的锁定环组件的近端立体图,出于示意的目的未示出壳体盖。 
图5和图6分别是主动轴的变型的侧部立体图和端部立体图。 
图7a至图7c分别是端部受动器的变型的侧视图、侧部立体图以及近端图。 
图8a和图8b分别是壳体盖的变型立体近端视图和远端视图。 
图9示出了锁定环的变型。 
图10示出了凹槽环的变型。 
图11a和图11b分别是内子轴(sub-shaft)的远端的变型的特写端部立体图和侧部立体图。 
图12a和12b分别是外子轴的远端的变型的特写端部立体图和侧部立体图。 
图13是工具的变型的分解图。 
图14a至图14c分别是导引器的变型的前立体图、侧部立体图以及端视图。 
图15a和图15b分别是导引器的变型的侧部立体图、顶部立体图。 
图16a和图16b分别是导引器的变型的侧部立体图、顶部立体图。 
图17a和图17b分别是导引器的变型的端视图和立体图。 
图17c是用于使导引器在端部受动器上滑动的方法的立体图。 
图18a和图18b是将控制轴插入到端部受动器中的变型的特写横截面图。 
图19a和图19b是凸轮结构的变型中的控制轴分别在未锁定结构和锁定结构下的横向截面。 
图20示出了用于装置的机械操作的方法。 
图21a至21e示出了端部受动器和工具的变型。 
图22示出了用于将端部受动器和工具输送至腹腔中的方法。 
图23a和图23b示出了将控制轴插入到腹腔中以及插入到端部受动器中的方法。 
图24是用于将控制轴插入到端部受动器中的方法的特写图。 
图25a至图25n是在其中导引器附接于端部受动器且控制轴处于端部受动器通道中但未附接于端部受动器的结构中端部受动器、导引器和控制轴的各种特写图(出于示意的目的,多个件以部分或完全透明的方式示出)。在这些图中,端部受动器锁定于导引器。 
图26a至图25p是在其中导引器与端部受动器分开且控制轴处于端部受动器通道中并附接于端部受动器的结构中端部受动器、导引器和控制轴的各种特写图(出于示意的目的,多个件以部分或完全透明的方式示出)。在这些图中,端部受动器与导引器分离。 
图27a和图27b示出了用于将端部受动器和工具从导引器中移除的方法的变型。 
图28a示出了组装好的工具。 
图28b示出了如何通过操作内子轴来操作抓持装置。 
图28c示出了在体腔内部抓持组织的两个组装好的装置。 
图29示出了穿腹部轴包括悬吊系统的装置的变型。 
图30至图32示出了将所述装置用作悬吊体腔内部组织的装置的方法的变型。 
图33和34示出了穿过体腔壁组装好的装置的变型。 
图35是使用所述装置的方法的变型的示意图。 
图36a至图36c示出了操作控制轴的变型。 
图37a和图37b示出了用于部署控制轴12的方法的变型。 
图38a和图38b示出了将控制轴部署通过腹壁的方法的变型。 
图39a至图39j示出了被部署通过腹壁的控制轴的变型。 
图40a和图40b示出了将工具附接至控制轴的方法的变型。 
图41a至图41c示出了将工具附接至控制轴的方法的变型。 
图42示出了使用控制轴的变型的方法的变型。 
图43示出了用于进入腹腔的装置和方法的变型。 
图44示出了使用工具的方法。 
图45示出了内窥镜末端的变型。 
图46示出了使用输送系统或导引器杆的变型的方法。 
图47示出了端部受动器附接机构的变型。 
图48至图52示出了端部受动器和控制轴的变型。 
具体实施方式
图1和图2示出了外科装置2可具有输送部分4和工作部分6。输送部分4可具有导引器8,该导引器刚性地或可转动地附接至导引器杆10或输送系统648。工作部分6可具有控制件(诸如控制杆或轴)12。控制轴12的远端能够可释放地附接至端部受动器14,该端部受动器附接至工作工具16,诸如抓持器。 
在使用过程中,能够在目标部位(例如膨胀的腹腔或腹膜腔)外部将导引器8可释放地附接至或连接至端部受动器14。导引器8可通过大的进出部位(诸如通过穿过脐部的套管针或套管)将端部受动器14输送至目标部位中(诸如腹壁内)的控制轴12的远端,工作工具16可附接至端部受动器14。然后例如可通过纵向平移和转动导引器8和/或控制轴12中之一或这两者来操作导引器8和/或控制轴12,这可导致端部受动器12与导引器8的分离或脱离以及同时发生的端部受动器与控制轴12的附接或连接。然后控制轴12可操作工作工具16以在目标部位处或其附近执行外科手术任务。然后控制轴12可将端部受动器14再次接合及附接至导引器8,将端部受动器14从控制轴12释放或脱离。然后导引器杆10可通过大的进出部位移除导引器8、端部受动器14和工作工具16。控制轴12可通过较小的进出部位被引入目标部位以及从目标部位移除。 
导引器杆10可为刚性的或柔性的细长件,其可固定或可铰接地(articulably)附接至导引器8的横侧或近端或与之整体形成。一个或多个导引器8可附接至单个导引器杆10。所述一个或多个导引器8能够可控地或被动地相对于导引器杆10铰接(articulated)。 
控制轴12可为细长件。控制轴12的远端能够可控地附接至端部受动器14以及与端部受动器脱离。控制轴12可为中空的或非中空的。控制轴12可具有从1mm至约6mm的外径,例如约3mm的外径。 
控制轴14可具有单个实心结构或具有不止一个子元件。例如,控制轴12可具有一外子轴18a和一个或多个内子轴18b。外子轴18a可为刚性中空圆筒。内子轴18b能够纵向可滑动地附接于外子轴18a内。内子轴18b能够相对于外子轴18a平移和/或转动,例如为了将控制轴14附接至端部受动器14以及将控制轴14从端部受动器分离,和/或为了操作工作工具16或以其他方式起动工作工具16。 
外子轴18a可具有沿纵向贯穿外子轴18a的长度的中空内腔。一个或多个内子轴18b可被布置在外子轴18a的中空内腔内。内子轴18a可包括光纤、导线、流道(例如导管)、或其组合。内子轴18a能够向工作工具16输送能量(能量例如为电力、激光、气动、液压、或其组合)、数据(例如为电信号和/或光纤信号形式的)、物质(例如,流体、气体、颗粒固体、或其组合)以及从工作工具16接收所述能量、数据、物质。例如内子轴18a中之一可具有内窥镜(endocscope)和/或光源。再例如,内子轴18a中之一可为用于输送盐溶液和/或压缩空气的管道。 
端部受动器14可为旋转锁定件。端部受动器14可被构造成附接至导引器8或控制轴12并同时相应地与控制轴12或导引器8分离。 
端部受动器14可具有第一连接器,所述第一连接器被构造成可释放地附接至导引器8或与该导引器连接。端部受动器14可被构造成具有第 二连接器,所述第二连接器被构造成可释放地附接至控制轴12或与该控制轴连接。 
工作工具16可为一个或多个刀具、抓持器、解剖器、粒化器、钻孔器、夹子、诸如电烙装置或起搏器的能量输送装置、诸如注射器的药物输送装置或胰岛素或其他药物泵、诸如用于容纳和部署脉管伸展或整形外科螺钉的护套和或血管成形术充气囊的植入物输送装置、杆或移植物、吻合装置、切除装置、流体压力输送和/或抽吸装置、生物输送装置、诸如封缝钉或缝合针的组织密封装置、诸如内窥镜的可视化装置、照相机、以及灯、或它们的组合。工作工具16可被构造成用于操作或直接作用或改变组织、和/或收集、接收、和/或传输数据和/或能量。 
工作工具16可输送药物或生物可相容材料。药物或生物可相容材料可用于诊断或治疗目的。药物、植入物、或生物性物质可密封在壳体中,所述壳体可为工具16或者所述壳体可附接至工具16。可输送的药物的一个实例是胰岛素。生物可相容植入物的一个实例是用于前脊柱融合术的金属罩。生物性物质的一个实例是干细胞。 
使用该外科装置的目标部位可包括腹腔、胸腔、关节囊、颅内部位、诸如鼻窦的鼻内部位、或其组合(例如,在植入通过头骨分流的大脑流体并引入到腹膜腔的手术过程中)。 
图3a示出了端部受动器14的径向外表面可具有长、短接收狭槽20a、20b。接收狭槽20a、20b可被构造成可滑动地接收导引器8的结构件(例如键)。接收狭槽20a、20可终止于端部受动器14的近端之前。长接收狭槽20a延伸至端部受动器14的远端,例如用于容纳工作工具16的结构。 
图4a至图4c示出了端部受动器14的近端可具有壳体盖22。壳体盖22可被构造成用于接收控制轴12。 
端部受动器14可具有锁定环24,该锁定环在壳体盖22的远端侧紧邻壳体盖22并与壳体盖可转动地接触。 
端部受动器14可具有凹槽环26,该凹槽环紧邻锁定环24且与锁定环可转动地接触。锁定环24可被构造成相对于凹槽环26旋转以将端部受动器14锁定于导引器8和控制轴14或与之分离。 
端部受动器14可具有整体壳体28,该整体壳体紧邻凹槽环26且与凹槽环可转动地接触。整体壳体28的远端可具有壳体工作工具接口32a。工具16可附接至工作工具接口32a。 
端部受动器14可具有主动轴30。主动轴30可径向地位于整体壳体28内部。 
主动轴28的远端可具有轴工作工具接口32b。工作工具接口32a和32b可附接至工作工具16。例如,工作工具接口32可具有夹具、套爪、用于接收一个或多个销或轴的孔、或其组合。长接收狭槽20a可延伸穿过工作工具接口32。 
端部受动器14可具有端部受动器通道34。控制轴12可滑动地插入到端部受动器通道34中。控制轴12可在端部受动器通道34中转动以便将端部受动器14从导引器8解锁,并同时将端部受动器14锁定至控制轴12。 
图4d示出了轴狭槽可具有狭槽第一边缘轴线624a和狭槽第二边缘轴线624b。轴狭槽角628可为从约20°至约120°,例如约为60°。 
锁定环键64可具有齿或键第一边缘轴线626,其可面对狭槽第二边缘轴线624b。键旋转角630可形成在齿或键第一边缘轴线626与狭槽第二边缘轴线624b之间。键旋转角630可为约5°至约90°,更窄地可例如为约10°至约45°,例如约为30°。 
锁定键64可在轴狭槽48中例如沿键旋转角630旋转。锁定键64可抵接狭槽第一边缘以及狭槽第二边缘或与之过盈配合,限制锁定环24相对于整体壳体28的旋转。 
图5和图6示出了主动轴30可具有位于主动轴30内的中空主动轴通道36。主动轴30可具有主动轴键38,所述主动轴键可从主动轴30的圆柱壁径向向内延伸。 
轴工作工具接口32b可具有从主动轴30的远端终端延伸的一个或两个轴狭槽40。在工具16的使用以及起动过程中,工具16可移动到轴狭槽40中或移动穿过轴狭槽40。轴工作工具接口32b可具有一个或两个相对的轴销孔42。销可插入穿过轴销孔42以便将主动轴30附接至工具16。例如,销可用作具有抓持爪的工具16的旋转铰链。再例如,销可与爪上的控制凹槽交叉,控制爪的旋转,如图13所示的。 
图7a至图7c示出了整体壳体28可具有中空整体壳体通道44、控制轴12可被插入穿过整体壳体通道44。 
整体壳体28的近端可为壳体轴46。壳体轴46具有的外径可小于整体壳体28的外径,整体壳体28远离壳体轴46。整体壳体28的外周界可离散地改变,在壳体轴46处形成尖锐台肩。壳体轴46可具有远离近端壳体轴46b的远端壳体轴46a。远端壳体轴46b可具有大于近端壳体轴46a的外径。凹槽环26、和/或锁定环24可旋转地定位在远端壳体轴46a上。壳体盖22可固定至或可旋转地附接至壳体轴46。 
凹槽环26、锁定环24、和壳体盖22可定位在轴46的径向外部并可旋转地固定,或可在轴46上旋转。例如,轴46可具有轴狭槽48。从凹槽环26和锁定环24径向向内延伸的相应键可延伸到轴狭槽48中或延伸穿过轴狭槽。通过与轴狭槽48的侧部抵接且与轴狭槽48的侧部干涉的相应键可限制锁定环24和壳体盖22的旋转。 
壳体工作工具接口32a可具有一个或多个壳体销孔50。 
图8a和8b示出了壳体盖22可具有中空壳体盖通道54,该中空壳体盖通道54能够延伸穿过壳体盖22的整个长度。壳体盖22的近端面可具有壳体盖接收口52,该壳体盖接收口52可朝向壳体盖通道倾斜,例如以便将控制轴12引入壳体盖通道54。壳体盖22可具有壳体盖台肩56,该壳体盖台肩56在壳体盖通道54的近端处可具有减小的内径。壳体盖台肩56可抵靠在整体壳体28的近端和/或固定至该近端。 
图9示出了锁定环24具有一个、两个、三个、四个或更多个锁定环狭槽58。锁定环狭槽58可为接收狭槽20的长度的一部分。锁定环狭槽58可均匀地或不均匀地成角度地分布在锁定环24的外周界周围。例如,第一锁定环狭槽58可以以大约90°远离相邻锁定环狭槽58。 
每个锁定环狭槽58均可具有锁定环狭槽轴线60。锁定环狭槽轴线60可从锁定环24的中心延伸穿过锁定环狭槽58的中心。 
锁定环24可具有中空锁定环通道62。锁定环24可具有锁定环键64,该锁定环键64可从锁定环24的内壁径向向内延伸至锁定环通道62。 
锁定环键64可具有锁定环键轴线66。锁定环键轴线66可从锁定环24的中心延伸穿过锁定环键64的中心或径向最里的部分。 
锁定环键角68可形成在锁定环键轴线66与最接近的锁定环狭槽轴线60之间。锁定环键角68可具有如下绝对值:从约5°至约95°,更窄的是从约5°至约45°,再窄的是从约例如20°开始,或约30°。 
锁定环键64可被插入穿过轴狭槽48。锁定环键64在角度上可小于轴狭槽48。例如,锁定环可在轴狭槽48内从约5°旋转至约95°,更窄的是从约5°至约45°,例如约20°或约30°。图10示出了凹槽环26可具有一个、两个、三个、四个或更多个凹槽环狭槽70。凹槽环狭槽70可为接收狭槽 20的长度的一部分。凹槽环狭槽70可均匀地或不均匀地成角度地在凹槽环26的外周界周围。例如,第一凹槽环狭槽70可以以大约90°远离相邻凹槽环狭槽70。 
每个凹槽环狭槽70均可具有凹槽环狭槽轴线72。凹槽环狭槽轴线72可从凹槽环26的中心延伸穿过凹槽环狭槽70的中心。 
凹槽环26可具有中空凹槽环通道74。凹槽环26可具有凹槽环键76,该凹槽环键76可从凹槽环26的内壁径向向内延伸至凹槽环通道74。 
凹槽环键76可具有凹槽环键轴线80。凹槽环键轴线80可从凹槽环26的中心延伸穿过凹槽环键76的中心或径向最里的部分。 
凹槽环键角度82能够形成在凹槽环键轴线80与最近的凹槽环狭槽轴线72之间。凹槽环键角度82能够具有从约0°到约45°的绝对值,更窄地从约0°到约5°,例如为约0°。 
凹槽环键76能够通过轴线狭槽48而插入。凹槽环键76的角度能够大约等于或小于轴线狭槽48。例如,凹槽环26能够转动地固定于轴线狭槽48,或者能够在轴线狭槽48内转动约0°。 
图11a和11b示出了内子轴18b能够具有内子轴纵向狭槽84,该内子轴纵向狭槽能够纵向地延伸至内子轴18b的远端终端。内子轴纵向狭槽84能够从大约内子轴18b的中心径向地延伸至内子轴18b的周界。内子轴18b能够具有内子轴角度凹口(angular notch)86,该内子轴角度凹口能够从大约半途沿内子轴纵向狭槽84成角度地延伸。内子轴角度凹口84能够具有倾斜或倒角。 
图12a和12b示出了外子轴18a能够具有外子轴纵向狭槽88,该外子轴纵向狭槽能够纵向地延伸至外子轴18a的远终端。外子轴纵向狭槽88能够从外子轴18a的内周界径向地延伸至外子轴18a的外周界。外子轴18b 能够具有外子轴角度凹口90,该外子轴角度凹口能够从大约半途沿外子轴纵向狭槽88成角度地延伸。 
图13示出了工具16能够具有铰接工具头,诸如夹紧抓持爪。工具16能够具有第一爪92a以及与第一爪相对的第二爪92b。爪92a能够具有爪销孔94。爪销或爪轴能够通过爪销孔94而插入。第一爪92a和第二爪92b能够转动地铰接于爪销。爪销能够可转动地或者铰接地附接于壳体销孔50。爪92能够围绕爪销转动。 
第一爪92a能够具有第一控制凹槽、导向部或狭槽96a。第二爪92b能够具有第二控制凹槽、导向部或狭槽96b。控制销能够通过第一控制凹槽、导向部或狭槽96a和第二控制凹槽96b可滑动地定位。控制销能够可转动地或铰接地附接于轴销孔42。主动轴30能够相对于整体壳体28在整体壳体通道44中向近端和向远端平移。当主动轴30平移时,控制销能够通过控制凹槽96而滑动,例如,迫使爪92围绕爪销转动。 
图14a至14c示出了导引器8能够具有中空导引器通道98。导引器通道98能够延伸导引器的总长度。导引器通道98能够与从壳体盖的远端到工作工具16的远端的长度一样长或者更长。 
导引器8能够具有一个、两个、三个、四个或者更多的导引器键600。导引器键600能够从导引器8的圆柱壁向内径向地延伸。导引器键600能够位于导引器8的远终端处。导引器键600等角度地或者不等角度地分布在导引器8的周围。例如,每个导引器键600均远离相邻的导引器键600大约90°。 
图15a和图15b示出了导引器能够与导引器杆10整体或者附接于导引器杆。导引器杆10能够位于导引器8的旁侧或横向于导引器。通过导引器通道98的中心的纵向轴线能够与通过导引器杆10的中心的纵向轴线平行并且与其偏离。 
导引器10能够具有导引器杆通道602。导引器通道602能够被构造成固定于或者可拆卸地附接于细长件,例如,平直的或者铰接的轴或杆。 
图16a和16b示出了导引器8能够具有开口导引器通道98。导引器8能够围绕导引器通道98形成弧形的或者不完整的边界。导引器98能够间歇地(on and off)横向扣接于或安置于端部受动器(effector)14的侧部。 
图17a和17b示出了导引器8能够具有导引器手柄604。导引器手柄604能够为平坦的并且从导引器8的壁延伸。导引器手柄604能够与导引器键600共面。 
图17c示出了导引器8能够滑动到端部受动器14上,并且/或者端部受动器14能够通过导引器通道被平移或者被推动,如箭头所示。导引器键能够抵靠壳体盖22。导引器键能够等于或者小于锁定环24的长度。当导引器8通过导引器键在锁定环狭槽中的方式定位时,凹槽环26的转动能够不被导引器8阻碍。 
图18a和18b示出了端部受动器14沿着端部受动器通道34能够具有沿端部受动器14的内周界的端部受动器密封件632(诸如垫圈、O形环)。如箭头所示,控制轴12能够插入于端部受动器通道34中并通过端部受动器密封件632。端部受动器密封件632能够在端部受动器14的内周界与控制轴12的外周界之间形成不漏流体的密封。端部受动器密封件632能够足够紧并且能够建立抵靠于控制轴12的足够摩擦力导引器杆10,从而端部受动器密封件632能够将控制轴12固定于端部受动器14。端部受动器14进而能够从导引器8上拆除并且能够保持固定于控制轴12。 
图19a示出了端部受动器14具有一个、两个、三个、四个(如图所示)或者更多的周向布置的锁定凸轮634。每个锁定凸轮634均能够围绕锁定凸轮轴636转动。锁定凸轮634能够用来替代或者附加于狭槽和键。 当锁定凸轮634入于未锁定结构时,控制轴12能够滑入限定于锁定凸轮634锁定凸轮634内的端部受动器中。 
图19b示出了控制轴能够转动,如箭头640所示。控制轴12的转动能够转动凸轮634,如箭头638所示。凸轮634能够转动,直至凸轮凸角锁定控制轴12。锁定凸轮634进而能够锁定于控制轴12,将端部受动器14固定并附接于控制轴12。控制轴12进而能够相对于锁定凸轮634沿相反的方向转动以从端部受动器14释放并拆除。 
图20示出了控制轴12的近端能够附接于控制轴手柄606。控制轴手柄608的邻近于控制轴12的远端能够具有扭转控制旋纽608。在使用期间,如箭头620所示,扭转控制旋纽608能够校准并且/或者如箭头622所示将端部受动器14附接和锁定于控制轴12(例如,并且同时将端部受动器14从导引器8解锁和拆除)、或者将端部受动器14从控制轴12拆除和解锁(例如,并且同时将端部受动器14附接和锁定于导引器8)、并且/或者转动工具。 
控制轴手柄606能够具有托柄610。扭转控制旋纽608能够附接于托柄610。控制轴12能够附接于托柄610。诸如导管、电源线、和光纤的内子轴18b、诸如栓塞线圈(embolic coil)和颗粒骨的植入物、诸如压缩空气、二氧化碳、和盐水溶液的流体、或者它们的组合能够通过托柄610插入并进入到外子轴18a中。 
手支托612能够从托柄610延伸。手支托612能够具有手指孔和开放手指支托。手支托612能够固定于托柄610和/或与托柄610成一体。 
平移控制触发器614能够从托柄610延伸。控制触发器614能够具有手指孔。控制触发器614能够可转动地附接于托柄610。如箭头616所示,转动(例如拉动)控制触发器614能够致动工具16,诸如如箭头618所示的转动所述爪、部署流体、输送电力、或者它们的组合。 
图21a示出了工具16能够是剪刀。第一爪92a能够固定于整体壳体28。第二爪92b能够相对于第一爪92a转动。爪92a的内侧能够是尖锐的和有创伤性的。 
图21b和21c示了了工具16能够是夹子施加器(clip applier)。第一爪92a和第二爪92b能够保持一个或多个夹子642。爪92能够向内转动、向外转动、伸展、收缩或者它们的组合以配置夹子642。 
图21c至21e示出了工具16能够为电外科或烧灼工具。例如,工具的远端能够具有RF电极644。电极644能够传输非RF能量。例如,电极644能够是冷却探针、超声探针、或者它们的组合。 
图22示出了导引器8能够附接于端部受动器14,例如具有工具16。导引器8能够在输送系统648的端部处被输送通过第一进出部位(access site)646a、穿过腹壁W并进出腹腔。输送系统648能够具有一个或多个范围、流体内腔、和/或电源线。第一进出部位646a能够位于或者直接邻近于脐部(umbilicus)、脐心(navel)或脐眼(bellybutton)。 
图22、图23a、图23b、图27b和图28c示出了第一、第二、和第三进出部位646a、646b、和646c、或者它们的组保能够被创建于腹壁W中。进出部位646能够是切口、穿孔、或者它们的组合。套管针或插管能够放置于进出部位中的一个或多个(例如所有)中。 
第一进出部位(例如导引器8能够通过其而插入的脐部)646a和/或第一进出部位646a中的套管针能够具有从约1mm(0.04in.(英寸))至约30mm(1.2in.)的第一进出部位内径,更窄地为从约5mm(0.2in.)至约30mm(1.2in.),更窄地为从约10mm(0.40in.)至约20mm(0.79in.),例如为约12mm(0.47in.)。 
第二和第三进出部位646b和646c(例如第一和/或第二控制轴12和12’能够通过其而插入的部位)和/或第二和第三进出部位中的套管针能够具有从约0.1cm至约3cm的补充进出部位内径,更窄地为从约1mm(0.04in.)至约5mm(0.2in.),例如为约2mm(0.08in.)或约3mm(0.1in.)。例如,套管针或导引器能够从约4弗伦奇(French)到约20弗伦奇导引器(例如止血)护套可以被使用,更窄地为从约5弗伦奇到约10弗伦奇,例如为约6弗伦奇或7弗伦奇。(6弗伦奇护套(French sheath)=2mm)(0.013in/弗伦奇)。 
第一进出部位646a能够离第二进出部位小于约0.5cm。第二进出部位646b能够离第一进出部位646a大于约0.5cm。第三进出部位646c能够离第二进出部位646b和/或第一进出部位646a小于约0.5cm。第三进出部位646c能够离第二进出部位646b和/或第一进出部位646a大于约0.5cm。 
图23a和23b示出了控制轴12能够通过第二进出部位646b而插入。导引器8能够转动或铰接于输送系统648的端部处,例如露出端部受动器14的近端。控制轴能够朝向端部受动器通道34移动,如图23b和24所示。 
图24示出了在目标部位处(诸如膨胀的腹腔中),当端部受动器14附接于导引器8时,控制轴12能够可滑动地插入到端部受动器14通道中。 
图25a至25n示出了控制轴12能够滑动到端部受动器14中。外部接收狭槽20能够是未对准的。例如,锁定环狭槽58能够是与凹槽环狭槽70非共线的。非对准的狭槽58和70能够将导引器8锁定于端部松动器14。 
内部键能够是共线的。子轴纵向狭槽84和88能够在内部键上滑动。致动器键38能够交叉于内部和外子轴纵向狭槽84和88,并与内部和外子轴纵向狭槽接合且沿内部和外子轴纵向狭槽滑动。凹槽环键76能够沿外子轴纵向狭槽88滑动。例如,凹槽环键76能够延伸得足以接合和交叉外 子轴纵向狭槽88,但长度不足以接合和交叉外子轴纵向狭槽84。锁定环24能够交叉于内部和外子轴纵向狭槽84和88,并与内部和外子轴纵向狭槽接合且沿内部和外子轴纵向狭槽滑动。 
图26a至26p示出了控制轴12能够相对于导引器8转动(如箭头所示),并且/或者导引器8相对于控制轴12转动(即,前者和后能够是相同的转动结果)。控制轴12的转动能够是整个控制轴12的转动,或者是外子轴或内子轴18a或18b相对于另一子轴18b或18a的转动。所示的转动能够将端部受动器14从导引器8拆除,并且同步地或同时地将端部受动器14附接于控制轴12。 
致动器键38能够接合内子轴纵向凹口90。在使用期间,致动器轴30能够纵向地固定于内子轴18b。控制轴内子轴18b能够相对于外子轴18a纵向地平移以起动工具16。 
凹槽环键76能够保持于外子轴纵向凹口88中。锁定环键64能够转到外子轴角度凹口90中,并且保持于内子轴角度凹口84中。端部受动工具14能够被锁定于控制轴12。 
接收狭槽20能够对准,并且允许导引器8从端部受动器14上滑下。锁定环狭槽58能够与凹槽环狭槽70共线。导引器键600能够沿接收狭槽20滑动。 
图27a和图27b示出了控制轴12能够远离导引器8平移,如箭头所示。工具16能够露出并且与端部受动器14一起从导引器通道98移除。 
图28a至图28c示出了工具16能够是开口的,如箭头654所示,或者能够是铰接的或者不受导引器8阻碍地使用。致动器键38能够纵向地干涉配合于内子轴角度凹口86内。当内子轴18b平移时,如箭头652所 示,相对于外子轴18a,工具能够是开口的或者是闭合的,如箭头654所示。 
图28c示出了第一和第二控制轴12和12’能够部署到腹腔中。第一和第二控制轴12和12’能够附接于第一和第一端部受动器14和14’以及工具16和16’。第一和第二控制轴12和12’能够通过第二和第三进出部位646b和646c而插入。导引器8能够利用端部受动器14和工具通过第一进出部位646a(例如,通过脐部)而部署。工具16和16’能够是通过控制轴12和12’而在目标部位中可操作的和控制的。工具16和16’能够用来同时地或同步地操作组织或器官650。 
工具16和16’和端部受动器14和14’能够通过第一进出部位646a而从腹腔移除,并且控制轴12和12’能够分别通过第二和第三进出部位646b和646c而被移除。例如,前述的方法能够以相反的方式执行。 
位于患者腹腔内的回缩系统能够具有针件100,该针件能够具有带有同轴线(coaxial wire)102的针轴101,该同轴线能够延伸通过针轴101的远端。针轴101可以通过穿刺腹壁“W”而插入到腹腔“AC”中。针轴101的尺寸足够小,从而当其用来穿刺组织时不会损坏组织,但是尺寸足够大以具有足够的尺寸来容纳同轴线102,且直径能够提供足够的强度来保持下面描述的期望构造。例如,一18规格(gauge)的针轴101具有较低的损坏可能性,并且足够大以容纳一毫米的同轴线102。本领域技术人员能确定将提供足够功能性的针轴101的规格。 
同轴线102能够具有两种构造。图1A示出了当线102为平直时的第一构造的线102。线102保持这种平直的构造,同时其大部分保持被针轴101包围。 
当线延伸通过针轴101的远端时,线能够在线102的远端处形成弯曲的钩部。在优选实施例中,钩的端部是钝的(blunt)。线102可以由形状 记忆合金或者任何其它材料制成,所述由记忆合金或者任何其它材料足够硬以在整个回缩过程中保持钩形形状,但要足够软以当线102未从针轴101延伸时保持基本上平直的形状。提供形状记忆的材料可以是高抗张强度金属材料和预成形聚合物材料。 
抓持工具200能够具有位于近端201上的弯曲锚定部和位于远端上的抓持机构202。当处于第二构造时,弯曲端201可以锚定于线102的远端的弯曲钩部。在优选实施例中,弯曲部是非圆形的。抓持机构202可以是现有技术中已知的多种机构中的一种,诸如简单钩或者具有通过弹簧和棘爪铰接的两个爪的抓持机构。本领域技术人员能确定其它抓持机构。抓持工具200可以通过腹腔镜检查套管针300而插入于患者腹腔“AC”中。 
线102的延伸可以调整,如图29所示。针件100的近端有螺纹103。具有与螺纹103配合的螺纹的拇指轮104能够被用来调整同轴线件102的延伸。如果抓持工具200需要朝向腹壁“W”拉动组织或器官,拇指轮104被调整,从而线102从针轴101延伸得少些。如果抓持工具200需要将组织或器官移动地远离腹壁“W”,则调整拇指轮104,以使线102从针轴101延伸得多些。拇指轮104可以通过弹簧105而被弹簧加载,以便辅助回缩的调整。这允许同轴线102延伸一固定量。一旦设定,不再需要外科医生注意来使用回缩系统。 
如图30和图31所示,插入于患者腹腔“AC”中的针件100可以通过稳定垫400来稳定,以便在插入于患者身体中的同时来稳定针件100。图30示出了安装于患者腹壁“W”的简单稳定垫。该垫包括至少一个孔401,所述孔的直径至少与针件100的外径一样大。针件通过稳定垫400中的孔401插入通过腹壁“W”。 
图32中示出了稳定垫的振动。除了孔401之外,锥体402位于每个孔401的顶部。锥体402具有沿锥体402的长度延伸的至少一个通道。该通道的直径至少与孔401一样大。当使用具有螺纹近端103的针件100时, 锥体402的高度被设定为使得螺纹端103足以被露出以便允许对同轴线102的延伸的足够调整性。锥体402向针件100提供附加的稳定性。本领域技术人员将确定能够提供稳定性的不同于锥体的其它形状。单个稳定垫400可以具有多个孔401和锥体402。 
为了利用上述的回缩系统,外科医生能够引用两个或更多个套管针:例如,用于内窥镜的第一套管针和用于允许导引外科工具的第二套管针。针轴102在用于回缩的位置处插入于体腔中,并且线102从针轴102延伸。抓持工具200插入体腔中。弯曲固定端201在其第二构造中锚定于线102。抓持机构202用来通过操作组织或器官而执行回缩。一个或多个稳定垫400可以用来辅助回缩。针件100放置于稳定垫400的孔401中。一旦回缩系统被设定于期望位置,则可以不再关注回缩系统。 
通过操纵同轴线102的延伸量和/或通过使用多个针件100和抓持工具200来调整回缩,以进行回缩。多个针位置可以设置在腹部的多个点处,以提供多个回缩向量,允许组织或器官均被推动和拉动,以便使外科路径畅通。 
图32是位于患者腹腔内的回缩系统的实例。回缩系统500能够具有至少两个针件100、至少一个抓持工具200、和缆线501。针件100和抓持工具200与上述的实施例等同,并且以相似的方式使用。缆线501在缆线的每个端上均具有弯曲部502。缆线500可以由柔性的或者柔韧的材料制成,诸如塑料或者金属线,以辅助定位缆线。本领域技术人员将确定能够提供该功能性的其它材料。 
如图33所示,缆线500可以包括一个或多个带凸缘的棘爪503,该棘爪用来调整缆线的长度,从而当固定于针件100时允许外科医生来调整缆线500上的张紧度。 
为了使用回缩系统500,外科医生仅需要导引两个套管针:一个用于内窥镜并且第二用于允许导引外科工具。至少两个针件100在用于回缩的位置的每侧上插入于体腔中,并且同轴线102延伸进出第二构造。缆线501通过腹腔镜检查套管针300而导引到腹腔“AC”中。缆线501的弯曲部502锚定于针件100的同轴线102的弯曲钩部。至少一个抓持工具200通过套管针300被导引到腹腔“AC”中。然后在回缩的位置附近,抓持工具200的近端上的弯曲固定部固定于缆线501。抓持机构202用来通过操作组织或器官来进行回缩。一旦回缩系统500被设定到期望位置,可以不再关注该系统。 
回缩系统500可与图3和图4中所示的相同稳定垫400一起使用。回缩系统500可以使用如图2中所示的针件100和包括由形状记忆合金制成的同轴线102的针件100。 
通过调节如上所述的同轴线102的伸展,可以调节组织的回缩。这将影响定位抓持工具200和回缩。每一缆线501可使用一个或更多个抓持工具200以帮助回缩。在回缩系统500中可以使用三个或更多个针件100,且多个缆线501和多个抓持工具200以提供用于回缩的多种向量,允许组织或器官被推拉以清理手术路径。 
图34是具有近端手柄和远端抓持器(其连接至穿过腹部驱动机构)的多部分手术工具的示意图。由W表示腹壁。 
内部工具900类似于在设计和功能上标准的腹腔镜抓持、切割、解剖、回缩和剪切装置。通过中心驱动轴来致动该工具。内部工具900附接至穿腹部驱动机构901的远端附接点。内部工具900通过置于脐中的第一口被导引至身体内。穿腹部驱动机构901是针、附接机构和悬吊系统的组合,其允许围绕位于与腹壁W相交的点处的中心支点轴向平移、旋转平移和角平移。 
穿腹部驱动系统901被放置在腹壁处。穿腹部驱动系统901包括在图1A和图2中所描述的中心件。其中穿刺机构100包括针101和线102。在将穿腹部驱动系统901放置在患者的皮肤上之后,用针101将腹壁W刺穿。接着线102被导引至患者的身体内。线102的近端和远端被设计成接合并锁定至内部抓持器900和外部手柄902。外部手柄902在功能上类似于标准的腹腔镜工具。外部手柄902的远端被设计成与线102的近端配合。 
图35示出了穿过腹部驱动系统(TDS)形成一个腹腔镜手术工具。该系统能够具有连接构件(例如,端部受动器14),以在近端手柄606与远端工具16之间使用。该TDS能够从外侧放到内部或从内侧放到外部。远端工具16可被附接至内窥镜的端部和附接至TDS的端部。 
控制轴12能够穿过腹壁W放置。控制轴12的远端长度、端部受动器14和工具16能够位于腹腔的内部。控制轴12的近端长度和手柄606能够位于腹腔的外部。 
图36a至图36c示出了制造在使用期间位于腹腔内部的控制轴12的方法。图36a示出了控制轴12能够垂直于腹壁W部分地或完全地振荡进出。图36b示出了控制轴12能够旋转,从而控制轴12的远端能够形成局部或者完全的圆形或者椭圆图案。图36c示出了控制轴12能够围绕轴12的纵向轴线旋转。控制轴12能够是直的(如图36a和图36b所示)或者具有从轴12横向地延伸的一个或更多个部件或特征,如在图36c中的控制轴12的远端处示出的。 
图37a示出了控制轴12能够从腹腔的内部部署至外部(例如,穿过脐的第一进入口,并且然后从第二进入口出来)。控制轴12可以附接至内窥镜或腹腔镜的端部。控制轴12能够通过第一进入口646a传送。控制轴12能够退出第二进入口646b。 
外手柄606可以附接至控制轴12以及与其分离。通过控制轴12中的磁耦合和驱动(例如形成内子轴的全部或者部分)来致动工具16。图37b示出了一旦控制轴12通过第二进出部位646b部署,内外部署的控制轴12能够与端部受动器14和工具16(其例如通过第一进出部位646a由导引器8输送)相结合。 
图38a示出了控制轴能够从腹腔的内部展开至外部。控制轴12能够插接(bayonet)(例如,在横向侧上附接至另一部件的横向侧)或者附接至例如具有集成光源的内窥镜656。控制轴能够具有一个或多个鱼叉件658、鱼钩件、或者其他单向刺穿和固定特征或部件,或其组合。鱼叉件658能够刺穿腹壁W并且防止控制轴12在腹壁外部的的长度重新进入腹腔AC。 
图38b示出了控制轴12能够具有磁耦合,例如磁体660。磁体660能够在腹壁W的内侧和外侧上附接至控制轴12,例如,以锚定控制轴12并且使控制轴12穿过腹壁W的滑动减到最小。 
图39a至图39j示出了控制轴12能够在使用或者不使用导引器护套或套管针的情况下稳定穿过腹壁W。为了稳定性,能够采用例如钩、磁体、倒刺、弯曲线、可扩展压缩机构和杠铃形充气囊。能够采用机械笔驱动或者齿轮齿条系统来轴向地和/或旋转地驱动控制轴12或者控制轴12的部件(例如,针)。 
控制轴12、针或者其他导引器能够具有特征或件,以稳定控制轴12穿过腹壁W。例如,控制轴12能够具有刚毛(quill)、在针上的棘爪、能够纵向缩短并且沿径向延伸的可扩展脚或锚、夹至床及反作用弹簧的夹具、床夹具、摩擦耦合件(例如,隔膜)、豪猪刚毛、带刺箭头(例如,单向指骨)、记忆线圈(线圈出现在腹壁外部和内部)、充气囊膨胀(例如,沙漏或者齿合)、c型-夹具形穿腹部部件、内部/外部钩、内部/外部磁体、 棘轮(例如,由拇指旋轮来移动)、切碎刀片,例如,橡胶止挡件、部署在皮下空间(或脂肪)中的穿刺致动件、或者其组合。 
图39a示出了控制轴12能够具有在腹壁W中或者邻近腹壁的径向扩展锚定装置662。图39b示出了控制轴12能够具有邻近腹壁W的止挡件664或邻接件。图39c示出了控制轴12能够具有夹子666,该夹子能够邻近腹壁W在控制轴12上转动闭合。图39d示出了控制轴12能够具有一个或更多个沙漏型的可膨胀囊状物668。图39e示出了控制轴12能够具有鱼钩件670,该鱼钩件能够嵌入腹壁W内。图39f示出了控制轴12能够具有反作用单向高摩擦表面纹理672。 
图39g示出了控制轴12能过具有一个、两个或者更多个单向棘爪674。棘爪674中的一个能够邻接腹壁W。 
图39h示出了控制轴12能够具有螺旋状的螺钉、刀片或者刺676。螺旋状的刺676能够从控制轴12的外壁延伸。螺旋状的刺676能够延伸穿过腹壁W。 
图39i示出了控制轴12能够具有凸出及凹入夹具678,该夹具能够穿过腹壁W进行组装。例如,夹具678的凹入部分能够在腹壁W的第一侧上,而夹具678的凸出部分能够在腹壁W的第二侧上。夹具的凸出和/或凹入部分能够刺穿腹壁并且物理上地交叉或结合,并且/或者能够通过夹具678的部件中的相对极化的磁体而结合。 
图39j示出了控制轴12能够具有穿过腹壁W的弯曲部680。该弯曲部680能够包括四个对称的直转弯,其能够将控制轴12保持固定在腹壁W上。 
图40a和图40b示出了控制轴12和/或端部受动器14能够具有收集构造。该端部受动器14能够用于将工具16附接至控制轴12的远端。一个 辊子类型的夹具(类似于用于夹持医院设施中的流体线路的类型)可以用于将远端受动器附接至控制轴12的远端。端部受动器14能够具有横肋682和/或螺旋状螺纹或螺钉。 
图41a至图41c示出了端部受动器14能够具有门控通道或者扭锁,其类似于药瓶盖,可用于将近端件和远端件或工具16附接至控制轴12。端部受动器14能够具有锁,其类似于在伸缩拐杖上使用的锁,以将诸如工具16的元件附接至控制轴12。端部受动器14能够具有如下的附接件、构造或特征,所述附接件、构造或特征能够包括:钩和环设计;棘爪配合装置;郁金香漏斗684(例如,端部受动器12的位于腹部内部的部分能够径向地扩展或者漏斗用于穿过腹部端部受动器,如在图42中所示),其可以允许以下部件容易地通过:线686、套环螺钉(例如,套囊动作)、螺钉配置(例如,EEA切断机)、能够将内部部件带出的磁体钓杆(例如,从外部导引)、药瓶盖或者点按笔锁、耦合至穿过腹部穿孔机构的自定心磁体、摩擦套爪(光滑的或者螺纹的)、捏套管(例如,打结、带子、辊子夹具、或其组合)、通过穿过腹部套管的外部抽吸件、球和窝或者在线的一端上的球、及其组合。 
一根以上的线能穿过控制轴12,例如,以驱动一个以上的动作、或者将数据或功率传递或接收到工具16中。可通过伸缩联动装置或伸缩螺旋卷绕件经由控制轴12产生轴向运动。这些线能穿过内子轴18b延伸和/在所述内子轴中延伸。 
通过弹簧驱动的轴向推进机构能将控制轴12推进到目标部位中。控制轴12可以是14规格的针。控制轴12能由一个以上的穿腹部构件、液压通道、抽吸豆袋(即,其在膨胀时具有延展性,而在紧缩时是非常硬的)、刚化翼状件、折叠台架(例如纵向地可延伸的接线框或编织的“指状陷阱”)、使线上的组件绷紧的线上张紧件、电磁件及其组合来机械地推进或支撑。 
一根或多根线能穿过控制轴12中的一个或多个通道、腔或孔而传送,例如以驱动工具16。内部区段可由伸缩机构支撑。腹腔镜检查工具可以是纤细的并由邻近的针横向地支撑。腹壁组织可以上偏斜到控制轴12内,以为控制轴12或邻近的针提供横向支撑。 
工具16能充当EU牵线木偶、将部件钩在一个或多个套管上以在一个或多个方向上驱动柔性工具的内架线、其中引入有多根线并致动复杂运动的内黑箱、或其组合。 
液压系统可用来驱动工具16,例如通过经由另一第一进出部位或腹部中的另一进出部位或切口来传送液压线。工具16能通过延伸穿过控制轴12的细的、硬的聚合物缆线、一个或多个伸缩工具、可操纵线、合用哨延伸器、螺旋钻形驱动轴(例如,将旋钮转向外使螺丝钻叶片旋转,其向内驱动部件)、或其组合来提供动力。 
图43示出了该装置能够具有内板720a和外板720b,该内板和外板能够通过针或者锚定件722穿过腹壁W而连接至彼此。锚定件722能够从一个或者两个板720延伸并且在相对的板720中由锚定件口724接收。当板被附接时,能够分别穿过腹壁、穿过中心口726a和726b、穿过每个板720a和720b的中间来切割或者刺穿。 
控制轴12能够穿过腹部使用并且能够是14规格或者更小(例如,1.63mm或者0.064in)。第一进出部位或者脐带口能够传送一个25mm直径的装置进入腹腔中。一个外部件(诸如针)能够致动内部件(诸如展开于腹腔中的工具)的运动。 
图44示出了在主动轴30的远端处的旋转抓持器组件。通过拉线686,如箭头所示,由抓持器所保持的工具16能够沿身体内的任何方向被定向,如箭头所示。 
图45示出了导引器8能够具有内窥镜,具有从导引器8的远端显现的内窥镜末端688。内窥镜能够允许外科医生看见并且用单个工具导引远端工具16。 
图46示出了端部受动器14能够可旋转地附接至导引器8和/或导引器杆10。控制轴12的远端能够具有螺纹附接件690。端部受动器14能够与螺纹附接件690可释放地结合。控制轴14或者针轴和端部受动器14能够形成螺纹以便将两个件附接至彼此。 
在另一个变型中或者另外的所披露变型中,端部受动器14能够具有磁性部件,诸如永磁体。工具16能够具有一磁体,该磁体与端部受动器14中的磁体相反地被极化或者由铁磁材料制成。该磁性工具能够附接至磁性端部受动器14。 
图47示出了端部受动器14的近端能够具有球端部附接件692。控制轴12的远端能够具有套爪抓持件696。控制轴12能够具有端部护套694。套爪抓持件696能够回缩至端部护套694或者从其中伸出。控制轴12或者端部受动器14的线性运动能够移动另一个件。 
图48示出了控制轴12的远端可具有控制轴凹部、凹槽、凹口、或狭槽698。端部受动器14的近端可具有邻近压缩弹簧702的夹具700。当控制轴12被插入至端部受动器14中足够远时,如箭头所示的,弹簧702客将夹具700推入狭槽698中,将控制轴12锁定于端部受动器14。一旦夹具700锁定于狭槽698中就可形成非常强的连接。 
图49示出了端部受动器14与控制轴12之间的真空附接结构的变型。控制轴12可为中空管,其能够承载由泵或注射器706产生的真空。端部受动器14的近端可被构造成柱塞(plug)704。控制轴12的远真空端708可为柔软密封件或硬质端部。柱塞704可与远真空端708形成真空附接。 
图50示出了工具16可由致动器轴30或控制轴18中的内子轴18b致动。致动器轴30可向远端移动,如箭头所示的,用作推杆致动器。致动器轴30的线性运动可按压工具基部710以封闭抓持器或爪92,这可降低摩擦损失。工具16可具有弹簧702,用于在爪902未被致动时将爪保持在打开(或关闭)结构下。 
图51示出了控制轴12可具有一个或多个狭缝或狭槽698,每个狭槽均被构造成接收弹簧扣锁712。每个弹簧扣锁712可弹性地偏转到狭槽698中。当弹簧扣锁712与狭槽698对准时,弹簧扣锁712可接合狭槽698并锁定于该狭槽。 
当控制轴12进入端部受动器14上的端部受动器通道中时,弹簧扣锁712可向外偏转,直至弹簧扣锁712锁定于控制轴12壳体的相应狭槽698中。 
控制轴12可具有多个层。控制轴12的本体可具有能够与弹簧扣锁712脱离的套筒,以及内子轴或推杆致动器。 
图52示出了所述装置可具有齿条齿轮致动工具16。控制轴12的远端可具有或连接至推动齿条714。推动齿条714可啮合于小齿轮716。小齿轮716可啮合于一拉动齿条718。拉动齿条718可直接附接于工具16。 
推杆或控制轴12的线性平移可致动推动齿条714,使得小齿轮716旋转并致动拉动齿条718。这产生了能够打开或关闭抓持器或爪92的拉动运动。该系统可具有弹簧,弹簧能使得机构自动返回为打开状态。齿条714和718的线性运动能够使得附接于抓持器的小齿轮716旋转。线能够用于拉动闭合弹簧铰接爪92。 
在使用中,通过二氧化碳可使得腹部膨胀以允许外科医生有更多的空间操作以及操作腹腔镜检查工具。控制轴12可为14规格的。控制轴12 例如可不留疤痕地穿透腹部皮肤(例如,14规格的针可看作是不留疤痕的)。 
旋转的抓持器或与导引器旋转连接的导引器杆可用作手柄,操纵并输送工具至腹腔中。外科医生可使用拉带来收紧或放松抓持器、以及用于使抓持器旋转的致动机构。 
导引器杆和工具可被插入穿过脐处的第一进出部位。外科医生能够使用医用显微镜(endocscope)来将控制轴12的端部定位在腹部中以及将工具附接于控制轴。 
控制轴12可具有两个狭缝,狭缝被构造成允许工具附接于控制轴12的远端。工具可具有弹簧状的锁,该锁可被插入到控制轴14的两个狭缝中。该工具可被附接至位于腹腔中的控制轴。 
一旦工具被附接至控制轴,外科医生就能够使用控制轴12和工具16作为腹腔镜检查工具。控制轴可具有能够致动工具16的致动杆(例如内子轴)。例如,致动杆可使得齿条与小齿轮机构滑动以打开和关闭抓持器工具。抓持器工具可为弹簧加载的,从而当被致动时内子轴可关闭抓持器。 
在外科医生结束了工具的使用时,外科医生能够启动针内的套筒(如图51中所示的),这可将弹簧锁从控制轴12上的狭缝释放。旋转抓持器可通过第一进出部位移除所述工具。 
该装置和/或此处所描述的其它装置或设备的任何或者所有元件均可以由例如以下材料制成:一种或多种不锈钢合金、镍钛合金(例如镍钛诺)、钴铬合金(例如,来自Elgin Specialty Metals,Elgin,IL的 
Figure BDA0000094655990000331
来自Carpenter Metals Corp.,Wyomissing,PA的 )、镍钴合金(例如,来自Magellan Industrial Trading Company,Inc.,Westport,CT的 
Figure BDA0000094655990000333
)、钼合金(例如,钼TZM合金,例如在2003年10月9日公布 的国际公布第WO03/082363A2号中所公开的,该公开的整体内容以引用方式结合于本文)、例如如在国际公布第WO03/082363号中所公开的钨铼合金、诸如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚酯(例如来自E.I.Du Pont de Nemours and Company,Wilmington,DE的 
Figure BDA0000094655990000341
)、聚酯酰胺、聚丙烯、芳香族聚酯、诸如液晶聚合物(例如来自Kuraray Co.,Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan的Vectran)、超高摩尔量聚乙烯(即,扩链、高模或高性能聚乙烯)纤维和/或丝线(例如来自Honeywell International,Inc.,Morris Township,NJ的 
Figure BDA0000094655990000342
Fiber和 
Figure BDA0000094655990000343
Guard、或者来自Royal DSM N.V.,Heerlen,the Netherlands的 
Figure BDA0000094655990000344
)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、扩展PTFE(ePTFE)、聚醚酮(PEK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酮酮(PEKK)(也称为聚芳醚酮酮)、尼龙、聚醚嵌段共聚酰胺聚合物(例如,来自ATOFINA,Paris,France的 )、脂肪族聚醚聚氨酯(例如,来自Thermedics Polymer Products,Wilmington,MA的 
Figure BDA0000094655990000346
)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚亚安酯、热塑塑料、氟化乙烯丙烯(FEP)、诸如聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚-L-乙醇酸(PLGA)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚-L-乳酸(PLLA)、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚丙烯酸乙酯(PEA)、聚对二氧环己酮(PDS)、和基于伪聚氨基酪氨酸的酸(pseudo-polyamino tyrosine-based acids)的可吸收或可再吸收聚合物、挤出胶原、硅树脂、锌、能反射声波的、放射性的、不透射线的材料、生物材料(例如,尸体组织、胶原、异体移植物、自体移植物、异种移植物、骨接合剂、颗粒骨、生骨粉、骨珠)、本文所列其它材料中的任何一种或者它们的组合。不透射线的材料的实例为硫酸钡、氧化锌、钛、不锈钢、镍钛合金、钽和金。 
根据本公开,虽然已将回缩系统描述为与在腹腔内进行的外科手术过程相关联地使用,但是可以想象,所描述的回缩系统可以用于其它外科手术过程。可以理解,可以对本文所公开的回缩系统的实施例进行各种变型。因而,上面的说明不被视为限制,其仅是对本文所描述的变型的说明。 

Claims (53)

1.一种用于身体内的手术的方法,包括:
在所述身体外部将工具附接于导引器,其中所述工具具有工具纵向轴线;
通过第二进出部位将控制件插入到所述身体中;
通过第一进出部位插入所述导引器;
在所述身体的内部将所述工具附接于所述控制件;以及
将所述导引器与所述工具分离,其中,将所述工具附接至所述控制件与将所述导引器与所述工具分离是同时进行的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括在所述身体的外部将所述导引器附接于包括旋转部分和非旋转部分的受动器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,将所述工具附接于所述控制件包括相对于所述受动器的非旋转部分旋转所述受动器的至少所述旋转部分。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第二进出部位小于所述第一进出部位。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括:在所述身体中的目标部位处利用所述工具执行处理;将所述工具再次附接于所述导引器;以及通过所述第一进出部位移除所述导引器。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,进一步包括通过所述第二进出部位移除所述控制件。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括利用所述工具操作所述身体内部的物质。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括通过所述第一进出部位输送生物制剂。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括通过所述第一进出部位输送生物相容植入体。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括通过所述第一进出部位输送电能。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括利用所述工具抓持所述身体内部的物质。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括利用所述工具抽吸所述身体内部的物质。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过所述第一进出部位插入所述导引器包括通过所述第一进出部位插入所述导引器和所述工具。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在所述工具附接于所述控制件之后,所述导引器与所述工具分离。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过所述第一进出部位将所述导引器插入到所述身体中包括通过所述第一进出部位插入受动器。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,通过所述第二进出部位插入所述控制件包括通过所述腹部中的距离所述第一进出部位至少约0.5cm的开口插入所述控制件。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,通过所述第二进出部位插入所述控制件包括通过所述腹部中的距离所述第一进出部位至少约0.5cm的开口插入所述控制件。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,通过所述第二进出部位插入所述控制件包括通过所述腹部中的距离所述第一进出部位比大约0.5cm更远的开口插入所述控制件。
19.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括在所述身体内形成空间。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,所述在所述身体内形成空间的操作包括对所述腹部充气。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,所述在所述身体内形成空间包括将所述导引器和所述工具放置到所述身体中的虚域中。
22.一种用于身体中的手术的方法,包括:
在所述身体外部将第一工具附接于导引器,其中所述工具具有工具纵向轴线;
通过第二进出部位将第一控制件插入到所述身体中;
通过第三进出部位将第二控制件插入到所述身体中;
通过第一进出部位插入所述导引器,其中所述第一进入部分位于所述脐部处或邻近所述脐部;以及
其中,所述第二进出部位距离所述第三进出部位在至少0.5cm的范围内;在所述身体内部将所述第一工具附接于所述第一控制件;
将所述导引器与所述第一工具分离;在所述身体外部将第二工具附接于所述导引器;以及
将所述第二工具附接于所述第二控制件。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,进一步包括将所述导引器与所述第二工具分离。
24.根据权利要求22所述的方法,进一步包括在所述身体外部将所述导引器附接于受动器。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中,将所述工具附接于所述控制件包括旋转所述受动器的至少旋转部分。
26.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,将所述工具附接于所述控制件与将所述导引器与所述工具分离是同时进行的。
27.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,所述第二进出部位小于所述第一进出部位。
28.根据权利要求22所述的方法,进一步包括:在所述身体中的目标部位利用所述工具执行处理;将所述工具再次附接于所述导引器;以及通过所述第一进出部位移除所述导引器。
29.根据权利要求22所述的方法,进一步包括保持所述受动器的至少非旋转部分相对于所述纵向轴线固定在一旋转自由度中。
30.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,执行处理包括抓持。
31.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,通过所述第一进出部位插入所述导引器包括插入所述导引器和所述工具。
32.根据权利要求22所述的方法,进一步包括在所述身体内形成空间。
33.根据权利要求32所述的方法,其中,所述在所述身体内形成空间包括对所述腹部充气。
34.根据权利要求32所述的方法,其中,所述在所述身体中形成空间包括将所述导引器和所述工具放置到所述身体中的虚域中。
35.一种用于手术的装置,包括:
导引器;
工作工具;
受动器,包括旋转锁定件,所述旋转锁定件包括第一连接器和第二连接器,并且其中,所述受动器附接于所述工作工具;以及
控制件,
其中,所述第一连接器被构造成可释放地将所述受动器附接于所述导引器,并且其中,所述第二连接器被构造成可释放地将所述受动器附接于所述控制件。
36.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,在所述工具附接于所述控制件之后,所述导引器与所述工具分离。
37.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,所述控制件包括轴。
38.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,所述旋转锁定件被构造成锁定所述第一连接器和所述第二连接器。
39.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,所述工作工具包括生物制剂输送装置。
40.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,所述工作工具包括植入体输送装置。
41.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,所述工作工具包括抓持件。
42.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,所述控制件的直径小于所述受动器的直径。
43.根据权利要求35所述的装置,其中,所述控制件包括第一轴以及与所述第一轴同轴的第二轴。
44.根据权利要求43所述的装置,其中,所述第一轴被构造成当所述第一轴相对于所述第二轴滑动时起动所述工作工具。
45.一种用于将机械运动、和/或电能、和/或电信息传输穿过体腔壁的方法,包括:
将所述设备至少部分地插入穿过所述体壁,其中,所述设备包括外部用户接口、穿身体部件以及包括第一内部部件和第二内部部件的保持器,其中,插入包括以所述外部用户接口在所述体壁外部、所述穿身体部件穿过所述体壁、以及所述第一内部部件在所述体壁内部的方式定位所述设备;
在所述体腔壁内部将所述第一内部部件附接于所述穿身体部件;
其中,所述第一内部部件包括第一端部受动器,并且其中,所述第二内部部件包括第二端部受动器,其中,所述端部受动器包括抓持件、和/或剪刀和/或电手术工具,以及
将所述内部部件锁定至所述保持器;
将所述第一内部部件从所述保持器解锁,其中,解锁所述第一内部部件包括同时将所述第一内部部件附接于所述穿身体部件;以及
其中,当所述第一内部部件被锁定到所述导引盘中时,所述第一内部部件从所述穿身体部件解锁。
46.一种用于将多端受动器引入到患者腹腔中的方法,包括:
将保持器安装到腹腔镜上,并且其中,所述保持器包括多端受动器;
相对于所述腹腔镜铰接所述保持器,其中,铰接包括当所述保持器在所述患者外部时将所述保持器铰接到第一隐蔽位置;以及
其中,铰接进一步包括当所述保持器在所述腹腔内部时将所述保持器铰接至第二位置,在所述第二位置,能通过照相机看到所述保持器。
47.一种保持器,其使得端部受动器被锁定至保持器,
其中,所述端部受动器被构造成仅通过穿身体部件从所述保持器解锁;以及
其中,所述端部受动器被构造成,仅当所述端部受动器通过所述穿身体部件被输送到所述保持器中并进而被旋转时才被锁定到所述保持器中。
48.一种用于在患者的腹腔内执行手术的方法,包括:
在所述患者的脐部以外的位置形成小孔,其中,所述小孔的直径小于约3cm;
穿过或紧邻所述患者的脐部形成大孔,其中,所述大孔的直径大于约3mm;
通过所述小孔插入控制件;
通过所述大孔插入受动器;以及
在所述腹腔内将所述受动器附接于所述控制件。
49.根据权利要求48所述的方法,进一步包括在所述腹腔外部将所述受动器附接于所述导引器,并且其中,将所述受动器附接于所述控制臂包括同时将所述受动器从所述导引器分离。
50.根据权利要求48所述的方法,其中,形成小孔包括刺穿所述患者的组织。
51.根据权利要求48所述的方法,其中,形成大孔包括刺穿所述患者的组织。
52.根据权利要求48所述的方法,其中,所述控制件包括控制臂。
53.一种用于体腔内的手术的方法,包括:
通过切口将端部受动器和动力激励线插入至所述体腔中,其中,所述端部受动器包括一工具;
用定位于所述体腔外部的磁体来操作所述工具;以及
用所述动力激励线中的液压来操作所述工具,其中,在所述体腔内部将所述动力激励线附接于所述端部受动器。
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